Rise of Nationalism 1848 Rise of Nationalism 1848 19001900

Adair DoranAdair Doran

AP European HistoryAP European History

Critical to formation of Critical to formation of centralized states of Italy centralized states of Italy and Germanyand Germany

Several causesSeveral causes 18531853 18541854 Most of fighting took place in Most of fighting took place in

CrimeaCrimea

Crimean War 1854-56Crimean War 1854-56

Noted for incompetenceNoted for incompetence 1/2 million casualties1/2 million casualties Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale SevastopolSevastopol AustriaAustria Real costsReal costs

Alfred Lord Tennyson’sAlfred Lord Tennyson’s

Charge of the Light Charge of the Light BrigadeBrigade

1 Half a league, half a league,1 Half a league, half a league, 2 Half a league onward,2 Half a league onward, 3 All in the valley of Death3 All in the valley of Death 4 Rode the six hundred.4 Rode the six hundred. 5 `Forward, the Light Brigade! 5 `Forward, the Light Brigade! 6 Charge for the guns!' he said: 6 Charge for the guns!' he said: 7 Into the valley of Death7 Into the valley of Death 8 Rode the six hundred. 8 Rode the six hundred.

`Forward,`Forward, thethe Light BrigadeLight Brigade!' !' 10 Was there a man dismay'd? 10 Was there a man dismay'd? 11 Not tho' the soldier knew11 Not tho' the soldier knew 12 Some one had blunder'd: 12 Some one had blunder'd: 13 Their's not to make reply, 13 Their's not to make reply, 14 Their's not to reason why, 14 Their's not to reason why, 15 Their's but to do and die: 15 Their's but to do and die: 16 Into the valley of Death16 Into the valley of Death 17 Rode the six hundred. 17 Rode the six hundred.

Cannon to right of themCannon to right of them, , 19 Cannon to left of them, 19 Cannon to left of them, 20 Cannon in front of them20 Cannon in front of them 21 Volley'd and thunder'd; 21 Volley'd and thunder'd; 22 Storm'd at with shot and shell, 22 Storm'd at with shot and shell, 23 Boldly they rode and well, 23 Boldly they rode and well, 24 Into the jaws of Death, 24 Into the jaws of Death, 25 Into the mouth of Hell25 Into the mouth of Hell 26 Rode the six hundred. 26 Rode the six hundred.

27 Flash'd all their sabres bare, 27 Flash'd all their sabres bare, 28 Flash'd as they turn'd in air28 Flash'd as they turn'd in air 29 Sabring the gunners there, 29 Sabring the gunners there, 30 Charging an army, while30 Charging an army, while 31 All the world wonder'd: 31 All the world wonder'd: 32 Plunged in the battery-smoke32 Plunged in the battery-smoke 33 Right thro' the line they broke; 33 Right thro' the line they broke;

34 Cossack and Russian34 Cossack and Russian 35 Reel'd from the sabre-stroke35 Reel'd from the sabre-stroke 36 Shatter'd and sunder'd. 36 Shatter'd and sunder'd. 37 Then they rode back, but not37 Then they rode back, but not 38 Not the six hundred. 38 Not the six hundred.

Cannon to left of them, Cannon to left of them, 41 Cannon behind them41 Cannon behind them 42 Volley'd and thunder'd; 42 Volley'd and thunder'd; 43 Storm'd at with shot and shell, 43 Storm'd at with shot and shell, 44 While horse and hero fell, 44 While horse and hero fell, 45 They that had fought so well45 They that had fought so well

46 Came thro' the jaws of Death, 46 Came thro' the jaws of Death, 47 Back from the mouth of Hell, 47 Back from the mouth of Hell, 48 All that was left of them, 48 All that was left of them, 49 Left of six hundred. 49 Left of six hundred.

When can their glory fade? When can their glory fade? 51 O the wild charge they made! 51 O the wild charge they made! 52 All the world wonder'd. 52 All the world wonder'd. 53 Honour the charge they made! 53 Honour the charge they made! 54 Honour the Light Brigade, 54 Honour the Light Brigade, 55 Noble six hundred! 55 Noble six hundred!

FRANCE - LOUIS FRANCE - LOUIS NAPOLEONNAPOLEONLouis Napoleon ( 1808-1873)Louis Napoleon ( 1808-1873)

•elected President of the elected President of the Republic in Dec 1848Republic in Dec 1848

• WHY? WHY? –Reaction to June DaysReaction to June Days–Napoleonic LegendNapoleonic Legend–Marx’s TheoryMarx’s Theory–Offered something - what?Offered something - what?

LOUIS NAPOLEON said,LOUIS NAPOLEON said,

““I represent … a principle, a I represent … a principle, a cause, a defeat. The principle cause, a defeat. The principle is the sovereignty of the is the sovereignty of the people; the cause is that of people; the cause is that of Empire; the defeat is Empire; the defeat is Waterloo.”Waterloo.”

The Second RepublicThe Second RepublicPresident had strong powersPresident had strong powerssubjugation of the legislaturesubjugation of the legislature

•only official gov’t candidates on only official gov’t candidates on ballotballot

•No legis control over No legis control over budget,military, or foreign affairsbudget,military, or foreign affairs

*Did not allow for 2nd term*

Louis Napoleon - coup Louis Napoleon - coup d’etatd’etatDecember 1851December 1851

Dissolved assemblyDissolved assemblyMass arrest of opponentsMass arrest of opponentsbrutal supression of brutal supression of

workers’ revoltworkers’ revoltPlebiscite - virtual Plebiscite - virtual

unanimous supportunanimous support

Emperor Napoleon III,Emperor Napoleon III, 1852 - 1870 1852 - 1870

Supported material progressSupported material progress•railroad construction (5X)railroad construction (5X)•Building of Suez CanalBuilding of Suez Canal•Renovation of ParisRenovation of Paris

–Baron HaussmanBaron Haussman

•production doublesproduction doubles

Emperor NapoleonEmperor NapoleonSupport for Working classSupport for Working class

• legality of strikes in 1864legality of strikes in 1864France enjoyed prosperity, France enjoyed prosperity,

order, discipline for 18 yearsorder, discipline for 18 years•secret policesecret police•press censored - no bad news press censored - no bad news

printedprinted

Napoleon IIINapoleon IIIman of peaceman of peace

Continually involved in foreign affairsContinually involved in foreign affairs allied with England in Crimean Warallied with England in Crimean War Supported Italy’s unification effortsSupported Italy’s unification efforts took over Tahititook over Tahiti explored Senegal River in West explored Senegal River in West

AfricaAfrica tried to put Maximillian, a Hapsburg, tried to put Maximillian, a Hapsburg,

on Mexican throneon Mexican throne gambled and lost war with Prussia in gambled and lost war with Prussia in

18701870

ItalyItaly

RISORGIMENTORISORGIMENTOCatalysts for unificationCatalysts for unification

•3 men 3 men

Guiseppe MazziniGuiseppe Mazzini

visionary of unification visionary of unification movementmovement

founder of underground group founder of underground group - La Giovine Italy - La Giovine Italy (Young Italy)(Young Italy)

author or numerous tracts author or numerous tracts supporting Risorgimentosupporting Risorgimento

Camillo de Cavour (1850 - Camillo de Cavour (1850 - 61)61)

Statesman of unification Statesman of unification movementmovement

developed model state in developed model state in Sardinia-Piedmont to court Sardinia-Piedmont to court other Italian statesother Italian states•solid economic basesolid economic base•state over churchstate over church

Created parliamentary Created parliamentary democracy headed by democracy headed by monarchmonarch

Cavour-premier of Victor Cavour-premier of Victor EmanuelleEmanuelle

Used war to achieve aimsUsed war to achieve aimsCrimean War (1854 -1856)Crimean War (1854 -1856)

•supported Britain, France, and supported Britain, France, and Ottoman TurksOttoman Turks

•purpose to include discussion purpose to include discussion of Italian question at peace of Italian question at peace confereneconferene

Cavour (Piedmont Cavour (Piedmont Sardinia)Sardinia)

Provoked Austrian Provoked Austrian declaration of war against declaration of war against Piedmont-Sardinia, 1859Piedmont-Sardinia, 1859

Aided by FranceAided by FranceNap III made separate peaceNap III made separate peace inspired popular rebellionsinspired popular rebellions

Guiseppe Garibaldi 1807-Guiseppe Garibaldi 1807-18821882Warrior of the Unification movementWarrior of the Unification movementmet with Cavour in Naplesmet with Cavour in Naplesconquered southern Italyconquered southern Italy

•““Red Shirts”Red Shirts”unified Kingdom of Naples with unified Kingdom of Naples with

northern Italynorthern Italywanted to march on Rome wanted to march on Rome

GuiseppGuiseppe e GaribaldiGaribaldi

Victor Victor EmaneEmaneulle-ulle-firstfirst king king of a of a united united Italy,Italy,18611861

Italian UnificationItalian Unification

Territorial additions to new Territorial additions to new kingdom of Italykingdom of Italy•Venetia, 1866 from Italian alliance Venetia, 1866 from Italian alliance

with Prussia in war against Austriawith Prussia in war against Austria•Papal states, 1870 after withdrawal Papal states, 1870 after withdrawal

of French troops from Romeof French troops from Rome

Italian UnificationItalian UnificationOnly small number of Italians Only small number of Italians

could votecould votePropertied classes and Propertied classes and

common people dividedcommon people dividedwide social and cultural gap wide social and cultural gap

between northern and between northern and southern Italysouthern Italy

GERMANY-GERMANY- Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

Victory over Hungarian Victory over Hungarian revolt, 1848 - temporaryrevolt, 1848 - temporary

consolidated position w/ consolidated position w/ stern repressionstern repression

centralized gov’t in Viennacentralized gov’t in Viennatried to “Germanize” subject tried to “Germanize” subject

nationalitiesnationalities

Germany (Austria-Germany (Austria-Hungary)Hungary)Germanization attempt Germanization attempt

stimulated stimulated nationalism insteadnationalism instead

underground radical underground radical groups formedgroups formed

Reichsrath (Parliament) estabReichsrath (Parliament) estab• indirect elections by local dietsindirect elections by local diets• limited power only over new limited power only over new

taxestaxesReal power in hands of Real power in hands of

emperoremperorcreate new military police forcecreate new military police force

PROBLEMS in AUSTRIAPROBLEMS in AUSTRIA

SocialistsSocialistspower of the Churchpower of the Churchdiscontent of nationalitiesdiscontent of nationalitiesweakness of the armyweakness of the army

•soldiers poor and illiteratesoldiers poor and illiterate• long periods of service requiredlong periods of service required• ineffective recruiting and officer ineffective recruiting and officer

trainingtraining

1861 - New imperial 1861 - New imperial constitutionconstitution•elected representatives from elected representatives from

local diets to imperial dietlocal diets to imperial diet•Hungarians unhappy, demand Hungarians unhappy, demand

concessionsconcessions

A-HA-HCompromise of 1867 - Dual Compromise of 1867 - Dual

Monarchy (Augsleich Monarchy (Augsleich -compromise)-compromise)

Austria-Bohemia and HungaryAustria-Bohemia and Hungaryhave separate constitutions, have separate constitutions,

parliaments, flag, and languageparliaments, flag, and languagecommon ministries of finance, common ministries of finance,

foreign affairs, and warforeign affairs, and war

A-HA-HAugsliechAugsliechHapsburgs - Emperors in Hapsburgs - Emperors in

Austria-Bohemia, king in Austria-Bohemia, king in HungaryHungary

Results Results •Magyars more contentMagyars more content•other minorities at mercy of other minorities at mercy of

Magyars and GermansMagyars and Germans

Germany - PrussiaGermany - Prussia

King Frederick William IV King Frederick William IV (1840-(1840-1861)1861)

issued own constitution in 1850issued own constitution in 1850•had a parliamenthad a parliament•real power held by king and real power held by king and

upper classesupper classes

PrussiaPrussia

Fred-Wm tried to sponsor a Fred-Wm tried to sponsor a confederation of north confederation of north German statesGerman states•alienated Austria and Russiaalienated Austria and Russia•forced to drop plansforced to drop plans•called the “Humiliation at called the “Humiliation at

Olmutz”Olmutz”

PrussiaPrussia Kept Austria out of Kept Austria out of zollverienzollverien strengthened control over strengthened control over

domestic policiesdomestic policies• suppressed liberalssuppressed liberals• control of state functions in control of state functions in

hands of nobleshands of nobles• provided public education to provided public education to

more citizens than any other more citizens than any other European stateEuropean state

William I, king of PrussiaWilliam I, king of Prussia Becomes regent in 1858Becomes regent in 1858 rules 1861 - 1888rules 1861 - 1888 more moderate than fathermore moderate than father crisis in 1862crisis in 1862

• king wanted to strengthen armyking wanted to strengthen army• Diet wouldn’t approve new taxesDiet wouldn’t approve new taxes

– liberals opposedliberals opposed

Called Otto von Bismarck Called Otto von Bismarck homehome•Prussian ambassador to Prussian ambassador to

FranceFranceBecame prime ministerBecame prime minister

•advised king to defy Dietadvised king to defy Diet•collected taxes without collected taxes without

approvalapproval•““Blood and Iron”Blood and Iron”

Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck

OTTO von BISMARCKOTTO von BISMARCK1810 - 18981810 - 1898

Entered diplomatic service after 1848Entered diplomatic service after 1848 served William Iserved William I principal advisor and minister to king principal advisor and minister to king

by 1860by 1860 advocated a Prussian- based Germanyadvocated a Prussian- based Germany 1850s - helped pass military reforms 1850s - helped pass military reforms

to improve armyto improve army

BISMARCKBISMARCK

1863 - helped Russia 1863 - helped Russia suppress Polish rebellionsuppress Polish rebellion

this improved Russian-this improved Russian-Prussian relationsPrussian relations

REALPOLITIKREALPOLITIK•realism in politics, ignores realism in politics, ignores

theories, idealism theories, idealism •practical application of power to practical application of power to

achieve state goalsachieve state goals•do not consider moral do not consider moral

ramificationsramifications

Schleswig-Holstein CrisisSchleswig-Holstein CrisisOccupied by GermansOccupied by Germanscontrolled by king of controlled by king of

DenmarkDenmarknew constitution would new constitution would

annex area by Denmark, annex area by Denmark, Germans rebelGermans rebel

Austria and Prussia help, Austria and Prussia help, Denmark defeatedDenmark defeated

Shleswig-HolsteinShleswig-HolsteinAreas to be jointly Areas to be jointly

administered by Prussia administered by Prussia and Austriaand Austria•led to strained relationsled to strained relations•Prussia admin SchleswigPrussia admin Schleswig•Austria admin HolsteinAustria admin Holstein•1865-66 Bismark prepares 1865-66 Bismark prepares

for conflictfor conflict–IT, FR, RUS won’t interfereIT, FR, RUS won’t interfere

7 Week’s War (7 Week’s War (German Civil German Civil War)War)Austro - Prussian WarAustro - Prussian War

Austria devastated at Austria devastated at Koniggratz by von MoltkeKoniggratz by von Moltke

Peace of Prague, Aug 1866Peace of Prague, Aug 1866•Austria not part of any new Ger Austria not part of any new Ger

statestate•Venetia goes to ItalyVenetia goes to Italy•Austria pays Prussia indemnityAustria pays Prussia indemnity

Germany - (Prussia) - 1867Germany - (Prussia) - 1867

North German Confederation North German Confederation formedformed

King of Prussia, President of King of Prussia, President of ConfederationConfederation

Had a bicameral legislatureHad a bicameral legislaturedid not include - Baden, Saxony, did not include - Baden, Saxony,

Bavaria, WurttemburgBavaria, Wurttemburg

Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War1870-711870-71

Bismarck provokes to unify Bismarck provokes to unify all Gerall Ger

Deteriorating relations Deteriorating relations between Fr and Prussiabetween Fr and Prussia

Ems Dispatch, 1870Ems Dispatch, 1870•innocent issue turned into innocent issue turned into

diplomatic crisis - diplomatic crisis - propaganda campaignpropaganda campaign

•France declares warFrance declares war

Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian WarDecisive victories for PrussiaDecisive victories for PrussiaNapoleon and leading Napoleon and leading

generals capturedgenerals capturedParis continued to resist til Paris continued to resist til

Jan 1871Jan 1871Treaty of Frankfurt, May 1871Treaty of Frankfurt, May 1871

•France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to GerGer

•Ger occupied Fr until indemnity Ger occupied Fr until indemnity paidpaid

Jan 18, 1871Jan 18, 1871German Empire declaredGerman Empire declaredWilliam I becomes EmperorWilliam I becomes EmperorBismarck - Imperial ChancellorBismarck - Imperial Chancellorrest of Germany incorporated rest of Germany incorporated

into new Germany - Saxony, into new Germany - Saxony, Wurttemburg, Bavaria, BadenWurttemburg, Bavaria, Baden

GERMAN EMPIREGERMAN EMPIRE

Prussia dominatesPrussia dominatesCapital at BerlinCapital at BerlinNational army under National army under

KaiserKaiserBicameral LegislatureBicameral Legislature

Germany after Germany after unification under unification under Bismarck’s leadershipBismarck’s leadershipAdvantages - abundant Advantages - abundant

natural resources, natural resources, educational system, educational system, industrialization,strong army, industrialization,strong army, good infrastructure -roads, good infrastructure -roads, railroads, telegraph linesrailroads, telegraph lines

Kulturkampf ProgramKulturkampf Program

Created out of fear of Created out of fear of Catholic’s loyalty to RomeCatholic’s loyalty to Rome• Jesuits expelledJesuits expelled•Catholic Bishops arrested or Catholic Bishops arrested or

expelledexpelledFailed, made peace with Failed, made peace with

Church in 1878Church in 1878

Fear of Socialist appealFear of Socialist appealPassage of anti-Socialist lawsPassage of anti-Socialist laws

• prohibition of meetingsprohibition of meetings• censorship of newspaperscensorship of newspapers

Introduction of govt-sponsored Introduction of govt-sponsored socialist programssocialist programs• national sickness and and accident national sickness and and accident

insuranceinsurance• old age pensions and retirement old age pensions and retirement

benefitsbenefits

The Responsive National The Responsive National State - elsewhere in State - elsewhere in EuropeEurope

In Europe after 1500, more In Europe after 1500, more powerful states absorbed powerful states absorbed weaker ones. The numbers weaker ones. The numbers went from 500 to @ 25 by went from 500 to @ 25 by 1900. In the 1/2 century 1900. In the 1/2 century before WWI there were six before WWI there were six major countries competing in major countries competing in the European arena.the European arena.

Similarities of these Similarities of these countriescountries IndustrializationIndustrialization

•material strengthmaterial strength•economic powereconomic power•technologytechnology

conscript armiesconscript armiesUniversal educational Universal educational

systemssystems

Efficient communications Efficient communications networksnetworks

efficient tax collectionefficient tax collectioncitizens given larger voice in citizens given larger voice in

gov’tgov’tcompeted for power outside competed for power outside

own bordersown borders

EnglandEnglandChartist Movement, 1830-40sChartist Movement, 1830-40s

•six demandssix demands•all met by end of century except all met by end of century except

annual electionsannual elections

Lord PalmerstonLord Palmerston

Dominated foreign affairs from Dominated foreign affairs from 1830 to 18651830 to 1865

Prime Minister from 1855 to 1865Prime Minister from 1855 to 1865 Combined rule of aristocracy with Combined rule of aristocracy with

the middle classthe middle class Symbolized conservative phaseSymbolized conservative phase

PalmerstonPalmerston

Not interested in domestic issuesNot interested in domestic issues India - 1850s East India CoIndia - 1850s East India Co

•mutiny in 1857, govt took overmutiny in 1857, govt took overChina - forced to open up tradeChina - forced to open up tradeUS Civil War - supported UnionUS Civil War - supported Union

England - 1865 to 1914England - 1865 to 1914State support for industry & tradeState support for industry & trademore closely involved in welfare more closely involved in welfare

of citizensof citizens led by Gladstone (1809-1898) led by Gladstone (1809-1898)

Liberal (Whig) and Disraeli (1804 - Liberal (Whig) and Disraeli (1804 - 1881) Conservative (Tory)1881) Conservative (Tory)

alternated as Prime Ministers alternated as Prime Ministers from 1867 - 1880from 1867 - 1880

GladstoneGladstone

Son of rich Liverpool merchant - Son of rich Liverpool merchant - wealthy, good social positionwealthy, good social position

entered Parl in 1833 - great oratorentered Parl in 1833 - great oratorstarted as Conservative reformer, started as Conservative reformer,

became Liberal party memberbecame Liberal party member

GladstoneGladstone

favored laissez-fairefavored laissez-faire Irish Home RuleIrish Home Ruleopposed involvement in opposed involvement in

EuropeEuropeopposed imperialismopposed imperialism

Disraeli (1804 - 1881)Disraeli (1804 - 1881)

Son of naturalized Jew, baptized Son of naturalized Jew, baptized AnglicanAnglican

swings from liberal to conservative, swings from liberal to conservative, becomes leader of Conservative Partybecomes leader of Conservative Party

favored aggressive foreign policyfavored aggressive foreign policyfavored expansion of British Empirefavored expansion of British Empire

England 1850 - 65England 1850 - 65

Landed gentry and middle class Landed gentry and middle class allied to keep lower classes “in allied to keep lower classes “in their stations”their stations”

serious problems avoided, but serious problems avoided, but reforms are neededreforms are needed

England 1866 - 1914England 1866 - 1914

1866 Gladstone introduces 1866 Gladstone introduces reforms, failed, were riotsreforms, failed, were riots

1867 Conservatives elected1867 Conservatives electedDisraeli sponsors Disraeli sponsors Reform Bill of Reform Bill of

18671867

Reform Bill of 1867Reform Bill of 1867

Redistributed seatsRedistributed seatsmore than a million workers more than a million workers

given the right to vote(men over given the right to vote(men over 21 in cities)21 in cities)

increased electorate by 88% - no increased electorate by 88% - no women or farm laborerswomen or farm laborers

1868 - Gladstone re-elected 1868 - Gladstone re-elected (Liberal)(Liberal)

Glorious Ministry 1868-1874 Glorious Ministry 1868-1874 carried out many reformscarried out many reforms

GLORIOUS MINISTRYGLORIOUS MINISTRY1868-18741868-1874

•Education Act, 1870Education Act, 1870•Civil Service Reform, 1870Civil Service Reform, 1870•Justice system made more Justice system made more

efficientefficient•Land Act of 1870Land Act of 1870•University Act of 1870University Act of 1870

Disraeli elected , 1874-Disraeli elected , 1874-18801880

Wanted to give country a “rest” Wanted to give country a “rest” from reformsfrom reforms

Tory democracyTory democracyAlliance of landed gentry and Alliance of landed gentry and

workers against middle classworkers against middle classnumber of reformsnumber of reforms

1874-1880 reforms1874-1880 reforms

Public Health ActPublic Health ActArtisan’s Dwelling ActArtisan’s Dwelling ActFood and Drug LegislationFood and Drug LegislationUnion rights extendedUnion rights extended

1880-1895 Gladstone 1880-1895 Gladstone returnsreturns

Third Reform Bill, 1884Third Reform Bill, 1884Employer’s Liability ActEmployer’s Liability Act Irish Problem - Home RuleIrish Problem - Home Rule

1895 - 19051895 - 1905

Conservatives dominateConservatives dominate little changelittle changeLabour Party founded by J. Labour Party founded by J.

Ramsey MacDonaldRamsey MacDonaldLiberal Party decides it must Liberal Party decides it must

reformreform

Liberal PartyLiberal Party

Led by David Lloyd George, Led by David Lloyd George, Henry Asquith, Winston Henry Asquith, Winston ChurchillChurchill

““four spectres haunt the poor: four spectres haunt the poor: Old Age, Accident, Sickness, Old Age, Accident, Sickness, and Unemployment. We are and Unemployment. We are going to exorcise them.”going to exorcise them.”

1905-1914 Reforms1905-1914 Reforms

Old Age PensionsOld Age PensionsNational employment bureausNational employment bureausworkman’s compensation workman’s compensation

protectionprotectionsickness, accident, and sickness, accident, and

unemployment insuranceunemployment insurance

Reforms - 1905 - 1914Reforms - 1905 - 1914

Labor unions relieved of Labor unions relieved of responsibility of losses caused by responsibility of losses caused by strikesstrikes

moderate salary paid to members moderate salary paid to members of the House of Commonsof the House of Commons

ReformsReformsHouse of Lords tried to opposeHouse of Lords tried to oppose

•failed to pass budget of 1909-10failed to pass budget of 1909-10• had new taxes on rich to pay for had new taxes on rich to pay for

programsprogramsLiberal and Labour parties Liberal and Labour parties

attacked the House of Lords as attacked the House of Lords as anachronismanachronism

Parl Bill of 1911 took away House Parl Bill of 1911 took away House of Lords power of absolute vetoof Lords power of absolute veto