risk factors for motorcycle injuries and implications for

LOGO Risk factors for Motorcycle Injuries and implications for Risk factors for Motorcycle

Injuries and implications for Prevention

FACTORS RELATED MOTORCYCLE INJURIES ,THAILAND

�Road factor

�Motorcycle factor - the motorcycle itself and the

manufacturers'advertisementmanufacturers'advertisement

�Driver factor

�The major risks or behavior risk (alcohol, speed, unhelmet, age + license)

FACTORS RELATED MOTORCYCLE INJURIES ,THAILAND

the motorcycle itself and the manufacturers'advertisementmanufacturers'advertisement

The major risks or behavior risk (alcohol, speed, unhelmet, age + license)

23,988, 7%

15,203, 4%

6,393, 2% 4,096, 1% 2,557, 1%

Figure1 Proportion of types of vehicles

injuries Thailand

293

Source: 28 Sentinel hospitals, National Injury Surveillance System, Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand

7,167, 2%

Motorcycle

Pick-up/van

Proportion of types of vehicles-related transport

Thailand 2005-2009

293,984, 83%

Pick-up/van

Bicycle/tricycle

Car

Truck

Agricultural veh.

Others

All transport injuries

353,388 cases

Sentinel hospitals, National Injury Surveillance System, Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand

IS: Injury Surveillance

Figure2 MC injuries-related transport accidents

Thailand 2005

Passengers

Pedestrians

Pedestrians were hit by• Motorcycle 56.7

• Pick-up/van 25.7

• Car 7.4

• Truck 3.4

• Others 6.9

Drivers

264

72

Passengers

83,674

22.9%Passengers• Motorcycle 64.4

• Pick-up/van 19.5

• Car 3.7

•Bicycle/3-Wheeler 2.6

• Truck 2.9

• Others 5.2

• Others 6.9


related transport accidents

2005-2009Pedestrians

17,315

4.7%

Drivers

Drivers

264,756

72.4%

Drivers• Motorcycle 89.2

• Bicycle/3-Wheeler 4.9

• Pick-up/van 2.8

• Cars 1.2

• Truck 0.6

• Motor 3-wheelers 0.5

• Others 0.9



60,218

44,464

33,678

40,000

50,000

60,000

รูปที� 3 จํานวนผู้บาดเจ็บรุนแรงจากอบุตัิเหตรุถจกัรยานยนต์ จําแนกตามกลุม่อายขุองผู้บาดเจ็บพ.ศ. 2548 – 2552

(293,044

จํานวน

FIGURE 3 NUMBER OF INJURED PERSONS FROM MOTORCYCLE BY AGE GROUP YEAR 2005

( TOTAL 293,044

3,299 3,652

20,116

33,678

27,040

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 24-29 30-34


Age (years)

จํานวนผู้บาดเจ็บรุนแรงจากอบุตัิเหตรุถจกัรยานยนต์ จําแนกตามกลุม่อายขุองผู้บาดเจ็บ2552 (293,044 คน)

044 cases)

NUMBER OF INJURED PERSONS FROM MOTORCYCLE 2005-2009

044 CASES)

040

23,18921,016

17,348

9,361

6,3924,648

2,8821,425 603

34 35-39 40-44 45-49 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+


Number of severe injury DEATHaccidents

by age groups, Thailand (16,451

No


Age (years)

Number of severe injury DEATH-related motorcycle accidents

by age groups, Thailand 2005-2009451 cases)


8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

Number of severe injury

Thailand, 2005no

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

0 3 6 9 1215182124273033


Age (years)

Passengers

Drivers

Number of severe injury-related motorcycle accidents

by road users type2005-2009 (288,519 cases)

363942454851545760636669727578


No. of severe injuriesaccidents by month, Thailand

5,236

4,545

5,110 4,846

4,510

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

No.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun


No. of severe injuries-related motorcycle accidents by month, Thailand 2005-2009

510 4,485 4,403 4,629 4,516

4,822 4,535

5,719

2005

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009


Percentage of non28 sentinel hospitals, Thailand 2005

%


Percentage of non-helmet use by year28 sentinel hospitals, Thailand 2005-2009


Percentage of nonINJURIES by year

Source: 28 Sentinel hospitals, National Injury Surveillance System,

Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand

Percentage of non-helmet use INJURIES by year 2005-2009

Sentinel hospitals, National Injury Surveillance System,

Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand

severeinjuries

vehicle type 2005-9 2010

IE-TAN 30.16 38.96

Motorcycle 43.06 37.12

Car 42.17 33.93

Percentage and number of vehicle operator with alco hol drinking history classified by type of vehicle

Car 42.17 33.93

Pickup 37.93 33.66

Motortricycle 29.80 33.45Agricultural

Vehicle 24.96 20.98

Bicycle 18.10 17.34

Truck 16.58 11.74

Death

2010 2005-9 2010

38.96 18.75 33.33

37.12 43.80 32.61

33.93 27.46 21.62

Percentage and number of vehicle operator with alco hol drinking history classified by type of vehicle

33.93 27.46 21.62

33.66 33.53 21.59

33.45 24.68 36.84

20.98 16.33 14.29

17.34 28.14 25.53

11.74 14.00 14.29IS: Injury Surveillance

Percentage of alcohol useMC driver injuries, 2005


Percentage of alcohol useMC driver injuries, 2005-2009


Percentage of alcohol use among motorcycle

by by sentinel hospital, Thailand 2005

Percentage of alcohol use among motorcycle driver injuries

sentinel hospital, Thailand 2005-2009

Percentage of alcohol use among motorcycle

by hospital, Thailand 2005


Percentage of alcohol use among motorcycle driver injury-deaths

by hospital, Thailand 2005-2009

%Sentinel hospitals, National Injury Surveillance System, Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand

Percent of alcohol consumption among severe injured by time of occurred injury, year 2005-2009 and Percent of alcohol consumption among severe injured by time of

and 2010


Percent of severe injured from motorcycle accident by organs year

7.Shoulder

8.Wrist and Hand

9.Hip and Thigh

10.Abdomen,Back,Pelvis

11.Thorax

12.Neck

0.00 5.00 10.00

1.Head

2.Injuries of multiple region

3.Knee and Lower leg

4.Unknown diagnosis

5.Ankle and Foot

6.Elbow and Forearm

7.Shoulder

Percent of severe injured from motorcycle accident by organs year 2005-9 and 2010

Year2005-9 Year2010

15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00

percent

MC head injury, by helmet usecoma score 1

Thailand

MC head injury, by helmet use1-8, 9-12, 13-15 Thailand 2005-2009

SCENE OF INJURY AT U-TURN AREA

• Per vehicle mile traveled, motorcyclists' risk of a fatal crash is 35 times greater than a passenger car

(NHTSA’s National Center for Statistics and Analysi s 2007)

• Motorcycle rider deaths were nearly than drivers of other vehicles :national study by t he Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATS)Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATS)

• There is no Safe Limit for Drinking and Driving especially 2 wheelers (compton et al,

• Riders wearing an approved helmet reduce the risk of death by 37 -40 percent

• Almost fourty percent of the severe injuries show alcohol involvement and oneinvolving .(IS 2010)

Facts sheetPer vehicle mile traveled, motorcyclists' risk of a

times greater than a passenger car(NHTSA’s National Center for Statistics and Analysi s

Motorcycle rider deaths were nearly 30 times more than drivers of other vehicles :national study by t he Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATS)Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATS)There is no Safe Limit for Drinking and Driving

wheelers (compton et al, 2002)Riders wearing an approved helmet reduce the risk

percentAlmost fourty percent of the severe injuries show alcohol involvement and one - thirds of death alcohol

�Almost 50 % of severe traumatic patients were traffic injured and two thirds of them dead from Traffic injuries (IS)

�More than 80 % of the traffic injured patients were motorcyclists. (IS)

�Almost 50 % of the motorcycle injury suffered from head injury. (IS)

�Almost 3 times of non helmets/helmet were moderate and severe head injuries

�Average percentage of helmet wearing in driver ,2553 = 53.3 (21.5 -93.2) ,Occupant Students who are occupants in bkk only

Facts sheet

% of severe traumatic patients were traffic injured and two thirds of them dead from

% of the traffic injured patients were

% of the motorcycle injury suffered from

times of non helmets/helmet were moderate and severe head injuries Average percentage of helmet wearing in driver

) ,Occupant 19.4 % (1.8-56.6) Students who are occupants in bkk only 7 %

The key risk factors associated with motorcycle injuries are:

�Aged 15-18 years old�Unlicensed/Unregistered

for quanlified�Speed�Alcohol�Alcohol�No helmet�MC itself �Black Spot� Culture ? Belief ? Accident is in the hand of god .lucky or

unlucky … Mai Pen Rai

The key risk factors associated with motorcycle injuries are:

Unlicensed/Unregistered or licensed but not

Accident is in the hand of god .lucky or

Mai Pen Rai

100 % WEARING HELMET BOTH DRIVERS AND % WEARING HELMET BOTH DRIVERS AND

OCCUPANTS

2011

Industrial

Government

Internationalnationalregionallocal

Industrial

MEDIASCivil Society

Click to add title

GovernmentTechnocrat

Decade of Road safety

MEDIAS

NGOs

NHTSA’s Motorcycle Safety Program

Human Factors

Crash Prevention(Pre-Crash)

•Rider Education/Licensing

•Impaired Riding •Motorist

Awareness •State Safety •

Programs Injury Mitigation

(Crash)•Use of Protective

Gear

Emergency Response

(Post-Crash)

NHTSA’s Motorcycle Safety Program

Vehicle Role Environmental Conditions

Education/Licensing •Brakes, Tires, and

Controls •Lighting and

Visibility •Compliance Testing and

•Roadway Design, Construction,

Operations and Preservation •Roadway

Maintenance Investigations

•Occupant Protection

•Roadside Design, Construction, and

Preservation

•Automatic Crash Notification

•Education and Assistance to EMS •Bystander Care •Training for Law

Enforcement •Data collection &

analysis

�Minimum age for award of motorcycle driving license be restricted to persons older than

�All agencies to implement and enforce laws effectively regarding helmet wearing, driving under the influence of alcohol, and speed control, and the influence of alcohol, and speed control, and modification of motorcycles after sale

�Community empowering to regard dangers of transporting children younger than motorcycles

Recommendation

Minimum age for award of motorcycle driving license be restricted to persons older than 18 years

All agencies to implement and enforce laws effectively regarding helmet wearing, driving under the influence of alcohol, and speed control, and the influence of alcohol, and speed control, and modification of motorcycles after sale

Community empowering to regard dangers of transporting children younger than 5 years on

�provision of 2 helmets (including the possibility of helmets for children) along with sale of motorcycle s, placing of warnings on motorcycles regarding carriage of children

�Governments at national, provincial and municipal �Governments at national, provincial and municipal levels should consider policies concerning neighborhood schools and public transport facilitie s (including free or subsidy for the same)

�Accelerating research efforts for design of all helmets with better ventilation, lighter weight and visibility, and for improving helmet designs for children under 5 years old

Recommendation

helmets (including the possibility of helmets for children) along with sale of motorcycle s, placing of warnings on motorcycles regarding

Governments at national, provincial and municipal Governments at national, provincial and municipal levels should consider policies concerning neighborhood schools and public transport facilitie s (including free or subsidy for the same)

Accelerating research efforts for design of all helmets with better ventilation, lighter weight and visibility, and for improving helmet designs for

years old

�Improving methods of data collection and analysis, initiating research on risk factors associated with motorcycle user injuries, implementing

�evaluating known road safety interventions, undertaking research to develop road safety undertaking research to develop road safety measures

�Strengthening care prevents mortality and disability :Optimizing preemergency trauma care response and training personnel

Recommendation

Improving methods of data collection and analysis, initiating research on risk factors associated with motorcycle user injuries,

evaluating known road safety interventions, undertaking research to develop road safety undertaking research to develop road safety

Strengthening care prevents mortality and disability :Optimizing pre -hospital and emergency trauma care response and

risk factors for motorcycle injuries and implications for

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