rites and festivals holidays: times for communal involvement
TRANSCRIPT
Rites and Festivals
Holidays: Times for Communal Involvement
Rites
Male Circumcision
Circumcision of the male child at 8 days. The whole community celebrates.
Bar Mitzvah
Bar Mitzvah (Bas Mitzvah girl) boy reaches 13 years of age demonstrates acceptance of Covenant
Marriage
Jewish marriages are very important. Judaism, like many other religions, is matrilineal.
Burial
For Jews the dead need to be respected and the living need to move on. There are 4 to 5 periods of mourning.
Aninut Shivah Shloshim The First Year Keeping Memory
Alive
Festivals
Pesach
Pesach (Passover) deliverance from Egypt
Shavuot
Shavuot (Pentecost) harvest and Torah. Moses received the Torah.
Sukkot
Sukkot (tabernacles) Fall Festival. This commemorates the Jews wandering in the wilderness.
Feast of Purim
Purim (deliverance from the Persian Empire). The Queen Esther story.
Rosh Hashana
Rosh Hashana (New Year)
Yom Hakippurim
Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement)
Hanukkah
Hanukkah (victory over the Syrians in 165 BCE)
Remembering
Yom Hashoa – A time to remember those who died in the Holocaust.
Period 2
Part 2
Changes (Period 2 - Part 2)
Everything must change
JudaismGod’s Promise
Jewish Beliefs
Jewish Belief
There is no official Jewish creed--however, there are some basic ideas.• Belief in God. God is one, formless, all-
knowing, and eternal. God is master of the universe as its creator and judge. God is both loving and just.
• Belief in the words of the prophets.
Jewish Belief
• Belief that God gave the law to Moses.
• Belief that the Messiah, the savior to be sent by God, will come some day.
• Belief that there will be a resurrection of the good “in the world to come.”
Maimonides
Moses Maimonides• Born Cordoba, Spain
in 1135• Died Egypt 1204• One of the greatest
Jewish scholars• Extensive work on the
commentary on the Torah
http://www.jewishjournal.com/opinion/article/survival_hinges_on_being_light_unto_nations_20080516/
13 Principles of the Jewish Faith
I believe with perfect faith that• God is the creator and Ruler
of all things. • that God is one.• God does not have a body.• God is first and last• it is proper to pray to God.• all the words of all of the
prophets are true.• the prophecy of Moses is
absolutely true.• the entire Torah that we
how have is that which was given to Moses.
I believe with perfect faith that• this Torah will not be
changed, and there will never be another given by God.
• God knows all of a man's deeds and thoughts.
• God rewards those who keep his commandments, and punishes those who transgress Him.
• in the coming of the Messiah.• God that the dead will be
brought back to life when God wills it to happen.
Changes in notions(Period 2 - Part 2)
Although the Messiah is the one who will come was literally expected it is no longer interpreted literally.
Along immortality of a literal nature has often been expounded many now emphasize the kind of immortality which comes through one’s offspring, acting virtuously in this world or leaving behind charitable contribution.
Notions
Humans have a special role because they are created in the image of God and they have the ability to speak, to reason, to will, to create and to care.
They have the ability to demonstrate divine characteristics to the world.
Divisions within Judaism
Divisions within Judaism
Cultural Based
Observance Based
Cultural Based
Sephardim
Ashkenazim
Falashas, Ethiopian Jews
Cultural Based
Sephardim• These are Jews who
lived in medieval Spain until they were expelled in 1492. Those who refused to become Christians moved to North Africa, Italy and Turkey.
Cultural Based
Ashkenazim• A Yiddish-
speaking group of Jews who settled in central and northern Europe. The term in Hebrew referred to Germany.
Cultural Based
Falashas• These are Ethiopian
Jews who continue to practice sacrifices in their temples. Israelis recognized them publicly as Jews by airlifting many of them to Israel. However, some do not think that they have been completely accepted by the some of the Jewish community.
Observance Based
Orthodox Judaism
Conservative Judaism
Reform Judaism
Reconstructionist Judaism
The Four Branches of Judaism
O rth od oxM ain ta in trad it ion a l b e lie fs
an d p rac tices
R eform edIn corp ora ted m od ern
id eas an d th in k in gin to re lig iou s p rac tices
C on serva tiveM ake som e con cess ion s
b u t m a in ta in ce rta intrad it ion a l p rac tices
R econ s tru c tion is tsIn d ivid u a l in te rp re ta tionS ym b o lism s , M etap h ors
Ju d a ism , ch an g in g cu ltu ra l fo rce
Ju d a ism
Orthodox
Orthodox Judaism• it came into existence
after the Reform began.
• A branch of Judaism committed to retaining traditional practice and belief.
• They are hesitant about discarding any traditional practices.
Orthodox
Among the things that they believe are:• In synagogues women
are separate from men
• There must be a quorum of men for service to begin
• Only men celebrate the coming of age (bar mitzvah)
Orthodox
• Males keep their heads covered
• Social roles are strictly separate (trad. Men/Women)
• Orthodox household keep strict rules about diet.
Conservative
Frankel Solomon Schchter was an early leader of this branch.• The Reform movement
was too radical.• The Torah and the
Talmud must be followed.
• Practices can vary from synagogue to synagogue.
• Most of the worship service is in Hebrew.
Conservative
• Males wear head coverings (yarmulkes or kippot)
• Members are encouraged to observe kashruth, kosher food laws, Shabbat and holidays.
• Change is accepted but with much study and discussion and carefully weighing all traditions.
Reform Judaism
David Einhorn and Isaac Mayer Wise inspired this movement in the US.• The Torah has moral
authority but ceremonial and dietary laws are no longer binding.
• A need for a Jewish homeland was recognized.
• An emphasis is placed on religious practice, observing the Sabbath, and keeping the holidays.
• Most of the services are in English and males are not required to wear coverings.
• Men and women can sit together
• Women can be ordained as Rabbis.
Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism advocated religious tolerance, Judaism could be combined with secular culture and embraced many of the ideas of the European Enlightenment.
More Reform
Reform synagogue has women and men sitting together, services are conducted in both Hebrew and the native tongue, there are choirs and use of organ.
Traditional ways of dressing are dropped.
The idea is to totally modernize Judaism to be able to survive contemporary cultures.
Reconstructionist Judaism
Founded by Mordecai Kaplan.
Individuals in this form are introduced to traditional Judaism but are allowed to individually interpret elements.
Such things as angels, prophecy, revealed law, and the messiah are taken as symbols.
God is seen as “the power which makes me follow even higher ideals.”
Judaism is seen as a changing cultural force.
The Holocaust
The Genocide of a People
The Holocaust
Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany in 1933 began a campaign to remove the Jews from Germany and eventually Europe. He believed that • Jews were an inferior race.• Jews were conspirators against
Germany.• Jewish blood poisoned Germany.
The Holocaust
He identified them and sent most of them to extermination camps where they were subjected to human experimentation among other things.
They were divided into two groups--those who were strong enough to work and those who were not.
The Holocaust
First Hitler forcibly removed the Jews, stole their property and harassed them.
Then he systematically destroyed the Jews.
The Holocaust
The rest were mostly--women, children, the sick and the elderly--were killed immediately.
First they used guns but there were too many--they constructed gas chambers and crematoria.
The Holocaust
By the end of the war about 12 million people were killed and they were Jews, homosexuals, gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, prisoners of war and political enemies.
About half of those killed were Jews, approximately 1/3rd of the Jewish population of the world.
Zionism
Creation of the State of Isreal
Zionism
Theodore Hertzel was the founder of the movement which advocated a Jewish home country.
Creation of the State of Israel
Three important steps:• Idea of a separate Jewish state, described in a
book entitled The Jewish State.• The Balfour Declaration of 1917 by the British
government.• After WWII in part because of the Nazi
slaughter of the Jews the United Nations voted to divide the British portion of Palestine for the Jewish State.
Sources
Slide 3 – http://www.noharmm.org/images/brisisrael.jpg Slide 4 –
http://www.wildernessstudio.com/BarMitzvah.html Slide 5 –
http://www.wildernessstudio.com/JewishWedding.html Slide 8 – http://www.cmo.nl/pe/pe6/pesach.gif Slide 9 –
http://www.israelartguide.co.il/yisrael/miryam/5a.jpg Slide 10 –
http://www.ahavaschesed.com/images/graphics_sukkot/outside%20sukkot%202000%2002.jpg
Slide 11 – http://ddickerson.igc.org/vinnitsa-images/purim-gnivan.gif
Sources
Slide 12 – http://www.e-popp.com/mojopro/cg/images/rosh%20hashana.jpg
Slide 13 – http://www.bh.org.il/Images/Virtual_Exh/Photos/16.jpg Slide 14 – http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~oberle/hanukkah.jpg
http://www.cincinnati.com/holidays/img/postcards/hanukkah.jpg Slide 15 – http://kievershul.tripod.com/holidays.html Slide 27 – http://www.jmcponline.org/graphics/sephardi/faces.jpg Slide 28 –
http://www.jmcponline.org/graphics/ashkenazi/faces.jpg Slide 29 – http://www.israel-inside.com/falashas.htm
Sources
Slide 32 – http://www.peterlanger.com/People/Religion/Judaism/pages/ILJER063.htm
Slide 33 – http://www.ou.org/mike/atprayer.jpg Slide 34 – http://i-cias.com/e.o/ill/jud_orth01.jpg Slide 35 –
http://www.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/363_Transp/shechter.gif
Slide 36 – http://www.bethshalomcarrollcounty.org/images/conservative.gif
Slide 37 – http://www.kenesethisrael.org/archive/Rabbis-Senior/RabbisSenior.htm
Sources
Slide 38 – http://www.huc.edu/aja/IWise.htm Slide 39 –
http://www.ardom.co.il/maayan-bmidbar/pic1.jpg Slide 40 – http://uahc-psw.org/Cantor%20Choir
%205%20.JPG Slide 41 – http://www.jrf.org/rt/kaplan-young%20big.gif Slide 42 –
http://learn.jtsa.edu/topics/reading/bookexc/gillman_conservativej/chap5/page75.jpg