rise of independent regional powers. rise of regional powers disintegration of mughal empire –...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Rise of independent
regional powers
![Page 2: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Rise of regional powers
Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi – independent regional powers – some rebelled against Mughal authority while in others the governors took advantage of the situation and asserted their independence
![Page 3: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The MarathasOOne of the most
important regional powers
OHad power and potential to establish an all – India empire
![Page 4: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ShahuO Shahu – grandson of Shivaji –
imprisoned by Aurangzeb – released in 1707 (after Aurangzeb’s death)
O Maratha war of succession – Shahu became the next heir with the help of Balaji Vishwanath- chief minister / Peshwa / mukh pradhan - 1713
O Became ease – loving and weak – ceremonial head – real authority – Peshwa – second phase of Maratha history – dominance of Peshwas – empire (1713 – 1818)
![Page 5: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Balaji VishwanathO Took advantage of Mughal’s
weaknesses – important concessions – enhance power, prestige of Marathas.
O Shivaji’s territories conquered by Aurangzeb given back to Shahu.
O Right to levy chauth and sardeshmukhi from 6 Mughal provinces in the Deccan – granted to Marathas
O 1719 – Helped Sayyid brothers defeat
FarrukhsiyarMade Marathas a formidable power
![Page 6: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Balaji VishwanathO Laid the foundations
of a hereditary, dynastic rule of Peshwas
O Succeded by his son Baji Rao I
![Page 7: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Baji Rao IO a military genius, bold, dynamicO Maratha kingdom became an empire
– series of brilliant campaignsO Mughal provinces divided into
‘spheres of influence’O Prominent Maratha families from
Sindhia, Bhonsle, Holkar, Gaekwad – had chiefs – ruled ‘spheres of influence’
O Chiefs enjoyed maximum autonomyO Maratha confederacy – loose union
of Maratha chiefs – headed by the Peshwa
![Page 8: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Balaji Baji RaoO father Baji Rao I - acquired
the throne at 18 yearsO Became the official head of
the Maratha empire – death of Shahu
O Poona / Pune – headquarters of the Peshwas – capital of the Maratha empire
O Continued policy of expansion – height of power and glory
O North India – the power behind the Mughal throne
![Page 9: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ahmad Shah AbdaliO Afghan generalO Faced the Marathas when
they conquered PunjabO Defeated the Maratha army
- Third Battle of Panipat – 1761
O Marathas failed in replacing the Mughal Empire and Afghans failed in capitalizing their victory – ideal condition for entry of English East India Company
![Page 10: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Bengal O One of the richest provinces
of the Mughal empire
O Decline of Mughal authority – the governor of Bengal Murshid Quli Khan – paid annual tribute but tried to free himself from Mughal control – began to rule independently.
![Page 11: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Murshid Quli KhanO excellent
administratorO exceptional
abilitiesO freed Bengal from
external and internal dangers.
O established stability, peace and prosperity
![Page 12: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Alivardi KhanO promoted tradeO encouraged
merchants (Indian and foreign) to carry on trade in Bengal
O did not allow French and British merchants to fortify factories in Chandernagore and Calcutta
![Page 13: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
BengalO Nawabs of Bengal –
could not understand the ulterior motives of the British trading company
O Nawabs – overconfident about their abilities and underestimated the power of the British
![Page 14: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
BengalO Army – no
reorganization and weak
O Corruption – bribes – high ranking officials
O Happy hunting ground for British to fulfill their aggressive and imperialistic ambitions
![Page 15: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Awadh (Oudh)
OSadaat Khan - governor – laid its foundation
![Page 16: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Saadat KhanO intelligent, efficient,
daringO good administrative
skillsO maintained law and
orderO introduced revenue
reformsO strengthened army
![Page 17: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Safdar JungO Saadat Khan’s
nephewO Brought about
stability, peace, prosperity
![Page 18: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Shuja – ud - DaulahO Safdar Jung’s sonO Maintained peace and
economic prosperityO Growth of refined and
distinct Laknavi culture
O Lucknow – capital city – centre for creative and performing arts, literature and architecture
![Page 19: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
HyderabadO Founded by
Mughal viceroy of the Deccan – Nizam – ul – Mulk – Asaf Jah – 1724
O Wars of succession after his death – soft target for British and French companies
![Page 20: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Nizam – ul – Mulk Asaf Jah
O did not officially declare himself independent
O ruled Hyderabad like an independent ruler
O established an efficient administrative system
O removed corruption from the revenue system
O promoted tradeO protected the state
from internal and external threats
![Page 21: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The CarnaticO One of the subahs of DeccanO Initially – under the control of
Nizam of HyderabadO Nawab of Carnatic - freed
himself from Nizam’s control – established hereditary rule
O Wars of succession, political instability – opportunity for European trading companies to interfere in its internal affairs – make territorial, commercial and financial gains
![Page 22: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
MysoreO 17th century – collapse of
powerful Vijaynagar empire – rise of a number of independent kingdoms – wars
O Mysore – remained independent – inspite of repeated attacks
O 18th century – Hyder Ali – leader of Mysore – one of the most powerful kingdoms on the south
![Page 23: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Hyder AliO exceptional qualities and
abilitiesO rose from ordinary soldier
to commander – merit and determination
O made Mysore a prosperous and powerful state
O dangerous rival of English East India Company in the South
![Page 24: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tipu Sultan O Hyder Ali’s son – a worthy
successor O Introduced many reforms
to overhaul and reorganize administrative machinery
O Modernised armyO Strengthened economy –
encouraging agriculture, trade, industry
O Serious challenge to British power
![Page 25: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The RajputsO principal Rajput states –
Jaipur (Amber), Jodhpur (Marwar), Udaipur (Mewar) – took advantage of declining Mughal power – asserted independence
O No unity – did not consolidate their position
O Made no efforts to establish Rajput empire on debris of Mughal empire
O Followed individual goals, interests – divergent and conflicting
![Page 26: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The RajputsO Indulged in petty
quarrelsO Followed the tradition
of court intrigues, conspiracy, treachery, corruption from the Mughal courts
O Became vulnerable to the selfish designs of the English East India Company
![Page 27: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Raja Sawai Jai SinghO ruler of AmberO Interest in
astronomy – Jantar Mantar
O founded Jaipur - scientifically planned
O social reformer – prevent sati, female infanticide
![Page 28: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Sikh kingdom O Guru Govind Singh - tenth and
last Sikh guru – military brotherhood of Sikhs – ‘Khalsa’
O Peace loving Sikhs - martial spirit – helped in the struggle against the persecution of the Mughals
O Invasion of Nadir Shah, Ahmad Shah Abdali – weakened Mughal control – Sikhs moved in – controlled Jammu and Kashmir – last decades of 18th century
![Page 29: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Sikh kingdomO Loose confederacy of 12 misls
or groups - each misl governed by a chief - Ranjit Singh – one chief
O Ranjit Singh – a born leader – brought all Sikh chiefs west of Satluj - under his control – master of Punjab – end of 18th century
O 1809 – signed treaty of perpetual friendship with Lord Minto – Governor General of English East India Company
![Page 30: Rise of independent regional powers. Rise of regional powers Disintegration of Mughal Empire – political vacuum – filled by several independent and semi](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061502/56649d6e5503460f94a4f8ec/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Sikh kingdomO Treaty of Amritsar – accepted
Satluj river – boundary between Sikh kingdom and British territories and British promised not to interfere with the affairs of the Sikh kingdom
O Ranjit Singh conquered more territories in north and west
O 1839 – death of Ranjit Singh – master of powerful kingdom – Khyber Pass in the north to Sindh in the south