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River Road Women' s Institute September 19, 2001

ln June, Mary was quite interested in the fact that Brad had bee hives and some of the circumstances that he was experiencing. At that time, two of his 19 hives had swarmed. One swarm headed up 45 to who knows where and the other went to a pine tree in our yard. We were able to save the swarm by putting the whole mass into a spare frame.

Brad purchased his first complete hive in the summer of 1999. He was able to extract honey in the fall. He sold all of it and immediately thought "what a money making thing this is". He did everything by the book to protect the hive over the winter but, alas, the next spring every bee was dead. He didn't know the cause, but was not prepared to take any chances with potential disease or other problems to be left on the property. It was very upsetting to him to have to stand over the boxes and watch them bum. After all, it was his $150.00 lost.

Brad had to face the grim fact that he had to start over. .. So, in the spring of2000 he ordered and received three new nucs. Each consisted of a queen and a few hundred bees. Now the process starts with more capital investment to build hive boxes. It' s a good thing that Tom already has a basement full of power tools. Brad also purchased 15 new nucs this past spring. More capital investment. Now this "money making" thing has really impacted on Brad' s bank account. Be patient. be patient, be patient. Isn't that what all agricultural participants say?

A hive is populated by approximately 50,000 bees (a que~ workers and drones), The sole purpose of the drones is to mate. with a maiden queen. After mating, death occurs to the lucky guys and the rest meet their own demise eventually.

The queen spends her time laying eggs for constant repopulation of the hive. She is methodical in her efforts. The bottom one or two "supers" are intended as brood supers and usually consist of 9 or I 0 frames. Anything above is intended as a honey super. The honey super is put in place once the brood supers are full The queen is usually to fat to go up into it but there are exceptions. A stainless steel queen excluder is put in place to keep her out.

The worker bees collect nectar to manufacture wax and produce honey. The wax is secreted and peeled off the belly of the workers. It takes a long time to draw out each cell. Approximately 7lbs. ofhoney is required to make J lb. ofwax. The queen will usually lay eggs in the centre of each frame which has been drawn out. Each frame also has capped cells full of honey. Of course, this honey is their food supply. The queen will not walk over capped cells. She will, however, lay eggs in any uncapped cell.

The worker bees have a relatively short life span. Perhaps a month or two depending on the workload. The better the queen, the heavier the workload. Some of the workers find a source of nectar and pollen (up to about 5 miles of scouting) and come back to the hive each with a specific dance to inform the rest where the source of the day is. We know, of course, that pollination is needed for all crops to grow. Bees collect nectar from anything and everything. Com is pollinated but does not end up being a good source of nectar, rather a good source of pollen.

Since man "interferes" with the natural order of things in a bee hive, be must also be responsible for the well-being of the bee hive. He must keep rodents out. He must medicate for various things such as varroa mite, Nose-ma, tracheal mite and foul brood. Good gracious, more money.

The world average of extractable honey is 50 lbs. per hive. Of course, the amount is based on hive viability, climate and sound practices and procedures. Brad expect to average 80-90 lbs. of honey from each of his hives this first year. Remember, he has to leave about 50 lbs. of food for them to overwinter.

The cartoon that I brought today is kind of cute, although my first impression was that they look like tired old drones, not eager to go female worker bees. The photos are of Brad' s great great grandfather William Henry Metler's hives in Fort Erie, circa unknown.

I hope that this presentation has been of some interest to all of you. This is still a "learning experience" for Brad but one that he fully intends to keep going on. The one thing that is for sure, "where's the money".

October 13, 2004 Prepared by: Cathy L. Cook

DIVERSIFICATION IN AGRICULTURE

Over the decades farm crops and methods of land preparation have evolved to such an extent that, unless you experienced it, you wouldn't believe such things were possible.

Today, Lena Cook-Irvine writes ·11oved to climb the steep narrow stairs to the attic, open the dormer windows and look out over the wide countryside. I still have a clear picture in my mind of Father plowing each spring with the one furrowed plow up and down the rows, day after day until the whole ten acres were turned over and ready for cultivation". Her father, Will Metler, came to the family farm in 1920 with absolutely no experience in farming. JAt his farming retirement party in the 1960's he is quoted as saying to friends and neighbours "You fellows wondered what kind of a farmer I would make and how I would know what to do. Well, I'll tell you. I had a pair of binoculars and each morning I'd use them to look around and see what you fellows were doing and then I'd go and do the same, and I got along all right".

For many, the mixed farming enterprise on 100 acre properties couldn't last forever due to high input costs, machinery costs and even higher land costs. Up until the 1960's or so our general area was planted in com and soya beans. ·some farmers had to diversify and diversify they did. At the same time, they bought up acre upon acre of the traditional family farm. We can drive around our own community and see the different crops. We're seeing specialty beans such as kidney, lima and turtle beans, more and more sweet com, decorative Indian com, tomatoes, peas, gourds and pumpkins and even grapes for wine making.

A little further away we see peanuts and ginsing growing on what used to typically be tobacco land. In other areas large expanses of sunflowers are growing for the production of oil, bird seed, edible snacks and cut flowers.

Farm market stalls are still selling seasonal crops to the drive-by shoppers but some of the vendors have managed to come to agreements with local and upscale restaurants to supply both common vegetables and specialty items. Although more expensive, organic produce is a hit with many consumers. Soil has to be free of herbicides, pesticides and raw manure for a number of years before foodstuff can be considered organic. We all want to buy perfectly shaped, blemish free produce. Organic fertilizer such as fish emulsion may be a practice. Organic~ controls such as dishwashing detergent and water (1 to 40 parts) or ground garlic and water (1 clove to 1 cup) strained are good remedies. We can all participate in companion planting whether it be in vegetable gardens or flower beds ..... see page 224 The Complete Herb Book. Herbicides are also a no-no in organic methodology. What is the solution for that in an large scale operation? I'd hate to guess. My personal solution would be on hands and knees with the most lethal hand held tool I own.

Herbs and flowers have reached new heights. There is an ever growing market for them in both fresh and dried forms. Certain plants were used thousands of years ago for medicinal purposes and for personal use. Store shelves are filled with tubes, bottles and jars containing modem applications of many of the plants. Take the time to read some of the labelsJ2 see just what the ingredients are. Why not go back to the a old way" where possible. An entrepreneur rrom Belmont has created creams, shampoos and bath products from natural products. The Complete Herb Book illustrates and properties of many herbs that we are familiar with. The New Flower Arranger contains approaches to floral designs using both fresh and dried flowers with a section on plant preservation techniques. {Pg. 1 06)

Crop diversification presents itseff in many ways. I can implement some of it in my yard. So can you. As an aside, John Palmer likes to have plants that attract birds. I have offered thistle plants to Marg, absolutely free of charge. But, she keeps on refusing them. So today I'm giving each of you a cut flower. As you put it in water, think of Marg and the thistles and remember that it is indeed a result of "diversification in agriculture·.

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()( Letng J•res. n , on tlJP AU3f'~CJOII3 oc~.a,ito n, too appronchin~ J:l'lll. The Lhntloners sr I . .. ........ su ' ar hate dctcrma ae:d _to · 1\r.rroprutte 30Q ttc~cu · . · ~ . e rt; cu for that pur11 e. Por.trmJ ueslr'ou~ of oht~iu- 0.0 " on h~ r r mctaal Rn«f set• D) U<'IE.-rmJoeu not I . ,_ in~ t l.ckeLB v.· H, .therefvr'o, npJtl.): nt o:ic,>i, &i to be le_ft )~gin~: in ttfe.· rn ce of cClmpetiti(lr i --~ tn_g ~·uhu · h · ' · • 1· :. J · •• 1 · .• .• · ! 1 · ·• c1t t e I e a.urn~e~ •m~e', aua.u ~ u~. uel~l\uu l3;ct-·. to • o lJCiD''r to the Prince, nn r.ctsulon in ~ '-' •j . pE'Ct~J tO tie rge I · ::: ~ ~ h •.e Cl.

t • ; . wh1ch our fl'll r'l\'r townsme n aro in•iitd to ::: - ~ wilne! DANO OF · OY.AL C.\SADIA!\ RTFLES · • ; · Wh ' ll . . · . ! ~- 1.!

. " .ILL .A"" E~O 0~ Tlffl:.()(lC ASIU~· . Jlllrt.ctp~~e. ~ WI tnke un _Jnjterest In o • . nuvlt • 1 the m~t.ttPr? The Hall hag our be~trty wisbu ~- ~-- · 1.' 11g .be • i I • • . "" • • J(•i )a~~

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fj shonl•l L rnenti•mt'.d th :tt thq. Citiaen3 of tnke ·LJc.kc ts f nnrt forwnrd the 11\IDP Rt ·the . ~ ~ &qiltou Lorlll : n, l.lt!i g .d~tttruinr•t (hnt nu dFur\ Ntr)iP3t ,(,~ it•lo mo : :~ ·nt 'to the ~~·~rP.tttr,r. .: ; ! turn o -;hold •lllc SJII r~d . to en:Silre :be· comn)ete IUlC- ~'() Ticht will lJe iss.tlcd without lhe !<fi\Sh in · 0 . ..:._.,~t!c the

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Guara~~e~ Fund of ~27000. to tht· ~ca~ . J.r.v ; nnd ~tllt:rgi:ttf'_rc•l anJ ~thtr -~· .g>y •lt·••l'

h · . d · r~ • · lc tt••rs sllfluf;l b a•l•lrc3~l·rl to him. . 1 gq,pnlo~ to e npp!Je

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SECOND DAY LONDON

THE LEVEE

Shortly after four o ' clock, His Royal Highness and suite, escorted by a troop of cavalry reached the City Hall, where a guard of honour was awaiting the party . Passing through the arcade, they squended to the large hall, at one side of which a dais was erected for His Highness . The hall was rendered as comfortable as possible and was beautifully decorated. The Prince was surrounded by his suite and the presentations commenced . The first in order was the Lord Bishop of Huron and his clergy; his lordship stood at the left of the Prince during the ·entire levee.

The Warden and County Council of Elgin being next in order were introduced and presented the following address;

To His Royal Highness Albert Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, etc. etc. May it please your Royal Highness We the Municipal Council of the County of Elgin in Council assembled Beg leave respectfully to congratulate you on your safe arrival in Cinada and to give you a cordial welcome. Your visit to this portion of the British Empire, on the invitation of the f representatives of the people in the Parliament ot Cinada is very gratifying to us, as we have no doublt it will be to all the people of British North America. The knowl edge you will acquire during your sojourn amongst us, of the customs and manners of the people of this Country, of the liberal institution~ have established and are enjoy­ing, of the healthful climate and productive soil of Canada, will we trust materially assist you hereafter to encourage and promote such enterprises in Canada as may have a tendency to develope the abundant agricultural, manufacturing and mining resources of a young country, destined to be the happy home of the present and future age of the young and enterprising Youth of Canada and the British Island. On your return to England, you will please convey to Her Majesty, your Royal Mother, our expressions of continued and heartfel loyalty to Her Person and Throne, that we hail your arrival amongst us, as a declaration from our beloved Queen and Councillors of the Great EMpire over which sho so success­fully Re ighs , of the deep i nterest manifested in our progress and welfare , and we ardently hope our increasing facilities of intercourse and communication with the British Islands, will be long perpetuated . We trust when you return to England, that under the guidance of Divine Providence, you may long live to be useful to the

; -people of the Mighty Empire over whose destinies we hope you will be at a future day successfully preside .

Signed by order and on behalf of the Municipal Council of the

County of Elgin .

Signed JAMES ARMSTRONG, WARDEN

William McKay, County Clerk St. Thomas County of Elgin, 14th of June 1860

Names of persons from St. Thomas and Vicinity Presented to th Prince .

J Beg,reeve of Southwold; H. Caldwell; Dr. St. George Caulfied; G.T . Claris ; Rev. EK. Davies, Vienna; Jas Farley; H. Gustin, J.P. Vienna; D. J. Hughes; E. Horton; George Kains; WR Kaines; D. Luton Yarmouth, w. Lipsey ; R.J . McNaughton, Staffordvi lle; Wm. McKay; Rev. w. McCulloch ; John McAusland, Aylmer; Peter Murtagh ; John McKay ; M.T. Moor e, Rev . D. w. Rowland; Peter Roe; Chas Roe; G. Suffell, reeve of Vienna, · S.B. Smith, Vienna, G. Southwick, reeve of ST . Thomas; · w.c. VanBuskirk ; W. J . White, J.P .; G. Youel Bayham.

To Which his Royal Highness through His Grace the Duke of Newcastle bas been graciously pleased to reply by special communication to James Armstrong Esq. the Warden of the County Elgin. London c.w . 14th September 1860

Sir:

I have the honour to convey to you the thanks of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales for the address presented to him by the Munic i pal Council of Elgin.

I am sir your obedient Servant

Newcastle James Armstrong Esq. Warden

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form and · coach-and-four ot the ! - preceding century~ this .royal

, 'party steifpe'4 !roJXl a crimson· -lin'ed · par8.Jlet into _a : ahJny low·

·.)slung maroon· .llmou.rine, graced l · Wi~ ~e iegal standard. But l · ·there was no l~ss warmth in the . •. be~rtt~lt cries, of: greeting, and

r there was ·ntt'less-sense oi .lone• · - lines& when their si>ecial train

pulled ou,t'o! tP,eJseation an hour later-~an wh~n the King's grandfather ·ended- hJs two-day visit in 1800. • -

, , . ::· 61:-~finute .VI,ait _ . . - Between thoee tvio occaa!ona Londoner!! . welcomed other

_ princes ati.d dukes. {}eorge V, the "Sailor King," came to Western Ontarl.o as Duke of York l.n.-19!}1. In one oC the shorte:~t official viSits tn hU!tory. !:{e stayed iust 5'(, minutes, during which time, clad in the u'ni!orni .o! honorary colonel in the 7th~usiliers Regi~ ~ent ot. I:.ondon •. ;England, he

• pt:.esj!rlte~ colors, to- the 7th Fusi• ' liera Regiment ot. London, ean.-

• , r.ad~ ... -....,; c ·; Octqb_er _1919 A&W · the city ' In

...hollda,y regal,i.a agaln .a.a. achoof • clilldreit, o!f for ·tlu(day, crowded

Victoria ;park f~ t'he reeeptio,n . honor.fng- <tlie D,1.1k~.~ p!

"- ; _:"t.hejr'P.i1'n):e .-0~­Queen · ~exandra , Sanatorilu:n nUTse.a' }'eslaence and inspection

__ _; o1 "Tetarned5'oldieri-and'""''..,""' ... ~-­. ~on· 'ot deoor~tjo~ ancJ m!!dala · were bia-hllgbts of .his stay. . •

·A sunny . August day ').n - 1918 greeted · the ~rrival ',ot Prince Arlhur o!.' Connaught, then Gov-

. -ernor~"c~eneiai ot i:11e Dominion, . -who was paying his :second visit to t)le city. Uie. stopped fleeting•

·ly· in ·London in 1869). On an. rit· · ficial miliiary tour, he inspected troops In· training at Carling H'eights and l,l'le.t officiab o! mill·

· tary .l.hstitutioM. On. that occa· aion too tea wa.s ·served- at the .Sanatorium nurses' Iesidence:

·eanaida'a present governor-gen.· e.ral, ' VIscount. Alexander, with Lady~ Alex~der visited London on May ~9~ 1'9.U.,_ and in .Tune o! 1942 thtilr ;pre.Ciecessor.s, the Earl oi. A.thlone and Princess Alice, were ·wefco111ed wifi; , cheering ovations at a cl'vte reception at . the city half. . . (

o · - .Prince !'f. Walee .'But ot all the royal visits,

, · probably that ot Edward VIT as the--charming young Prince. ot

. wares, most closely'touched Lon· c · doners. 'The demonstration - on • ~t occaSion was uid by one

:. who accompanied -the Prince to have been- superior to anything else In Catl.ada,". •!!old the London

The handsome ' Prir')he of Wal~s~ .~h.o .. later .became : ~dw"ard VII, danced his royar way through Ca'nada· .arid.''_the Unitea Stafes -~in · the. liSixties'' leaving memories of the

most lavisb parties of the centu·ry on this continent.

lllustrated ~ News after hls ~ re· turn home, and accounts of the two~a.y stay In the London, Can· ada, press recall the .feelings of the 20.000 Londoners and the · 30,000 loyaL.subjects from outside the city who gathered to greet him. .

The enthusium of crowds which met him on hill arrival resulted i n a deafening roar 1o! voices drow'ning out hfs· own short addresS', ~nd he wa~ aaid to have "looked on with an air o!

· wonder" -u the crowd contl.it­ued· to cheer lustily and upset all plan.s for · foonal words of greet~ l.ng from dilltrlct dignitaries.

Fireworks and & torchlight

': ·

procession marked the evening c.eremonie:~, • but ·the mosf eXcit­ing of all the eventll arrangeii in connection with the Prince's vJsit wal$ .the: ball at tlie old Te­cum.seh House on ·-the. aecond night, when ·elaborately gowned wives and daughters of London's leading families found their hearts beating just a little faster as th11y shared waltzes, quad.. r illes, polkas and · lancers with the visitor: The gallant Pr-ince joined in all o! the 21 dances on the evenin(_s prog~am,

.Prlnee's. D&nee Program Hi.s program was aa follows:

1. Q~al!rill~ ........ Mill Moffatt 1. Po~ka. ................ M1'1. Watao"

'9·. Waltz ................ Miss Becher-4- Lancer1 ' """"'" .\lr&. Hoteell 5. Waltz .................. Jfu;s Prince 6: Gali:rp .................. Miss Askin '1. Quactrine Mrs. J v.dgc Small 8. W altz ............ JH s1 Ham.i ltot\ 0. Lanc'g· MrB. W. L. La:wra.ron

10. Polka ............ Mis& Jen.'l1!i1~Q~ 11. Galop ............ Miss Meredith. ~- Quadrille ................ Jliu Ben 13 .Waltz .............. Mis.s Gzotcskf 14. -Galop· .................. Mrs. Rivera ts. Lanper& .......... }[iu Gzowsk! 16, Galop ................. .. . Mil& Hop8 J7· ~adri!le .......... M iss Da.lto"~ 8.altz ................. : .. Miss Pauf\

19. Lancer& .............. MrB. Ta.vlor-!Ov Waltz .... Mr.t. Jame~ Darr.idl fl. 8i.r Roger rJ,e Coverlv Mill

Brough.