Jose Rizalat the

UNIVERSITY OFSANTO TOMAS

(1877-1882)

Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education

Her Reason: If Rizal gets to learn more, the Spaniards will cut off his head.

In contrary, Paciano and Don Francisco wanted Rizal to pursue College Education.

Take note: The Bachelor of Arts degree during

Spanish times was equivalent to a high school diploma today.

Rizal’s Grades (1877-1878)

Conversion Sobresaliente = 1.00 Excellent Notable, Aprovechade = 1.50 Very Good Bueno = 2.00 Good Mediano = 2.50 Fair Aprovado = 3.00 Passed Suspenso = 4.00 Conditioned Reprobado = 5.00 Failed

Philosophy and Letters Cosmology & Metaphysics Sobresaliente Theodicy Sobresaliente History of Philosophy Sobresaliente

Rizal’s Grades (1877-1878)

UST was under the Dominicans, rival of the Jesuits in education. He remained loyal to Ateneo, participated in extracurricular activities and completed a course in surveying in that same school.

Enrollment at UST

Philosophy and Letters during his freshman year. (1877-1878)

Why Philosophy & Letters? 1.) Don Francisco liked it. 2.) Uncertainty on what course to take up. 3.) Failure to solicit the advice of Father Ramon Pablo, Ateneo’s Rector, who was then at Mindanao.

Rizal’s enters the University

April 1877 Rizal enrolled at UST, taking the course on Philosophy and Letters.

Reasons:1. His father liked it.2. He was still uncertain as to what career to pursue.

Fr. Pablo Ramon rector of the Ateneo.

1877 – 1878 Rizal studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and History of Philosophy during his first year term.

1877 – 1879 Rizal took up medical course upon the advised of Ateneo’s Rector to study medicine.

Reason:-- To be able to cure his mother’s

growing blindness.

Extra-curricular activities in Ateneo while studying at UST:

President of the Academy of Spanish LiteratureSecretary of the Academy of Natural SciencesSecretary of the Marian Congregation

Other Extra-curricular Activities

• Literary contests:Liceo Artistico Literario de Manila

A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth)

El Consej de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods)

• Wrote one-act play:Junto al Pasig• Poems:

Abd el-Aziz y Mohama Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon

Medical Studies at UST

Shifting from PHL & Letters to Medicine.

Why did Rizal Shift to Medical course?

1.) Don Pablo Ramon, Ateneo Rector, advised him to choose medicine.

2.) Rizal wanted to cure his mother’s growing blindness.

Scholastic Records from 1878-1882

1st year – Medicine (1878-1879) Physics Fair Chemistry Excellent Natural History Fair Anatomy 1 Good Dissection 1 Good

2nd year – Medicine (1879-1880) Anatomy 2 Good Dissection 2 Good Physiology Good Private Hygiene Good Public Hygiene Good

3rd year – Medicine (1880-1881) General Pathology Fair Therapeutics Excellent Surgery Good

4th year – Medicine (1881-1882) Medical Pathology Very Good Surgical Pathology Very Good Obstetrics Very Good

Reasons Why Rizal didn’t enjoy his stay at UST:

1.) Hostility of Dominican Professors to him. 2.) Racial discrimination against Filipino students. 3.) Dissatisfaction with the method of instruction.Reasons why Rizal performed poorly at UST: 1.) Medicine is not his vocation. 2.) Discontentment with the system of education. 3.) Distractions of youth.

Student Activism at UST

• - Rizal displayed his leadership in student activism.• Indio/chongo vs kastila/bangus• Bitter hostility exist• Racial animosity

Compañerismo(The Comradeship)

-Inspired by Alexander Dumas, Three Musketeers

– Secret Society of Filipino Students Companions of Jehu

Inspired by Les Compagnons de JehuRizal (president)Galiciano Apacible (secretary)

• Humiliating treatment of brown Filipino students• Archaic method of instruction at UST• Favoritism & skin color – criteria for academic

performance

Spanish Brutality

happened during his 1st summer vacation at Calamba after his freshman year.

Failure to perceive a lieutenant during that night.

Gen. Primo de Rivera – Gov. General of the Philippines at that time.

Finishing Medicine at UST

• Notable in all of his subjects.• He was the 2nd best student in a

class of seven who passed the medicine course.

Decision to Go to Europe

To complete his medical course in Barcelona, Spain.

To make a name for himself in the field of Journalism.

To observe and study European Society. To prepare himself for the task of liberating

the Filipinos from Spanish Tyranny.

Important Literary Works as a

University Student (UST)

ᴥEl Consejo de los DiosesᴥJunto al PasigᴥA FilipinasᴥTo the Filipino Youth (A La Juve

ntud Filipina)

RIZAL LEFT UST FOR SPAIN

• UNFRIENDLINESS IN UST

• BLACK LISTED BY THE GOVERNMENT

• HELP MOTHERLAND

HE LEFT…• WITHOUT PARENTS’ BLESSINGS

• PASSPORT UNDER JOSE MERCADO• 700 pesos FROM PACIANO

• DIAMOND RING FROM SATURNINA

Education in EuropeTraveled alone to Europe

Madrid in May 1882

Continued his studies in Medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid

Degree of Licentiate in Medicine in 1884

Degree of Philosophy and Letters in 1885

• It was a venue for realizing Rizal’s dreams.

• He finished his studies in Madrid and this to him was the realization of the bigger part of his ambition.

• His vision broadened to the point of awakening in him an understanding of human nature, sparking in him the realization that his people needed him.

• It must have been this sentiment that prompted him to pursue, during the re-organizational meeting of the Circulo-Hispano-Filipino, to be one of its activities, the publication of a book to which all the members would contribute papers on the various aspects and conditions of Philippines life.

Spain as a realization

• The proposal for the book was unanimously approved.

• But afterwards, difficulties and objections were raised, and a number of gentlemen stood up and refused to discuss the matter any further in 1884.

• Rizal decided not to press the issue any longer.

• Although the book was never written, the next year, Pedro Paterno published his Ninay, a novel sub-titled Costumbres filipinas (Philippines Customs), thus partly fulfilling the original purpose of Rizal’s plan.

Spain as a realization

Noli Me TangereThe idea of writing a novel

grew on him, and later he decided to write and worked hard for Noli Me Tangere

He never told anyone about it until it was finished, though some of his companions knew what he was doing

He wrote half of the novel in Madrid, a quarter of it in Paris and the rest in Germany

Education in EuropeUniversity of Paris

(France)

University of Heidelberg (Germany)

Earned a second doctorate

Inducted as a member of the Berlin Ethnological Society and the Berlin Anthropological Society under the patronage of the famous pathologist Rudolf Virchow

University of Heidelberg25-year-old Rizal completed

in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned Prof. Otto Becker in Heidelberg

Left Heidelberg a poem, “A las flores del Heidelberg”; both an evocation and a prayer for the welfare of his native land and the unification of common values between East and West

A las flores del Heidelberg

Go to my country, go foreign flowers,Planted by the traveler on his way,And there beneath that sky of blueThat over my beloved towers,Speak for this traveler to sayWhat faith in his homeland hebreathes to you.

Go and say.... Say that when the dawnFirst brew your calyx open thereBeside the River Necker chill,You saw him standing by you, verystill,Reflecting on the primrose flush youwear.

Say that when the morning lightHer toll of perfume from you wrung,While playfully she whispered, "How Ilove you!“He too murmured here above youTender love songs in his nativetongue.

That when the rising sun the heightOf Koenigsthul in early morn first spies,And with its tepid lightIs pouring life in valley, wood, andgrove,He greets the sun as it begins to rise,Which in his native land is blazingstraight above.

And tell them of that day he staidAnd plucked you from the border of thepath,Amid the ruins of the feudal castle,By the River Neckar, and in the sylvanshade.

Tell them what he told youAs tenderly he tookYour pliant leaves and pressed them ina book,Where now its well-worn pages closeenfold you.

Carry, carry, flowers of Rhine,Love to every love of mine,Peace to my country and her fertile loam,Virtue to her women, courage to her men,Salute those darling ones again,Who formed the sacred circle of our home.

And when you reach that shore,Each kiss I press upon you now,Deposit on the pinions of the wind,And those I love and honor and adoreWill feel my kisses carried to their brow.

Ah, flowers, you may fare through,Conserving still, perhaps, your native hue;Yet, far from Fatherland, heroic loamTo which you owe your life,The perfume will be gone from you;For aroma is your soul; it cannot roamBeyond the skies which saw it born, nore'er forget.

Rizal’s Life in Europe

• Jose Rizal lived in Europe for 10 years.

• He could converse in more than 10 different tongues.

• Excelled at martial arts, fencing, sculpture, painting, teaching, anthropology, and journalism, among other things.

• During his European sojourn, he also began to write novels. Rizal finished his first book, Noli Me Tangere, while living in Wilhemsfeld with the Reverend Karl Ullmer.