Rise of the Romans

Geography of Rome

800 B.C.: small settlement called Rome built along Tiber River

Rome lies near the center of the Italian Peninsula

Region was called Latium, and people living there were called Latins

Language they spoke was called Latin.

Geography of Rome

• City’s hills provided natural defense from enemies

• Tiber River provided nearby port and transportation

• Rome was located on key trade routes

• Trade routes crossed the Tiber river

• Extends into Mediterranean Sea

• Mountains: Alps and Apennines

• Plenty of farming land and rivers to travel

Romulus and Remus

The Founding of RomeLegends and Facts (P. 311)

• 1) According to legend, who founded the city of Rome?

• 2) Who were the mother and father of Rome’s founders?

• 3) In two paragraphs, summarize the story of Rome’s creation.

• 4) Why do you think that historians do not believe this legend?

• 5) What is it that archaeologists have discovered about Rome?

People of Italy Who influenced the Romans?

Greeks Etruscans

• Many Greeks had settled in the Italian Peninsula

• Greek Mythology influenced Roman mythology– Ex. Zeus became Jupiter

• Romans also adopted Greek legends and heroes

• Most powerful people in central Italy when Rome was founded

• Lived north of Latium

• Skilled artists and builders

• Sailed around Mediterranean

• Learned from Greeks and Phoenicians

Roman Society (P.322)

1) Define: patriarchal society

2) What could be some of the disadvantages of having a patriarchal society?

3) Define: paterfamilias

4) What kind of power did paterfamilias have?

Roman Society – Women (P.322)

Women in Rome Women in Greece

Life in Rome Rich and Poor (P.323)

Wealthy Romans Poor Romans

Life in RomeSlaves (P. 324)

What was life like for slaves in Rome? Provide detailed answers.

What was a famous example of slaves fighting back?

A Look at the

Roman Government

Early Roman Republic

Patricians Plebeians

• Wealthy Landowners

•Have a say in government

•Held military and religious positions

•Lower Class (workers)

•95% of people

•No say in government

•Served in the army

Forms of Government in the World

Monarchy rule by one person (king or queen)

Democracy rule by the people

Oligarchy rule by an elite few (aristocracy)

Dictatorship one person absolute rule

What are the pros and cons of each of these forms of government?

Roman Government Before the Republic

Rome began as an independent city-state led by monarchsKings (monarchs) ruled with much power

Leader of armyMain PriestSupreme Judge

Monarchs built first buildings in the Forum Kings ruled with consent from wealthy aristocrats.

Senate (“Old Man”): Older, wealthy men who advised the king in important matters.

Opinion: Why do you think that Roman kings needed the approval from wealthy Roman aristocrats?

Tarquin the ProudThe Last of the Roman Kings

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 7th and final king of Rome Etruscan Origin Mistreatment of his people led to

rebellion by Brutus and aristocrats. After him, Rome became a republic

Citizens have the right to vote and elect officials

Do you think that people in the United States would allow for a king to rule them? Why or why not?

The Roman Republic

Romans chose a complex government, which included:

Roman ConstitutionSystem of laws by which a government is organized

Rule of lawLaw Applied to everyonewritten laws to protect themselves and their liberty12 Tables

Mixed government combined strengths of all forms of governments

Roman Republic Also IncludedThree branches

Assemblies, Senate, and Magistrate

Separation of powersno one group has all the powerEach branch had different responsibilities and powersOne branch could stop (check) another branch from misusing

power

Limited Power for Officials in GovernmentTwo consuls instead of a top leaderEach consul could cancel the action of the other (veto power)Government officials were chosen for one yearWhy was a veto power necessary for Roman consuls?

The Roman RepublicThe System of Checks and Balances

Monarchical Aristocratic Democratic

Magistrates2 Consuls +

(elected officials)

Senate Assemblies

Directed government and army Acted as judgesActed as chief priest

Controlled state budget Could pass lawsAdvised ConsulsPowerful Part of Government

Approved/rejected laws Decided on WarCould veto actions of magistrateOpen to Plebeians

Basis of power: need for leadership

Basis of power: members were richest men in Rome.

Basis of power: provided most of the soldiers

Limits on power: one year termeach could veto

Limits on power: could not control army

Limits on power: Could not suggest laws

AssembliesDemocratic part of governmentAll adult males could participateElected officials and passed lawsHad power because it was composed by

most Roman citizens, who were the soldiers at the time.

1.1. 300 men300 men

2.2. Chosen for lifeChosen for life

3.3. Advise ConsulAdvise Consul

4.4. Deal with other countriesDeal with other countries

5.5. Proposes lawsProposes laws

6.6. Approve public worksApprove public works

7.7. Deal with daily government Deal with daily government problemsproblems

Senate Senate ““old men”old men”

The Magistrate

The Race of Honors: How to Become a Consul

Lower Offices of Magistrates

Quaestor Aedile

Elected by popular vote (patricians and plebeians)

Financial officerKept track of the

state’s money

If a quaestor did well, he could seek election as an aedile

Duties:Public buildingsPublic Games

Offices of the MagistrateTribune of the

Plebs PraetorsDefend lives &

property of plebeiansGathered plebeians

to AssemblyCould veto laws10 elected annually

8 elected annuallyJudicial dutiesGathered SenateSupervise defense of

RomeGovern province

after term

1.1. Top government officialsTop government officials

2.2. Two chosen every year Two chosen every year

3.3. Headed the army and ran the Headed the army and ran the governmentgovernment

4.4. Served for a short term, avoiding risk of Served for a short term, avoiding risk of abusing powerabusing power

5. Veto Power • The right of the consul to reject the The right of the consul to reject the

other’s decision. Latin for “I forbid”other’s decision. Latin for “I forbid”

ConsulsConsuls

Occasional Magistrates

DictatorNamed by the Senate in times of emergencyServed only for 6 months but had complete

power

Why do you think that during times of emergency (ex. War) Romans would want to give power to only one man?

SenateSenate

AssemblyAssembly

ConsulsConsuls

Dictator Dictator

..How the Republic WorksHow the Republic WorksDivision of PowerDivision of Power

1 person1 person

2 men2 men

300 members

300 members

Rest of

Rest of population

population

Growth and Crisis in the Roman Republic

Struggle with CarthagePunic WarsConflict between Rome and Carthage for control over

the Mediterranean Sea

Carthage was a city in North Africa

Carthage’s most successful general was Hannibal. He defeated Rome in several occasions, but was finally defeated by Rome.

Rome attacked Carthage and other Greek city-states.Rome defeated Carthage & obtained control over North

AfricaGovernors were sent to control new territories

Crisis in the RepublicCorruption in the Government

Wealthy officials broke rulesMagistrates stole from peopleUsed violence to win elections and were disliked by poor people

The republic was not working in favor of the people

Crisis in the RepublicEconomic Struggle

Gap between rich and poor widens as Roman Republic grows.

Farmers lost their homes and moved to an overcrowded city.

Politicians gave grain to the people, but the people wanted land and jobs.

Tiberius Gracchus and his brother Gaius tried to help the poor, but were murdered.

Crisis in the RepublicThe Power of the Army

Military became less disciplined and disloyal.

Only citizens who could afford it worked in the army.

Consul Gaius Marius provided equipment and paid poor people to join army

Soldiers recruited from the poor; showed loyalty to their generals.

From Republic to EmpireCivil War in Rome

War between two groups in the same nationArmy Commanders vs. the rest of GovernmentJulius Ceasar marched his army into Rome and

defeated his rivals (Senate and Pompey)Julius Ceasar took control of Rome and declared

himself dictator for lifeHelped the poor and the army, which angered the

upper classesIt was the end of the Republic. Senators wanted to keep Republic the way it was. Group of Senators killed Caesar on a day called Ides

of March, or March 15, 44 B.C.

The Republic CollapsesBeginning of the Empire

Caesar’s supporters take controlCaesar made Octavian his heir. Mark Antony and Cleopatra’s forces are defeated by Octavian

Octavian accepts title of Augustus, “greatly honored one,” and rules Rome.

He becomes first emperor of Rome.

Augustus

Rome’s 1st emperorHeld total power over the

empireAugustus, Rome’s ablest

ruler, creates lasting system of government

Increased soldier’s pay. Improved life for ordinary

peopleFought corruption in

governmentDeified after death: declared

a god and worshipped

Pax Romana (Roman Peace)

Under Augustus, Rome moves from a republic to an empire.

Power no longer resides with citizens, but in a single ruler.

Rome enjoys 200 years of peace and prosperity known as Pax Romana

Around 65 million people are able to enjoy a time without major wars.

Rome's Achievements

Roman RoadsPaved roads connected

the cities and forts of the Roman Empire

Soldiers could march from city to city defend them

Government was made more efficient and communication was faster.

Architecture and AqueductsConcrete was used to

build structures because it was lighter and easier to use

Pantheon is an example of these structures

Built aqueducts to carry clean water to the cities

Public BathsSewers carried waste

away from cities.

Roman EconomyRomans built a navy and took down pirates in

Mediterranean Sea

Trade was cheaper by sea

Farming was the base of the Roman economy

Grain was shipped to Rome to feed its enormous population

In exchange for grain, farmers in provinces received money

Popular EntertainmentEntertainment on

massive scaleGladiators

Men who fought each other for public entertainment

Fights were held in arenas such as the Colosseum

Gladiators were usually slave or criminals

Some won their freedom and became celebrities

Chariot Races

At the Circus Maximus

Race course for more than 250,000 people

Horses pulled charioteers

The ArtsMosaics were a

design formed with small tiles of glass, stone or pottery

Public building had colorful painted murals

Statues of gods, heroes and important people

The Influence of LatinLatin was the spoken

language of the empire

Romance languages are the ones developed from LatinSpanish, Italian,

French

Latin is still used today by the Catholic Church

LiteratureOratory

The art of giving speeches

Most famous was CiceroTaught to politicians

PoetryVirgil, Horace, Ovid

SatireWorks of literature that

made fun of subjectsJuvenal mocked Roman

life.

Pompeii

A.D. 79

City of Pompeii was destroyed by volcano Vesuvius

Ash preserved many of the buildings

The Fall of Rome

The Fall of RomeFor centuries after the rule of its first

emperor, the Roman Empire was the most powerful state in the ancient world.

Rome continued to expand to include 3 continents: Asia, Europe, and Africa.

factors causing the decline of Rome

Rome did not fall instantly.

Instead, the empire went through a long slow decline

Many conditions caused the fall of Rome including internal (inside) and external (outside) forces.

The Fall of RomeInternal Forces - Political - Economic- Social

External Forces

- Invaders, also called barbarians

Political Empire too large to

controlTroops could not be

moved fast enough to defeat enemies.

Civil warsEmperors plotted against

each other for control instead of uniting

Army deterioratesSoldiers followed

different leadersNo Unity

Economic Wars were too

expensive

Taxes were raised to support the armies.

Unemployment was high

Decrease in tradeWars did not allow for

people to travel fast.

Social

Loss of citizen’s confidence and loyalty

Population declines

Hierarchical classes

Bread and circusesPlague

                 

External ForcesInvaders, also called barbarians, began to

invade in the 3rd century.

Germanic tribes from northern Europe crossed the Roman frontier and invaded Greece, Italy, Spain, and coastal areas of Asia Minor.

Rich farmlands, and wealth of the Roman lands attracted the Germanic tribes. By the 5th century, the Roman Empire was overrun by barbarians.

The Roman Army

The Roman LegionArmy was made of

professional soldiers who were Roman citizens

Pay and retirement opportunities made people join

Non-citizens were promised citizenship after 20 years of loyal service

Soldiers received choice of land or money when they retired

The Roman Legion

Roman soldiers swore loyalty to Rome and emperor

Loyalty to emperor was reinforced through holidays recognizing them

How could emperors make sure that Roman soldiers would remain loyal to them? Why was it important that they remained loyal to them?

The Roman Legion Emperors had to work at

maintaining loyalty of army

Officers received appointments through the emperor (received prestige, status, connections and wealth)

Generals were moved like chess pieces within empire to avoid loyalty from men

Men more loyal to leadership than emperor

Why would soldiers have more loyalty towards generals than emperors?

Roman Legion

A legion was usually made up of 5,000 to 6,000 soldiers

Centurion commanded 80 men (century)

A cohort was made up of 6 centuries (480 men)

10 cohorts made a legion that was supported with a cavalry unit and engineers

Majority of legions protected Roman frontier (borders)

Roman Legion: Military Training

Military training was rigorous and involved marching (20 miles a day) and carrying of equipment

Extensive training in various weapons and formations

Responsible for constructing forts, bridges, roads and protective walls

Maintain constant presence in conquered territories

Military Training:The Art Of WarThe army was

oppressive in territories

Enslaved enemies who were sent back to Rome

Generals benefited from slave auctions through connections

Military Uniform

Armors

Sandals

Scarf

Belt

Can you recognize the different parts of the Roman military uniform? What was the role of each of the parts?

Roman Weapon

Pilum Sizes

Over 20 feet

Roman Weapons

Gladius: The Romans created their short swords after those of the Spanish Celts.

Spatha: Sword used by the cavalry. Much longer blade and easier to use than the gladius

Pugio: The legionaries carried a dagger starting in the 2nd or 1st centuries BC.

More Roman Weapons

Roman ballista : heavy weapons that launched stone balls, large arrows and multiple arrows

Used for sieges and protection of fixed positions also found on naval warships

Auxiliaries

Men from conquered territories who received similar training like Romans

Majority served as archers and were sent far away from original homes

Granted citizenship after 25 years and were paid lower wages than Roman troops

The Roman Navy

Total Men: 40,000

No Slaves rowing. All were recruited soldiers

Main responsibility was to combat piracy and support army operations

Comprised of warships, transports and smaller ships

Triremes was main warship based on a Greek design