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COTIOCT ABJIEilliE CJIOBOOEP A30BAHIDI B PYCCKOM JI3hiKE M
B JI3biKE XMH)U1
B 3TOH rnaBe paccMaTJ)HBaeTCjl conocTaBneHHe cJioBoo6pa3oBaH~ B
pycCKOM j~JbiKe H B j~3biKe XHH)l.H. qT06bl COllOCTaBAATb o6pa30BaHHe CJIOB
Mbl aHaJIH3HpyeM CllOC06bi o6pa30BaHIDI CJIOB B )l.Byx .»3biKaX, C TOqKH
3peH~ CJIOB006pa30BaH~. flpH aHaJIH3e Mbl paCCMaTJ)HBaeM CXO)l.CTBa H
. pa3JIJiq~ H 3TH CXO)l.CTBa H pa3JIJiq~ TIOMOra.IOT HaM B COllOCTaBJieHHH. B
Hameii pa6oTe 60JibiDOe BHHMaHHe y)l.eAAeTCj~ cyQ>qmKCaJibHbiM H
npeQ>HKCaJibHbiM CllOC06aM o6pa30BaHHe CJIOB H ll03TOMY npH aHaJIH3e OHH
paccMaTJ)HBaiOTC.H no)l.po6Ho. KaKHe cxo)l.CTBa H pa3JIJ1q~ cym,ecTB)'IOT
Me)K)zy CYlPlf.>HKCaiJ,~MH H npeQ>HKCaiJ,~H H KaKoe 3HaqeHHe OHH HMeiOT B
CJIOB006pa30BaHHH B qaCTHOCTH o6pa30BaHHH CJIOB j~BAAJOTCj~ IJ,eJihlO
Hameii pa6oThi.
217
1. MoTHBHpoBaHHhiMH ~BmiiOTC.H cnoBa o6na,ZJ;aiOIIzyie 6onhrneii
<}lopMallbHOH CJlO)J(HOCTbiO no OTHOllleHHIO K HCXO,li;HOM)',
MOTHBHpyrorneM)' CJlOBy; MOTHBHpOBaHHOe CJlOBO CO,D;ep)J(HT B OCHOBe
60J1blllee KOJlHqecTBO MOp<}leM (nOMHMO KOpH.H), qeM MOTHBHpyrornee.
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nee- nec-H-oii,
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6e)l<aTb - Bbi -6e)l(aTb
llpH O,D;HHaKOBOH <PopMallbHOH CJlO)I(HOCTH ( O,li;HHaKOBOM KOJlHqecTBe
MOp<}leM B OCHOBaX COnOCTaBJl.HeMbiX CJlOB) MOTHBHpOBaHHbiM .HBJl.HeTC.H
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t'(aneKHH - ,ZJ;anb, To B napax «rnaron - cyrnecTBHTenbHoe
0003HaqaJO:m:ee ,[(eMCTBHe no 3TOM)' rnarony» (KOCHTb- KOCb6a, 3anJlbiBaTb
- 3aTIJibiB H.T.n.), He3aBHCHMO OT <}lopMallbHOH CJlO)I(HOCTH COnOCTaBJl.HeMbiX
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6onee CJlO)J(HbiM no OTHOllleHHIO K MOTHBHpyrorneM)' rnarony.
B nape «npHnaraTenhHoe - cyrnecTBHTenbHoe, o6o3Haqarornee TOT
)l(e npH3HaK qTo H 3TO npHnaraTellbHOe» ( CHHHH - CHHb, BbiCOKHH - BbiCe,
218
6eJihiH- 6eJIH3Ha) MOTHBHpOBaHHbiM TaiOKe npH3HaeTC.H cyll(eCTBHTeJibHOe,
IIOCKOJibKY npH3HaKa CBOHCTBeHHO H3BeCTHO,
npHJiaraTeJibHOMY, a )],JI.H cyll(eCTBHTeJibHOfO 3TO 3Ha"tJeHHe .HBJI.HeTC.H
MOTHBHpOBaHHbiM, IIpOH3BO,AHbiM.
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o6mee 3Ha"tJeHHe npH3HaKa, MOTHBHpOBaHHbiM npH3HaeTCH CJIOBO,
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HO Bqepa- BqepaiUH-HH
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npHnaraTeJII>Hoe.
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cHcTeMa cpneKcHii npoH3BO,AHoro cnoBa. Cy<l><l>HKcau.HH ,AeHCTByeT B
cnoBoo6pa3oBaHHH cymecTBHTeJibHhiX npHnaraTeJihHhiX, rnar~noB,
HapeqHif. ilpH 3TOM IIpH nOMOII(H cy<l><l>HKCOB o6pa3yJOTCH
cymecnnnennHhie oT cymecTBHTeJibHbiX, npHnaraTeJibHbie oT
npHnaraTeJibHhiX H.T.n., a TaK)Ke cymecTBHTeJibHbie, npHnaraTeJihHbie,
rnaroJibi oT .n;pyrHX qacTe:H: peliH:
i) OT cymeCTBHTeJibHhiX- cymeCTBHTeJibHbie:
rpaKTOp- rpaKTOp-HCT,
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ii) OT npHnaraTeJibHbiX - npHnaraTeJibHbie
6eJihiH- 6en-oBaT-biH,
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219
iii) oT rnaronoB- cymeCTBHTeJihHhie:
pa3Be,naTh - pa3Be,WIHK,
HaJia.[(HTh - HaJia,n-qJIK,
qJITaTh - qJITa-JihH-.H,
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TBOpHTh - TBOp-eu;.
iv) Or rnaronoB- npHnaraTeJihHhie:
pa3pe3aTb- pa3pe3-H-OH,
3a.[(JMaThC.SI- 3a,LcyM-liHB-hiH,
paCChinaThC51- paCChlll-llaT-hlH,
IIO.[()J(apHTh- IlO.[()I(ap-HCT-hiH.
v) Or cymecTBHTeJibHhiX - npHnaraTeJihHhie:
KaMeHh- KaMeH-H-hiH
accpanhT -ac·<}larrhT-oB-hiH,
MOpe- MOp-CK-OH,
IIIKOJia- IIIKOJih-HhiH,
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)'"lJHTeJih- ytiHTeJih-CK-HH.
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)TliHTeJih - )TliHTeJih-CTBOBa-Th,
o6e.n - o6e.n-a-T:o.
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llepHhiH- qepH-e-Th
Ba)J(HhiH- Ba)I(H-Hlla-Tb.
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CMHMH- CMH-eB-a,
I.JepHhiH- qepH-OT-a
CKOpbiH - CKOp-OCTh,
Kp)'TOH - Kp)'T-H3H-a.
ix) Or npoHnaraTeJihHhiX - HapetiH»:
KpaCHBbiH - KpaCHB-0,
xoponmii - xoporn-o,
H3JIHlliHHH- H3JIHlliH-e,
pa,l.(OCTHhiH - pa,l.(OCTH-0,
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cymecTBHTeJibHhiX, MeCTOHMeHH.H llpimaraTeJibHbiX, HapetiHH H rnarOJIOB H
IIpOH3BO,l.(5ITC51 cymecTBHTeJibHhie, IIpHJiaraTeJibHbJe Hapei.JH51 H rnarOJihl.
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~ 3TT ~
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fffiN err ~'<SJCJI
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xix) cyrn.ec. cycp<f>MKC HapeqJfe
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xx) MeCTOMMeHHe cy<f>cpMKC HapeqHe
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224
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225
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CJIOB006pa30BaTeJihHOH (MOTHBHpyJOIIJ.eH OCHOBhi H
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. THXHH - THlliHHa,
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rpaHHUa - rpaHHl.JHTh.
5. qepe,ZJ,oBaHHM cornacHhiX B cnosoo6pa3oBaTeJihHhiX <}lopManmax
( cycpqmKcax) )l,J151 pyCCKOI'O CJIOB006pa30BaHH51 Ma.JIO xapaKTepHHbi.
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226
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qepe;[{OBaHHji He jiBJIIDOTCji HOCHTeJij{MH CITOB006pa30BaTeJihHOrO
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227
. CJIOB006pa30BaTeJihHOe 3Ha~eHHe, XOUI O;l1.HH H3 HJIX o6pa30BaHhi C
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pmK-CK-HM- nefiniJ,Hr-CK-HM
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8. CnoBa no cocTaBy H CTPYKTYPe o~eHh pa3Hoo6pa3Hhl. HaMeTHM
OCHOBHhie THnbi CJIOB pyccKoro j{3biKa no COCTaBy Jl C'fPYKType.
i) CnoBa, COCT~IIJ,He H3 O;l1.HOM ~aCTH (KOpHj{) Jl He HMeiOIIJ,He
C'fPYKTYpbi: B,H, JIM, ax, TJT, 3;l1.eCh, ~T06bi, npj{MO,
rocno,nH,
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ii) CnoBa, COCTO.HII(He H3 KOpHj{ H <PneKCHH, y KOTOphiX
ceMaHTH~ecKaj{ crpyxrypa C03;l1.aeTC.H B3aMMO;ZJ.eMCTBHeM
JieKCH~eCKOrO 3Ha~eHJijf KOpHj{ ( CJIOBOH3MeHHTeJibHOM OCHOBhi) J1
rpaMMaTWieCKHX 3Haqemfii qmaKCHH:
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iii) CnoBa, COCTO.HIIJ,He H3 KOpHj{ H cpopMoo6pa30BaTeJihHOrO
cy<}lcpHKca, y KOTOpbiX ceMaHTH~ecKaj{ CTPYKTYPa CKJia,nbiBaeTcj{
228
M3 B3aMMO,D;eHCTBM51 JieKCM"tJ:eCKOrO 3Ha"tJeHMH KOpH.si
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v) CJIOBa, COCTO.siiiJ.Me M3 KOpHH M CJI006pa30BaTeJibHOrO acpcpHKCa
( cycpcpHKCa, npecpHKCa TIOCTcpHKCa HJIM MX pa3JIMliHOH
KOM6MHaUHH), MMeiOIUMe CJIOB006pa30BaTeJihHbie OCHOBbi;
ceMaHTM"tJecKa.si CTPYKrypa 3TMX CJIOB CKJia.D;hiBaeTc.si M3
JieKCM"lJeCKOrO 3Ha"tJeHM51 CJIOB006pa30BaTeJibHOH OCHOBbi M
.n;epMBaUMOHHOrO 3Ha"tJeHMH Q.JopManma:
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H cpJieKCMH, HMeiOIUMe cpopM006pa30BaTeJibHYJO M
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vii) CJIOBa, COCTOIDU,He H3 KOpH51, OCHOB006pa3yiO:W:ero cy<l><l>HKCa
( cy<l>$HKCOB ), <l>neKCHH, HMeiOIIUie <l>opMeoo6pa30BaTeJihHyiO H
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viii) CnoBa, cocT0.51:W:He H3 KopH51, cnoBoo6pa3oBaTeJihHoro a$<l>HKca,
$JieKCHH, HMeiO:W:He CJIOBOH3MeHJ'ITeJibHYIO,
$opM006pa30BaTeJihH)'lO H CJIOB006pa30BaTeJihHYIO OCHOBhl,
CeMaHTHqecKa.51 CTpYKrypa 3THX CJIOB o6pa3yeTC51 H3
B3aHMO,neHCTBH.51, 3HaqeHHH OCHOB H 3HaqeHHH cy$<l>HKCa H
<l>neKCCH:
cry,neHT-K-a
.nepeB-51HH -hiM,
pbi6-aK-
nnc-nH:,
IIO.[(-O.[(e51Jih-HHK-
ix) Cnosa, cocT051IIUfe H3 KopH51, cnosoo6pa3oBaTeJihHoro a<PqmKca
cpopMoo6pa3oBaTeJihHoro cycpcpMKca, MMeiOIIJ,He
CJIOB006pa30BaTeJihHYIO H <l>opMoo6pa30BaTeJihHYJO OCHOBhi,
CeMaHTJil-leCKa51 C'fPYKTYPa 3THX CJIOB CKJia,UhiBaeTCH H3
B3aHMO,UeHCTBH51 3Ha"l!eHHH KOpH51 cycpcpHKCOB OCHOB:
IIpH-HOC-TH,
IIpH-HeC-illH,
KOJIO-Th-C51.
x) Cnosa, cocT051IIJ,He H3 KOpH51, cnosoo6pa3oBaTeJibHoro acpcpMKca
( acpcpHKCOB ), IPopMoo6pa3oBaTeJihHoro . cycpcpnKca, cpneKCHH,
HMeJOIIJ,He OCHOBY CJIOBOH3MeHeHH51, QJOpMoo6pa30BaHH51 H
CJIOBOo6pa30BaHH51, ceMaHTWieCKa51 CTpyKrypa 3THX CJIOB
o6pa3yeTCH H3 B3aHMO.[(eHCTBH51 3Ha~eHHH MOpcpeM H OCHOB:
IIpH-HeC-illHH,
HC-IIe~-eHH-hiH,
Mhl-JI-H-Ch.
xi) CJIOBa, COCT051IIJ:He H3 .[(Byx KOpHeH, OCJimKHeHHhie H He
OCJIOH<HeHHhie ,npyrnMH acplPHKCaMH, HMeJOIIJ,He OCHOBY
CJIOBOH3MeHH51 H $opMoo6pa30BaHH51, ceMaHTHttecKa51 CTJ'YKTYPa
3THX CJIOJIB CKJia.[(hiBaeTC51 H3 B3aHMO.[(eHCTBH51 3Ha"lleHHH Mop$eM
H OCHOBhi:
nap-o-Bo3-
3eMJI -e-rpxc-eHMH -3
Tp-H-CT-a
231
9. C TO~KM 3peHH.H MeCTa MOp<}JeMbi B COCTaBe CJIOBa TIO OTHOIIIeHIHO K
KOpHIO a<}J<}JHKChi )l.eJI.HTC.H Ha npe<j_)HKChi - paCTIOJIO)KeHHhie nepe)l.
KOpHeM - H TIOCTcpHKChi pacnOJIO)KeHHhie llOCJie KOpH.H.
0co6hiH BH)l. npe)l.CTaBJI.HIOT Mop<}JeMhi, BCTaBJI.HeMbie B cepe)l.HHY KOpH.H
- HH<}lHKChi. B pyccKoM .H3hiKe HH<}JHKCOB HeT.
B .H3hiKe XHH)l.H npe<}lHKChi H cy<}l<}lHKChi .HBJI.HIOTC.H npoH3BOMIIJ,HMH
acp<}lHKCaMH. HH<}lHKChi (Ma.n.xa.H npoTa.H) He BCTpe~aiOTC.H npocTo H
ecTeCTBeHO B .H3hiKe XHH)l.H. llo:HOMY HH<}JHKCbl He npHMeH.HIOTC.H B
XHH)l.H.
EcTh cn~aii, Kor.n.a HH<}lHKCbi BCTpe~aiOTC.H B cnoBax H3 apa6cKoro
.H3biKa, HO OHM npOH3BO}J)ITC.H C TO~KH 3peHH.H apa6CKOrO .H3hiKa, HO He C
TO~KH 3paHH.H .H3hiKa XHH)l.H.
3)l.eCh pyccKHH .H3hiK H .H3hiK XHH)l.H HMeiOT CXO)l.CTBO.
10. B pyccKoM .H3hiKe rpaMMaTH~ecKHe CBOHCTBa cnoBa Bhipa)KaiOTC.H
o6hi~HO Mop<}JeMaMH, llOMeiiJ,aeMhie B KOHIJ,e CJIOBa, - <}JneKCH.HMH.
Haxo}J)Ich p.H)l.OM c <}JneKcHeii, cy<}l<}JHKC Hepe,[(Ko 6hiBaeT cna.HH c Heii,
TaK ~To YKa3aHHe Ha cy<}J<}lHKC c Heo6xo)l.HMOCThiO )l.OJI)KHO BKJIIO~aTh
B ce6.H YKa3aHMe Ha CHCTeMY <}JneKCHH, npHCYIIJ,HX cpopMaM Toro HJIH
HHOrO CJIOBa. TaK, CJIOBa C cy<}JcpHKCOM -QCTb H eyneBOH <}JneKCHeH B
<}lop Me ,- HMeHHTeJihHoro na.n.e)Ka e)l.HHCTBeHHoro ~Mcrra .HBJI.HIOTC.H .,;
cyiiJ,eCTBHTeJihHhiMH )KeHCKOrO po.n.a 3-or CKJIOHeHH.H, CJIOBa C
cy<}JcpHKCOM -HHK H HyJieBOH <}JrreKCHeH B $opMe HMeHHTeJihHOrO
na.n.e)Ka e)l.HHCTBeHHoro ~Hcna - cyiiJ,ecTBHTeJihHhiMH MY)KCKoro po.n.a
2-ro CKJIOHeHH.H.
232
ToqHo TaK JKe H rnaronbHhie cy<l>qmKCbi o6pa3YJOT rnaronhi,
HMeiOIIJ,He onpe.n;eneHHbie rpaMMaTwieCKHe csoiicTBa. Cy<l><l>HKC ~
o6pa3yeT OT HMeH npmmraTeJihHbiX rnaroJibi TOJibKO Henepexo,n;Hbie, a
cy<PqmKc -!! - nepexo,n;Hbie.
-e-:
-H-:
6en-e-Tb '
CHH-e-Tb,
CTap-e-Tb,
MOJIO)J;-e-Tb
6en-H-Tb '
CHH-H-Tb,
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MOJIO)J;-H-Tb,
11. IIpHcTaBKH 6onee aBTOHOMHbi, cso6o,n;HH: OHM He3aBHCHMbi OT
BJIJUIHIUI <PneKCHH H He HecyT HH<l>OpMai.J,HH 0 rpaMMaTHqecKHX
csoiicTnax cnosa. HanpHMep, aHTH-Bem.ecTBO.
B XHH)J;H TO)I(e npe<l>HKCbi »BJIIDOTc.a 6onee aBTOHOMHbiMH H
cso6oLJ:HbiMH. ToqHo TaK)I(e KaK npe<l>HKCbi pyccKoro SJ:3biKa 3)1.ech TO)I(e
OHH He3aBHCHMbie oT BJIHSJ:HHSJ: <PneKcHii. IIpH npuooe,n;HHeHHH npe<l>HKCa B
KOpHeBOM CJIOBe HHqero He H3MeHSJ:eTCSI, HO npH npHCOe,li;HHeHHH npeqmKCa
MO)I(HO npOHCXO)J;HT H3MeHeHHe 3BYKOB.
HanpHMep:
31:! + Cf)XUf = 3lj¢'<01
aHy + KapaH = aeyKapaH
>ffi1 + ~ = WfCf
npaTH + HTH = npaTHTH
3Tfd + W1fDT = 31 ffi wli o 1
aTH + KpaMaH = aTHKpaMaH
\J"C\ + mx = ~
y.n + xap = y,nap
3fCf + lffi = 3fCflffi
aB + raT = aBraT
233
l2. B pyccKOM »3hiKe npHcoe,nHHeHHe npHcTaBKH He H3MeH»eT
IIpHHa,lLJie:>KHOCTb CJIOBa K tieCTH pelJH, a IIpHCOe,llHHeHHe cy<P<j>HKCa
MO:>KeT H OCTaBJI»Tb CJIOBO B IIpe,nenax TOM :>Ke CaMOH lJaCTH petiH, H
nepeBo,nHTh npoH3BO,nHoe cnoBo B HHYIO lJaCTh petiH.
i) CO -: CO-aBTOp.
aHTH-:
ii)
iii)
co-rpa:>K,naHHH,
co-cymecTBOBaTb,
co-pa,noBaTbC»
aHTH-MHp,
aHTH -lJacnnJ,a,
aHTH -BOeHHbiH.
JlyHa- JiyH-HHK,
apTHCT- apTHCT-K-a
,llOM- ,llOM-HK.
KOJIX03 - KOJIX03HHK,
nepenneT- nepenneT-lJHK.
:>KeJITbiH - :>KeJICT-OK, :>KeJIT-HTb,
6eraTb - 6er-YH,
rp»:CTH- rp»:C-K-H:H
CnoBo c HOBDIM cnoBoo6pa3oBaTeJibHbiM 3HalJeHHeM o6pa3yeTc»:
IIOCpe,nCTBOM IIpe<PHKCa.
234
B OTnifl1Me OT cy<l:><l>HKCa npeqmKCa o6pa3yeT HOBbie CJIOBa B
npe,n:enax o.n:Ho:H: M TOM )J(e -qacTH peliH. HanpHMep:
i) OT cymeCTBMTeJihHhie o6pa3)'IOTCM cy:r_neCTBHTeJihHhie:
aBTOp - CO-aBTOp,
BM,ZJ.- TIO,ZJ.-BH,ZJ.,
· y.n:ap - Korp-y,n:ap,
rapMOHMM- )J.MC-rapMOHMM,
Tena- aHTH-Tena.
ii) OT npHnaniTeJihHhiX - npHnaraTeJihHhie:
<l:>HoJieTOBhiH - ynhrpa-<l:>MoJieTOBhiH,
MOpaJihHhiH - a-MOpaJihHhiH,
HaUMOHaJihHhiH - HHTep-HaUHOHaJihHhiH,
HapO,ZJ.HhiH- Me)J(,ZJ.y-Hapo,n:HhiH,
npOliHhiH- CBepx-npOliHhiH,
BOeHHhiH- aHTM-BOeHHhiM
iii) oT rnaronoB- rnaroJihi:
.IzyMaTh - pa3-.lJ.YMaTh,
cne.n:oBaTh - npe~cne.n:oBaTh,
TIHCaTh- Bhi-TIMCaTh,
liMTaTh - nepe-liMTaTh.
iv) OT HapeliHH- Hape1IH5I
6hiCrpO- CBepx-6hiCTIJO,
pa3yMHO - He-pa3yMHO,
rnyno- cBepx-rnyno,
YMHO He-yMHO.
B OTJIMliHe oT pyccKoro M3hiKa npe<l:>HKcauMM npe.n:ocTaBJIMeT .n:pyr)'IO
KaPTHHY B M3hiKe XHH,ZJ.H. 3,ZJ.eCh XHH).Uf HMeeT paCXO)J(,ZJ.eHMM.
235
Bc1pe1IaiOTC.H 1p11 rpynnHpoBKH npe<l>HKCOB c TOliKH 3peHH.H
CJIOB006apa30BaHH.H:
i) TaKHe npe<l>HKChi, KOTOphie npHcoe,n;HH.HIOTC.H K Haliany
CYIIJ.CCTBHTCJihHhiX, npHJiaraTCJihHhiX H fJiafOJIOB H o6pa3YJOTC.H
cnoBa TaKoH: )Ke qacTH peliH. HanpHMep:
llpecpHKChi:
-qx
nap-
~
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nap-
ffi
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m
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y
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~ '{i '<'i 14"1
HaM cap HaM
TipecpHKChl -qx nap- ffi ca6- ~ cap- yno1pe6JI.HIOTC.H nepe.n
CYIIJ.CCTBHTCJihHhiX HanpHMep:
Y'<'il'il napHaHa
capnaHli
TipecpHKChi \3" y, yno1pe6miiOTC.H nepe.n; rnaronoM,
236
HanpHMep: ~ y6aT
IIpeqmKc \Yf yH- yno'Ipe6n.HeTC.H nepe.n. npHnaraTeJihHhiMH
KOJIHl.J:eCTBeHhie)
HanpHMep:
ii) TaKHe npe<}>HKChi, KOTOphie npHcoe,n:HH.HIOTC.H K Hal.lany
cym.ecTBHTeJihHhiX, npHnaraTeJihHhiX HJIM rnaronoB M o6pa3YJOT
CJIOBO HHhiX l.laCTH pel.IM.
npe<}>
~
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npe<}>.
\:f
y-
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\1 y-
6fT 6a-
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~ 6axap
iii) TaKHe npe<}>MKChl,
npMJI.
~
a can
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~~
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npMnar.
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npMCOe)J.H}l}l K
cym.ecTBMTeJihHhiX, npHnaraTeJihHhiX, Hapel.IRH M rnaronoB o6pa3YJOT
cnoBa TaKoM: )l(e l.lacTH peliM M MHOH l.J:aCTH pel.IM. HanpMMep:
•
237
npe<P~ cym. cym.
3l q}J\Jf ~
a- Ka3 aKa3
npe<P. cym. npHJI.
3l ~ ~
a- 1J3T a1J3T
B 3TOH rpynne BCTPe1JaJOTC51 TaKHe npe<l>HKChi.
3l a-
OR aH-
3ft ay-
cg KY-
~ Jzy-
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ill na-
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13. B pyccKOM 513hiKe HeT cy<P<l>HKCOB, KOTOphie 6hl npoH3BO.lUfJIH cnoBa
pa3HhiX lJaCTeH pelJH:
- biBa( Th) - cycp<l>HKC, npOH3BO,ZVIIUHH TOJihKO rJiarOJihi:
pa36pachiBaTh,
238
OTKH.ZU,IBaTh,
nepenHChiBaTh.
- JIHB (biH)- TOJihKO npHJiaraTeJihHbie:
MOJiqaJIHBhiH,
TepneJIHBhiH.
cqacTJIHBhiH
- eu - TOJihKO cymecTBHTeJihHhie
rnyneu.
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KoHeqHo, B cJIOJIBax THna pa36paci>IBaHHe H MoJiqaJIHBOCTh
HaJIHqeCTByeT cy<l><l>HKChl -biBa-H-JIHB-, HO OHH .HBJIIDOTC.H qacThlO
npOH3BO.LVIIUHX OCHOB {pa36paChiBa-HHe, MOJiqaJIHB-OCTb) H He
CJiy:ll<aT ):(JI.H o6pa30BaHH.H ,n;aHHhiX HMeH cymecTBHTeJibHhiX.
B }i3I>IKe XHH,n;H cymecTBYJOT cne,D;YJOmHe rpynnHpoBKH cy<l><i>HKCOB.
i) TaKHe cy<i><i>HKChi, KOTOphie npHcoe,n;HH.HJOTC.H H o6pa3yJOT TOJihKO
cymecTBHTeJII>HI>Ie. HanpHMep:
cyme c. cy<l><i>HKC cymec.
-q:q 3ll<TG 4illllct
naHlJ: -a.HT naHqa.HT
npHJiar. cy<l><i>HKC cyme c.
~C11lf) 3Rf ~C11lf)ct
XHJia<P -aT XHJia<PaT
rnaron cy<l><i>HKC cymec.
P1C1- 3Ff P'fw:r
MhiJI -aH MhiJiaH
Hape"{me
-6MH
239
cymec.
5)~~1')1'1
.zzyp6MH
ii) TaKMe cy<flqmKCbi, KOTOpbie npMcoe,n:MH.SIIOTCH M o6pa3YJOT TOJibKO
npMnaraTeJihHoe. HanpMMep:
cyme c.
~
naH,n:hiT
MeCTOMMeHMe
npMnar.
~~
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rnaron
xa
6axap
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npMnar.
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naH,n:biTay
npMnar.
biTaHa
npMnar.
"I~ayrxaM
npMnar.
xay
npMnar.
6axapM
240
(iii) TaKHe cy<l>qmKCH, KOTOpbie npHCOe,l(HHIDOTCj~ H o6pa3YJOT TOflbKO
Hape"l!mL HanpHMep:
MeCTOHMeHHe
CT5 (\1)
6ax (-y)
np11na.
Kap116
rnaron
Hape"tiHe
po3
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cy<l><l>HKC
3R
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(iv.) TaKHe cy<l><l>HKChi, KOTOphie npHcOe.l(HHj{IOTCj{ 11 o6pa3YJOT
cym.ecTBHTennHbie 11 npHnaraTenhHhie. HanpHMep:
cyme c. cy<l>cpHKC cymec.
m 3fRT tRT'iT
rxap -aHa rxapaHa
cyme c. cy<l><l>HKC np11nar.
~ 3fRT ' ~1'«11'11
,l(OCT -aHa ,l(OCTaHa
rnaron cy<l>$HKC cym.
~ ~ ~
nap -aHT napaHT
rnaron cy<l>$HKC np11nar.
241
X?i 3Kf ~
paT -aHT paTaHT
(v) TaKHe cycpqmKChi, KOTOphie TipHCOe,UHHSIIOTC}I H o6pa3YJOT
npmmraTeJihHhie H Hapetimi. HanpHMep:
npHnar. CycpcpHKC npHnar.
~ (IX ~
a,nxhiK -Tap a,nxHKTap
HapetiHe cycpcpHKC HapetiHe
w (IX ~
TI3III -Tap nernTap
(vi) TaKHe cycpcpHKChl, KOTOphie TipHCOe,UHH}IlOTC}I H o6pa3YJOT
cymecTBHTeJihHhie, npHnaraTeJihHhie H HapetiH}I. HanpHMep:
cyme c. cycpcpHKC cymec.
~ 3ll"CP ' 41~11Cf)
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rnaron cycpcpHKC npHnar.
m 3lfCP ~
TaMp -aK TaHpaK
cyme c. cycpcpHKC HapetiHe
~ 3ll"CP ~
Tap -aK TapaK
(vii) TaKHe cycpqmKchi, KOTOphie IIpHCOe,UHH}IlOTC}I H o6pa3)'IOT
cymecTBHTeJihHhie H MecTOHMeHHe. HanpHMep:
cymec. cyme c.
242
rxaM -ac rxaMac
MCCTOHMCHHC cy<l><l>HKC MCCTOHMCHHC
3Wl 3RT 3ll"l:ffi
an -ac anac
(viii) TaKHe cy<l><l>HKChi, KOTOphiC npHCOe,nHH»lOTC»
cymecTBMTCJihHhie H Hape~me. HanpHMep:
npMnar. cy<l><l>MKC cymec.
~(~) 3Ff ~
)I(YTX ( 3YTX) -aH 3yTXaH
cyme c. cy<l><l>MKC Hape~me
~ 3Ff CJ>I•t•Ft
KaeyH -aH KaeyHaH
(ix) TaKHe cy$$HKChi, KOTOphiC npHCOC,nHH»lOTC»
cymecTBHTeJihHhie H nepexo,nHhie rnaronhi. HanpHMep:
rnaron cy$<l>HKC
0
-0
cyme c.
t9C c-
H o6pa3YJOT
M o6pa3YJOT
Henepexo,nHhiM rnaron cy<l><l>HKC nepexo,nHhiM rnaron
BC'R (\"rulX) 0
YTap -o yTap
(x) TaKMe cy<l><l>MKChi, KOTOphie npHcoe,nMH»roTC» H o6pa3YJOT
npHJiaraTCJihHhiC, rnarOJihl H rnarOJihl TIOBCJIHTCJihHOrO
HaKJioHeHH». HanpHMep:
cyme c. npHnar.
~3IT
I
243
cymec. cycpcpHKC rnaron
w4 (~) 3TT -mlfT
rnapM (rnapaMa) -a rna paM a
Henepexo,lJ,HbiH rnaron cycpcpHKC TIOBeJ1HT HaK.
\3lT 3TT \3TfT
yr -a yra
nepexo,lJ,HbiH rnaron cycpcpHKC TIOBeJ1. HaK.
~ 3TT fffim
J1biX -a J1hiXa
(xi) TaKHe cycpcpHKCbi, KOTOpbie npHcoe.n.HHmoTC}I H o6pa3YJOT
npHnaraTenbHbie H rnaronhi BToporo noBenHTeJibHoro Hai<JiaHeHH}I.
HanpHMep:
cymec. cycpcpHKC npHnar.
-qJm (w) err 1TI9CJT
nw:ma (naqx) -Ba na"IJXaBa
rnaron cycpcpHKC BTOpOH
qc;r err "'tfC1ciT
qan -Ba qanaBa
B 3TOM acneKTe pyccKHH }13biK XMH.ll.M HMeiOT pacxmK,lJ,eHH}I.
14. ,l(mi npHCTaBOK He06}13aTeJ1bHa TeCHa}l CB}I3b CO CJIOBaMH KaKOH-JIH60
o.n.HoM: qacTH peqlf. CymecTBYJOT npHcTaBKH, KOTOpbie MOryT
TipHCOe,ll,HH}ITbC}I K CJ10BaM pa3nHqHbiX qacTeH peqlf, COKpaH}I}I O,ll,HO H
TO )l(e <<yHHBepcanbHOe» 3HaqeHHe:
pa3-: pa3-yKa6HCTbiH,
pa3-BeceJihiH
npe:-
244
pa3-0cpHQHaJibHbiH,
pac-ne~aJibHbiH,
pac-KpacaBHQa,
pac-.zzypaK,
pac-KaTIHTaJIHCT,
pac-KpacaB~HK.
npe-BeceJibiH,
npe-MHJibiH,
npe-KOMe)l,H.SI,
co:..: CO-aBTOp,
cBepx:-
He,ll,o:-
co-rpa)K)l,aHHH,
CO-TOBapHID;,
co-pe,ll,aKTop,
co-nepe)I(HBaTb,
co-cy~eCTBOBaTb
co-pa,ll,oBaTbc.SI.
·cBepx-nerKHH,
CBepx -6biCTPbiH,
CBepx-npo~HbiH,
cBepx-npH6biJib,
CBepx -CKOpOCTb,
cBepx -6oM6a,
CBepx-~eCTHOCTb,
He,ll,O-CJibillaTb,
He)l,O-BH)l,eTb,
He,ll,O-TIOHHMaTb,
He)l,O-HHTeJIJIHreHTbl
245
nponmo:- nponiBO-TIO)I(apHhiH,
TipOTHBO-ra3,
npOTHBO-BeC
npOTHBO-CJIOB.
B 5!3hiKe XHH.D:H TO)I(e npH npeqmKcaQHH npe<l>HKChi Moryr
npHCOe,n:HH5!ThC5! C cyiQeCTBHTeJihHhiWCJIOBOM, B O,n:HOM H TOM )l(e
3HalJeHHH.
Tipe<P.
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a-
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Cym.
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~
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3fCffo ...:>
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~ C\
allxyTa
246
15. Pa3JUfl:IHhi cycpqmKChi H IIpHCTaBKH IIO xapaKTepy Bhipa)l(aeMhiX HMH
3HaqeHHH.
llpHCOe,[{HHeHHe K CJIOBY IIpHCTaBKH o6hJqHo He MeH5IeT
3HaqeHH51 cnonsa KopeHHhiM o6pa3oM, a nHIIIh .no6asn51eT K HeMY
HeKOTOphiH orreHoK, 3HaqeHH51. TaK, rnaronhi c npHcTaBKaMH
· yneTeTh,
npHneTeTh,
OTJieTeTh
BhineTeTh
Tio,nneieTh o6o3HaqaeT Te )l(e ,neiicTBH51, qTo H rnaron neTeTh.
llpHCTaBKa TOJihKO ,no6aBJI51eT K HX 3HaqeHJHO YKa3aHHe Ha
HarrpasneHHe ,nBH)l(eHH51.
f'narOJihi OTrpeMeTh, OTUBeCTH 0603HaqaiOT TO )l(e ,neHCTBHH,
qTo H rnarOJihi rpeMeTh, UBeCTH, IIpHCTaBKa OT- ,no6aBJI51eT JIHIIIh K HX
3HaqeHHIO YKa3aHHe Ha npeKpaiUeHHe ,ne.H:cTBH51.
Hapeqne npe3a6asHo H ,np. npHneraTeJihHhie npeMHJihiH,
pa3JII06e3Hhle, CBepXCKOpOCTHOH H ,np. 0603HaqaiOT TOT )l(e IIpH3HaK, qTo H
cnosa 6e3 npHcTaBOK, Ho c orreHKOM 6onhrno.H: cTeneHH ero npo51BneHH51.
B 513hiKe XHH,[{H BCrpeqaeTC51 TaKa51 )l(e CHryaUH51, HO He BCer_na. llpecpHKChi
TOJihKO Bhlpa)l(aiOT 3HaqeHHe, cyiUeCTBYIOIUee B CJIOBe.
247
\if<l fcNm
)l.)Kaif- BH,U)K3H
CfR1 PI ell Xi
Bac- HHBaC
~ ~
,UHTI- npa.nHn
1ml qRgm
xac- napHXac
3)l.eCb CJIOBa o603H3l.J3lOT TOT )Ke I1pH3HaK, l.JTO H CJlOBa 6e3 npe<}>HKCOB.
16. IlpHCTaBKH B pycCKOM 513biKe COe)l.HH5110TC51 npeHMYill,eCTBeHHO C
rnarOJI3MH, I1pHnaraTeJlbHbiMH H HapetiH51MH. 3TH l.J3CTH pel.JH
0603H3l.J3lOT )l.eHCTBH51 (rJiarOJibi) H I1pH3H3KH (npHJiaraTeJibHbie H
HapetiH51), ,UJI51 HHX 6biBaeT OC06eHHO B3)KH0 onpe)l.eJIHTb HanpaBJieHHe
,neHCTBH51, BpeM51 ero I1pOTeKaHH51 H Mepy HJIH CTeTieHb I1pH3HaKa.
B 513hiKe XHH.UH npeqmKcbi coe.nHH5IlOTC51 npeHMYmecTBeHHO co
cyll.(eCTBHTeJibHbiMH, I1pHJiaraTeJibHbiMH H HapetiHeM.
17. }J,JI51 HMeH cymeCTBHTeJibHbiX COe)l.HHeHHe C I1pHCT3BK3MH He CTOJib
xapaKTepHO, XOT51 H cpe)l.H cyll(eCTBHTeJibHbiX Hape)l.KH CJIOBa,
o6pa30B3HHbie I1pHCOe,UHHeHHeM IIpHCT3BKH:
l.J3CTHU3 - 3HTHlJ3CTH:Qa,
,neTeKTHB - 3HTH,UeTeKTHB,
rpynna - no.nrpynna,
pa3)l.eJI - no.npa3,neJI,
248
3J].eCh B XMH.ll.M npe<}>MKChl BHOCHT ,lJ.OTIOJIHHTeJihHhie YKa3aHM51 Ha Mepy,
CTeTieHh MJIM YKa3aHM.H BpeMeHHOrO MJIM TIOCTO.HHHOrO xapaKTepa.
18. 3Ha1JeHM.H cy$$MKCOB KOJie6JIIOTC.H OT 3Ha1JeHMM IIIMpOKMX 11
OTBJielJeHHhiX J].O 3Ha1JeHMM OlJeHh 60JihlliOM KOHKpeTHOCTM.
lliMpOTa 11 OTBJielJeHHOCTh 3Ha1JeHM.H CBOMCTBeHHa CYlPlPMKCaM
rnaronoB 11 npMnaraTeJihHhiX. KaKoe 3Ha1JeHMe MMeiOT cy$$MKChi
npMJiaraTeJihHhiX -!!-, -OB- 11 -cK- B CJIOBaX:
i) aBTo6yc-H-hiM
aBTOM06MJih-H-hiM,
)l(eJie3-H-hiM,
KHH)I(-H-hiM,
KOJIXO)I(-H-hiM '
ii)
iii)
6yMa)I(-H-hiM,
JiaMTI-OB-hiH,
OCMH-OB-hiH,
Hrp-OB-hiH,
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MHCTMTJT-CK-M:H,
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MCXOJ].HhiM cyrn;eCTBMTeJihHhiM. TaKMe )l(e IIIMpOKMe OTBJielJeHHhie
3Ha1JeHM.H MMeiO 11 rnaroJihHhie cy$$MKChi -Hy- 11 -e-:
a) npMr-Hy-Th,
TOJIK-HJ-Th,
MaX-HJ-Th
249
miTHTOHKa - cynepmiTHTOHKa,
3Kcnpecc - cynep3Kcnpecc,
.l(eMoKpaT- ynh1pa,l(eMoKpaT,
CKOpOCTb - CBepXCKOpOCTh,
»3hiK - npa»3hiK,
):(e):(- npa.l(e.l(
HCTOpH» - npe,l(hiCTOpmi
0.l(HaKO liHCJlO TaKHX CJJOB cpaBHHTeJlbHO C o6me:H MaCCOH
cymeCTBaTeJlbHhiX, He BKJUO"'IalOII.:(HX IIpHCTaBKH, He CTOJlb BeJJHKO.
B cymecTBHTeJJhHhie, TaK )l(e KaK B npHnaraTeJJhHhie, HapetiH»
H rnaronhi, npHcTaBKH o6hi1IHO BHOC»T .l(OIIOJJHHTeJJhHbie yKa3aHH»
Ha Mepy, CTeneHh HJJH yKa3aHH» BpeMeHHoro xapaKTepa.
Ho, B OTJlHliHe OT pyCCKOfO »3hiKa B XHH,l(H ,l(Jl.S HMeH cymecTBHTeJlhHbiX
coe,l(HHeHHe c npecpHKCaMH xapaKTepHo:
HanpHMep:
~- ~ ~
ca- IIYTb canyT
~- \JA" tf\iPl
ca- ;[()l(aH ca,l()l(aH
m- ~ ~
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~- ~ wrr=r cy- HaM CYHHaM
6)
p}IBK-H)'-Th
3~0pOB-e-Th,
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rnyn-e-Th,
CHH-e-Th.
250
Cy<l>qmKc -!!Y- HMeeT 3Ha1JeHHe MrHoBeHHOCTH, o~HoKpaTHOCTH
~eHCTBH}I, ~eHCTBHe COBepiiiHJIOCh O~HH pa3 H npeKpaTHJIOCh.
3Ha1JeHHe cy<l><l>HKCa ~- 6onee OTBJielleHHoe. OH o6o3Ha1JaeT ~enaTh,
CTaHOBHThC}I KaKHM-HH6y~h:
Cycp$HKChi cyi.QeCTBHTeJihHhiX B u;enoM 6onee KOHKpeTIIhi. 11MeiOTC}I
cycpqmKChi, CJiy)J(aiQHe M}l o6pa30BaHH}I Ha3BaHHH JIHQ, Ha3BaHHH
npe~MeToB, OTBJielJeHHhiX noH»THH. BHYTPH 3THX o6mHx rpynn ecTh
OT~eJihHhie cy$cpHKChl, 3aKpenneHHhie 3a o6pa30BaHHeM KaKOH-JIH60
y3KOH c<Pephi npe,n:MeToB HJIH »BJieHHH .. TaK, cycpcpHKca -HH:(a) CJIY)KHT
,UJI» o6pa30BaHH» BH,UOB M»Ca:
-HK(a) -
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BH,UOB »rO,U,
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KocT}IHHKa.
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HeB3pOCJihiX cyi.QeCTB:
OCJieHOK,
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- I
BOJPIOHOK,
JlhBeHOK,
opneHoK,
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raJI"liOHOK,
Jl.HrylliOHOK
251
Cpe)J.H cy<P<PnKcoB cy:mecTBHTenhHhiX ecTh H cy<P<PnKChi, HMeiO:mne
KOHKpeTHOe 3HalleHHe, H cy<P<l>HKCH, MMeiO:mMe lliHpOKOe a6crpaKTHOe
3Ha"l!eHMe, HanpHMep: cy4>4>HKC OTBJlel.JeHHOrO npH3HaKa -QCTh:
CMeJlOCTh,
BeCeJlOCTh,
JlaCKOBOCTh,.
Jl03yHrOBOCTh,
caxapHCTOCTh,
nphirylleCTh,
)KHBylleCTh,
)J.aJieKOCTh,
He3a6biBaeMOCTh.
Cy4>4>nKc OTBJJe"l!eHHoro )J.ei:fcTBH.H -MHJ:
llTeHHe,
o6neri.JeHHe,
YT.H)KeJJeHHe,
aHKeTHpOBaHHe,
nporpaMMHpOBaHHe,
H3hiCKaHHe,
OTOTIJleHHe.
252
3,necb B XHH.D:H TO)J(e BC1pe1JaiOTC5l cy<PqmKCbi, CJIY)l(aiiUfe ,ZUI5l
o6pa30BaHH5l Ha3BaHJfH llHI.J,, Ha:maHHH npe,nMeTOB, OTBllelJeHHbiX
TIOH51THH.
Ho B oTnHlJHe OT pyccKoro 513hiKa B XHH.D:H BHYTPH 3THX o6I.I.J,HX rpynn
TaKHe oT,nenhHhie cycpqmKChi Bcer.na He BcrpeiJaiOTCH, 3aKpenneHHbie 3a
o6o3Ha1JeHHeM KaKo:H-nn6o Y3KOH c$epe npe,nMeTOB HnH Ha3BaHHH.
9. CnoBoo6pa3oBaTenhHbie acpcpHKChi MoryT 6biTh He Bbipa)J(eHhi HHKaKHM
3BYKOM HnH KoMnneKcoM 3BYKOB. TaKHe acp<PHKChi Ha3hiBaiOT
HyneBbiMH.
npOMblB - npOMbiBaTb
pa3pbiB - pa3ph!BaTb
3a,n11p +(a)- 3a,nHpaTh.
Cycp4lHKC MO)J(eT 6hiTb He TOllbKO MaTepHanbHO Bbipa)J(eHHbiM, HO H
HyneBbiM. HyneBhie cycpqmKChi npe,ncTaBneHhi, npeHM)'I.I.J,eCTBeHHO B
CllOB006pa30BaHHH HMeH Cyi.I.J,eCTBHTellhHbiX.
XO,nHTb- XO,n
BbiXO.D:HTh -BblXO.ll: -
3annhiBaTh - 3annhiB -
CHHHH-CHH-
cyxo:H - cyrn -
.npo)J(aTh - .npo)J( -
HyneBbie cycpqmKchi .neiicTBYJOT npeHMYI.I.J,eCTBeHHO B
cnoBoo6pa3oBaHH5l HMeH cyi.I.J,eCTBHTenhHhiX. KpoMe 3Ha1JeHHM
OTBllelJeHHOrO ,neHCTBH5l, HyneBhie a<}>qmKCbl MOryT o603Ha1JaTh llllll,O TIO
253
)J,eMCTBHIO HJJH no npH3Hai<y OTBJie~eHHbie npH3HaKH H HeKOTOpbie
.npyrHe 3Ha~eHmi.
3a.nHpa,
3aMKa,
no)J,JIH3a,
HHTeJIJI eK'ryaJI,
yHHBepcan,
MYTh,
TeMb,
CHHb,
rna.nb.
B ~3biKe XHH)J,H eyneBbie cy<P<!>HKCbi .neiicTBYIOT npeHMYIIJ.eCTBeHHO B
CJIOB006pa30BaHHH HMeH cylli.eCTBHTeJibHbiX H rnarOJIOB.
t9C -0 t9C c- c-
1IXYT -0 liXYT
C'fq -0 oq
Tan -0 Tan
~ -0 ~
.nap -0 .nap
w -0 w nyT / -0 nyT
20. HyneBbiX npHcTaBOK B pyccKOM ~3biKe HeT. 06o~CH~eTc~ 3TO TeM, ~To
B pyCCKOM ~3biKe HeT TaKHX CJIOB, KOTOpbie BblpiDKaJIH 6bi 3Ha~eHHe, -
xapaKTepHoe )J,JI~ npHCTaBOK, H BMeCTe C TeM MOrJIH 6bi rpaKTOBaTbC~
KaK npOH3BO)J,Hbie OT O)J,HOKopeHHbiX 6ecnpHCTaBOlJHbiX CJIOB.
254
TaK, B pyccKOM .H3hiKe MHOroqHcJieHHhi npHcTaBKH co
3HaqeHHeM BhiCOKOH CTeiieHH o6Hapy)KeHH51 IIpH3HaKa, HaiipHMep:
npe - npeMHJihiH,
npernynhiH,
npeseceJihiH.
pa3 - pa3BecenhiH,
apxH-
csepx
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yn~> rpaMO.D:HhiH,
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cynepse)KJIHBhiH.
O,n;HaKo ecJIH Mhi B03hMeM npHnaraTeJihHhie co 3HaqeHHeM
BhiCOKOH CTeiieHH o6Hapy)KeHH51 IIpH3HaKa, HanpHMep:
orpOMHhiH,
rpoMa,n:HhiM,
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ecTeCTBeHHhiM o6pa30M HX 3HaqeHHe eyneBOH IIpHCTaBKe, TaK KaK B
pycCKOM 513h1Ke OTCYTCTB)'IOT CJIOBa ( OHH LJ:OJI)l(Hhl 6hiTh
IIpHJiaraTeJihHhiMH ), KOTOphie MOrJIH 6hi 6hiTh IIpOH3BO,LVIIIJ:HMH ,n:JI.H
,n:aHHhiX
255
llHhiMII CilOBaMII, B pycCKOM 513hiKe HeT CilOB, KOTOphie Bhipa)l(anii 6bi
3Ha1JeHII51, xapaKTepHhie .[(.l151 IIpiiCTaBOK, II BMeCTe C TeM IIMenii 6bi
COOTHOCIITeilhHhie O,lUIOKOpeHHhie o6pa30BaHII51, ilHilleHHhle 3TOfO
3Ha1JeHII51.
a- Kan aKan
a- caMa:H acaMa:H.
21. Cy<l>qmKChl Hepe,IU<O Bhl3hJBaiOT II3MeHeHmi B C1pOeHIIII KOHna
OCHOBhl ( qepe,n;oBaHIIe <Po HeM), TaK KaK Ha rpaHIIne MOp$OB
IIpOIICXO,ll;HT B3aiiMOIIp1ICIIOC06neHIIe OCHOBhl II cy<l>$1IKCa.
ropox- roporn-cK, roporn-IIH (a)
KHIIra -KHII)I(-H (hlH)
B 513hiKe XIIH.n;H TO)I(e rrpoiicxo,n;IIT II3MeHeHHe rrpw cyt:P$HKcanHII B
CTpOeHHH CilOBa.
raM- -TII raTH
22. TipiicTaBKII pe)l(e Bil1I5110T Ha ClpOeHMe HaiJana cnoBa. TaKHM
o6pa3oM, rrpiiCTaBKH Be.nyr ce651 B cnoBe KaK 3neMeHThi
t:PopManhHO 6onee OTbe.n;HHeHHhie, caMocT051TenhHhie, IJeM
cy$<l>IIKChl.
npe-BecenhiH,
npe-MeJihiH,
npe-KOMe,ll;H51
co-aBTop,
256
co-rpa)l()l.aHHH,
co-6paT,
CO-TOBapmn.
B cnoBax 3aHMeCTBOBaHHhiX MO)KeT npoHCXO.ll.HTh B3aHMO
npHcnoco6neHHe npHCTaBKH H KOpHH, npH KOTOpOM MeHHeTCH He
KOpeHh, a npHCTaBKa TIO)l. BJIHHHHeM HaqaJibHOH cpoHeMhl KOpHH,
npHcnoco6JIHBaHCh K HeH:. TaKHM o6pa3oM HanpaBJieHHe B03)l.eH:cTBH.H
3)l.eCh cnpaBa HaJieBo, HanpHMep:
HH-)l.eTepMeHH3M (H- nepe)l. Ha"llaJihHhiM 3y6HhiM),
HM-MaTepHaJIH3M (M- nepe)l. Ha"llaJihHhiM ry6HhiM)
HM-MOpaJihHhiH,
Hp-panHOHaJIH3M {p-nepe)l. HaqaJihHbiM p)
Hp-perynHpHhiH
TipH 3TOM acneKTe npecpHKcanHH XHH)l.H TIOKa3hiBaeT CXO)l.CTBa C
npecpHKcanHeH: pyccKoro H3hiKa. 3.n.ech npH npHcoe)l.HHeHHH npecpHKCOB
B KOpHeBOM CJIOBe HH"llero He H3MeH.HeTC.H, HO npH npHCOe)l.HHeHHH
MO)KeT npOHCXO)l.HTh H3MeHeHHe 3BYKOB TipH o6pa30BaHHH CJIOB.
3Tj ~ 3ljcn'I!UI
aHy- + KapaH = aeyKapaH
~ ~ ~
npaTH- + HTH npaTHTH
~ Wl1UT 3lffifu~UI
aTH- + KpaMaH = aTHKpaMaH
y.n.- + xap - y.n..n.xap
257
as- + raT = asraT
3,n:eCb B XMH)J,M OHM OThe)J,MHeHHbie, CaMOCTmrreJibHbie TeM cycpqmKCbl.
23. 06oco6neHHOCTb npMCTaBOK B COCTaBe CJIOBa no.n:,n:ep)I(MBaeTC51
ell(e O,Z:UIOH MX oco6eHHOCTIO. OHM MOryT MMeTb no60liHOe
y,n:apeHHe B COCTaBe CJIOBa.
apxM-Henenhiii,
aHTM-,n:eMOKpaTHliHbiH,
npOTMBO-B03.I1:YliiHbiH,
TipOTHBO-TIO)I(apHbiM,
CO-HaHMMaTeJIH
BHYTPM-KJieTOliHhiii,
BHYTPH-ynheBoii,
CycpcpHKcaM 3TO He csoiicTBeHHO.
oco6oro y,n:apeHMH
CaMOCT051TeJibHOCTb B COCTaBe CJIOBa npMBO.I1:5IT K TOMY, liTO
TI03HI(MOHHbie M3MeHeHWI rJiaCHbiX, pacnpOCTpaH51101I(HeC51 Ha BCe
MopcpeMbi cnosa, MoryT He 3arparHBaTh npMcTaBOK. HanpHMep,
TipMCTaBKa CO- CO 3HalleHMeM, COBMeCTHOCTM, HeCyll(a51 no6o~moe
y,n:apeHHe, B 6e3.n:ypHbiX CJIOBax CJIOBa MO)I(eT COKpaWITb O, He
TIO)J,Bepra51Cb pe.n:yKI(HH H He M3MeHHHCb B ( 'b] HJIM (a]:
co-HaHMMaTenh
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TaK )l(e MOryT BeCTH ce651 M MHOrMe ,n:pyrne npMCTaBKH,
Ha,n:eneHHbie no6oliHbiM y,n:apeHMeM ..
258
Me)K-K0ilX03HOe copeBHOBaHHe,
Me)K-nnaHernoe coo6meHHe.
ll03HIJ,HOHHhie H3MeHeHml cornaCHhiX Ha CThiKC npHCTaB_KH H
KOpmi HHhie, "tJeM Ha CTbiKe KOpWI H cy<P<l>HKCa.
24. YHHBepcanhHOCTh 3Ha"tJeHH.SI npHcTaBoK, 6mnoCTh HX ceMaHTHKM K
CeMaHTHKe "tJacTeu, M MX
CaMOCTO.SITeilhHOCTh B COCTaBe CllOBa npMBO,IVIT K TOMY, "liTO
npMCTaBKM B CBOeH Macce .SIBll.SilOTC.SI 6onee npo.n;yKTMBHhiMH
Mop<PeMaMH, "tJeM cy<P<PMKChi. Mx ynoTpe6neHMe MeHee
pernaMeHTHpyeTC.SI orpaHM"lleHH.SIMM, CB.SI3aHHhiMH C CeMaHTMKOH
OCHOBhi.
B XMH.[(H npe<PMKChi HMeiDT oco6yiO cnoco6HOCTh Bhipa)KaTh
3Ha"tJeHH.SI, cymecTBYIOII(Me B CJIOBe TIOCKOilbKY OHM He HMeiOT O.[(HOrO
3Ha"tJeHM.SI, OHM MMeiOT HOBbie 3Ha"tJeHH.SI, 3aBHCMMhie OT KOHTeKCTa.
OHM MOryT npMCOe.[(MH.SITbC.SI MHhiM npOM3BO.[(HhiM CilOBaM B MHOM
3Ha"lleHMM.
npaKxaH.n;
npapyn
25. CMhicnoBhie M CTpYKTYPHhie pa3nM"tJH.SI Me)K.ny cy<P<l>HKCaMH H
npMCTaBKaMH Bhl3hiBaiOT H eme O.[(HO pa3ilH"lJHe npMCTaBKH "tJali(e M
nar"tJe, cy<P<l>HKCbi, npHo6peTa10T B03MO)KHOCTb ynoTpe6JI.SieThC.SI
CaMOCTO.SITenbHO, KaK OC06hle CJIOBa: «HaKOHeiJ, TIOXO.[( OKOH"lJeH,
I
259
e,zzyr B 3neKTHqKe .noMoiL.». A ,noMa uenYJO He,nemo OTMhiBaThC~
OTCbiTiaTbc~, OThe,naThC~ ... A eme .nec~Tb «OT ... ».
26. B ~3hiKe XHH.UH ecTh pa3HHUa no xapaKTepy MeJK.ny npe<l>HKCaMH H
cy<l><l>HKCaMH. IIpe<l>HKCbi npe,ncTaBniDOT ce6e KaK cnoJKeHHe, Ho
TaKoii xapaKTep He BCTPeqaeTc~ B cy<l><l>HKcax .
. HanpHMep:
~ (aH6aH)
B 3TOM cnoBe B npe<l>HKce ~ (aH) <<OTPHUaTenhHoe» 3HaqeHHe
BCTpeqaeTC~ HO B CllOBe C'i\$¢4"1 (napaKTiaH) BaJKHOCTb 3HaqeHH~
cy<l><l>HKCa 1Ff (naH) He TaKoro po.na.
27. B ~3biKe XHH.UH npe<l>HKChi ynoTpe6n~IOTC~ nepe.n
cymecTBHTenbHhiM, npHnaraTenhHbiM, HapeqHeM H rnaronoM.
IIpHcoe,nHHeHHe npe<l>HKCOB H3MeH~eT 3Ha1JeHHe cnoBa.
28. B ~3biKe XHH.[(H npe<l>HKCbi He ynoTPe6n~TC~ nepe.n
MeCTOHMeHHeM.
II pH npH Mbl BH.[(HM,
cymecTBHTenbHhie He o6pa3yiOTC~ npH coe,nHHeHHH K Haqany
MeCTOHMeHH~. B 3TOM BM~e npe<l>MKCaUH~ XHH.[(H HMeeT CXO.[(CTBO
C pycCKOM ~3biKe.
29. Coe,nHHeHHe npe<l>HKCOB:
B ~3hiKe XHH.UH npe<l>HKChi ynoTPe6niDOTC~ K · Hal!any
cymecTBHTenbHhiX, npHnaraTenhHhiX rnaronoB, Hapetrn:H H
npoH3BOMTC~ cymecTBHTenbHbie, npHnaraTenhHbie, rnaronhi H
HapeqH~.
ii)
260
BcT}Je"llaiOTC5I ,neB5ITh THTIOB coe.z:u·meHH5I B 5I3hiKe XHH,nH.
HanpHMep:
i) nepcp. cyrn. cyrn.
npecpHKChi: 3T a-
3FT aH-
3ft ay
cg KY-
-qx nap-
~ 63-
.~ 6a:H-
ill na-
"ff ca-
~ ca6-
~ cap-
~ cy-
611 xaM-
.npecp. cyrn. npHJI.
3FT ~ ~
aH- M3JI aHM3JI
IIpecpHKChi: 3T a-
~ aH-
3TC1 an-
\j y-
261
~ ay-
cg Ky-
~ JJ.Y-
frr HH-
{,[X 6ap-
-m 6a-
~ 63-
~ 6aii-
c;rr na-
tf ca-
~ cy-
WT xaM
iii) Tipecp. Cym. Hapet.me
~ ~ fll~*1~
6a ,nacryp 6a,nacryp
llpecpHKCbi: 31ci an-
G"X ,nap-
~ cpHJI-
~ 6a-
{,[X 6ap-
-m 6a-
~ 63-
tf ca-
~ 6axap-
iv) Tipecp. llpHJI. llpHJI.
262 .
a- K)'H,n
llpm}mKCbi: 3l a-
3R aH-
31(1 arr-
\Yl YH-
tg. KY-
f.1 HM-
~ 6ap-
v) llpe<!J. llpMn. Hape~me
"GX o:rnc1 G-xo:rnc1
,nap- a carr .napa carr
npe<IJMKC: "GX .nap-
vi) llpe<!J. rnaron rnaron
\J ~ ~
y- BXap yBxap
llpe<IJMKC: \J y-
vii) llpe<P. rnaron cy:w;ec.
3R q;:r 3Rq;=f
aH- 6aH aH6aH
flpe<IJMKC: 3R aH-
viii) llpe<!J. rnaron npMn.
~ WT m
ca- 3ar ca3ar
IIpecpMKc: 3l a-
263
3Ff aH-
~ ay-
.\3" KY-
~ ca-
Xj cy-
ix) Tipe$. Hape~me Hapel!He
frr ~ ~
HH- Kxaplle HHKXaplle
30. Cne.rzyiO:rn:He <l>opMhi CllHTaiOTC51 KaK npe$HKChi B .H3hiKe XHH,ZJ;H B
rpa,ZJ;MU:MOHHhiX rpaMMaTHKax:
3fCl a,nx
t-1 3H
~ KXYIII
i'R raMp
~ Ha
-c#r $M
6G 6a.n
~ 6biH
~ 6hma
~ BXap
~ xap
fiTEf) xacp
~ xa:H.n
264
Ho OHH He Moryr C"t.J:HTaTbCH npeqmKcaMH. ,[(e:HcTBHTeJibHO a<}><}>HKChi
HBJIHIOTCH TaKOH "llaCThlO, KOTOpaH HH HMeeT CB060)l;HOrO 3Ha"t.J:eHHH. 0HH
npHMeHHIOT 3Ha~eHHe TOJibKO npHCOe)l;HHH.sl K 3Ha"t.J:HTeJihHOH CB060)l;HOH
e)l,HHHIJ,e H 3aBHCHT TO)l(e OT TaKHX )l(e CJIOB, C KOTOpbiMH OHM COe)l,HHHIOTCH.
EcJIH Mhi BHHMaTeJihHO CMOTPHM, To npe)l.ocTaBJIHeTcH, "t.J:TO Bbime
YKa3aHHhie c}JopMbi He HBJIHIOTCH a<}><}>HKcaMH. BHH3Y )l,aeTcH 3Ha~HTeJibHOe
cBo6o)l.Hoe 3Ha"t.J:eHHe Ka)l()l,Oro. TaKoe )l(e 3Ha"t.J:eHHe, KOTopoe npeMeHHeTCH
B <}>opMe ac}J<}>HKCOB HBJI.HeTCH HCHbiM B CJie)l,YJOIIJ:HX npHMepax:
i) 3lt:f A)l.X
~or~cr<IT~~?
3l1'ClT cpc;r ~ ~ 3l1'ClT 1ffi=IT I
Y ce a)l.X6YHa Kay -qxop )l.biH?
A)l.xa KaJI 6yHaHa ayp a)l,xa napco
ii) ~ 3H
~ "CfCffi" lR 3Wl ~ I
~cffit~m~t1
3H BaKT nap an naxyq3
3H BaXH KH TO 6aT XaH
31. flpou,ecc COe)l,HHeHHH Me)l()l.y npH<}>HKCOM H KOpHeBbiM CJIOBOM
HMeiOT TecHyiO CBH3h. HanpHMep:
Tipe<}>. KopHeBax c}JopMa npOH3BO)l,HaH <}>opMa
3Ff fTI 'ia'"'l 31'1 fTI 'i a"'l
aH- rHHTH aHrHHTH
3Ff fcltrr 3Afclm
aH- Bhi)l.Xa aHBH)l,Xa
Of cpc;jcB) 3lct>C'i<:B1
265
a- KaJiaHKH aKaJiaHKH
3Tc>1" +ffifi 3l c>1 Ji tct)
aJI- MaCTH aJIMaCTH
cg -;wfi cg'i 14'1
KY- HaMH eyHaMH
f.i ~ ~
HH- .n.ape HH,ll,ap3
B Bhiiiie YKa.3aHHhiX npHMepax fTr;ffil rHHTH, fcrcn" BH,ll,Xa, ¢61¢1
KaJiaHKH, ~ MaCT11, ~ HaMH, ~ ,ll,ap3 .HBJUIIOTC» KOpHOBaMH <t>opMaMH,
KOTOphie yiiOTPe6JI.HIOTC» B »3hiKe XHH,ll,H TO:JKe 6e3 npe<l>HKCOB. HanpHMep:
WT~~~~
cMT~~st~l
An 6hma .n.ape -qane 3aib
Ka:H:cH Macni "IJ:Xa:H: xy·:H: xa:H:
B 3THX npe,ll,Jlo:JKeHHHX .n.ap3 H MaCTH ynoTPe6n.HIOTC» 6e3 npe<!>HKCOB.
06hi"IJ:HO IIpecjmKChi IIpHCOe,ll,HH.HeTC.H K Ha"IJ:any TaKHX :JKe CJIOB.
Ho B »3hiKe XHH,ll,H TaK:JKe BCTPe"IJ:aiOTC.H TaKHe KOpHeBhie <PopMhi,
KOTophie He ynoTPe6n.HIOTC.H 6e3 npe<!>HKCa. HanpHMep:
y- TXana yrxana
TXana He yno'Tpe6n»eTc» CBo6o.n.Ho. TaKHe <PopMhi Bcer.n.a
BCTPe"IJ:aiOTC» c npe$HKcaMH. B TaKHX KOpHeBhiX <PopMax BCTPe"IJ:aeTc.H
QeHTPaJihHa51 <!>opMa H IIOCJie 3TOM BCer.n.a HMeeTC» KaKa»-HH6y,ll,h "IJ:aCTHQa.
HanpHMep:
266
npOM3BOJJ:HOe CJIOBO
32. KpoMe OTHOCMTeJibHOro MeCTOMMeHJfj{ 3{l"qff (anac) B j{3biKe XMH,n:M
npOM3BOJJ:Hbie MeCTOMMeHJfj{ He BCTPe~aiOTCj{.
Bee MeCTOMMeHJij{ B j{3biKe XMHJJ:M KOpHeBbie CJIOBa. Ho, npM nOMOID:M
HeKOTOpbiX KOpHeBbiX MeCTOMMeHMH npOM3BOJJ:jJTCjJ cymeCTBMTeJibHbie,
npMnaraTeJibHbie M Hape~Mj{. HanpMMep:
33.
34.
~3fT 3WIT
an -a ana ( cymec.)
<:16 (~) ~ ~
jJX -bl -TaHa biTaHa ( npMJI.)
<:16 (~) t'R ~
jJX -bl -.romp hi.n:xap
KpoMe MeCTOMMeHM51 -an .n:pyrne MeCTOMMeHJfj{ He o6pa3YJOT
rnaroJI
3flll (3l1l) -;:n m
aH - Ha an aHa
B j{3biKe XMHJJ:M ~acnu~a He ynoTPe6Jlj{eTCjJ Me)l(.n:y KapHeBOH
<PopMo:H: M cy<P<l>MKCaMM. TaK Me)l(.n:y KopHeBoif <PopMo:H: M
cy<P<l>MKCOM cyrn;eCTByeT TeCHO CBj{3aHHOe M npj{MOe OTHOilleHMe.
tR 3lAT ~
rxap -aHa rxapaHa
Gffir 3WIT ' GI'RII'il
JJ:OCT -aHa .n:ocTaHa
267
35. Bcrpe~aiOTC.H TaKHe CJI)"::aH B .H3hiKe XHH,n;H, Kor.n;a ,n;Ba HJIH TPH
cycpcpHKCa ynorpe6JI.HIOTC.H BMeCTe TIOCJie KOpHeBbiX CJIOB. TipH
TIOMOIIJ.H CXeMbi MO)KHO TIOKa33Tb TaK:
KOpHeBrui <iJopMa nepBhiH cy<iJ<}>HKC
268
BTOpOH cy<}><}>HKC
npOH3BO,[(Hrui <iJopMa
npOH3BO,[(Hrui <}>opMa
TipOH3BO,[(Hrui <}>opMa
1) OTrJiarOJibHOe cy<}><}>HKC Henepe. cy<}><}>HKC cym.ec. cym.ec. rnaron
~ 3lCP ~ 3R ~
,n:xap -aK .n:xapaK -aH ,n:xapaKaH
'Cih? w:n ~ 3Pf lf>'$¢1
cpap aK <}>apaK -aH <iJapaKaH
Henepe. cytfl<}>. nepe. cy<lJcp.cym.ec. cytfltfl. npHn. rnaron rnaron ~ ~ ~ qc ~~ICJc ~ ~~1Cie1 ,[(biX -a .D:biXa -BaT ,[(biXaBaT H ,[(biXaBaTH
B pyccKoM 513biKe BCTpeqaeTC5I TaKa5I )Ke CHTyaUH51.
TieperpynnHpOBKa
36. TipH npecpHKCaUHJf B 513biKe XHH,[(H COe,[(HH51eTC51 6onee "tJeM O,[(HH npe<}>HKC K Ha"tJaJIY CJIOBa H H3MeH5IeT ee 3Ha"tJeHHe O"lJeHb MHOrO. HanpHMep:
fct 3fCf 5R Cll Cj i51'< BH + aB + xap = B5IaBxap ~ 3fCf 5R 31Cl!Cii51'< aBXH+ aB+ xap = aBX5IaBaxap ffi 3IT CRUT f.ixiCI'<ol HHp+ a+ BapaH = HHpaBapaH
269
aBxH+ npa+ ali = aBxHnpali TpH H l.JeThipe npe<i.>HKCa TOJKe Moryr coe.[{HHjJThCjJ.
~ ~ 3fq~~ .zzyp + a.nxH + aB +cali = .ll.ypa,l(XjfaBcali
B 3TOM acneKTe pyccKHli jJ3hiK noKa3hiBaeT 6onhmoe pa3nHl.JHe. llpH npe<i.>HKCaQHH He 6onee O.ll.HOro npe<i.>HKCa ynoTPe6JijJeTCjJ B o6pa3oBaHHH CJIOB.
npOTHBO KOHTP TIO)].
-)].eliCTBHe
-y.ll.ap -rpynna
3 7. llpH cy<i.><i.>HKCaQHH B jJ3biKe XHH.[{H cy4>4>HKC ,ll.eJIHTCjJ B KaTeropHH «rnaroJihHoe» H «HMeHHoe». Ho 3TO Bcer)].a TaK He H.lJ.eT, noTOMY liTO B XHH,ll.H HMeiQTCjJ TaKHe cy<P<i.>HKChl, KOTOpbie yTIOTPe6JijJIQTCjJ KaK «rJiarOJihHOe» TaK H «HMeHHOe».
HanpHMep: ~ali p1'f rnarOJihHOli cycp<i.>HKC -
RJ_<"ll~ CHJiali
~ KXy,ll.ali ~ napxali
~ napxali
~ Ta,ll.BH)]. cy4>4>HKC - ~ KXy)].ali , Cf>fd;:ll~ KaTXHHali
~ ca<Pali ilg'!l~ llarypaM:
B pyccKoM jJ3hiKe HeT pa3rpaHHqeHH.H Me'1K.lJ.Y cy<i.><i.>HKCaMH KaK «rJiarOJihHOe» HJIH «HMeHHOe» O)].HH cy<P<!>HKC MOJKeT COe,ll.HHjJTbCjJ C pa3HhiMH l.JaCTjJMH pel.!H H o6pa3yeT cymecTBHTeJihHhie.
HanpHMep: rnynhili - rnyneQ 6opOThCjJ - 6opeQ TBOpHTh - TBOpeQ KOMCOMOJI - KOMCOMOJieQ
38. B jJ3hiKe XHH.lJ.H cy<!><!>HKC pe,ll.Ko coe)].HHjJeTCjJ c cy<P<!>HKCOM H TOJihKO BCTPellaeTCjJ B caHcKpHTe.
HanpHMep:
270
+ ll}IT + Ta = ll}!Ta
B pyccKOM }13hiKe TO)Ke coe.zumeHHe cyl!>qmKca c cyl!><l>HKCOM He
BCTpe-qaeTC}I.
39. IlpH cy<l><l>HKCa[(HH B }13hiKe XHH,l{H Mhl Ha6mo,naeM, qTO 3,l{eCh
CYlP<l>HKChi COe,l{HH}IIOTC}I K KOH[(y MeCTOHMeHH}I H o6pa3YJOTC}I
HMeHa cymecTBHTenhHhie.
MeCTOHMeHHe CYlPlPMKC cym.
3lN ~ 01 ~
an anaHa -TBa anaHaTBa
3lN ~ 1R 314'1141 an anaHa -naH anaHanaH
40. · IlpH CYlP<l>HKCa[(HH B }13hiKe XHH,l{H Mhi Ha6niO,naeM, qTo
CYlPlPMKChi HMeiOT O,lUIO oco6oe 3HaqeHHe, KOTOpoe }!Bll}leTC}I
O,l{HHaKOBhiM.
HanpHMep:
3lCP aK
~ naTXaK
~ neKXaK
TOT KTO qJITaeT
nHCaTenh.
TaKYJO )Ke CHTYaUHIO Mhi Ha6niO,naeM npH cy4>4>HKCa[(HH B pyccKOM }13hiKe.
HanpHMep:
-Tenh CO 3HaqeHHeM «npOH3BO,l{HTenh ,l{eMCTBH}I»
MeqTa -Tenh
HCnOnHH -Tenh
BhiKniOqa -Tenh
41. IlpH npel!>HKCa[(HH Mhl Ha6niO,naeM, qTO HeKOTOphie npel!>HKChi
npHCOe,l{HH}I}I K cnoBy, npOTHBOnOCTaBll}IIOT 3Ha"lleHHe CllOBa.
\JJ<T 4 '< I \Jill ,n)KaM napa.l{)Kaii
~ ~
,naH a,naH
XPT fcWr par BHpar
271
MaH aBXHMaH
B pyccKoM 513biKe ecTb HeKoTopbie cycpcpHKCbi, KOTOphie ynoTPe6miiDTC51
C 06IUHM 3HalJeHHeM I1pOTHBOTIOJ10)KHOCTH.
HanpHMep:
aHTH- : aHTH -BemecTBO
aHTH-MHp
I1pOTHBO- I1pOTHBO-~eHCTBHe
He- He-clJaCThe
a-He-pJKOBO~HTeJlb
a-poMaH
a-Mopanb.