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Hypnosis based interventions are being increasingly usednowadays. The induction methods range from instant tolengthy ones. This paper describes a method of rapidhypnotic induction. Hypnosis is quickly induced through themethod in a few minutes. The method is presented withdetailed instructions for induction proper and the deepeningtechniques to enable an informed practitioner to utilise the

method for accomplishing desired intervention.

Key Words: Hypnosis, Hypnotic induction, Techniques ofhypnosis, Deepening procedures for hypnosis.

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The roots of hypnosis can be traced in ancient time. The Greeks had sleeptemples where patients visited for their ailments. The priests used to put them

to sleep before giving healing suggestions.

Hypnosis as a formal phenomenon was identified by Franz Anton Mesmer(1734-1815), an Austrian physician. He is widely acknowledged as the 'Fatherof Hypnosis'. He believed that there was a quasi-magnetic fluid in the air webreathe and that the body' nerves somehow absorbed this fluid. He considereddisease to be caused via a blockage of the circulation of this magnetic fluid inthe blood and the nervous system. He formulated the theory of AnimalMagnetism. Louis XVI (1784) appointed two commissions to investigate

Mesmerism and its healing effects. Both the commissions disapproved histheory which led to decline of its popularity and practice.

James Braid (1795-1860), a Scottish surgeon working in Manchester studiedthe phenomena and provided a physiological explanation. He coined the termhypnosis in 1843 and considered it as a type of sleep.

James Easdaile (1818 - 1859), a colleague of James Braid, experimented withhypnotic anesthesia while serving the British East India Company in Calcutta,

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India. His success resulted in lowering the surgical mortality rate to less than 5percent in over 300 surgical operations.

Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), a leading neurologist and head of theneurological clinic at the Saltpetiere in Paris, used hypnosis to treat hysteria.He concluded that hypnosis was an induced seizure.

Hippolyte Bernheim (1837-1919), a professor of medicine at the University ofNancy regarded hypnosis as a special form of sleep where the subject'sattention is focused upon the suggestions made by the hypnotist. Heemphasized the psychological nature of hypnosis.

Breuer and Freud practiced age regression through hypnosis to treathysterical symptoms during 1893-1895. They formulated their theory ofunconscious determinants of symptoms. Sigmund Freud abandoned hypnosisand capitalized on free association.

For the first three decades of the 20th Century, interest in hypnosis remainedin decline, which was revived by Clark L. Hull, whose 1933 book entitledHypnosis and suggestibility: An experimental approach was instrumental inrekindling interest in the topic. This renewal of interest was short-lived. Hullwas forced to abandon the study of hypnosis and to turn his attention to

learning theory.

During World War II army psychiatrists successfully applied hypnotictechniques for treating traumatic neurosis. Serious laboratory investigationsof hypnosis began in 1950s with the development of hypnotizability scales(Hilgard, 1965).

Milton Erickson (1932-1974), a psychiatrist pioneered the art of indirectsuggestion in hypnosis. He is considered to be the father of modern hypnosis.His methods bypassed the conscious mind through the use of both verbal andnonverbal pacing techniques including metaphor, confusion, and many others.He immensely influenced the practice of contemporary hypnotherapy.

Hypnosis was officially recognized as a legitimate tool for therapeuticapplications by British Medical Association in 1955 and American MedicalAssociation in 1958. A division of the American Psychological Association(Division 30) is involved in the investigation and application of hypnosis inclinical and other areas.

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Hypnosis is a state of attentive, receptiveconcentration with a relative suspension ofperipheral awareness (Spiegel and Maldonado,1999; P. 1244). Hypnotic experience involves threemain factors absorption, dissociation andsuggestibility.

Absorption: Absorption is immersion in a central

experience at the expense of contextual orientation(Hilgard, 1970; Tellegen, 1981). An individual involvedin focal concentration tends to ignore peripheralpsychomotor activity.

Dissociation: Many routine, sensory experiences andemotional states may be dissociated. An individual mayfeel that his legs are no as much a part of his body asusual.

Suggestibility: The suggestibility is enhanced inhypnosis. An individual accepts instructions relativelyuncritically. He may even accept irrational directions.

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The term hypnosis is associated with numerous misconceptions in commonmass and lay professionals as well.

1.1.1.1. Hypnosis is a type of sleepHypnosis is a type of sleepHypnosis is a type of sleepHypnosis is a type of sleep:::: The Greek root of the termThe Greek root of the termThe Greek root of the termThe Greek root of the termhypnos means sleep. It has produced the most prevalenthypnos means sleep. It has produced the most prevalenthypnos means sleep. It has produced the most prevalenthypnos means sleep. It has produced the most prevalentmisconceptimisconceptimisconceptimisconception. An individual under hypnosis is not asleep.on. An individual under hypnosis is not asleep.on. An individual under hypnosis is not asleep.on. An individual under hypnosis is not asleep.The EEGThe EEGThe EEGThe EEG pattern of hypnotized individual reflectspattern of hypnotized individual reflectspattern of hypnotized individual reflectspattern of hypnotized individual reflects alertness.alertness.alertness.alertness.

Also one can not establish a dialogue with an individualAlso one can not establish a dialogue with an individualAlso one can not establish a dialogue with an individualAlso one can not establish a dialogue with an individualwhile asleep which is a routine under hypnosis.while asleep which is a routine under hypnosis.while asleep which is a routine under hypnosis.while asleep which is a routine under hypnosis.

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2.2.2.2. The ability to hypnotize is achieved throuThe ability to hypnotize is achieved throuThe ability to hypnotize is achieved throuThe ability to hypnotize is achieved through Sadhnagh Sadhnagh Sadhnagh Sadhna::::SomeSomeSomeSomepeople believe that a hypnotist has to practice tratak orpeople believe that a hypnotist has to practice tratak orpeople believe that a hypnotist has to practice tratak orpeople believe that a hypnotist has to practice tratak or

mantra siddhi to acquire the power to hypnotize.mantra siddhi to acquire the power to hypnotize.mantra siddhi to acquire the power to hypnotize.mantra siddhi to acquire the power to hypnotize. HypnosisHypnosisHypnosisHypnosisoccursoccursoccursoccurs naturally in everyday life while one is engrossed in anaturally in everyday life while one is engrossed in anaturally in everyday life while one is engrossed in anaturally in everyday life while one is engrossed in anovel, movie and other routine activities. In a formal cnovel, movie and other routine activities. In a formal cnovel, movie and other routine activities. In a formal cnovel, movie and other routine activities. In a formal clinicallinicallinicallinicalset up it is induced through suggestions. No set up it is induced through suggestions. No set up it is induced through suggestions. No set up it is induced through suggestions. No SadhnaSadhnaSadhnaSadhna is is is isrequired. Any person acquainted with the principles andrequired. Any person acquainted with the principles andrequired. Any person acquainted with the principles andrequired. Any person acquainted with the principles andprocedures of hypnosis can induce it through suggestions.procedures of hypnosis can induce it through suggestions.procedures of hypnosis can induce it through suggestions.procedures of hypnosis can induce it through suggestions.

3.3.3.3.A hypnotized person can be persuaded to perform anyA hypnotized person can be persuaded to perform anyA hypnotized person can be persuaded to perform anyA hypnotized person can be persuaded to perform anycriminal/immoral act:criminal/immoral act:criminal/immoral act:criminal/immoral act: TheTheTheThe depiction of hypnosis in mediadepiction of hypnosis in mediadepiction of hypnosis in mediadepiction of hypnosis in mediaand movies has created a widespread notion that anand movies has created a widespread notion that anand movies has created a widespread notion that anand movies has created a widespread notion that an

individual can be made to perform criminal or immoral actsindividual can be made to perform criminal or immoral actsindividual can be made to perform criminal or immoral actsindividual can be made to perform criminal or immoral actsthrough hypnosis.through hypnosis.through hypnosis.through hypnosis. Since the person under hypnosis remainsSince the person under hypnosis remainsSince the person under hypnosis remainsSince the person under hypnosis remainsalert through out the procedure, he can not accept anyalert through out the procedure, he can not accept anyalert through out the procedure, he can not accept anyalert through out the procedure, he can not accept anyiiiinstruction which violates his moral code.nstruction which violates his moral code.nstruction which violates his moral code.nstruction which violates his moral code.

4.4.4.4.An individual under hypnosis looses all the awareness ofAn individual under hypnosis looses all the awareness ofAn individual under hypnosis looses all the awareness ofAn individual under hypnosis looses all the awareness ofsurroundings:surroundings:surroundings:surroundings: Some persons may exit the hypnosis with aSome persons may exit the hypnosis with aSome persons may exit the hypnosis with aSome persons may exit the hypnosis with awrong feeling that nothing has happened to them since theywrong feeling that nothing has happened to them since theywrong feeling that nothing has happened to them since theywrong feeling that nothing has happened to them since theywere well aware of everything happening arwere well aware of everything happening arwere well aware of everything happening arwere well aware of everything happening around themound themound themound them....Probably they expect an experience similar to coma orProbably they expect an experience similar to coma orProbably they expect an experience similar to coma orProbably they expect an experience similar to coma orgeneralizedgeneralizedgeneralizedgeneralized anesthesiaanesthesiaanesthesiaanesthesia....

5.5.5.5.A hypnotized individual may get struck and fail to exitA hypnotized individual may get struck and fail to exitA hypnotized individual may get struck and fail to exitA hypnotized individual may get struck and fail to exit::::It isIt isIt isIt isimpossible. If an individual is left as such without formalimpossible. If an individual is left as such without formalimpossible. If an individual is left as such without formalimpossible. If an individual is left as such without formaltermination, either he shall come out of itermination, either he shall come out of itermination, either he shall come out of itermination, either he shall come out of it spontaneously ort spontaneously ort spontaneously ort spontaneously orpass into natural sleep.pass into natural sleep.pass into natural sleep.pass into natural sleep.

6.6.6.6. Hypnosis is dangerousHypnosis is dangerousHypnosis is dangerousHypnosis is dangerous: Hypnosis by itself is safe. Instead: Hypnosis by itself is safe. Instead: Hypnosis by itself is safe. Instead: Hypnosis by itself is safe. Insteadthere are some contrathere are some contrathere are some contrathere are some contra----indications of the procedure likeindications of the procedure likeindications of the procedure likeindications of the procedure likeparanoid disorder in which the patient may misinterpret theparanoid disorder in which the patient may misinterpret theparanoid disorder in which the patient may misinterpret theparanoid disorder in which the patient may misinterpret the

procedure.procedure.procedure.procedure.7.7.7.7. Only weakOnly weakOnly weakOnly weak----minded people caminded people caminded people caminded people can be hypnotizedn be hypnotizedn be hypnotizedn be hypnotized::::The experienceThe experienceThe experienceThe experience

of hypnosis dependsof hypnosis dependsof hypnosis dependsof hypnosis depends on the hypnotizability, a trait, which ison the hypnotizability, a trait, which ison the hypnotizability, a trait, which ison the hypnotizability, a trait, which isnormally distributed. Therefore, some persons are easilynormally distributed. Therefore, some persons are easilynormally distributed. Therefore, some persons are easilynormally distributed. Therefore, some persons are easilyhypnotizable and others require considerable repeatedhypnotizable and others require considerable repeatedhypnotizable and others require considerable repeatedhypnotizable and others require considerable repeatedefforts.efforts.efforts.efforts.

8.8.8.8. One can be made to reveal his secrets:One can be made to reveal his secrets:One can be made to reveal his secrets:One can be made to reveal his secrets: AsAsAsAs the individualthe individualthe individualthe individualunder hypnosis remain aware of himself and surroundingsunder hypnosis remain aware of himself and surroundingsunder hypnosis remain aware of himself and surroundingsunder hypnosis remain aware of himself and surroundings

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he can choose what to reveal and what to conceal. It neverhe can choose what to reveal and what to conceal. It neverhe can choose what to reveal and what to conceal. It neverhe can choose what to reveal and what to conceal. It neverhappens that he discloses any secret informationhappens that he discloses any secret informationhappens that he discloses any secret informationhappens that he discloses any secret information

unknowingly despite the deepest level of hypnosis.unknowingly despite the deepest level of hypnosis.unknowingly despite the deepest level of hypnosis.unknowingly despite the deepest level of hypnosis.

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Hypnotizability is a trait which varies across individuals. The peakhypnotizability is found in late childhood which graduallydecreases throughout adulthood. The assessment ofhypnotizability is a helpful starting point for the use of hypnosis intreatment (Spiegel and Spiegel, 1987). Hypnotizability is assessed

through standardized scales. For example, Stanford HypnoticSusceptibility Scales (Hilgard, 1965; Weitzenhoffer and Hilgard,1959; 1962); Hypnotic Induction Profile Spiegel and Spiegel, 1987),Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale (Hilgard and Hilgard, 1975).

Pre-hypnotic Preparation and Explanations:

This is an essential part in the whole process which followsgathering of background information and assessments. Rapport isto be established. Subjects concept of hypnosis is elicited. Themisconceptions are corrected and he is reassured. It is to be stressedthat hypnosis is a collaborative endeavor; nothing can beperformed against his will. He will remain in a state of relaxedalertness and hear the therapists voice throughout.

Hypnosis can be performed either in sitting or lying posture. Thecouch or bed should be comfortable. Pillow can be used as per thecomfort of the subject. The place need be distraction freeparticularly the sudden sources of noise like telephone ring have to

be avoided. No alarm clock should be present near the ears of thesubject. Bright light should not fall directly on the eyes. If there aremosquitoes, a repellent is a must. The subject need be explicitlyenquired about toilet needs. Hypnosis is not usually performed asa challenge to demonstrate the power of hypnotist. Have anobserver be present while hypnotizing a person of opposite gender.

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Suggestibility is one of the three main factors ofSuggestibility is one of the three main factors ofSuggestibility is one of the three main factors ofSuggestibility is one of the three main factors of hypnosis. Shypnosis. Shypnosis. Shypnosis. Simpleimpleimpleimpleclinical testclinical testclinical testclinical test of suggestibility can be run to have an approximateof suggestibility can be run to have an approximateof suggestibility can be run to have an approximateof suggestibility can be run to have an approximate

idea about the subjects capacity to experience hypnosis.idea about the subjects capacity to experience hypnosis.idea about the subjects capacity to experience hypnosis.idea about the subjects capacity to experience hypnosis.

Ask the subject to sit comfortably on the chair andAsk the subject to sit comfortably on the chair andAsk the subject to sit comfortably on the chair andAsk the subject to sit comfortably on the chair andrest his hands on the arm of the chair. Tell him torest his hands on the arm of the chair. Tell him torest his hands on the arm of the chair. Tell him torest his hands on the arm of the chair. Tell him tohold ahold ahold ahold a pen or similarpen or similarpen or similarpen or similar objectobjectobjectobject gently between indexgently between indexgently between indexgently between indexand middle finger of either hand and closeand middle finger of either hand and closeand middle finger of either hand and closeand middle finger of either hand and close hishishishis eyes.eyes.eyes.eyes.Give suggestions that his fingers are becomingGive suggestions that his fingers are becomingGive suggestions that his fingers are becomingGive suggestions that his fingers are becomingloose and light, the gap between fingers isloose and light, the gap between fingers isloose and light, the gap between fingers isloose and light, the gap between fingers iswidewidewidewidening. The gripning. The gripning. The gripning. The grip is loosening. Repeat theis loosening. Repeat theis loosening. Repeat theis loosening. Repeat thesuggestions a few timsuggestions a few timsuggestions a few timsuggestions a few times. The actual widees. The actual widees. The actual widees. The actual widening andning andning andning anddrop indicates suggestibility.drop indicates suggestibility.drop indicates suggestibility.drop indicates suggestibility.

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There are numerous methods for hypnotic induction. The interestedreader is referred to an excellent resource Advanced Techniques ofHypnosis and Therapy: Selected Papers of Milton H. Erickson byErickson (1967). The RHI incorporates components of three classes of

hypnotic induction procedures eye fixation, relaxation andconfusion. The script for RHI method is as under:

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Be calm, quiet and comfortable. Concentrate on myvoice. Whatever I say that will occur naturally and

spontaneously. You do not have to speak or node.Keep your eyes open. You may choose any pointslightly above the eye level to stare on. Mentallyinspect your body. Let all the tension and tightness inthe body be released. Allow few moments to adjustyour body. Now gently focus on your abdomen. Withinhale it rises and on exhalation it shrinks be awareof your legs both the legs are loose and light focus on your arms and hands both the arms andhands are loose and light visualize your abdomen inside and outside it is loose and light focus onyour chest it is loose and light visualize yourback relaxation is spreading in lower and upperback focus on your neck both back and frontside of neck is loose and light focus inside yourmouth everything inside mouth is loose and light focus on your face the face is loose and light your eyes are becoming very light lighter andlighter after a few moments your eyes shall shutdown automatically your forehead is loose andlight your head is loose and light. (if eyes are not

closed yet) your eyes have become extremely light I shall count five to one in reversed order at thecount of one the eyes will be closed automatically five four three two three four ONE.(In some relatively less hypnotizable subjects quickrepetition of instructions may be required).

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As the subject closes his eyes deepening instructions are given.

Now imagine that it is a night time Now imagine that it is a night time Now imagine that it is a night time Now imagine that it is a night time look at thelook at thelook at thelook at thesky innumerable stars blinking in the sky fullsky innumerable stars blinking in the sky fullsky innumerable stars blinking in the sky fullsky innumerable stars blinking in the sky fullmoon shining in the sky with passage of timemoon shining in the sky with passage of timemoon shining in the sky with passage of timemoon shining in the sky with passage of timeyour are passing deeper and deeper into sleep your are passing deeper and deeper into sleep your are passing deeper and deeper into sleep your are passing deeper and deeper into sleep (60 seconds pause)(60 seconds pause)(60 seconds pause)(60 seconds pause)....

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Now I shall count five to one whatever I say letNow I shall count five to one whatever I say letNow I shall count five to one whatever I say letNow I shall count five to one whatever I say letit happen naturally and sit happen naturally and sit happen naturally and sit happen naturally and spontaneously Five pontaneously Five pontaneously Five pontaneously Five with every breath you are going deeper and deeperwith every breath you are going deeper and deeperwith every breath you are going deeper and deeperwith every breath you are going deeper and deeperinto sleep Four your depth of sleep isinto sleep Four your depth of sleep isinto sleep Four your depth of sleep isinto sleep Four your depth of sleep isincreasing ten times Three you shall continueincreasing ten times Three you shall continueincreasing ten times Three you shall continueincreasing ten times Three you shall continueto hear my voice throughout you will come backto hear my voice throughout you will come backto hear my voice throughout you will come backto hear my voice throughout you will come backin a better than before condition when I ain a better than before condition when I ain a better than before condition when I ain a better than before condition when I ask you tosk you tosk you tosk you todo so Two in future, whenever, I count five todo so Two in future, whenever, I count five todo so Two in future, whenever, I count five todo so Two in future, whenever, I count five toone you shall instantly pass into deepest level ofone you shall instantly pass into deepest level ofone you shall instantly pass into deepest level ofone you shall instantly pass into deepest level ofsleep One with passage of time you shallsleep One with passage of time you shallsleep One with passage of time you shallsleep One with passage of time you shallcontinue to go deeper and deeper into sleep.continue to go deeper and deeper into sleep.continue to go deeper and deeper into sleep.continue to go deeper and deeper into sleep.

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There are two ways to assess the depth of hypnosis subjective andobjective:

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Ask the subject what is the depth of your sleep light, medium or deep.

Ask the subject to imagine a 12 point scale whereOne indicates very mild sleep and 12 is the deepestlevel of sleep. Let him rate the depth of his sleep onthis scale.

Objective:

Chertok (1966, P. 102) provided following objective symptoms of various

depths of hypnosis:

Depth Objective Symptoms

Light Trance

Relaxation Fluttering of lids Closing of eyes Complete physical relaxation Catalepsy of eyes Limb catalepsy Rigid catalepsy

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Anesthesia (Glove)

Medium Trance

Partial amnesia

Posthypnotic anesthesia Personality changes Simple posthypnotic suggestions Kinesthetic delusions, complete amnesia

SomnambulisticTrance

Ability to open eyes without affectingtrance

Bizarre posthypnotic suggestions Complete somnambulism Positive visual hallucinations Positive auditory hallucinations,

posthypnotic

Systematized posthypnotic amnesia Negative auditory hallucinations Negative visual hallucinations,

hyperesthesia

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Hypnosis in itself is not therapeutic. Psychotherapeutic interventionscan be performed under hypnosis. The common forms of therapeuticutilization of hypnosis involves posthypnotic suggestions, cognitiverestructuring, behavioral intervention, age regression and liferegression.

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It is necessary to formally terminate the hypnosis. The sampletermination instructions are described below:

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(c)Insomnia(d)Obesity(e)Pain disorders(f) Substance use disorders(g)Psychosomatic disorders(h)Generalized anxiety disorder and phobias

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(a)Paranoid disorder(b)Obsessive-compulsive disorder(c) Suicidal depression

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Chertok (1966) Hypnosis. London: Pergamon Press.Erickson, M.H. (1967)Advanced techniques of hypnosis and therapy:

Selected papers of Milton.Erickson Edited by Haley, J. New York: Grune & Stratton.

Hilgard, E.R. (1965) Hypnotic susceptibility. New York: Harcourt,Bruce & World.

Hilgard, J.R. (1970) Personality and hypnosis: A study of imaginativeinvolvement. Chicago, I.L., University of Chicago Press.

Spiegel, D. and Maldonado, J.R. (1999) Hypnosis. In R.E.Hales, S.C.Yudofsky and J.A. Talbott (Eds.) Textbook of Psychiatry, Vol. II.New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.

Spiegel, D. and Spiegel, H. (1987) Forensic uses of hypnosis. In I.B.Weiner and A.K.Hess (Eds.) Handbook of Forensic Psychology.New York: Wiley.

Tellegen, A. (1981) Practicing the two disciplines for relaxation andenlightenment: Comment on Role of the feedback Signal inElectromyograph Biofeedback: The Relevance of Attention by

Qualls and Sheegan. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 110,217-226.

Weitzenhoffer, A.M. and Hilgard, E.R. (1959)Stanford HypnoticSusceptibility Scale, Forms A and B. Palo Alto C.A. ConsultingPsychologists Press.

Weitzenhoffer, A.M. and Hilgard, E.R (1962) Stanford HypnoticSusceptibility Scale, Form C. Palo Alto C.A. ConsultingPsychologists Press.

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