rl- Universilal Karlsruhe (TH)Forschungsunillersital bull gegrundel 1825

illteladive SYgtf(lllfiLahoratories (ITI)

Communication Shields

Design and Prototype Implementation ofa Context-Aware Communication Service

SUlditlmriwit hyDaniel PathmltlIWfIlnlltl

I)CrulU(di t lle-mapic- t(a1IIlie

A(lvisorsDipl-Illfotm Iaria Danning(

Dr Raillel Stipfflhagl-HProf Akx Vail)]

July Hst 2007

I htle1J-(onlirm that I wrolPthi work Oil Ill own and without

fnreigu helpI used none bllt the stflkd li(erature

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Related Vork21 SdII(l~

22 Indmitrial

1 System Designt1 Caller - the scndm32 Callce - the r(((in-r33 Context1-1 Adjusting Contt-xt AWarfHf-SS

1 Interfacelti Data Sources

lt1 Implementation of ltl Prototype System11 Scenario12 )loliel Interruption SilieldstJ Shield CUI14 Sensor Simulatorbull5 Setting PrdtwJI(es N Editing COlltadsIG Overall System Arcilitckturc

S SurveyGt Ohjelttivesj2 Participallts53 Questions)4 Result-55 Discuslioll5G Conclusion

(j Furt her ResearchILl PillurI Work62 GeneralFurth Idea

1

136

7789111112

ISHi1620212221

2525

262~3012

331111

CONTEiTS

7 SUlIlmary jColldllSi(lII

I Dillli(llathmaperuma

Abstract

The world is prowing together more awl mon Gohalizatioll i-just flIWword fOithis phcnomenon This was Illade possible icthut lIot Iealt hy Ih possiJililieof lIlodern Ollllllullicatiou g 11lObiltte1ptOll-mail md instant mCBsajinjBul the more omnipresent thtse new means of (ommlmication jttIl more tht)are t)(cominp a burden ltIilISfrS an ((JIIstantly dmlltllgpd wil h (omlllllllic-atiollreqllltits 110matter if thty lin fl(t~or busy awl in w(-( of some uwbluriJPd time totOJ1((lltmlon their WOlk

This work c1iscusstthe necessity and possibility of a (ontfxt aware systcm thatfilters illcomlllinp COIllllllmicatiou reque bullbullts amI hy doing so givt the mwl somt l(litfill form of undisturhed time

Die Velt wachst immer llHhr ZllSilllllllt11 Glol)tisitlllllg i-t 11111tin Vott fiirdipses Phiinollwll Dies llnlc nkht zlIdzt d11lch die IllodtlIlen KOIllIllUllikatiolls-mittd wie mohie Ttltphoni( E-Iail llud Instant Ilesljagill)enlloglieht AIHr ItOl1l1lipltSt~lltcrdiest KOllllllllllikatiollsmiltel proell 1IIllSOllHhr Wfnell sic audl ZllrUlh--lllllPfiir ihn Btll11tz([ tli sit stifl(li~dnrch Iollllllunikationsanfraptll gdon 1([1nnftl egal olJ sit gCtUlllId)(s(llaftigt sind odeI hpgchiiftipt lllHi sich allf illll Al-hpit konzen riPl(1lmiisst]l

Die vorliegttltie Arheit rliskutien die otnl(ligkdt 1I1lt1tgtliiglichktit1Ifilltsltllltlxt-SIISitivf1l Systems das citlelwwk KOllllllllllikati(lIlSilllhagell Iilhrt llllliso d(1lI Bpllutzer etvil-iErleieillellmg in Forlll lOll ll11gl-itiilt(rZtit (rsdmlh

c(raquo)TE)TTS

ii Delni I allllllilIJI rlllllil

Chapter 1

Introduction

Flw ImlllI)IJfJl of rliulIt7l1 CUI-sisI 1101in ~f(lilly nrw alld-~I(If)j~ Iml HI Wlm9 new eyes

larct-l Irnllst

III today~ world lllotP and 1lI0rt IHopif dn have ilion and lllOlP cOllllllunicationr(jus hltlt wat mcant to hI it hhssillg llowiI(lays hils SOlllCtilllfS (yell )(COlllCiUlHOvillg Here is an example SaUl wants to ak a simple qucstion tn Boh Hrcalls hilll but Bob is not at homf lIis wif( anSHrS and tdb Salll thai lie is illtile officI So Sam calls t1l(~officI Thl[( Itt just [caches the allswerinp machinettllill) him that Boh is IIOt at his cesk al present Sam [(1Jl(lIi)(rs Bobs cdlphOlItIlumlllr and caUs there At that lime Bob is haviug il IJIfsllItation for an important(lIstOIllCL As he forgot to switch of his llIobii( phOlll it ring~ whik he b sJllakill210 hi~ u~tollHr low Sam and Boh ale both in a snit Salll Iwcall~e Ill is having ahard linl trYIng to nilch Boh and Bob IllcHUsl he P0l distnriwd in his importanttll(pting Both of tlH1ll wish thillgs W(I( (ilSI(r and mOlT intdli14tllt

Tlti i vhere the COlndo idlltl (OlW fmlll It~ Illilill goal IS to (amp( comlllll-Illeatioll l)(t((11p(oph acting VN) tlludl likt it digital seCTftary COIllHtO) i~ afralllfwork of SPIic-Sthat oflr~ every lI~e) it ]JTwlfwlllyrlIf that mlUlagtS IheirOI(rs (OIlHlllllllcatioll needs Til Ih(~ ahmP-lllflltiolll-ri fxampf all Sam want((1 10do (1- to get it piece of illfollnation frolll ilob illstpad of callillg Bohs multiplepholle 1l1l1ll1wrs he (ould hwI simply askptl his COlllledor agtlit to fint a (omf Ilitllt lime to contad Bob for the desired informat iOll awl inforlll him OIwe Boh isfne to lalk On the other hawl Bobs COlll((tor ageILt (ollirl hay known that hewas iIi a llleeting at Ihe moment of the call and Ihal it would be illappropriat( ifhis phone rang If Sams ql1lHlioH Wiliimportant and nrppnT connector could haveinformed Bob discreetly othelwise he COllie have waited until aftm Ihe lllettinp to(Ollll((t Sam alld Uob As SOOIlas Bob has lilll( 0 talk on hI phone he would have((llllutltl Sams COIlllt(trl[ agPllt hal ill tum wOII1(1hilf inf(llllH( Sam al)(lnt th(possibility to call no

Tltis is Ollt aPl-t of tht COllne(tor idti Ill H-tite this gOdl tlHe aI( llIauynb-prohlems 10 be solved mainly tilt qlHstiolls Hol dops the COilIltctor agellt

CHAITEH 1 IlTHODCCTIOl

knnw WiHtIlt II( cau iutflTupr its Wl-lr right now with it phOlH call or willtiHrif would 1)( IHttN to IISI an altlIIatie lllPiHlSof communication and -How (all

th COlllU(10liIlut(to(idl~ wl[(-1h[ a call is important (Ilough to allowe to distmiJ(htmlb

A 1Ipre has I)(cn quill SOIllEadal1lt~ ill answering tht first (lutstiun the maingoal of this work is to lind allSWlrS to tllP ft((md (l1HStiOH

Till rtlllailldet of this tiHf-I(S is organizd as follows Chapter 2 taks it brieflook al the CUlTlllt stale of [(S(ilrdl in rtlatld Helds Chaphr3 explain SOIII( con-siderations regarding th dlsign of a iystclll that could he able to make (kcissiollSJ(atpc to thl disl1lrh-o[-uot problem In (laplerl the implflllclltalioll of a proto-tp SystlllI is (xpiainfd Chapkr S discusses a surv(y relating this topic Chapt(r(j (OUdlldes th( d(wiojgtlIllPnt with SOllle ideas for futllll- itllPIOVCIII(uts FiuallvsOllie cOlldusiollS are draWll that sUlllllJarizls this work ill chapter 7

In Ihi~pliJlfT ( jidwnlllslT nld for Ilu (nUTpies is (Jlw(JY~ Ildre~w(l() as he()f (OW8(IIlls 8 not dow If) di(~fWIInlllt allyone bld dlll to Ih( flld fhat the author(I~hi1n~df lIl fhl8( Inullple bullbullIfd I1Il1mlh airesHS himself Il~ he NOHI of Ih(gllIU 1rtllllplfbullbull is 111111f(llllIalellIT~ Iulusin-ly any femule Hader ~IIlJIIld JI1f jln10 npl(ln~ (lilllIlle prmwllIls uifh fUlIlIi IJnUi UJ IUT ftmlluhile nf1ding

2 DdniellathmapflHllla

Chapter 2

Related Work

IFIIf11 (l 1li~lin[Jl11Shtd bllt ddCl-lywl(lli~1sll1ks ltlll SII1IWlhil19 1-

]J()_~~ibl I i~111mHI nUuiTly

riyhtWhrll he Matrs Ihn ~omdhiIlYI~ imlJ()~ilIJlIhe i IfTY probablylIlllllrl_

Arthur ( (lark bullbullImjir of The Futlln Hllil

TlwlI are fi(Tral approaches towards this topic bull lot of aUllitlIlic institutiollswork ill Ids field for a lOlltillle now nut ill till lml r((Hk the (Olllllll1uicatiollindustry rpcognized Iht illlportancp of this topic TIHHfOll 11(also stltn(d TO

work in this licldaturally the 140al of th~p two groUJlS an sli~hl difffHllt Wltih~ Il~s(jfutitlc

approach aims on in(flasilll the kllowkdge and Iludcrstandiu) of the topic Il(illdllstry first of all is intcrestc(l in working ollltiollS the~ can stll Tlteldole thi bulldlilptpr is did(Ie(j into related York ill ~(if1lft and the indl8fry

21 Science

Already ill HJ91 ~1 Vtis( (iPsnilwd ill [1] the iOPi of uhiquitous (OIllIHltillg IllPJ((licts the use of 1lral IllllHlnts of mino olllputcr devin~ 1)(1roOIll that Itp

iutllitivdy to operate so the IIStr all atlas stop (oH((lltrating on computer tpvin-sltIud start to care abollt the ptop]e at tlw othtl PllIls of th bullbullIIf1work Toda- li YPHSlate we arc st-ill far from nachill) liis alllbitions alltl undcniably Illost otsimble(II)jtcti 1

SatyallarayamUl states in [2] dw fom (-sselltiai l((juitlllltuts to JlIT1O-5IVC COnI-

jluling TIll first is cfcdilc U8Cof smarl Pact llltal1ill~ tilt illcnsioll of t(dlllOloOilll 0 (vt~ryday-Iifc ilwl thcreiJy cnabling inf(gtrad iw s(llsill~ ami (Olltrolling

Tlw st(und HqHirtuHllt is illlisibilify The Hilal oal is the (Olll]]tlt disap-pPtlral1(-of Itrvasivt (olll]lIltillg t(dlllOI()~r from a IlSNSS (oJ]wioUSIl(ss This

CIIAPTEH 2 HELITED II(JIlK

lPquirCIHlm alII omatically lad~ to lhe dcmand of IIullwllt bullbullt di~tll1(Jflc(

TIll third nquillIlllllt is localised scal(Jliility Satyallara1iallan stalfs Ihal tlttCllITtllt [ lin of the intlllWt (deal Ii of dislalKt) is inappropriate for Iwrvasiwcomputing as tltl 1101[as wll w his computing systelll will lw ocfwhlhIHd bydistant ill1Nad jOllS that an of little tC](-UlCfif titt density of interaction dOt lIotbtll of IIow mows lway 0[[( eXilmple for this would be the smart h()lSt~ It iHljll-tsthe lightill2 (ollliitioll II) tht llSts mood This of COlllSt is 110t IIfCeSSll-Ywhile tll(lIS(1 is lot at hUIIl( SI ill qllllyiu) his mood is Oll(~kiwI of distant iUlcwcrioH withoutn lovaJl(

The last requircllwlIl is 1IaslIIt1 urWIflI cOTulitlOlIIllq Satyanamyallall 11lj(IiVl-sthat thl ratl of ]l(IHtraliolJ of pervasive comlHlting tcchnology illtn tht infrasuuc-11][( will vary (ollsirerably As this rfslllts ill IlligI ditfprfIHes ill the smartlHss ofdilt1(nt (IIirollllHnts ilIHliL-iH (Olllpulin~ syst(111 will have to (ompfllSnll tlws(diff(ffIlC(S ill ordll to kltp thl- USI-clear of anlloyancts

Fllthp(IllOU Salyallarayanall states thai ill ordt to adlipve minillwl user (h~tu1-ban(( a ptfva ltivf COlllp1lt11 SyslllIl must Iw corfe1t-uuuTC so that it call ndjllsl itshdlitviolll to the IIt(s clInTlllt state and SUlTOll11dillgS A very important iS~HI(illthis conkxl is Ihe balance t)twI~n pmadivily alld fml~JI(n1I(Y a the uscrs Illcdsd(]Hw on his itd of Ixperilnlp on it tLk and his familiarity with his fllVirolllll(tllbull system (all (iLsily nlltlO~ 11USN Iw proactiwly initialising all kiwis of P(()(fSSfS a-Il ilS cOllfus( him hy lllaikin~ activities bfhintlllltilosilllllfallSpiUPllCY

itllllll111lt et al pre-flH an inllusling approach to Ihis plOblem In [J] tIwyllllntion lti usn J11UIHT modI III titt-ir exptriult1I1 the u~(rs hacimohiJ d(vicIswith Iimil 1(I I1llllIl)t) Illl I I ht ability to ~et unavailalJlf dal a dltOllgh a I() 1)all( Iwit h-l (JIlthlt ion The pa tilIiC modI was l1~pd 10 dllidt dlltlwr a user should be qUfriltwhat to do on a cltidw-miss 011 lilt llIolJik syslPlll Thpy altsunw that it ll~lr is lllOllikfly willing to il(((pl a dislurball(e if tilP missing file is of a higher impOilanll Astlltll is IHI s(ipntifi( t1itll availilble hy now they conj(ctllte it logarithmic Itlatiolll)(twI(1I patience ilwl iIllPOItilW( iLltt h(y claim 1hat llHlIlY other human procfsfShan~ a similar slnsitiily ((g isioll)

III [-l] COlltilZ Il al extelld the notion of (oulxt nol ollly to descrilH a stall- huta pnwfSs They ilrgue that only iI confcIt-a-p()II~~ itpJllOitdl is f1txihk lllou)h to(In)i(lll1islllatc1l(s bdwtlt1 til SylItllS 1Ilodd of iutlractioll and the userss lllfntalmodel of Ih( sysltllI

III Is] DalJhish 11 al eXilmine how ptoplf rfilCt Oil incoming mails Tllty cassitildthe iucoming ltJ~isag((ollttlIl to Ollt of the following c1asses rf(rllt~f for actionlY1PUStfor mfonnatwn (link dWIlHlI71f COllad infu dc) stutus update (for ouyowyIlmJrdtu_~A) IffJIW~ for rL IIffiny or respons( to a meeting rr(jLrst 1fmindrT 01

11(illl f1fdirty Also t he took into lticcount I he Idat ion of tlll~stllder 10 Ill( [(1ipiIIlIHlllI thl illqgturtawe of the message (to til( rffipienl as 111L 10 Ill(~ studtr) TIlt11goal was to (kfif a mo(kllilal allows 10 pUIIitt I hi Ils(Js rtmioll 10 all iucoTllinglllaii Cout nny I (J tHir Ixjgt(1al iOll-il L-Ill)1t Ill Itll~ssage ililportallcc that tiUItilthighesl inllulWe Oil I lH rqgtIY-lthaiollr of tltc llSilSbut the send( (hlltTJrtrisfl(~Ill( illllholS a [-0 lIotld that lllSSilg( rtqulstiu) inforlllation wefe sipniticiIltlY lllOH

j (hili Pal hlllaplllllllil

21 SCIElCE

likely to rtctiv( a n~pollsr and flsnll1Cthat this is because the applOpriatl actioIlOil these messages is most appalclll to the tcripknr Another interesting sid( 11011is dIP fact that messapes with social outen wen Illore likely to fctcivc a tllIHHlse

In [6] Erickson et al argue that (lIlTI1l1Ildmoiogy is (lCltltinpwalls IwtweellIISP[S The suggested approach is to make systems wwUllly lml~lllcrnf I to (nablet lw IlS10lise ttpir common social behaYiour to cOlllllluni(aft more Iffici(utly withone anotIier

Itl [7) 0011et aJ pxprpss their opinion that no maLler how oplisticatfd a (011-

llllmicltltiollor (ollahoralioll system might be distance will always ]llay all importantrole as there are to lllallYfacts illlll1lllltlll-to-hulllilll(OlllIllUnicarioIlthat (chnolopycan hardly or not at all refict

III addition) Sdllleidtr el al oJsenpd that nol ouly physical distann but ilionimportant social netJLolk (istaTcc playbulla significallt lOll on Ill( df]ci(ncy of humanto human cOllllllunication [Sl Hence they claim that human-(olllpulpl interactionas well as COllllJlltlrSllpportld (oolwrativ( work could benefit by inltrealin)fOCllS011sodal network distance as an analytical IIlCilureami desi~n tool

In their slIrveys [~] J ~1 liudsoll lI ill found rhat availability mauagflllflltcall not he just fvading all intfITuptiolls IIthpJ( is a ICllsion betwepn wantinp toloi(1 interruptions and appreciating thpir IIseflllw-s For (Jlllpitin their studyallaglrs -plndmost of their worktilllt halldlinp iUlt--lTllptionsallI ngard this partof fil(ir joh They need a (prtain control 0(1their interruptions to kl(P bullIIlStof t1l1ir plojtd- Oil Ilw 01( hallli Jut on Ihe ot lwr hand also nttd SOUletilllf ofdj(~p W7Iceutmtiou During these tilllPS it is illlportant to keep au- interruptionilWa)a-the temptation to let themsel(S1)(illtITllpt(d ill ort1tt to not dday anypotlntially important information is to strOtlfor most of thelli ThtSI tillltS of dttll(oltpntratioll arise tIlliteHglll(lry in a workday In SllllUllaryHudson ft al deIllawlsystellls to make interruptions more PUil-i(lltrathlr than dp(T(asinpthpill As theyalso f01I1(1that intprrllptiolls an handitd dittnlllly dtIHnding 011 t ht nature ofthe interruption regardless of slatl Ul tiUlI IlHYlHliEo(thill w1ally lmn~IIj(Inlsysfnns [G] arl the hlst way 10 approach this dtallpllpp

Allothn illlportalll findillg of liLtlll is that S~sttIllSthat rdy on users uprlatinptheir cIIlT(nl status mallllally are houlld lol illtffrgtltti(as IISPSof thesvstms1l(JStelll to nl1ltIllIJ(rto dlilllpp lltil availahility slall

For~arty d al (xmuined this opinion [wI and found that p(opit t(nd to ignoretIl( availability information provided hy tiUir My Firll sodal translucient ayailabilityillfonnatioll softwal( ()I)illl 1I1(SSl)((chcet(cliou location informatioll (OIH~put ilttivily ami calendar iuformatiol1 to nlEHltla lIs(rs li1ilahility) COlltrarytIllY liSP the provided informat iOIl 10dltrmilH thl ]IHMWIof a P([SOIlrat Itthan its lvllilahility HellCt til( auhors implicatf that it socially tlilllShW(lllsys-tllll is a pood approach uut far from ellollph to 1l11iattillappropriate disturbaH(~sipnificanth or prewnt thelll totally

[wi]]ytranlucelltlIleansthat the tllllllUllicatiulIdmlJlld trallslJlitslot olllytill (Ollllltufllll (OJrllllllllicatiol hut al~otllf lIIolions of lIlt lISflS

COllllllllllitaliOIlShields

CIIAITEB 2 11ELATED mlHh

22 IndustrialTI[(n~are a ltlllJgtlt of groups that arc workillg Oil the future of (mohile) (OtlllllllIli-(it tilIll TW(I (f t 11I1lliltl II( 1111(PtlPrati(JI Iutllefshil) I-ro j(f [111and the ()IH1llHI)iit- AliialU( [121 ~ Ow of tllt-ir projPcts is calfd PHSl1iU STvice aud ~I)((ili(sa SNvic( that (Ilahks th bullbullUSN 10 tiefiIH ccrtain 1ri~(rs Ihat are COIllHct(d with hiclunllt stall] Otl this hwl it is not Sll(ili( how the currcnt stalll is (1111111-11

what slates thefe are ilXall or what kind of actiolls could Ill triggtrt Tht goal ofthese wurkin groups is sirupy do specify a commotl arehitectual basis all which til(singlt IIlIll IIHtS could illlpcHl(nt t h(lr OWII soillt iom and dcj(-cs TIl( (OIllIlL()lI1JCIisgUatillLtPps til( iuteropcrahility of all solutions and devices within till specifications

Tilt fillllisil ((1Il11111Ini(atiOIltechlloloampy COllljlllllY ()kia 3 tlevelope(1 a t(rhll()-ogy call1d oklll IlflU( ll~]rhat S((IlIS to be based 011 the PnSIUII SITitf

dpfiwld hv th( ~GrrIt fOllsists of th(nMlIcC SC11fT awl tltt PIICbullbulltlI-H ClluilSojtwan ami allows IIS( 10 (XdJaIl~l llachability ilLfol111atiotl A lIspr cansd iJisnachahilit~ stilt liS (husy away hOI(d plpI( call) IIwill as his prefPlT(d mod( of(Ollltllllllkat iolt (voice call 5-15) alolLg wit h some personal notes A st alll (han~((ltIlll)p tri~JI((1eidwr manually h~the uspr or automatically hy a calendar (entThis information is so[dOil thp Nokia Ptlgtencp Serv(1 wh(le other users can querythetH P[(S(Il(l oll([sa )roup based privacy COIIC(pt that allows the lisen to d(cidllto (an get what kiwi of information abOIlt thetIJ

okia lists 00(1 m (Ill-ploll( lIloti(ls that alrfady support PnSEllle TIl( Pres-(u(( (hllt softwaH Is imlilable for download 011 thp okia website awl it is saidthat it also works with pholHS HllIlufadm((1 hy otiter companies Although it (oltl-Itllllli(at via GPRS EDGE 01 VCD~dA it d(pfnds Oll SOUit pfovidll d(IWlldiH)lletwOlk s(IVins (1lI11illtv til( prls(IW( server) which aI( CUHfIlly not slIpport(d by1m ((nnall Ill work provider cOlllpany

~pll notl 1111IllS( Iw() IVOllPSHI owr1appillg llwmlHfl of till lC 11 af lOriIll also llIllIbPIS

of till UPl1 IllOhilt Alliancl awl yil Tfla okia i~pussihly and prohahly 1101 111lt only company that alnady 11m products that iltlptllPll1

lIw lnMII1 ledmlogy UIll it SIltlJ~to I tlll only plOmpanythat mfltimu it ill its uwniSlllPutcampaIgns This ibullbullwhy this pumpany IlL CliogtI11to h au laquoImpp liNP

(j

Chapter 3

System Design

1111mo1 pmfo1Hul trchlloloqtfsJn~Ow lwl riisfJppfIlt TheyINfl1f IhfmMI1f~ info Ow fabricof ftIJdu life ufltilhey (11(ill-dislinJ1lishabir ftnm it

~Iark pirrhf ((J1Illll(fT 1m the JIst

(enmy 1191

Givell all dl(~ ah()n~ mentioned it SfflIlS wise to ollect all expectations towardsil smart comllllluicatioll systf1l1 hdon startiug 10 Illiign it As it (Ollllllllilkatiollsystllll coIltlcds (at ieait) Iwo people tlpn an also at lealt1two inlfrfst to beatleudet to (rlm8t~ TWit- flu the fl1Tn8 (allN fwd (alllt thaI IlIT derivnl fTllmtlH Ififpwne context will be (((1for the imliator and tht rnfiV(T of any form ofCOUl1flll1tuatirm telephone (lswdl rl~mllil or in~t(Jnt mexs(Jyiufj)

31 Caller - the scnder

The first fadiotl j- the caller side The (alllI lim a clrtaill motivation to initiatcthc (Omlllllllicatioll These motivations call IH classified into three majOl groupsVhilc till first two of them me examplc1ifor as bullbullndIHlllous communi(ation as tiltpattuefs do not hat~ fo int(fflet ill realtimE the third OIl( ohviousl bullbullis an exampleflll sYllchollOllS c(lIlimullicfltioll

The first is the impartation of illfollnatinn which meilns lim the cail(( mainlywant to inform the callce ahout somdhillg This illfoJllation is fixld and call )(d(liwr(d without lUibullbullinvolvement of tilE mIle Ipical fxflmplts of impartinginformation would be mcssa~es like -Im out of ollicc Tak XY is done or TIlllllClting was rescheduled to 1500h

Thc s((ond b the reqlHit of illforlllatioll As like 11til illl)lartatioll of infor-mation the r(qllest can he ddivcred without fln invok(llellt of the caile Typicalexamplegt of requestinp informatioll would hI m(ssages like Vhat is tlH~ status of

7

CHAPTER l SYSTE~I DESIr

plOjtlt X t 11(11bull( spud Ille the tlOClltlltllt(olltaining X yZ or Vha t is t Ittl1Hll~of the Il( sE(Tltary again

1111 tllinl is tht Ilsin t(l illttwet witll the callee Ihis llIay Ill to (is(lISsOllllthing with till calfP or simply to han a nin COIl(lsltlliOlI

It is OJViOllS that ill tIl( first two elL thl actions could Ill handled b- it

(()lllIllUieatioll Syst(lll without tile cali(( having to wait for tile iw(omplishllltllt (g(ht call(1could nrdPI tht systf1II 10 inform till call1(~about it certain Illattfr andtll(ll forg( about it TIll systt1ll would rlwll try () reach tIH (allt~~ until he 01sh has til( lillI( 10 allswer the call Tht SillJl(~could be dOIlP with an informatiollrequest TIH eallt1 would simply onl() the systf1ll to Cpt the dOClIll(lltcontainingXYZ frolll n~tr AI3C illltlltport Il-lckto me nll(( YOIlhave it Kow tilt syst(m can(Olltact the user ABC Itll him about tht t(osilpddocnment and n~port back to tht((tlltr onc( till docllIwnl b availahle In thp llwantillw till caller onld rare ahonl()11lt1problems

Ulllikl the nrst IWo (ilS(S whitli (~all I)halHlled aynchtollou~ly the tbird (I1

[(qnins both partiES (caller and calEe) to he ivaili1blt at the same time hilt adind sy1tlU snpport is hardly pnssible in this n1-(ta sySICIll could still support11llIlPIS (p by finding I poiut in tilll( wlln hoth are availabk and scht(lule the(til then

III gt-HPralit can 1)(~aid that ~YllchrollOl~tomlllnuication is trouhIESOllit-for the(dler as he dIlls uot hae any informatioll about the calkts situation

32 Callee - the receIver

A calkC on the ot Illr Imutl hai tiitffr(ut t(tuinlUtlllS towards it COIllIllIIllintI iOIlsys-t(IlI Iii wallts to Ill available fOi incoming calls tn pet int(rtsIiHg andor import alitinformatioll and news Still whilE lit is husy 1)(dots lint want to he dbtmHd awtll 11 while Iwinl in all situation when a call would be inaproprintt Eg a ~t()ckhrokl1 ha to ht illlolllled about any important event cOIIttwing his inVlstIlHlItSIf hE is lOtrtachablp atltis dt~k plOllt he would wall I the system to kllow that illthis ca~( Iw is 1l(J~tliktly available on his lllOJiltphouC Still it is highly arguableif this infollUatioll should COIl( to hilU whih he is attcJl(ling tiivim service Allltlnalogll( situation can be ronstm(td for the projpct lllallagPL ~hile an~ dtiaYtdillfOllUatiOll fiow could Itad to il tklay of til( whok project the lllauagll lIlight sill1101want to 1)(distllrlHd while in all important lllilestolll-meeting with I flIstonHrEpn if hp is jllit workiu)for himsplf all ulllflatft1 distmIJaufc might break hisCOlJ(tutratiOll 0 ht would want to jt~dislmlHt1 only by rdtvall1 illformation

hile most of t11falnn-s IlH_ntioIlPdahovc call 1)(gtachieHti with t()(lays (0111111011ttchnulopy this would j(qllill a lot of manual sysltm lllaiIlUIll(( by lilt IISN tgprogramming tltp Wilting of calls and ((mpilelillg to switch t hl llIohik oflat t htIw)iulligof it Ill((-tillg and on agnill af(l that Illeeting It is highly dtsirablf for a(OlllllHlIlicatioll syskm to )lJ8f kllow wit(1l a USN is availahh for distlllbaIH(S awlwhich calls arp ]PhV1UlIto hitl]lTtllt task

Ihllit PatlllnalltllllUt

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

I htle1J-(onlirm that I wrolPthi work Oil Ill own and without

fnreigu helpI used none bllt the stflkd li(erature

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Related Vork21 SdII(l~

22 Indmitrial

1 System Designt1 Caller - the scndm32 Callce - the r(((in-r33 Context1-1 Adjusting Contt-xt AWarfHf-SS

1 Interfacelti Data Sources

lt1 Implementation of ltl Prototype System11 Scenario12 )loliel Interruption SilieldstJ Shield CUI14 Sensor Simulatorbull5 Setting PrdtwJI(es N Editing COlltadsIG Overall System Arcilitckturc

S SurveyGt Ohjelttivesj2 Participallts53 Questions)4 Result-55 Discuslioll5G Conclusion

(j Furt her ResearchILl PillurI Work62 GeneralFurth Idea

1

136

7789111112

ISHi1620212221

2525

262~3012

331111

CONTEiTS

7 SUlIlmary jColldllSi(lII

I Dillli(llathmaperuma

Abstract

The world is prowing together more awl mon Gohalizatioll i-just flIWword fOithis phcnomenon This was Illade possible icthut lIot Iealt hy Ih possiJililieof lIlodern Ollllllullicatiou g 11lObiltte1ptOll-mail md instant mCBsajinjBul the more omnipresent thtse new means of (ommlmication jttIl more tht)are t)(cominp a burden ltIilISfrS an ((JIIstantly dmlltllgpd wil h (omlllllllic-atiollreqllltits 110matter if thty lin fl(t~or busy awl in w(-( of some uwbluriJPd time totOJ1((lltmlon their WOlk

This work c1iscusstthe necessity and possibility of a (ontfxt aware systcm thatfilters illcomlllinp COIllllllmicatiou reque bullbullts amI hy doing so givt the mwl somt l(litfill form of undisturhed time

Die Velt wachst immer llHhr ZllSilllllllt11 Glol)tisitlllllg i-t 11111tin Vott fiirdipses Phiinollwll Dies llnlc nkht zlIdzt d11lch die IllodtlIlen KOIllIllUllikatiolls-mittd wie mohie Ttltphoni( E-Iail llud Instant Ilesljagill)enlloglieht AIHr ItOl1l1lipltSt~lltcrdiest KOllllllllllikatiollsmiltel proell 1IIllSOllHhr Wfnell sic audl ZllrUlh--lllllPfiir ihn Btll11tz([ tli sit stifl(li~dnrch Iollllllunikationsanfraptll gdon 1([1nnftl egal olJ sit gCtUlllId)(s(llaftigt sind odeI hpgchiiftipt lllHi sich allf illll Al-hpit konzen riPl(1lmiisst]l

Die vorliegttltie Arheit rliskutien die otnl(ligkdt 1I1lt1tgtliiglichktit1Ifilltsltllltlxt-SIISitivf1l Systems das citlelwwk KOllllllllllikati(lIlSilllhagell Iilhrt llllliso d(1lI Bpllutzer etvil-iErleieillellmg in Forlll lOll ll11gl-itiilt(rZtit (rsdmlh

c(raquo)TE)TTS

ii Delni I allllllilIJI rlllllil

Chapter 1

Introduction

Flw ImlllI)IJfJl of rliulIt7l1 CUI-sisI 1101in ~f(lilly nrw alld-~I(If)j~ Iml HI Wlm9 new eyes

larct-l Irnllst

III today~ world lllotP and 1lI0rt IHopif dn have ilion and lllOlP cOllllllunicationr(jus hltlt wat mcant to hI it hhssillg llowiI(lays hils SOlllCtilllfS (yell )(COlllCiUlHOvillg Here is an example SaUl wants to ak a simple qucstion tn Boh Hrcalls hilll but Bob is not at homf lIis wif( anSHrS and tdb Salll thai lie is illtile officI So Sam calls t1l(~officI Thl[( Itt just [caches the allswerinp machinettllill) him that Boh is IIOt at his cesk al present Sam [(1Jl(lIi)(rs Bobs cdlphOlItIlumlllr and caUs there At that lime Bob is haviug il IJIfsllItation for an important(lIstOIllCL As he forgot to switch of his llIobii( phOlll it ring~ whik he b sJllakill210 hi~ u~tollHr low Sam and Boh ale both in a snit Salll Iwcall~e Ill is having ahard linl trYIng to nilch Boh and Bob IllcHUsl he P0l distnriwd in his importanttll(pting Both of tlH1ll wish thillgs W(I( (ilSI(r and mOlT intdli14tllt

Tlti i vhere the COlndo idlltl (OlW fmlll It~ Illilill goal IS to (amp( comlllll-Illeatioll l)(t((11p(oph acting VN) tlludl likt it digital seCTftary COIllHtO) i~ afralllfwork of SPIic-Sthat oflr~ every lI~e) it ]JTwlfwlllyrlIf that mlUlagtS IheirOI(rs (OIlHlllllllcatioll needs Til Ih(~ ahmP-lllflltiolll-ri fxampf all Sam want((1 10do (1- to get it piece of illfollnation frolll ilob illstpad of callillg Bohs multiplepholle 1l1l1ll1wrs he (ould hwI simply askptl his COlllledor agtlit to fint a (omf Ilitllt lime to contad Bob for the desired informat iOll awl inforlll him OIwe Boh isfne to lalk On the other hawl Bobs COlll((tor ageILt (ollirl hay known that hewas iIi a llleeting at Ihe moment of the call and Ihal it would be illappropriat( ifhis phone rang If Sams ql1lHlioH Wiliimportant and nrppnT connector could haveinformed Bob discreetly othelwise he COllie have waited until aftm Ihe lllettinp to(Ollll((t Sam alld Uob As SOOIlas Bob has lilll( 0 talk on hI phone he would have((llllutltl Sams COIlllt(trl[ agPllt hal ill tum wOII1(1hilf inf(llllH( Sam al)(lnt th(possibility to call no

Tltis is Ollt aPl-t of tht COllne(tor idti Ill H-tite this gOdl tlHe aI( llIauynb-prohlems 10 be solved mainly tilt qlHstiolls Hol dops the COilIltctor agellt

CHAITEH 1 IlTHODCCTIOl

knnw WiHtIlt II( cau iutflTupr its Wl-lr right now with it phOlH call or willtiHrif would 1)( IHttN to IISI an altlIIatie lllPiHlSof communication and -How (all

th COlllU(10liIlut(to(idl~ wl[(-1h[ a call is important (Ilough to allowe to distmiJ(htmlb

A 1Ipre has I)(cn quill SOIllEadal1lt~ ill answering tht first (lutstiun the maingoal of this work is to lind allSWlrS to tllP ft((md (l1HStiOH

Till rtlllailldet of this tiHf-I(S is organizd as follows Chapter 2 taks it brieflook al the CUlTlllt stale of [(S(ilrdl in rtlatld Helds Chaphr3 explain SOIII( con-siderations regarding th dlsign of a iystclll that could he able to make (kcissiollSJ(atpc to thl disl1lrh-o[-uot problem In (laplerl the implflllclltalioll of a proto-tp SystlllI is (xpiainfd Chapkr S discusses a surv(y relating this topic Chapt(r(j (OUdlldes th( d(wiojgtlIllPnt with SOllle ideas for futllll- itllPIOVCIII(uts FiuallvsOllie cOlldusiollS are draWll that sUlllllJarizls this work ill chapter 7

In Ihi~pliJlfT ( jidwnlllslT nld for Ilu (nUTpies is (Jlw(JY~ Ildre~w(l() as he()f (OW8(IIlls 8 not dow If) di(~fWIInlllt allyone bld dlll to Ih( flld fhat the author(I~hi1n~df lIl fhl8( Inullple bullbullIfd I1Il1mlh airesHS himself Il~ he NOHI of Ih(gllIU 1rtllllplfbullbull is 111111f(llllIalellIT~ Iulusin-ly any femule Hader ~IIlJIIld JI1f jln10 npl(ln~ (lilllIlle prmwllIls uifh fUlIlIi IJnUi UJ IUT ftmlluhile nf1ding

2 DdniellathmapflHllla

Chapter 2

Related Work

IFIIf11 (l 1li~lin[Jl11Shtd bllt ddCl-lywl(lli~1sll1ks ltlll SII1IWlhil19 1-

]J()_~~ibl I i~111mHI nUuiTly

riyhtWhrll he Matrs Ihn ~omdhiIlYI~ imlJ()~ilIJlIhe i IfTY probablylIlllllrl_

Arthur ( (lark bullbullImjir of The Futlln Hllil

TlwlI are fi(Tral approaches towards this topic bull lot of aUllitlIlic institutiollswork ill Ids field for a lOlltillle now nut ill till lml r((Hk the (Olllllll1uicatiollindustry rpcognized Iht illlportancp of this topic TIHHfOll 11(also stltn(d TO

work in this licldaturally the 140al of th~p two groUJlS an sli~hl difffHllt Wltih~ Il~s(jfutitlc

approach aims on in(flasilll the kllowkdge and Iludcrstandiu) of the topic Il(illdllstry first of all is intcrestc(l in working ollltiollS the~ can stll Tlteldole thi bulldlilptpr is did(Ie(j into related York ill ~(if1lft and the indl8fry

21 Science

Already ill HJ91 ~1 Vtis( (iPsnilwd ill [1] the iOPi of uhiquitous (OIllIHltillg IllPJ((licts the use of 1lral IllllHlnts of mino olllputcr devin~ 1)(1roOIll that Itp

iutllitivdy to operate so the IIStr all atlas stop (oH((lltrating on computer tpvin-sltIud start to care abollt the ptop]e at tlw othtl PllIls of th bullbullIIf1work Toda- li YPHSlate we arc st-ill far from nachill) liis alllbitions alltl undcniably Illost otsimble(II)jtcti 1

SatyallarayamUl states in [2] dw fom (-sselltiai l((juitlllltuts to JlIT1O-5IVC COnI-

jluling TIll first is cfcdilc U8Cof smarl Pact llltal1ill~ tilt illcnsioll of t(dlllOloOilll 0 (vt~ryday-Iifc ilwl thcreiJy cnabling inf(gtrad iw s(llsill~ ami (Olltrolling

Tlw st(und HqHirtuHllt is illlisibilify The Hilal oal is the (Olll]]tlt disap-pPtlral1(-of Itrvasivt (olll]lIltillg t(dlllOI()~r from a IlSNSS (oJ]wioUSIl(ss This

CIIAPTEH 2 HELITED II(JIlK

lPquirCIHlm alII omatically lad~ to lhe dcmand of IIullwllt bullbullt di~tll1(Jflc(

TIll third nquillIlllllt is localised scal(Jliility Satyallara1iallan stalfs Ihal tlttCllITtllt [ lin of the intlllWt (deal Ii of dislalKt) is inappropriate for Iwrvasiwcomputing as tltl 1101[as wll w his computing systelll will lw ocfwhlhIHd bydistant ill1Nad jOllS that an of little tC](-UlCfif titt density of interaction dOt lIotbtll of IIow mows lway 0[[( eXilmple for this would be the smart h()lSt~ It iHljll-tsthe lightill2 (ollliitioll II) tht llSts mood This of COlllSt is 110t IIfCeSSll-Ywhile tll(lIS(1 is lot at hUIIl( SI ill qllllyiu) his mood is Oll(~kiwI of distant iUlcwcrioH withoutn lovaJl(

The last requircllwlIl is 1IaslIIt1 urWIflI cOTulitlOlIIllq Satyanamyallall 11lj(IiVl-sthat thl ratl of ]l(IHtraliolJ of pervasive comlHlting tcchnology illtn tht infrasuuc-11][( will vary (ollsirerably As this rfslllts ill IlligI ditfprfIHes ill the smartlHss ofdilt1(nt (IIirollllHnts ilIHliL-iH (Olllpulin~ syst(111 will have to (ompfllSnll tlws(diff(ffIlC(S ill ordll to kltp thl- USI-clear of anlloyancts

Fllthp(IllOU Salyallarayanall states thai ill ordt to adlipve minillwl user (h~tu1-ban(( a ptfva ltivf COlllp1lt11 SyslllIl must Iw corfe1t-uuuTC so that it call ndjllsl itshdlitviolll to the IIt(s clInTlllt state and SUlTOll11dillgS A very important iS~HI(illthis conkxl is Ihe balance t)twI~n pmadivily alld fml~JI(n1I(Y a the uscrs Illcdsd(]Hw on his itd of Ixperilnlp on it tLk and his familiarity with his fllVirolllll(tllbull system (all (iLsily nlltlO~ 11USN Iw proactiwly initialising all kiwis of P(()(fSSfS a-Il ilS cOllfus( him hy lllaikin~ activities bfhintlllltilosilllllfallSpiUPllCY

itllllll111lt et al pre-flH an inllusling approach to Ihis plOblem In [J] tIwyllllntion lti usn J11UIHT modI III titt-ir exptriult1I1 the u~(rs hacimohiJ d(vicIswith Iimil 1(I I1llllIl)t) Illl I I ht ability to ~et unavailalJlf dal a dltOllgh a I() 1)all( Iwit h-l (JIlthlt ion The pa tilIiC modI was l1~pd 10 dllidt dlltlwr a user should be qUfriltwhat to do on a cltidw-miss 011 lilt llIolJik syslPlll Thpy altsunw that it ll~lr is lllOllikfly willing to il(((pl a dislurball(e if tilP missing file is of a higher impOilanll Astlltll is IHI s(ipntifi( t1itll availilble hy now they conj(ctllte it logarithmic Itlatiolll)(twI(1I patience ilwl iIllPOItilW( iLltt h(y claim 1hat llHlIlY other human procfsfShan~ a similar slnsitiily ((g isioll)

III [-l] COlltilZ Il al extelld the notion of (oulxt nol ollly to descrilH a stall- huta pnwfSs They ilrgue that only iI confcIt-a-p()II~~ itpJllOitdl is f1txihk lllou)h to(In)i(lll1islllatc1l(s bdwtlt1 til SylItllS 1Ilodd of iutlractioll and the userss lllfntalmodel of Ih( sysltllI

III Is] DalJhish 11 al eXilmine how ptoplf rfilCt Oil incoming mails Tllty cassitildthe iucoming ltJ~isag((ollttlIl to Ollt of the following c1asses rf(rllt~f for actionlY1PUStfor mfonnatwn (link dWIlHlI71f COllad infu dc) stutus update (for ouyowyIlmJrdtu_~A) IffJIW~ for rL IIffiny or respons( to a meeting rr(jLrst 1fmindrT 01

11(illl f1fdirty Also t he took into lticcount I he Idat ion of tlll~stllder 10 Ill( [(1ipiIIlIHlllI thl illqgturtawe of the message (to til( rffipienl as 111L 10 Ill(~ studtr) TIlt11goal was to (kfif a mo(kllilal allows 10 pUIIitt I hi Ils(Js rtmioll 10 all iucoTllinglllaii Cout nny I (J tHir Ixjgt(1al iOll-il L-Ill)1t Ill Itll~ssage ililportallcc that tiUItilthighesl inllulWe Oil I lH rqgtIY-lthaiollr of tltc llSilSbut the send( (hlltTJrtrisfl(~Ill( illllholS a [-0 lIotld that lllSSilg( rtqulstiu) inforlllation wefe sipniticiIltlY lllOH

j (hili Pal hlllaplllllllil

21 SCIElCE

likely to rtctiv( a n~pollsr and flsnll1Cthat this is because the applOpriatl actioIlOil these messages is most appalclll to the tcripknr Another interesting sid( 11011is dIP fact that messapes with social outen wen Illore likely to fctcivc a tllIHHlse

In [6] Erickson et al argue that (lIlTI1l1Ildmoiogy is (lCltltinpwalls IwtweellIISP[S The suggested approach is to make systems wwUllly lml~lllcrnf I to (nablet lw IlS10lise ttpir common social behaYiour to cOlllllluni(aft more Iffici(utly withone anotIier

Itl [7) 0011et aJ pxprpss their opinion that no maLler how oplisticatfd a (011-

llllmicltltiollor (ollahoralioll system might be distance will always ]llay all importantrole as there are to lllallYfacts illlll1lllltlll-to-hulllilll(OlllIllUnicarioIlthat (chnolopycan hardly or not at all refict

III addition) Sdllleidtr el al oJsenpd that nol ouly physical distann but ilionimportant social netJLolk (istaTcc playbulla significallt lOll on Ill( df]ci(ncy of humanto human cOllllllunication [Sl Hence they claim that human-(olllpulpl interactionas well as COllllJlltlrSllpportld (oolwrativ( work could benefit by inltrealin)fOCllS011sodal network distance as an analytical IIlCilureami desi~n tool

In their slIrveys [~] J ~1 liudsoll lI ill found rhat availability mauagflllflltcall not he just fvading all intfITuptiolls IIthpJ( is a ICllsion betwepn wantinp toloi(1 interruptions and appreciating thpir IIseflllw-s For (Jlllpitin their studyallaglrs -plndmost of their worktilllt halldlinp iUlt--lTllptionsallI ngard this partof fil(ir joh They need a (prtain control 0(1their interruptions to kl(P bullIIlStof t1l1ir plojtd- Oil Ilw 01( hallli Jut on Ihe ot lwr hand also nttd SOUletilllf ofdj(~p W7Iceutmtiou During these tilllPS it is illlportant to keep au- interruptionilWa)a-the temptation to let themsel(S1)(illtITllpt(d ill ort1tt to not dday anypotlntially important information is to strOtlfor most of thelli ThtSI tillltS of dttll(oltpntratioll arise tIlliteHglll(lry in a workday In SllllUllaryHudson ft al deIllawlsystellls to make interruptions more PUil-i(lltrathlr than dp(T(asinpthpill As theyalso f01I1(1that intprrllptiolls an handitd dittnlllly dtIHnding 011 t ht nature ofthe interruption regardless of slatl Ul tiUlI IlHYlHliEo(thill w1ally lmn~IIj(Inlsysfnns [G] arl the hlst way 10 approach this dtallpllpp

Allothn illlportalll findillg of liLtlll is that S~sttIllSthat rdy on users uprlatinptheir cIIlT(nl status mallllally are houlld lol illtffrgtltti(as IISPSof thesvstms1l(JStelll to nl1ltIllIJ(rto dlilllpp lltil availahility slall

For~arty d al (xmuined this opinion [wI and found that p(opit t(nd to ignoretIl( availability information provided hy tiUir My Firll sodal translucient ayailabilityillfonnatioll softwal( ()I)illl 1I1(SSl)((chcet(cliou location informatioll (OIH~put ilttivily ami calendar iuformatiol1 to nlEHltla lIs(rs li1ilahility) COlltrarytIllY liSP the provided informat iOIl 10dltrmilH thl ]IHMWIof a P([SOIlrat Itthan its lvllilahility HellCt til( auhors implicatf that it socially tlilllShW(lllsys-tllll is a pood approach uut far from ellollph to 1l11iattillappropriate disturbaH(~sipnificanth or prewnt thelll totally

[wi]]ytranlucelltlIleansthat the tllllllUllicatiulIdmlJlld trallslJlitslot olllytill (Ollllltufllll (OJrllllllllicatiol hut al~otllf lIIolions of lIlt lISflS

COllllllllllitaliOIlShields

CIIAITEB 2 11ELATED mlHh

22 IndustrialTI[(n~are a ltlllJgtlt of groups that arc workillg Oil the future of (mohile) (OtlllllllIli-(it tilIll TW(I (f t 11I1lliltl II( 1111(PtlPrati(JI Iutllefshil) I-ro j(f [111and the ()IH1llHI)iit- AliialU( [121 ~ Ow of tllt-ir projPcts is calfd PHSl1iU STvice aud ~I)((ili(sa SNvic( that (Ilahks th bullbullUSN 10 tiefiIH ccrtain 1ri~(rs Ihat are COIllHct(d with hiclunllt stall] Otl this hwl it is not Sll(ili( how the currcnt stalll is (1111111-11

what slates thefe are ilXall or what kind of actiolls could Ill triggtrt Tht goal ofthese wurkin groups is sirupy do specify a commotl arehitectual basis all which til(singlt IIlIll IIHtS could illlpcHl(nt t h(lr OWII soillt iom and dcj(-cs TIl( (OIllIlL()lI1JCIisgUatillLtPps til( iuteropcrahility of all solutions and devices within till specifications

Tilt fillllisil ((1Il11111Ini(atiOIltechlloloampy COllljlllllY ()kia 3 tlevelope(1 a t(rhll()-ogy call1d oklll IlflU( ll~]rhat S((IlIS to be based 011 the PnSIUII SITitf

dpfiwld hv th( ~GrrIt fOllsists of th(nMlIcC SC11fT awl tltt PIICbullbulltlI-H ClluilSojtwan ami allows IIS( 10 (XdJaIl~l llachability ilLfol111atiotl A lIspr cansd iJisnachahilit~ stilt liS (husy away hOI(d plpI( call) IIwill as his prefPlT(d mod( of(Ollltllllllkat iolt (voice call 5-15) alolLg wit h some personal notes A st alll (han~((ltIlll)p tri~JI((1eidwr manually h~the uspr or automatically hy a calendar (entThis information is so[dOil thp Nokia Ptlgtencp Serv(1 wh(le other users can querythetH P[(S(Il(l oll([sa )roup based privacy COIIC(pt that allows the lisen to d(cidllto (an get what kiwi of information abOIlt thetIJ

okia lists 00(1 m (Ill-ploll( lIloti(ls that alrfady support PnSEllle TIl( Pres-(u(( (hllt softwaH Is imlilable for download 011 thp okia website awl it is saidthat it also works with pholHS HllIlufadm((1 hy otiter companies Although it (oltl-Itllllli(at via GPRS EDGE 01 VCD~dA it d(pfnds Oll SOUit pfovidll d(IWlldiH)lletwOlk s(IVins (1lI11illtv til( prls(IW( server) which aI( CUHfIlly not slIpport(d by1m ((nnall Ill work provider cOlllpany

~pll notl 1111IllS( Iw() IVOllPSHI owr1appillg llwmlHfl of till lC 11 af lOriIll also llIllIbPIS

of till UPl1 IllOhilt Alliancl awl yil Tfla okia i~pussihly and prohahly 1101 111lt only company that alnady 11m products that iltlptllPll1

lIw lnMII1 ledmlogy UIll it SIltlJ~to I tlll only plOmpanythat mfltimu it ill its uwniSlllPutcampaIgns This ibullbullwhy this pumpany IlL CliogtI11to h au laquoImpp liNP

(j

Chapter 3

System Design

1111mo1 pmfo1Hul trchlloloqtfsJn~Ow lwl riisfJppfIlt TheyINfl1f IhfmMI1f~ info Ow fabricof ftIJdu life ufltilhey (11(ill-dislinJ1lishabir ftnm it

~Iark pirrhf ((J1Illll(fT 1m the JIst

(enmy 1191

Givell all dl(~ ah()n~ mentioned it SfflIlS wise to ollect all expectations towardsil smart comllllluicatioll systf1l1 hdon startiug 10 Illiign it As it (Ollllllllilkatiollsystllll coIltlcds (at ieait) Iwo people tlpn an also at lealt1two inlfrfst to beatleudet to (rlm8t~ TWit- flu the fl1Tn8 (allN fwd (alllt thaI IlIT derivnl fTllmtlH Ififpwne context will be (((1for the imliator and tht rnfiV(T of any form ofCOUl1flll1tuatirm telephone (lswdl rl~mllil or in~t(Jnt mexs(Jyiufj)

31 Caller - the scnder

The first fadiotl j- the caller side The (alllI lim a clrtaill motivation to initiatcthc (Omlllllllicatioll These motivations call IH classified into three majOl groupsVhilc till first two of them me examplc1ifor as bullbullndIHlllous communi(ation as tiltpattuefs do not hat~ fo int(fflet ill realtimE the third OIl( ohviousl bullbullis an exampleflll sYllchollOllS c(lIlimullicfltioll

The first is the impartation of illfollnatinn which meilns lim the cail(( mainlywant to inform the callce ahout somdhillg This illfoJllation is fixld and call )(d(liwr(d without lUibullbullinvolvement of tilE mIle Ipical fxflmplts of impartinginformation would be mcssa~es like -Im out of ollicc Tak XY is done or TIlllllClting was rescheduled to 1500h

Thc s((ond b the reqlHit of illforlllatioll As like 11til illl)lartatioll of infor-mation the r(qllest can he ddivcred without fln invok(llellt of the caile Typicalexamplegt of requestinp informatioll would hI m(ssages like Vhat is tlH~ status of

7

CHAPTER l SYSTE~I DESIr

plOjtlt X t 11(11bull( spud Ille the tlOClltlltllt(olltaining X yZ or Vha t is t Ittl1Hll~of the Il( sE(Tltary again

1111 tllinl is tht Ilsin t(l illttwet witll the callee Ihis llIay Ill to (is(lISsOllllthing with till calfP or simply to han a nin COIl(lsltlliOlI

It is OJViOllS that ill tIl( first two elL thl actions could Ill handled b- it

(()lllIllUieatioll Syst(lll without tile cali(( having to wait for tile iw(omplishllltllt (g(ht call(1could nrdPI tht systf1II 10 inform till call1(~about it certain Illattfr andtll(ll forg( about it TIll systt1ll would rlwll try () reach tIH (allt~~ until he 01sh has til( lillI( 10 allswer the call Tht SillJl(~could be dOIlP with an informatiollrequest TIH eallt1 would simply onl() the systf1ll to Cpt the dOClIll(lltcontainingXYZ frolll n~tr AI3C illltlltport Il-lckto me nll(( YOIlhave it Kow tilt syst(m can(Olltact the user ABC Itll him about tht t(osilpddocnment and n~port back to tht((tlltr onc( till docllIwnl b availahle In thp llwantillw till caller onld rare ahonl()11lt1problems

Ulllikl the nrst IWo (ilS(S whitli (~all I)halHlled aynchtollou~ly the tbird (I1

[(qnins both partiES (caller and calEe) to he ivaili1blt at the same time hilt adind sy1tlU snpport is hardly pnssible in this n1-(ta sySICIll could still support11llIlPIS (p by finding I poiut in tilll( wlln hoth are availabk and scht(lule the(til then

III gt-HPralit can 1)(~aid that ~YllchrollOl~tomlllnuication is trouhIESOllit-for the(dler as he dIlls uot hae any informatioll about the calkts situation

32 Callee - the receIver

A calkC on the ot Illr Imutl hai tiitffr(ut t(tuinlUtlllS towards it COIllIllIIllintI iOIlsys-t(IlI Iii wallts to Ill available fOi incoming calls tn pet int(rtsIiHg andor import alitinformatioll and news Still whilE lit is husy 1)(dots lint want to he dbtmHd awtll 11 while Iwinl in all situation when a call would be inaproprintt Eg a ~t()ckhrokl1 ha to ht illlolllled about any important event cOIIttwing his inVlstIlHlItSIf hE is lOtrtachablp atltis dt~k plOllt he would wall I the system to kllow that illthis ca~( Iw is 1l(J~tliktly available on his lllOJiltphouC Still it is highly arguableif this infollUatioll should COIl( to hilU whih he is attcJl(ling tiivim service Allltlnalogll( situation can be ronstm(td for the projpct lllallagPL ~hile an~ dtiaYtdillfOllUatiOll fiow could Itad to il tklay of til( whok project the lllauagll lIlight sill1101want to 1)(distllrlHd while in all important lllilestolll-meeting with I flIstonHrEpn if hp is jllit workiu)for himsplf all ulllflatft1 distmIJaufc might break hisCOlJ(tutratiOll 0 ht would want to jt~dislmlHt1 only by rdtvall1 illformation

hile most of t11falnn-s IlH_ntioIlPdahovc call 1)(gtachieHti with t()(lays (0111111011ttchnulopy this would j(qllill a lot of manual sysltm lllaiIlUIll(( by lilt IISN tgprogramming tltp Wilting of calls and ((mpilelillg to switch t hl llIohik oflat t htIw)iulligof it Ill((-tillg and on agnill af(l that Illeeting It is highly dtsirablf for a(OlllllHlIlicatioll syskm to )lJ8f kllow wit(1l a USN is availahh for distlllbaIH(S awlwhich calls arp ]PhV1UlIto hitl]lTtllt task

Ihllit PatlllnalltllllUt

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

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[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

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[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Related Vork21 SdII(l~

22 Indmitrial

1 System Designt1 Caller - the scndm32 Callce - the r(((in-r33 Context1-1 Adjusting Contt-xt AWarfHf-SS

1 Interfacelti Data Sources

lt1 Implementation of ltl Prototype System11 Scenario12 )loliel Interruption SilieldstJ Shield CUI14 Sensor Simulatorbull5 Setting PrdtwJI(es N Editing COlltadsIG Overall System Arcilitckturc

S SurveyGt Ohjelttivesj2 Participallts53 Questions)4 Result-55 Discuslioll5G Conclusion

(j Furt her ResearchILl PillurI Work62 GeneralFurth Idea

1

136

7789111112

ISHi1620212221

2525

262~3012

331111

CONTEiTS

7 SUlIlmary jColldllSi(lII

I Dillli(llathmaperuma

Abstract

The world is prowing together more awl mon Gohalizatioll i-just flIWword fOithis phcnomenon This was Illade possible icthut lIot Iealt hy Ih possiJililieof lIlodern Ollllllullicatiou g 11lObiltte1ptOll-mail md instant mCBsajinjBul the more omnipresent thtse new means of (ommlmication jttIl more tht)are t)(cominp a burden ltIilISfrS an ((JIIstantly dmlltllgpd wil h (omlllllllic-atiollreqllltits 110matter if thty lin fl(t~or busy awl in w(-( of some uwbluriJPd time totOJ1((lltmlon their WOlk

This work c1iscusstthe necessity and possibility of a (ontfxt aware systcm thatfilters illcomlllinp COIllllllmicatiou reque bullbullts amI hy doing so givt the mwl somt l(litfill form of undisturhed time

Die Velt wachst immer llHhr ZllSilllllllt11 Glol)tisitlllllg i-t 11111tin Vott fiirdipses Phiinollwll Dies llnlc nkht zlIdzt d11lch die IllodtlIlen KOIllIllUllikatiolls-mittd wie mohie Ttltphoni( E-Iail llud Instant Ilesljagill)enlloglieht AIHr ItOl1l1lipltSt~lltcrdiest KOllllllllllikatiollsmiltel proell 1IIllSOllHhr Wfnell sic audl ZllrUlh--lllllPfiir ihn Btll11tz([ tli sit stifl(li~dnrch Iollllllunikationsanfraptll gdon 1([1nnftl egal olJ sit gCtUlllId)(s(llaftigt sind odeI hpgchiiftipt lllHi sich allf illll Al-hpit konzen riPl(1lmiisst]l

Die vorliegttltie Arheit rliskutien die otnl(ligkdt 1I1lt1tgtliiglichktit1Ifilltsltllltlxt-SIISitivf1l Systems das citlelwwk KOllllllllllikati(lIlSilllhagell Iilhrt llllliso d(1lI Bpllutzer etvil-iErleieillellmg in Forlll lOll ll11gl-itiilt(rZtit (rsdmlh

c(raquo)TE)TTS

ii Delni I allllllilIJI rlllllil

Chapter 1

Introduction

Flw ImlllI)IJfJl of rliulIt7l1 CUI-sisI 1101in ~f(lilly nrw alld-~I(If)j~ Iml HI Wlm9 new eyes

larct-l Irnllst

III today~ world lllotP and 1lI0rt IHopif dn have ilion and lllOlP cOllllllunicationr(jus hltlt wat mcant to hI it hhssillg llowiI(lays hils SOlllCtilllfS (yell )(COlllCiUlHOvillg Here is an example SaUl wants to ak a simple qucstion tn Boh Hrcalls hilll but Bob is not at homf lIis wif( anSHrS and tdb Salll thai lie is illtile officI So Sam calls t1l(~officI Thl[( Itt just [caches the allswerinp machinettllill) him that Boh is IIOt at his cesk al present Sam [(1Jl(lIi)(rs Bobs cdlphOlItIlumlllr and caUs there At that lime Bob is haviug il IJIfsllItation for an important(lIstOIllCL As he forgot to switch of his llIobii( phOlll it ring~ whik he b sJllakill210 hi~ u~tollHr low Sam and Boh ale both in a snit Salll Iwcall~e Ill is having ahard linl trYIng to nilch Boh and Bob IllcHUsl he P0l distnriwd in his importanttll(pting Both of tlH1ll wish thillgs W(I( (ilSI(r and mOlT intdli14tllt

Tlti i vhere the COlndo idlltl (OlW fmlll It~ Illilill goal IS to (amp( comlllll-Illeatioll l)(t((11p(oph acting VN) tlludl likt it digital seCTftary COIllHtO) i~ afralllfwork of SPIic-Sthat oflr~ every lI~e) it ]JTwlfwlllyrlIf that mlUlagtS IheirOI(rs (OIlHlllllllcatioll needs Til Ih(~ ahmP-lllflltiolll-ri fxampf all Sam want((1 10do (1- to get it piece of illfollnation frolll ilob illstpad of callillg Bohs multiplepholle 1l1l1ll1wrs he (ould hwI simply askptl his COlllledor agtlit to fint a (omf Ilitllt lime to contad Bob for the desired informat iOll awl inforlll him OIwe Boh isfne to lalk On the other hawl Bobs COlll((tor ageILt (ollirl hay known that hewas iIi a llleeting at Ihe moment of the call and Ihal it would be illappropriat( ifhis phone rang If Sams ql1lHlioH Wiliimportant and nrppnT connector could haveinformed Bob discreetly othelwise he COllie have waited until aftm Ihe lllettinp to(Ollll((t Sam alld Uob As SOOIlas Bob has lilll( 0 talk on hI phone he would have((llllutltl Sams COIlllt(trl[ agPllt hal ill tum wOII1(1hilf inf(llllH( Sam al)(lnt th(possibility to call no

Tltis is Ollt aPl-t of tht COllne(tor idti Ill H-tite this gOdl tlHe aI( llIauynb-prohlems 10 be solved mainly tilt qlHstiolls Hol dops the COilIltctor agellt

CHAITEH 1 IlTHODCCTIOl

knnw WiHtIlt II( cau iutflTupr its Wl-lr right now with it phOlH call or willtiHrif would 1)( IHttN to IISI an altlIIatie lllPiHlSof communication and -How (all

th COlllU(10liIlut(to(idl~ wl[(-1h[ a call is important (Ilough to allowe to distmiJ(htmlb

A 1Ipre has I)(cn quill SOIllEadal1lt~ ill answering tht first (lutstiun the maingoal of this work is to lind allSWlrS to tllP ft((md (l1HStiOH

Till rtlllailldet of this tiHf-I(S is organizd as follows Chapter 2 taks it brieflook al the CUlTlllt stale of [(S(ilrdl in rtlatld Helds Chaphr3 explain SOIII( con-siderations regarding th dlsign of a iystclll that could he able to make (kcissiollSJ(atpc to thl disl1lrh-o[-uot problem In (laplerl the implflllclltalioll of a proto-tp SystlllI is (xpiainfd Chapkr S discusses a surv(y relating this topic Chapt(r(j (OUdlldes th( d(wiojgtlIllPnt with SOllle ideas for futllll- itllPIOVCIII(uts FiuallvsOllie cOlldusiollS are draWll that sUlllllJarizls this work ill chapter 7

In Ihi~pliJlfT ( jidwnlllslT nld for Ilu (nUTpies is (Jlw(JY~ Ildre~w(l() as he()f (OW8(IIlls 8 not dow If) di(~fWIInlllt allyone bld dlll to Ih( flld fhat the author(I~hi1n~df lIl fhl8( Inullple bullbullIfd I1Il1mlh airesHS himself Il~ he NOHI of Ih(gllIU 1rtllllplfbullbull is 111111f(llllIalellIT~ Iulusin-ly any femule Hader ~IIlJIIld JI1f jln10 npl(ln~ (lilllIlle prmwllIls uifh fUlIlIi IJnUi UJ IUT ftmlluhile nf1ding

2 DdniellathmapflHllla

Chapter 2

Related Work

IFIIf11 (l 1li~lin[Jl11Shtd bllt ddCl-lywl(lli~1sll1ks ltlll SII1IWlhil19 1-

]J()_~~ibl I i~111mHI nUuiTly

riyhtWhrll he Matrs Ihn ~omdhiIlYI~ imlJ()~ilIJlIhe i IfTY probablylIlllllrl_

Arthur ( (lark bullbullImjir of The Futlln Hllil

TlwlI are fi(Tral approaches towards this topic bull lot of aUllitlIlic institutiollswork ill Ids field for a lOlltillle now nut ill till lml r((Hk the (Olllllll1uicatiollindustry rpcognized Iht illlportancp of this topic TIHHfOll 11(also stltn(d TO

work in this licldaturally the 140al of th~p two groUJlS an sli~hl difffHllt Wltih~ Il~s(jfutitlc

approach aims on in(flasilll the kllowkdge and Iludcrstandiu) of the topic Il(illdllstry first of all is intcrestc(l in working ollltiollS the~ can stll Tlteldole thi bulldlilptpr is did(Ie(j into related York ill ~(if1lft and the indl8fry

21 Science

Already ill HJ91 ~1 Vtis( (iPsnilwd ill [1] the iOPi of uhiquitous (OIllIHltillg IllPJ((licts the use of 1lral IllllHlnts of mino olllputcr devin~ 1)(1roOIll that Itp

iutllitivdy to operate so the IIStr all atlas stop (oH((lltrating on computer tpvin-sltIud start to care abollt the ptop]e at tlw othtl PllIls of th bullbullIIf1work Toda- li YPHSlate we arc st-ill far from nachill) liis alllbitions alltl undcniably Illost otsimble(II)jtcti 1

SatyallarayamUl states in [2] dw fom (-sselltiai l((juitlllltuts to JlIT1O-5IVC COnI-

jluling TIll first is cfcdilc U8Cof smarl Pact llltal1ill~ tilt illcnsioll of t(dlllOloOilll 0 (vt~ryday-Iifc ilwl thcreiJy cnabling inf(gtrad iw s(llsill~ ami (Olltrolling

Tlw st(und HqHirtuHllt is illlisibilify The Hilal oal is the (Olll]]tlt disap-pPtlral1(-of Itrvasivt (olll]lIltillg t(dlllOI()~r from a IlSNSS (oJ]wioUSIl(ss This

CIIAPTEH 2 HELITED II(JIlK

lPquirCIHlm alII omatically lad~ to lhe dcmand of IIullwllt bullbullt di~tll1(Jflc(

TIll third nquillIlllllt is localised scal(Jliility Satyallara1iallan stalfs Ihal tlttCllITtllt [ lin of the intlllWt (deal Ii of dislalKt) is inappropriate for Iwrvasiwcomputing as tltl 1101[as wll w his computing systelll will lw ocfwhlhIHd bydistant ill1Nad jOllS that an of little tC](-UlCfif titt density of interaction dOt lIotbtll of IIow mows lway 0[[( eXilmple for this would be the smart h()lSt~ It iHljll-tsthe lightill2 (ollliitioll II) tht llSts mood This of COlllSt is 110t IIfCeSSll-Ywhile tll(lIS(1 is lot at hUIIl( SI ill qllllyiu) his mood is Oll(~kiwI of distant iUlcwcrioH withoutn lovaJl(

The last requircllwlIl is 1IaslIIt1 urWIflI cOTulitlOlIIllq Satyanamyallall 11lj(IiVl-sthat thl ratl of ]l(IHtraliolJ of pervasive comlHlting tcchnology illtn tht infrasuuc-11][( will vary (ollsirerably As this rfslllts ill IlligI ditfprfIHes ill the smartlHss ofdilt1(nt (IIirollllHnts ilIHliL-iH (Olllpulin~ syst(111 will have to (ompfllSnll tlws(diff(ffIlC(S ill ordll to kltp thl- USI-clear of anlloyancts

Fllthp(IllOU Salyallarayanall states thai ill ordt to adlipve minillwl user (h~tu1-ban(( a ptfva ltivf COlllp1lt11 SyslllIl must Iw corfe1t-uuuTC so that it call ndjllsl itshdlitviolll to the IIt(s clInTlllt state and SUlTOll11dillgS A very important iS~HI(illthis conkxl is Ihe balance t)twI~n pmadivily alld fml~JI(n1I(Y a the uscrs Illcdsd(]Hw on his itd of Ixperilnlp on it tLk and his familiarity with his fllVirolllll(tllbull system (all (iLsily nlltlO~ 11USN Iw proactiwly initialising all kiwis of P(()(fSSfS a-Il ilS cOllfus( him hy lllaikin~ activities bfhintlllltilosilllllfallSpiUPllCY

itllllll111lt et al pre-flH an inllusling approach to Ihis plOblem In [J] tIwyllllntion lti usn J11UIHT modI III titt-ir exptriult1I1 the u~(rs hacimohiJ d(vicIswith Iimil 1(I I1llllIl)t) Illl I I ht ability to ~et unavailalJlf dal a dltOllgh a I() 1)all( Iwit h-l (JIlthlt ion The pa tilIiC modI was l1~pd 10 dllidt dlltlwr a user should be qUfriltwhat to do on a cltidw-miss 011 lilt llIolJik syslPlll Thpy altsunw that it ll~lr is lllOllikfly willing to il(((pl a dislurball(e if tilP missing file is of a higher impOilanll Astlltll is IHI s(ipntifi( t1itll availilble hy now they conj(ctllte it logarithmic Itlatiolll)(twI(1I patience ilwl iIllPOItilW( iLltt h(y claim 1hat llHlIlY other human procfsfShan~ a similar slnsitiily ((g isioll)

III [-l] COlltilZ Il al extelld the notion of (oulxt nol ollly to descrilH a stall- huta pnwfSs They ilrgue that only iI confcIt-a-p()II~~ itpJllOitdl is f1txihk lllou)h to(In)i(lll1islllatc1l(s bdwtlt1 til SylItllS 1Ilodd of iutlractioll and the userss lllfntalmodel of Ih( sysltllI

III Is] DalJhish 11 al eXilmine how ptoplf rfilCt Oil incoming mails Tllty cassitildthe iucoming ltJ~isag((ollttlIl to Ollt of the following c1asses rf(rllt~f for actionlY1PUStfor mfonnatwn (link dWIlHlI71f COllad infu dc) stutus update (for ouyowyIlmJrdtu_~A) IffJIW~ for rL IIffiny or respons( to a meeting rr(jLrst 1fmindrT 01

11(illl f1fdirty Also t he took into lticcount I he Idat ion of tlll~stllder 10 Ill( [(1ipiIIlIHlllI thl illqgturtawe of the message (to til( rffipienl as 111L 10 Ill(~ studtr) TIlt11goal was to (kfif a mo(kllilal allows 10 pUIIitt I hi Ils(Js rtmioll 10 all iucoTllinglllaii Cout nny I (J tHir Ixjgt(1al iOll-il L-Ill)1t Ill Itll~ssage ililportallcc that tiUItilthighesl inllulWe Oil I lH rqgtIY-lthaiollr of tltc llSilSbut the send( (hlltTJrtrisfl(~Ill( illllholS a [-0 lIotld that lllSSilg( rtqulstiu) inforlllation wefe sipniticiIltlY lllOH

j (hili Pal hlllaplllllllil

21 SCIElCE

likely to rtctiv( a n~pollsr and flsnll1Cthat this is because the applOpriatl actioIlOil these messages is most appalclll to the tcripknr Another interesting sid( 11011is dIP fact that messapes with social outen wen Illore likely to fctcivc a tllIHHlse

In [6] Erickson et al argue that (lIlTI1l1Ildmoiogy is (lCltltinpwalls IwtweellIISP[S The suggested approach is to make systems wwUllly lml~lllcrnf I to (nablet lw IlS10lise ttpir common social behaYiour to cOlllllluni(aft more Iffici(utly withone anotIier

Itl [7) 0011et aJ pxprpss their opinion that no maLler how oplisticatfd a (011-

llllmicltltiollor (ollahoralioll system might be distance will always ]llay all importantrole as there are to lllallYfacts illlll1lllltlll-to-hulllilll(OlllIllUnicarioIlthat (chnolopycan hardly or not at all refict

III addition) Sdllleidtr el al oJsenpd that nol ouly physical distann but ilionimportant social netJLolk (istaTcc playbulla significallt lOll on Ill( df]ci(ncy of humanto human cOllllllunication [Sl Hence they claim that human-(olllpulpl interactionas well as COllllJlltlrSllpportld (oolwrativ( work could benefit by inltrealin)fOCllS011sodal network distance as an analytical IIlCilureami desi~n tool

In their slIrveys [~] J ~1 liudsoll lI ill found rhat availability mauagflllflltcall not he just fvading all intfITuptiolls IIthpJ( is a ICllsion betwepn wantinp toloi(1 interruptions and appreciating thpir IIseflllw-s For (Jlllpitin their studyallaglrs -plndmost of their worktilllt halldlinp iUlt--lTllptionsallI ngard this partof fil(ir joh They need a (prtain control 0(1their interruptions to kl(P bullIIlStof t1l1ir plojtd- Oil Ilw 01( hallli Jut on Ihe ot lwr hand also nttd SOUletilllf ofdj(~p W7Iceutmtiou During these tilllPS it is illlportant to keep au- interruptionilWa)a-the temptation to let themsel(S1)(illtITllpt(d ill ort1tt to not dday anypotlntially important information is to strOtlfor most of thelli ThtSI tillltS of dttll(oltpntratioll arise tIlliteHglll(lry in a workday In SllllUllaryHudson ft al deIllawlsystellls to make interruptions more PUil-i(lltrathlr than dp(T(asinpthpill As theyalso f01I1(1that intprrllptiolls an handitd dittnlllly dtIHnding 011 t ht nature ofthe interruption regardless of slatl Ul tiUlI IlHYlHliEo(thill w1ally lmn~IIj(Inlsysfnns [G] arl the hlst way 10 approach this dtallpllpp

Allothn illlportalll findillg of liLtlll is that S~sttIllSthat rdy on users uprlatinptheir cIIlT(nl status mallllally are houlld lol illtffrgtltti(as IISPSof thesvstms1l(JStelll to nl1ltIllIJ(rto dlilllpp lltil availahility slall

For~arty d al (xmuined this opinion [wI and found that p(opit t(nd to ignoretIl( availability information provided hy tiUir My Firll sodal translucient ayailabilityillfonnatioll softwal( ()I)illl 1I1(SSl)((chcet(cliou location informatioll (OIH~put ilttivily ami calendar iuformatiol1 to nlEHltla lIs(rs li1ilahility) COlltrarytIllY liSP the provided informat iOIl 10dltrmilH thl ]IHMWIof a P([SOIlrat Itthan its lvllilahility HellCt til( auhors implicatf that it socially tlilllShW(lllsys-tllll is a pood approach uut far from ellollph to 1l11iattillappropriate disturbaH(~sipnificanth or prewnt thelll totally

[wi]]ytranlucelltlIleansthat the tllllllUllicatiulIdmlJlld trallslJlitslot olllytill (Ollllltufllll (OJrllllllllicatiol hut al~otllf lIIolions of lIlt lISflS

COllllllllllitaliOIlShields

CIIAITEB 2 11ELATED mlHh

22 IndustrialTI[(n~are a ltlllJgtlt of groups that arc workillg Oil the future of (mohile) (OtlllllllIli-(it tilIll TW(I (f t 11I1lliltl II( 1111(PtlPrati(JI Iutllefshil) I-ro j(f [111and the ()IH1llHI)iit- AliialU( [121 ~ Ow of tllt-ir projPcts is calfd PHSl1iU STvice aud ~I)((ili(sa SNvic( that (Ilahks th bullbullUSN 10 tiefiIH ccrtain 1ri~(rs Ihat are COIllHct(d with hiclunllt stall] Otl this hwl it is not Sll(ili( how the currcnt stalll is (1111111-11

what slates thefe are ilXall or what kind of actiolls could Ill triggtrt Tht goal ofthese wurkin groups is sirupy do specify a commotl arehitectual basis all which til(singlt IIlIll IIHtS could illlpcHl(nt t h(lr OWII soillt iom and dcj(-cs TIl( (OIllIlL()lI1JCIisgUatillLtPps til( iuteropcrahility of all solutions and devices within till specifications

Tilt fillllisil ((1Il11111Ini(atiOIltechlloloampy COllljlllllY ()kia 3 tlevelope(1 a t(rhll()-ogy call1d oklll IlflU( ll~]rhat S((IlIS to be based 011 the PnSIUII SITitf

dpfiwld hv th( ~GrrIt fOllsists of th(nMlIcC SC11fT awl tltt PIICbullbulltlI-H ClluilSojtwan ami allows IIS( 10 (XdJaIl~l llachability ilLfol111atiotl A lIspr cansd iJisnachahilit~ stilt liS (husy away hOI(d plpI( call) IIwill as his prefPlT(d mod( of(Ollltllllllkat iolt (voice call 5-15) alolLg wit h some personal notes A st alll (han~((ltIlll)p tri~JI((1eidwr manually h~the uspr or automatically hy a calendar (entThis information is so[dOil thp Nokia Ptlgtencp Serv(1 wh(le other users can querythetH P[(S(Il(l oll([sa )roup based privacy COIIC(pt that allows the lisen to d(cidllto (an get what kiwi of information abOIlt thetIJ

okia lists 00(1 m (Ill-ploll( lIloti(ls that alrfady support PnSEllle TIl( Pres-(u(( (hllt softwaH Is imlilable for download 011 thp okia website awl it is saidthat it also works with pholHS HllIlufadm((1 hy otiter companies Although it (oltl-Itllllli(at via GPRS EDGE 01 VCD~dA it d(pfnds Oll SOUit pfovidll d(IWlldiH)lletwOlk s(IVins (1lI11illtv til( prls(IW( server) which aI( CUHfIlly not slIpport(d by1m ((nnall Ill work provider cOlllpany

~pll notl 1111IllS( Iw() IVOllPSHI owr1appillg llwmlHfl of till lC 11 af lOriIll also llIllIbPIS

of till UPl1 IllOhilt Alliancl awl yil Tfla okia i~pussihly and prohahly 1101 111lt only company that alnady 11m products that iltlptllPll1

lIw lnMII1 ledmlogy UIll it SIltlJ~to I tlll only plOmpanythat mfltimu it ill its uwniSlllPutcampaIgns This ibullbullwhy this pumpany IlL CliogtI11to h au laquoImpp liNP

(j

Chapter 3

System Design

1111mo1 pmfo1Hul trchlloloqtfsJn~Ow lwl riisfJppfIlt TheyINfl1f IhfmMI1f~ info Ow fabricof ftIJdu life ufltilhey (11(ill-dislinJ1lishabir ftnm it

~Iark pirrhf ((J1Illll(fT 1m the JIst

(enmy 1191

Givell all dl(~ ah()n~ mentioned it SfflIlS wise to ollect all expectations towardsil smart comllllluicatioll systf1l1 hdon startiug 10 Illiign it As it (Ollllllllilkatiollsystllll coIltlcds (at ieait) Iwo people tlpn an also at lealt1two inlfrfst to beatleudet to (rlm8t~ TWit- flu the fl1Tn8 (allN fwd (alllt thaI IlIT derivnl fTllmtlH Ififpwne context will be (((1for the imliator and tht rnfiV(T of any form ofCOUl1flll1tuatirm telephone (lswdl rl~mllil or in~t(Jnt mexs(Jyiufj)

31 Caller - the scnder

The first fadiotl j- the caller side The (alllI lim a clrtaill motivation to initiatcthc (Omlllllllicatioll These motivations call IH classified into three majOl groupsVhilc till first two of them me examplc1ifor as bullbullndIHlllous communi(ation as tiltpattuefs do not hat~ fo int(fflet ill realtimE the third OIl( ohviousl bullbullis an exampleflll sYllchollOllS c(lIlimullicfltioll

The first is the impartation of illfollnatinn which meilns lim the cail(( mainlywant to inform the callce ahout somdhillg This illfoJllation is fixld and call )(d(liwr(d without lUibullbullinvolvement of tilE mIle Ipical fxflmplts of impartinginformation would be mcssa~es like -Im out of ollicc Tak XY is done or TIlllllClting was rescheduled to 1500h

Thc s((ond b the reqlHit of illforlllatioll As like 11til illl)lartatioll of infor-mation the r(qllest can he ddivcred without fln invok(llellt of the caile Typicalexamplegt of requestinp informatioll would hI m(ssages like Vhat is tlH~ status of

7

CHAPTER l SYSTE~I DESIr

plOjtlt X t 11(11bull( spud Ille the tlOClltlltllt(olltaining X yZ or Vha t is t Ittl1Hll~of the Il( sE(Tltary again

1111 tllinl is tht Ilsin t(l illttwet witll the callee Ihis llIay Ill to (is(lISsOllllthing with till calfP or simply to han a nin COIl(lsltlliOlI

It is OJViOllS that ill tIl( first two elL thl actions could Ill handled b- it

(()lllIllUieatioll Syst(lll without tile cali(( having to wait for tile iw(omplishllltllt (g(ht call(1could nrdPI tht systf1II 10 inform till call1(~about it certain Illattfr andtll(ll forg( about it TIll systt1ll would rlwll try () reach tIH (allt~~ until he 01sh has til( lillI( 10 allswer the call Tht SillJl(~could be dOIlP with an informatiollrequest TIH eallt1 would simply onl() the systf1ll to Cpt the dOClIll(lltcontainingXYZ frolll n~tr AI3C illltlltport Il-lckto me nll(( YOIlhave it Kow tilt syst(m can(Olltact the user ABC Itll him about tht t(osilpddocnment and n~port back to tht((tlltr onc( till docllIwnl b availahle In thp llwantillw till caller onld rare ahonl()11lt1problems

Ulllikl the nrst IWo (ilS(S whitli (~all I)halHlled aynchtollou~ly the tbird (I1

[(qnins both partiES (caller and calEe) to he ivaili1blt at the same time hilt adind sy1tlU snpport is hardly pnssible in this n1-(ta sySICIll could still support11llIlPIS (p by finding I poiut in tilll( wlln hoth are availabk and scht(lule the(til then

III gt-HPralit can 1)(~aid that ~YllchrollOl~tomlllnuication is trouhIESOllit-for the(dler as he dIlls uot hae any informatioll about the calkts situation

32 Callee - the receIver

A calkC on the ot Illr Imutl hai tiitffr(ut t(tuinlUtlllS towards it COIllIllIIllintI iOIlsys-t(IlI Iii wallts to Ill available fOi incoming calls tn pet int(rtsIiHg andor import alitinformatioll and news Still whilE lit is husy 1)(dots lint want to he dbtmHd awtll 11 while Iwinl in all situation when a call would be inaproprintt Eg a ~t()ckhrokl1 ha to ht illlolllled about any important event cOIIttwing his inVlstIlHlItSIf hE is lOtrtachablp atltis dt~k plOllt he would wall I the system to kllow that illthis ca~( Iw is 1l(J~tliktly available on his lllOJiltphouC Still it is highly arguableif this infollUatioll should COIl( to hilU whih he is attcJl(ling tiivim service Allltlnalogll( situation can be ronstm(td for the projpct lllallagPL ~hile an~ dtiaYtdillfOllUatiOll fiow could Itad to il tklay of til( whok project the lllauagll lIlight sill1101want to 1)(distllrlHd while in all important lllilestolll-meeting with I flIstonHrEpn if hp is jllit workiu)for himsplf all ulllflatft1 distmIJaufc might break hisCOlJ(tutratiOll 0 ht would want to jt~dislmlHt1 only by rdtvall1 illformation

hile most of t11falnn-s IlH_ntioIlPdahovc call 1)(gtachieHti with t()(lays (0111111011ttchnulopy this would j(qllill a lot of manual sysltm lllaiIlUIll(( by lilt IISN tgprogramming tltp Wilting of calls and ((mpilelillg to switch t hl llIohik oflat t htIw)iulligof it Ill((-tillg and on agnill af(l that Illeeting It is highly dtsirablf for a(OlllllHlIlicatioll syskm to )lJ8f kllow wit(1l a USN is availahh for distlllbaIH(S awlwhich calls arp ]PhV1UlIto hitl]lTtllt task

Ihllit PatlllnalltllllUt

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CONTEiTS

7 SUlIlmary jColldllSi(lII

I Dillli(llathmaperuma

Abstract

The world is prowing together more awl mon Gohalizatioll i-just flIWword fOithis phcnomenon This was Illade possible icthut lIot Iealt hy Ih possiJililieof lIlodern Ollllllullicatiou g 11lObiltte1ptOll-mail md instant mCBsajinjBul the more omnipresent thtse new means of (ommlmication jttIl more tht)are t)(cominp a burden ltIilISfrS an ((JIIstantly dmlltllgpd wil h (omlllllllic-atiollreqllltits 110matter if thty lin fl(t~or busy awl in w(-( of some uwbluriJPd time totOJ1((lltmlon their WOlk

This work c1iscusstthe necessity and possibility of a (ontfxt aware systcm thatfilters illcomlllinp COIllllllmicatiou reque bullbullts amI hy doing so givt the mwl somt l(litfill form of undisturhed time

Die Velt wachst immer llHhr ZllSilllllllt11 Glol)tisitlllllg i-t 11111tin Vott fiirdipses Phiinollwll Dies llnlc nkht zlIdzt d11lch die IllodtlIlen KOIllIllUllikatiolls-mittd wie mohie Ttltphoni( E-Iail llud Instant Ilesljagill)enlloglieht AIHr ItOl1l1lipltSt~lltcrdiest KOllllllllllikatiollsmiltel proell 1IIllSOllHhr Wfnell sic audl ZllrUlh--lllllPfiir ihn Btll11tz([ tli sit stifl(li~dnrch Iollllllunikationsanfraptll gdon 1([1nnftl egal olJ sit gCtUlllId)(s(llaftigt sind odeI hpgchiiftipt lllHi sich allf illll Al-hpit konzen riPl(1lmiisst]l

Die vorliegttltie Arheit rliskutien die otnl(ligkdt 1I1lt1tgtliiglichktit1Ifilltsltllltlxt-SIISitivf1l Systems das citlelwwk KOllllllllllikati(lIlSilllhagell Iilhrt llllliso d(1lI Bpllutzer etvil-iErleieillellmg in Forlll lOll ll11gl-itiilt(rZtit (rsdmlh

c(raquo)TE)TTS

ii Delni I allllllilIJI rlllllil

Chapter 1

Introduction

Flw ImlllI)IJfJl of rliulIt7l1 CUI-sisI 1101in ~f(lilly nrw alld-~I(If)j~ Iml HI Wlm9 new eyes

larct-l Irnllst

III today~ world lllotP and 1lI0rt IHopif dn have ilion and lllOlP cOllllllunicationr(jus hltlt wat mcant to hI it hhssillg llowiI(lays hils SOlllCtilllfS (yell )(COlllCiUlHOvillg Here is an example SaUl wants to ak a simple qucstion tn Boh Hrcalls hilll but Bob is not at homf lIis wif( anSHrS and tdb Salll thai lie is illtile officI So Sam calls t1l(~officI Thl[( Itt just [caches the allswerinp machinettllill) him that Boh is IIOt at his cesk al present Sam [(1Jl(lIi)(rs Bobs cdlphOlItIlumlllr and caUs there At that lime Bob is haviug il IJIfsllItation for an important(lIstOIllCL As he forgot to switch of his llIobii( phOlll it ring~ whik he b sJllakill210 hi~ u~tollHr low Sam and Boh ale both in a snit Salll Iwcall~e Ill is having ahard linl trYIng to nilch Boh and Bob IllcHUsl he P0l distnriwd in his importanttll(pting Both of tlH1ll wish thillgs W(I( (ilSI(r and mOlT intdli14tllt

Tlti i vhere the COlndo idlltl (OlW fmlll It~ Illilill goal IS to (amp( comlllll-Illeatioll l)(t((11p(oph acting VN) tlludl likt it digital seCTftary COIllHtO) i~ afralllfwork of SPIic-Sthat oflr~ every lI~e) it ]JTwlfwlllyrlIf that mlUlagtS IheirOI(rs (OIlHlllllllcatioll needs Til Ih(~ ahmP-lllflltiolll-ri fxampf all Sam want((1 10do (1- to get it piece of illfollnation frolll ilob illstpad of callillg Bohs multiplepholle 1l1l1ll1wrs he (ould hwI simply askptl his COlllledor agtlit to fint a (omf Ilitllt lime to contad Bob for the desired informat iOll awl inforlll him OIwe Boh isfne to lalk On the other hawl Bobs COlll((tor ageILt (ollirl hay known that hewas iIi a llleeting at Ihe moment of the call and Ihal it would be illappropriat( ifhis phone rang If Sams ql1lHlioH Wiliimportant and nrppnT connector could haveinformed Bob discreetly othelwise he COllie have waited until aftm Ihe lllettinp to(Ollll((t Sam alld Uob As SOOIlas Bob has lilll( 0 talk on hI phone he would have((llllutltl Sams COIlllt(trl[ agPllt hal ill tum wOII1(1hilf inf(llllH( Sam al)(lnt th(possibility to call no

Tltis is Ollt aPl-t of tht COllne(tor idti Ill H-tite this gOdl tlHe aI( llIauynb-prohlems 10 be solved mainly tilt qlHstiolls Hol dops the COilIltctor agellt

CHAITEH 1 IlTHODCCTIOl

knnw WiHtIlt II( cau iutflTupr its Wl-lr right now with it phOlH call or willtiHrif would 1)( IHttN to IISI an altlIIatie lllPiHlSof communication and -How (all

th COlllU(10liIlut(to(idl~ wl[(-1h[ a call is important (Ilough to allowe to distmiJ(htmlb

A 1Ipre has I)(cn quill SOIllEadal1lt~ ill answering tht first (lutstiun the maingoal of this work is to lind allSWlrS to tllP ft((md (l1HStiOH

Till rtlllailldet of this tiHf-I(S is organizd as follows Chapter 2 taks it brieflook al the CUlTlllt stale of [(S(ilrdl in rtlatld Helds Chaphr3 explain SOIII( con-siderations regarding th dlsign of a iystclll that could he able to make (kcissiollSJ(atpc to thl disl1lrh-o[-uot problem In (laplerl the implflllclltalioll of a proto-tp SystlllI is (xpiainfd Chapkr S discusses a surv(y relating this topic Chapt(r(j (OUdlldes th( d(wiojgtlIllPnt with SOllle ideas for futllll- itllPIOVCIII(uts FiuallvsOllie cOlldusiollS are draWll that sUlllllJarizls this work ill chapter 7

In Ihi~pliJlfT ( jidwnlllslT nld for Ilu (nUTpies is (Jlw(JY~ Ildre~w(l() as he()f (OW8(IIlls 8 not dow If) di(~fWIInlllt allyone bld dlll to Ih( flld fhat the author(I~hi1n~df lIl fhl8( Inullple bullbullIfd I1Il1mlh airesHS himself Il~ he NOHI of Ih(gllIU 1rtllllplfbullbull is 111111f(llllIalellIT~ Iulusin-ly any femule Hader ~IIlJIIld JI1f jln10 npl(ln~ (lilllIlle prmwllIls uifh fUlIlIi IJnUi UJ IUT ftmlluhile nf1ding

2 DdniellathmapflHllla

Chapter 2

Related Work

IFIIf11 (l 1li~lin[Jl11Shtd bllt ddCl-lywl(lli~1sll1ks ltlll SII1IWlhil19 1-

]J()_~~ibl I i~111mHI nUuiTly

riyhtWhrll he Matrs Ihn ~omdhiIlYI~ imlJ()~ilIJlIhe i IfTY probablylIlllllrl_

Arthur ( (lark bullbullImjir of The Futlln Hllil

TlwlI are fi(Tral approaches towards this topic bull lot of aUllitlIlic institutiollswork ill Ids field for a lOlltillle now nut ill till lml r((Hk the (Olllllll1uicatiollindustry rpcognized Iht illlportancp of this topic TIHHfOll 11(also stltn(d TO

work in this licldaturally the 140al of th~p two groUJlS an sli~hl difffHllt Wltih~ Il~s(jfutitlc

approach aims on in(flasilll the kllowkdge and Iludcrstandiu) of the topic Il(illdllstry first of all is intcrestc(l in working ollltiollS the~ can stll Tlteldole thi bulldlilptpr is did(Ie(j into related York ill ~(if1lft and the indl8fry

21 Science

Already ill HJ91 ~1 Vtis( (iPsnilwd ill [1] the iOPi of uhiquitous (OIllIHltillg IllPJ((licts the use of 1lral IllllHlnts of mino olllputcr devin~ 1)(1roOIll that Itp

iutllitivdy to operate so the IIStr all atlas stop (oH((lltrating on computer tpvin-sltIud start to care abollt the ptop]e at tlw othtl PllIls of th bullbullIIf1work Toda- li YPHSlate we arc st-ill far from nachill) liis alllbitions alltl undcniably Illost otsimble(II)jtcti 1

SatyallarayamUl states in [2] dw fom (-sselltiai l((juitlllltuts to JlIT1O-5IVC COnI-

jluling TIll first is cfcdilc U8Cof smarl Pact llltal1ill~ tilt illcnsioll of t(dlllOloOilll 0 (vt~ryday-Iifc ilwl thcreiJy cnabling inf(gtrad iw s(llsill~ ami (Olltrolling

Tlw st(und HqHirtuHllt is illlisibilify The Hilal oal is the (Olll]]tlt disap-pPtlral1(-of Itrvasivt (olll]lIltillg t(dlllOI()~r from a IlSNSS (oJ]wioUSIl(ss This

CIIAPTEH 2 HELITED II(JIlK

lPquirCIHlm alII omatically lad~ to lhe dcmand of IIullwllt bullbullt di~tll1(Jflc(

TIll third nquillIlllllt is localised scal(Jliility Satyallara1iallan stalfs Ihal tlttCllITtllt [ lin of the intlllWt (deal Ii of dislalKt) is inappropriate for Iwrvasiwcomputing as tltl 1101[as wll w his computing systelll will lw ocfwhlhIHd bydistant ill1Nad jOllS that an of little tC](-UlCfif titt density of interaction dOt lIotbtll of IIow mows lway 0[[( eXilmple for this would be the smart h()lSt~ It iHljll-tsthe lightill2 (ollliitioll II) tht llSts mood This of COlllSt is 110t IIfCeSSll-Ywhile tll(lIS(1 is lot at hUIIl( SI ill qllllyiu) his mood is Oll(~kiwI of distant iUlcwcrioH withoutn lovaJl(

The last requircllwlIl is 1IaslIIt1 urWIflI cOTulitlOlIIllq Satyanamyallall 11lj(IiVl-sthat thl ratl of ]l(IHtraliolJ of pervasive comlHlting tcchnology illtn tht infrasuuc-11][( will vary (ollsirerably As this rfslllts ill IlligI ditfprfIHes ill the smartlHss ofdilt1(nt (IIirollllHnts ilIHliL-iH (Olllpulin~ syst(111 will have to (ompfllSnll tlws(diff(ffIlC(S ill ordll to kltp thl- USI-clear of anlloyancts

Fllthp(IllOU Salyallarayanall states thai ill ordt to adlipve minillwl user (h~tu1-ban(( a ptfva ltivf COlllp1lt11 SyslllIl must Iw corfe1t-uuuTC so that it call ndjllsl itshdlitviolll to the IIt(s clInTlllt state and SUlTOll11dillgS A very important iS~HI(illthis conkxl is Ihe balance t)twI~n pmadivily alld fml~JI(n1I(Y a the uscrs Illcdsd(]Hw on his itd of Ixperilnlp on it tLk and his familiarity with his fllVirolllll(tllbull system (all (iLsily nlltlO~ 11USN Iw proactiwly initialising all kiwis of P(()(fSSfS a-Il ilS cOllfus( him hy lllaikin~ activities bfhintlllltilosilllllfallSpiUPllCY

itllllll111lt et al pre-flH an inllusling approach to Ihis plOblem In [J] tIwyllllntion lti usn J11UIHT modI III titt-ir exptriult1I1 the u~(rs hacimohiJ d(vicIswith Iimil 1(I I1llllIl)t) Illl I I ht ability to ~et unavailalJlf dal a dltOllgh a I() 1)all( Iwit h-l (JIlthlt ion The pa tilIiC modI was l1~pd 10 dllidt dlltlwr a user should be qUfriltwhat to do on a cltidw-miss 011 lilt llIolJik syslPlll Thpy altsunw that it ll~lr is lllOllikfly willing to il(((pl a dislurball(e if tilP missing file is of a higher impOilanll Astlltll is IHI s(ipntifi( t1itll availilble hy now they conj(ctllte it logarithmic Itlatiolll)(twI(1I patience ilwl iIllPOItilW( iLltt h(y claim 1hat llHlIlY other human procfsfShan~ a similar slnsitiily ((g isioll)

III [-l] COlltilZ Il al extelld the notion of (oulxt nol ollly to descrilH a stall- huta pnwfSs They ilrgue that only iI confcIt-a-p()II~~ itpJllOitdl is f1txihk lllou)h to(In)i(lll1islllatc1l(s bdwtlt1 til SylItllS 1Ilodd of iutlractioll and the userss lllfntalmodel of Ih( sysltllI

III Is] DalJhish 11 al eXilmine how ptoplf rfilCt Oil incoming mails Tllty cassitildthe iucoming ltJ~isag((ollttlIl to Ollt of the following c1asses rf(rllt~f for actionlY1PUStfor mfonnatwn (link dWIlHlI71f COllad infu dc) stutus update (for ouyowyIlmJrdtu_~A) IffJIW~ for rL IIffiny or respons( to a meeting rr(jLrst 1fmindrT 01

11(illl f1fdirty Also t he took into lticcount I he Idat ion of tlll~stllder 10 Ill( [(1ipiIIlIHlllI thl illqgturtawe of the message (to til( rffipienl as 111L 10 Ill(~ studtr) TIlt11goal was to (kfif a mo(kllilal allows 10 pUIIitt I hi Ils(Js rtmioll 10 all iucoTllinglllaii Cout nny I (J tHir Ixjgt(1al iOll-il L-Ill)1t Ill Itll~ssage ililportallcc that tiUItilthighesl inllulWe Oil I lH rqgtIY-lthaiollr of tltc llSilSbut the send( (hlltTJrtrisfl(~Ill( illllholS a [-0 lIotld that lllSSilg( rtqulstiu) inforlllation wefe sipniticiIltlY lllOH

j (hili Pal hlllaplllllllil

21 SCIElCE

likely to rtctiv( a n~pollsr and flsnll1Cthat this is because the applOpriatl actioIlOil these messages is most appalclll to the tcripknr Another interesting sid( 11011is dIP fact that messapes with social outen wen Illore likely to fctcivc a tllIHHlse

In [6] Erickson et al argue that (lIlTI1l1Ildmoiogy is (lCltltinpwalls IwtweellIISP[S The suggested approach is to make systems wwUllly lml~lllcrnf I to (nablet lw IlS10lise ttpir common social behaYiour to cOlllllluni(aft more Iffici(utly withone anotIier

Itl [7) 0011et aJ pxprpss their opinion that no maLler how oplisticatfd a (011-

llllmicltltiollor (ollahoralioll system might be distance will always ]llay all importantrole as there are to lllallYfacts illlll1lllltlll-to-hulllilll(OlllIllUnicarioIlthat (chnolopycan hardly or not at all refict

III addition) Sdllleidtr el al oJsenpd that nol ouly physical distann but ilionimportant social netJLolk (istaTcc playbulla significallt lOll on Ill( df]ci(ncy of humanto human cOllllllunication [Sl Hence they claim that human-(olllpulpl interactionas well as COllllJlltlrSllpportld (oolwrativ( work could benefit by inltrealin)fOCllS011sodal network distance as an analytical IIlCilureami desi~n tool

In their slIrveys [~] J ~1 liudsoll lI ill found rhat availability mauagflllflltcall not he just fvading all intfITuptiolls IIthpJ( is a ICllsion betwepn wantinp toloi(1 interruptions and appreciating thpir IIseflllw-s For (Jlllpitin their studyallaglrs -plndmost of their worktilllt halldlinp iUlt--lTllptionsallI ngard this partof fil(ir joh They need a (prtain control 0(1their interruptions to kl(P bullIIlStof t1l1ir plojtd- Oil Ilw 01( hallli Jut on Ihe ot lwr hand also nttd SOUletilllf ofdj(~p W7Iceutmtiou During these tilllPS it is illlportant to keep au- interruptionilWa)a-the temptation to let themsel(S1)(illtITllpt(d ill ort1tt to not dday anypotlntially important information is to strOtlfor most of thelli ThtSI tillltS of dttll(oltpntratioll arise tIlliteHglll(lry in a workday In SllllUllaryHudson ft al deIllawlsystellls to make interruptions more PUil-i(lltrathlr than dp(T(asinpthpill As theyalso f01I1(1that intprrllptiolls an handitd dittnlllly dtIHnding 011 t ht nature ofthe interruption regardless of slatl Ul tiUlI IlHYlHliEo(thill w1ally lmn~IIj(Inlsysfnns [G] arl the hlst way 10 approach this dtallpllpp

Allothn illlportalll findillg of liLtlll is that S~sttIllSthat rdy on users uprlatinptheir cIIlT(nl status mallllally are houlld lol illtffrgtltti(as IISPSof thesvstms1l(JStelll to nl1ltIllIJ(rto dlilllpp lltil availahility slall

For~arty d al (xmuined this opinion [wI and found that p(opit t(nd to ignoretIl( availability information provided hy tiUir My Firll sodal translucient ayailabilityillfonnatioll softwal( ()I)illl 1I1(SSl)((chcet(cliou location informatioll (OIH~put ilttivily ami calendar iuformatiol1 to nlEHltla lIs(rs li1ilahility) COlltrarytIllY liSP the provided informat iOIl 10dltrmilH thl ]IHMWIof a P([SOIlrat Itthan its lvllilahility HellCt til( auhors implicatf that it socially tlilllShW(lllsys-tllll is a pood approach uut far from ellollph to 1l11iattillappropriate disturbaH(~sipnificanth or prewnt thelll totally

[wi]]ytranlucelltlIleansthat the tllllllUllicatiulIdmlJlld trallslJlitslot olllytill (Ollllltufllll (OJrllllllllicatiol hut al~otllf lIIolions of lIlt lISflS

COllllllllllitaliOIlShields

CIIAITEB 2 11ELATED mlHh

22 IndustrialTI[(n~are a ltlllJgtlt of groups that arc workillg Oil the future of (mohile) (OtlllllllIli-(it tilIll TW(I (f t 11I1lliltl II( 1111(PtlPrati(JI Iutllefshil) I-ro j(f [111and the ()IH1llHI)iit- AliialU( [121 ~ Ow of tllt-ir projPcts is calfd PHSl1iU STvice aud ~I)((ili(sa SNvic( that (Ilahks th bullbullUSN 10 tiefiIH ccrtain 1ri~(rs Ihat are COIllHct(d with hiclunllt stall] Otl this hwl it is not Sll(ili( how the currcnt stalll is (1111111-11

what slates thefe are ilXall or what kind of actiolls could Ill triggtrt Tht goal ofthese wurkin groups is sirupy do specify a commotl arehitectual basis all which til(singlt IIlIll IIHtS could illlpcHl(nt t h(lr OWII soillt iom and dcj(-cs TIl( (OIllIlL()lI1JCIisgUatillLtPps til( iuteropcrahility of all solutions and devices within till specifications

Tilt fillllisil ((1Il11111Ini(atiOIltechlloloampy COllljlllllY ()kia 3 tlevelope(1 a t(rhll()-ogy call1d oklll IlflU( ll~]rhat S((IlIS to be based 011 the PnSIUII SITitf

dpfiwld hv th( ~GrrIt fOllsists of th(nMlIcC SC11fT awl tltt PIICbullbulltlI-H ClluilSojtwan ami allows IIS( 10 (XdJaIl~l llachability ilLfol111atiotl A lIspr cansd iJisnachahilit~ stilt liS (husy away hOI(d plpI( call) IIwill as his prefPlT(d mod( of(Ollltllllllkat iolt (voice call 5-15) alolLg wit h some personal notes A st alll (han~((ltIlll)p tri~JI((1eidwr manually h~the uspr or automatically hy a calendar (entThis information is so[dOil thp Nokia Ptlgtencp Serv(1 wh(le other users can querythetH P[(S(Il(l oll([sa )roup based privacy COIIC(pt that allows the lisen to d(cidllto (an get what kiwi of information abOIlt thetIJ

okia lists 00(1 m (Ill-ploll( lIloti(ls that alrfady support PnSEllle TIl( Pres-(u(( (hllt softwaH Is imlilable for download 011 thp okia website awl it is saidthat it also works with pholHS HllIlufadm((1 hy otiter companies Although it (oltl-Itllllli(at via GPRS EDGE 01 VCD~dA it d(pfnds Oll SOUit pfovidll d(IWlldiH)lletwOlk s(IVins (1lI11illtv til( prls(IW( server) which aI( CUHfIlly not slIpport(d by1m ((nnall Ill work provider cOlllpany

~pll notl 1111IllS( Iw() IVOllPSHI owr1appillg llwmlHfl of till lC 11 af lOriIll also llIllIbPIS

of till UPl1 IllOhilt Alliancl awl yil Tfla okia i~pussihly and prohahly 1101 111lt only company that alnady 11m products that iltlptllPll1

lIw lnMII1 ledmlogy UIll it SIltlJ~to I tlll only plOmpanythat mfltimu it ill its uwniSlllPutcampaIgns This ibullbullwhy this pumpany IlL CliogtI11to h au laquoImpp liNP

(j

Chapter 3

System Design

1111mo1 pmfo1Hul trchlloloqtfsJn~Ow lwl riisfJppfIlt TheyINfl1f IhfmMI1f~ info Ow fabricof ftIJdu life ufltilhey (11(ill-dislinJ1lishabir ftnm it

~Iark pirrhf ((J1Illll(fT 1m the JIst

(enmy 1191

Givell all dl(~ ah()n~ mentioned it SfflIlS wise to ollect all expectations towardsil smart comllllluicatioll systf1l1 hdon startiug 10 Illiign it As it (Ollllllllilkatiollsystllll coIltlcds (at ieait) Iwo people tlpn an also at lealt1two inlfrfst to beatleudet to (rlm8t~ TWit- flu the fl1Tn8 (allN fwd (alllt thaI IlIT derivnl fTllmtlH Ififpwne context will be (((1for the imliator and tht rnfiV(T of any form ofCOUl1flll1tuatirm telephone (lswdl rl~mllil or in~t(Jnt mexs(Jyiufj)

31 Caller - the scnder

The first fadiotl j- the caller side The (alllI lim a clrtaill motivation to initiatcthc (Omlllllllicatioll These motivations call IH classified into three majOl groupsVhilc till first two of them me examplc1ifor as bullbullndIHlllous communi(ation as tiltpattuefs do not hat~ fo int(fflet ill realtimE the third OIl( ohviousl bullbullis an exampleflll sYllchollOllS c(lIlimullicfltioll

The first is the impartation of illfollnatinn which meilns lim the cail(( mainlywant to inform the callce ahout somdhillg This illfoJllation is fixld and call )(d(liwr(d without lUibullbullinvolvement of tilE mIle Ipical fxflmplts of impartinginformation would be mcssa~es like -Im out of ollicc Tak XY is done or TIlllllClting was rescheduled to 1500h

Thc s((ond b the reqlHit of illforlllatioll As like 11til illl)lartatioll of infor-mation the r(qllest can he ddivcred without fln invok(llellt of the caile Typicalexamplegt of requestinp informatioll would hI m(ssages like Vhat is tlH~ status of

7

CHAPTER l SYSTE~I DESIr

plOjtlt X t 11(11bull( spud Ille the tlOClltlltllt(olltaining X yZ or Vha t is t Ittl1Hll~of the Il( sE(Tltary again

1111 tllinl is tht Ilsin t(l illttwet witll the callee Ihis llIay Ill to (is(lISsOllllthing with till calfP or simply to han a nin COIl(lsltlliOlI

It is OJViOllS that ill tIl( first two elL thl actions could Ill handled b- it

(()lllIllUieatioll Syst(lll without tile cali(( having to wait for tile iw(omplishllltllt (g(ht call(1could nrdPI tht systf1II 10 inform till call1(~about it certain Illattfr andtll(ll forg( about it TIll systt1ll would rlwll try () reach tIH (allt~~ until he 01sh has til( lillI( 10 allswer the call Tht SillJl(~could be dOIlP with an informatiollrequest TIH eallt1 would simply onl() the systf1ll to Cpt the dOClIll(lltcontainingXYZ frolll n~tr AI3C illltlltport Il-lckto me nll(( YOIlhave it Kow tilt syst(m can(Olltact the user ABC Itll him about tht t(osilpddocnment and n~port back to tht((tlltr onc( till docllIwnl b availahle In thp llwantillw till caller onld rare ahonl()11lt1problems

Ulllikl the nrst IWo (ilS(S whitli (~all I)halHlled aynchtollou~ly the tbird (I1

[(qnins both partiES (caller and calEe) to he ivaili1blt at the same time hilt adind sy1tlU snpport is hardly pnssible in this n1-(ta sySICIll could still support11llIlPIS (p by finding I poiut in tilll( wlln hoth are availabk and scht(lule the(til then

III gt-HPralit can 1)(~aid that ~YllchrollOl~tomlllnuication is trouhIESOllit-for the(dler as he dIlls uot hae any informatioll about the calkts situation

32 Callee - the receIver

A calkC on the ot Illr Imutl hai tiitffr(ut t(tuinlUtlllS towards it COIllIllIIllintI iOIlsys-t(IlI Iii wallts to Ill available fOi incoming calls tn pet int(rtsIiHg andor import alitinformatioll and news Still whilE lit is husy 1)(dots lint want to he dbtmHd awtll 11 while Iwinl in all situation when a call would be inaproprintt Eg a ~t()ckhrokl1 ha to ht illlolllled about any important event cOIIttwing his inVlstIlHlItSIf hE is lOtrtachablp atltis dt~k plOllt he would wall I the system to kllow that illthis ca~( Iw is 1l(J~tliktly available on his lllOJiltphouC Still it is highly arguableif this infollUatioll should COIl( to hilU whih he is attcJl(ling tiivim service Allltlnalogll( situation can be ronstm(td for the projpct lllallagPL ~hile an~ dtiaYtdillfOllUatiOll fiow could Itad to il tklay of til( whok project the lllauagll lIlight sill1101want to 1)(distllrlHd while in all important lllilestolll-meeting with I flIstonHrEpn if hp is jllit workiu)for himsplf all ulllflatft1 distmIJaufc might break hisCOlJ(tutratiOll 0 ht would want to jt~dislmlHt1 only by rdtvall1 illformation

hile most of t11falnn-s IlH_ntioIlPdahovc call 1)(gtachieHti with t()(lays (0111111011ttchnulopy this would j(qllill a lot of manual sysltm lllaiIlUIll(( by lilt IISN tgprogramming tltp Wilting of calls and ((mpilelillg to switch t hl llIohik oflat t htIw)iulligof it Ill((-tillg and on agnill af(l that Illeeting It is highly dtsirablf for a(OlllllHlIlicatioll syskm to )lJ8f kllow wit(1l a USN is availahh for distlllbaIH(S awlwhich calls arp ]PhV1UlIto hitl]lTtllt task

Ihllit PatlllnalltllllUt

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

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[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

Abstract

The world is prowing together more awl mon Gohalizatioll i-just flIWword fOithis phcnomenon This was Illade possible icthut lIot Iealt hy Ih possiJililieof lIlodern Ollllllullicatiou g 11lObiltte1ptOll-mail md instant mCBsajinjBul the more omnipresent thtse new means of (ommlmication jttIl more tht)are t)(cominp a burden ltIilISfrS an ((JIIstantly dmlltllgpd wil h (omlllllllic-atiollreqllltits 110matter if thty lin fl(t~or busy awl in w(-( of some uwbluriJPd time totOJ1((lltmlon their WOlk

This work c1iscusstthe necessity and possibility of a (ontfxt aware systcm thatfilters illcomlllinp COIllllllmicatiou reque bullbullts amI hy doing so givt the mwl somt l(litfill form of undisturhed time

Die Velt wachst immer llHhr ZllSilllllllt11 Glol)tisitlllllg i-t 11111tin Vott fiirdipses Phiinollwll Dies llnlc nkht zlIdzt d11lch die IllodtlIlen KOIllIllUllikatiolls-mittd wie mohie Ttltphoni( E-Iail llud Instant Ilesljagill)enlloglieht AIHr ItOl1l1lipltSt~lltcrdiest KOllllllllllikatiollsmiltel proell 1IIllSOllHhr Wfnell sic audl ZllrUlh--lllllPfiir ihn Btll11tz([ tli sit stifl(li~dnrch Iollllllunikationsanfraptll gdon 1([1nnftl egal olJ sit gCtUlllId)(s(llaftigt sind odeI hpgchiiftipt lllHi sich allf illll Al-hpit konzen riPl(1lmiisst]l

Die vorliegttltie Arheit rliskutien die otnl(ligkdt 1I1lt1tgtliiglichktit1Ifilltsltllltlxt-SIISitivf1l Systems das citlelwwk KOllllllllllikati(lIlSilllhagell Iilhrt llllliso d(1lI Bpllutzer etvil-iErleieillellmg in Forlll lOll ll11gl-itiilt(rZtit (rsdmlh

c(raquo)TE)TTS

ii Delni I allllllilIJI rlllllil

Chapter 1

Introduction

Flw ImlllI)IJfJl of rliulIt7l1 CUI-sisI 1101in ~f(lilly nrw alld-~I(If)j~ Iml HI Wlm9 new eyes

larct-l Irnllst

III today~ world lllotP and 1lI0rt IHopif dn have ilion and lllOlP cOllllllunicationr(jus hltlt wat mcant to hI it hhssillg llowiI(lays hils SOlllCtilllfS (yell )(COlllCiUlHOvillg Here is an example SaUl wants to ak a simple qucstion tn Boh Hrcalls hilll but Bob is not at homf lIis wif( anSHrS and tdb Salll thai lie is illtile officI So Sam calls t1l(~officI Thl[( Itt just [caches the allswerinp machinettllill) him that Boh is IIOt at his cesk al present Sam [(1Jl(lIi)(rs Bobs cdlphOlItIlumlllr and caUs there At that lime Bob is haviug il IJIfsllItation for an important(lIstOIllCL As he forgot to switch of his llIobii( phOlll it ring~ whik he b sJllakill210 hi~ u~tollHr low Sam and Boh ale both in a snit Salll Iwcall~e Ill is having ahard linl trYIng to nilch Boh and Bob IllcHUsl he P0l distnriwd in his importanttll(pting Both of tlH1ll wish thillgs W(I( (ilSI(r and mOlT intdli14tllt

Tlti i vhere the COlndo idlltl (OlW fmlll It~ Illilill goal IS to (amp( comlllll-Illeatioll l)(t((11p(oph acting VN) tlludl likt it digital seCTftary COIllHtO) i~ afralllfwork of SPIic-Sthat oflr~ every lI~e) it ]JTwlfwlllyrlIf that mlUlagtS IheirOI(rs (OIlHlllllllcatioll needs Til Ih(~ ahmP-lllflltiolll-ri fxampf all Sam want((1 10do (1- to get it piece of illfollnation frolll ilob illstpad of callillg Bohs multiplepholle 1l1l1ll1wrs he (ould hwI simply askptl his COlllledor agtlit to fint a (omf Ilitllt lime to contad Bob for the desired informat iOll awl inforlll him OIwe Boh isfne to lalk On the other hawl Bobs COlll((tor ageILt (ollirl hay known that hewas iIi a llleeting at Ihe moment of the call and Ihal it would be illappropriat( ifhis phone rang If Sams ql1lHlioH Wiliimportant and nrppnT connector could haveinformed Bob discreetly othelwise he COllie have waited until aftm Ihe lllettinp to(Ollll((t Sam alld Uob As SOOIlas Bob has lilll( 0 talk on hI phone he would have((llllutltl Sams COIlllt(trl[ agPllt hal ill tum wOII1(1hilf inf(llllH( Sam al)(lnt th(possibility to call no

Tltis is Ollt aPl-t of tht COllne(tor idti Ill H-tite this gOdl tlHe aI( llIauynb-prohlems 10 be solved mainly tilt qlHstiolls Hol dops the COilIltctor agellt

CHAITEH 1 IlTHODCCTIOl

knnw WiHtIlt II( cau iutflTupr its Wl-lr right now with it phOlH call or willtiHrif would 1)( IHttN to IISI an altlIIatie lllPiHlSof communication and -How (all

th COlllU(10liIlut(to(idl~ wl[(-1h[ a call is important (Ilough to allowe to distmiJ(htmlb

A 1Ipre has I)(cn quill SOIllEadal1lt~ ill answering tht first (lutstiun the maingoal of this work is to lind allSWlrS to tllP ft((md (l1HStiOH

Till rtlllailldet of this tiHf-I(S is organizd as follows Chapter 2 taks it brieflook al the CUlTlllt stale of [(S(ilrdl in rtlatld Helds Chaphr3 explain SOIII( con-siderations regarding th dlsign of a iystclll that could he able to make (kcissiollSJ(atpc to thl disl1lrh-o[-uot problem In (laplerl the implflllclltalioll of a proto-tp SystlllI is (xpiainfd Chapkr S discusses a surv(y relating this topic Chapt(r(j (OUdlldes th( d(wiojgtlIllPnt with SOllle ideas for futllll- itllPIOVCIII(uts FiuallvsOllie cOlldusiollS are draWll that sUlllllJarizls this work ill chapter 7

In Ihi~pliJlfT ( jidwnlllslT nld for Ilu (nUTpies is (Jlw(JY~ Ildre~w(l() as he()f (OW8(IIlls 8 not dow If) di(~fWIInlllt allyone bld dlll to Ih( flld fhat the author(I~hi1n~df lIl fhl8( Inullple bullbullIfd I1Il1mlh airesHS himself Il~ he NOHI of Ih(gllIU 1rtllllplfbullbull is 111111f(llllIalellIT~ Iulusin-ly any femule Hader ~IIlJIIld JI1f jln10 npl(ln~ (lilllIlle prmwllIls uifh fUlIlIi IJnUi UJ IUT ftmlluhile nf1ding

2 DdniellathmapflHllla

Chapter 2

Related Work

IFIIf11 (l 1li~lin[Jl11Shtd bllt ddCl-lywl(lli~1sll1ks ltlll SII1IWlhil19 1-

]J()_~~ibl I i~111mHI nUuiTly

riyhtWhrll he Matrs Ihn ~omdhiIlYI~ imlJ()~ilIJlIhe i IfTY probablylIlllllrl_

Arthur ( (lark bullbullImjir of The Futlln Hllil

TlwlI are fi(Tral approaches towards this topic bull lot of aUllitlIlic institutiollswork ill Ids field for a lOlltillle now nut ill till lml r((Hk the (Olllllll1uicatiollindustry rpcognized Iht illlportancp of this topic TIHHfOll 11(also stltn(d TO

work in this licldaturally the 140al of th~p two groUJlS an sli~hl difffHllt Wltih~ Il~s(jfutitlc

approach aims on in(flasilll the kllowkdge and Iludcrstandiu) of the topic Il(illdllstry first of all is intcrestc(l in working ollltiollS the~ can stll Tlteldole thi bulldlilptpr is did(Ie(j into related York ill ~(if1lft and the indl8fry

21 Science

Already ill HJ91 ~1 Vtis( (iPsnilwd ill [1] the iOPi of uhiquitous (OIllIHltillg IllPJ((licts the use of 1lral IllllHlnts of mino olllputcr devin~ 1)(1roOIll that Itp

iutllitivdy to operate so the IIStr all atlas stop (oH((lltrating on computer tpvin-sltIud start to care abollt the ptop]e at tlw othtl PllIls of th bullbullIIf1work Toda- li YPHSlate we arc st-ill far from nachill) liis alllbitions alltl undcniably Illost otsimble(II)jtcti 1

SatyallarayamUl states in [2] dw fom (-sselltiai l((juitlllltuts to JlIT1O-5IVC COnI-

jluling TIll first is cfcdilc U8Cof smarl Pact llltal1ill~ tilt illcnsioll of t(dlllOloOilll 0 (vt~ryday-Iifc ilwl thcreiJy cnabling inf(gtrad iw s(llsill~ ami (Olltrolling

Tlw st(und HqHirtuHllt is illlisibilify The Hilal oal is the (Olll]]tlt disap-pPtlral1(-of Itrvasivt (olll]lIltillg t(dlllOI()~r from a IlSNSS (oJ]wioUSIl(ss This

CIIAPTEH 2 HELITED II(JIlK

lPquirCIHlm alII omatically lad~ to lhe dcmand of IIullwllt bullbullt di~tll1(Jflc(

TIll third nquillIlllllt is localised scal(Jliility Satyallara1iallan stalfs Ihal tlttCllITtllt [ lin of the intlllWt (deal Ii of dislalKt) is inappropriate for Iwrvasiwcomputing as tltl 1101[as wll w his computing systelll will lw ocfwhlhIHd bydistant ill1Nad jOllS that an of little tC](-UlCfif titt density of interaction dOt lIotbtll of IIow mows lway 0[[( eXilmple for this would be the smart h()lSt~ It iHljll-tsthe lightill2 (ollliitioll II) tht llSts mood This of COlllSt is 110t IIfCeSSll-Ywhile tll(lIS(1 is lot at hUIIl( SI ill qllllyiu) his mood is Oll(~kiwI of distant iUlcwcrioH withoutn lovaJl(

The last requircllwlIl is 1IaslIIt1 urWIflI cOTulitlOlIIllq Satyanamyallall 11lj(IiVl-sthat thl ratl of ]l(IHtraliolJ of pervasive comlHlting tcchnology illtn tht infrasuuc-11][( will vary (ollsirerably As this rfslllts ill IlligI ditfprfIHes ill the smartlHss ofdilt1(nt (IIirollllHnts ilIHliL-iH (Olllpulin~ syst(111 will have to (ompfllSnll tlws(diff(ffIlC(S ill ordll to kltp thl- USI-clear of anlloyancts

Fllthp(IllOU Salyallarayanall states thai ill ordt to adlipve minillwl user (h~tu1-ban(( a ptfva ltivf COlllp1lt11 SyslllIl must Iw corfe1t-uuuTC so that it call ndjllsl itshdlitviolll to the IIt(s clInTlllt state and SUlTOll11dillgS A very important iS~HI(illthis conkxl is Ihe balance t)twI~n pmadivily alld fml~JI(n1I(Y a the uscrs Illcdsd(]Hw on his itd of Ixperilnlp on it tLk and his familiarity with his fllVirolllll(tllbull system (all (iLsily nlltlO~ 11USN Iw proactiwly initialising all kiwis of P(()(fSSfS a-Il ilS cOllfus( him hy lllaikin~ activities bfhintlllltilosilllllfallSpiUPllCY

itllllll111lt et al pre-flH an inllusling approach to Ihis plOblem In [J] tIwyllllntion lti usn J11UIHT modI III titt-ir exptriult1I1 the u~(rs hacimohiJ d(vicIswith Iimil 1(I I1llllIl)t) Illl I I ht ability to ~et unavailalJlf dal a dltOllgh a I() 1)all( Iwit h-l (JIlthlt ion The pa tilIiC modI was l1~pd 10 dllidt dlltlwr a user should be qUfriltwhat to do on a cltidw-miss 011 lilt llIolJik syslPlll Thpy altsunw that it ll~lr is lllOllikfly willing to il(((pl a dislurball(e if tilP missing file is of a higher impOilanll Astlltll is IHI s(ipntifi( t1itll availilble hy now they conj(ctllte it logarithmic Itlatiolll)(twI(1I patience ilwl iIllPOItilW( iLltt h(y claim 1hat llHlIlY other human procfsfShan~ a similar slnsitiily ((g isioll)

III [-l] COlltilZ Il al extelld the notion of (oulxt nol ollly to descrilH a stall- huta pnwfSs They ilrgue that only iI confcIt-a-p()II~~ itpJllOitdl is f1txihk lllou)h to(In)i(lll1islllatc1l(s bdwtlt1 til SylItllS 1Ilodd of iutlractioll and the userss lllfntalmodel of Ih( sysltllI

III Is] DalJhish 11 al eXilmine how ptoplf rfilCt Oil incoming mails Tllty cassitildthe iucoming ltJ~isag((ollttlIl to Ollt of the following c1asses rf(rllt~f for actionlY1PUStfor mfonnatwn (link dWIlHlI71f COllad infu dc) stutus update (for ouyowyIlmJrdtu_~A) IffJIW~ for rL IIffiny or respons( to a meeting rr(jLrst 1fmindrT 01

11(illl f1fdirty Also t he took into lticcount I he Idat ion of tlll~stllder 10 Ill( [(1ipiIIlIHlllI thl illqgturtawe of the message (to til( rffipienl as 111L 10 Ill(~ studtr) TIlt11goal was to (kfif a mo(kllilal allows 10 pUIIitt I hi Ils(Js rtmioll 10 all iucoTllinglllaii Cout nny I (J tHir Ixjgt(1al iOll-il L-Ill)1t Ill Itll~ssage ililportallcc that tiUItilthighesl inllulWe Oil I lH rqgtIY-lthaiollr of tltc llSilSbut the send( (hlltTJrtrisfl(~Ill( illllholS a [-0 lIotld that lllSSilg( rtqulstiu) inforlllation wefe sipniticiIltlY lllOH

j (hili Pal hlllaplllllllil

21 SCIElCE

likely to rtctiv( a n~pollsr and flsnll1Cthat this is because the applOpriatl actioIlOil these messages is most appalclll to the tcripknr Another interesting sid( 11011is dIP fact that messapes with social outen wen Illore likely to fctcivc a tllIHHlse

In [6] Erickson et al argue that (lIlTI1l1Ildmoiogy is (lCltltinpwalls IwtweellIISP[S The suggested approach is to make systems wwUllly lml~lllcrnf I to (nablet lw IlS10lise ttpir common social behaYiour to cOlllllluni(aft more Iffici(utly withone anotIier

Itl [7) 0011et aJ pxprpss their opinion that no maLler how oplisticatfd a (011-

llllmicltltiollor (ollahoralioll system might be distance will always ]llay all importantrole as there are to lllallYfacts illlll1lllltlll-to-hulllilll(OlllIllUnicarioIlthat (chnolopycan hardly or not at all refict

III addition) Sdllleidtr el al oJsenpd that nol ouly physical distann but ilionimportant social netJLolk (istaTcc playbulla significallt lOll on Ill( df]ci(ncy of humanto human cOllllllunication [Sl Hence they claim that human-(olllpulpl interactionas well as COllllJlltlrSllpportld (oolwrativ( work could benefit by inltrealin)fOCllS011sodal network distance as an analytical IIlCilureami desi~n tool

In their slIrveys [~] J ~1 liudsoll lI ill found rhat availability mauagflllflltcall not he just fvading all intfITuptiolls IIthpJ( is a ICllsion betwepn wantinp toloi(1 interruptions and appreciating thpir IIseflllw-s For (Jlllpitin their studyallaglrs -plndmost of their worktilllt halldlinp iUlt--lTllptionsallI ngard this partof fil(ir joh They need a (prtain control 0(1their interruptions to kl(P bullIIlStof t1l1ir plojtd- Oil Ilw 01( hallli Jut on Ihe ot lwr hand also nttd SOUletilllf ofdj(~p W7Iceutmtiou During these tilllPS it is illlportant to keep au- interruptionilWa)a-the temptation to let themsel(S1)(illtITllpt(d ill ort1tt to not dday anypotlntially important information is to strOtlfor most of thelli ThtSI tillltS of dttll(oltpntratioll arise tIlliteHglll(lry in a workday In SllllUllaryHudson ft al deIllawlsystellls to make interruptions more PUil-i(lltrathlr than dp(T(asinpthpill As theyalso f01I1(1that intprrllptiolls an handitd dittnlllly dtIHnding 011 t ht nature ofthe interruption regardless of slatl Ul tiUlI IlHYlHliEo(thill w1ally lmn~IIj(Inlsysfnns [G] arl the hlst way 10 approach this dtallpllpp

Allothn illlportalll findillg of liLtlll is that S~sttIllSthat rdy on users uprlatinptheir cIIlT(nl status mallllally are houlld lol illtffrgtltti(as IISPSof thesvstms1l(JStelll to nl1ltIllIJ(rto dlilllpp lltil availahility slall

For~arty d al (xmuined this opinion [wI and found that p(opit t(nd to ignoretIl( availability information provided hy tiUir My Firll sodal translucient ayailabilityillfonnatioll softwal( ()I)illl 1I1(SSl)((chcet(cliou location informatioll (OIH~put ilttivily ami calendar iuformatiol1 to nlEHltla lIs(rs li1ilahility) COlltrarytIllY liSP the provided informat iOIl 10dltrmilH thl ]IHMWIof a P([SOIlrat Itthan its lvllilahility HellCt til( auhors implicatf that it socially tlilllShW(lllsys-tllll is a pood approach uut far from ellollph to 1l11iattillappropriate disturbaH(~sipnificanth or prewnt thelll totally

[wi]]ytranlucelltlIleansthat the tllllllUllicatiulIdmlJlld trallslJlitslot olllytill (Ollllltufllll (OJrllllllllicatiol hut al~otllf lIIolions of lIlt lISflS

COllllllllllitaliOIlShields

CIIAITEB 2 11ELATED mlHh

22 IndustrialTI[(n~are a ltlllJgtlt of groups that arc workillg Oil the future of (mohile) (OtlllllllIli-(it tilIll TW(I (f t 11I1lliltl II( 1111(PtlPrati(JI Iutllefshil) I-ro j(f [111and the ()IH1llHI)iit- AliialU( [121 ~ Ow of tllt-ir projPcts is calfd PHSl1iU STvice aud ~I)((ili(sa SNvic( that (Ilahks th bullbullUSN 10 tiefiIH ccrtain 1ri~(rs Ihat are COIllHct(d with hiclunllt stall] Otl this hwl it is not Sll(ili( how the currcnt stalll is (1111111-11

what slates thefe are ilXall or what kind of actiolls could Ill triggtrt Tht goal ofthese wurkin groups is sirupy do specify a commotl arehitectual basis all which til(singlt IIlIll IIHtS could illlpcHl(nt t h(lr OWII soillt iom and dcj(-cs TIl( (OIllIlL()lI1JCIisgUatillLtPps til( iuteropcrahility of all solutions and devices within till specifications

Tilt fillllisil ((1Il11111Ini(atiOIltechlloloampy COllljlllllY ()kia 3 tlevelope(1 a t(rhll()-ogy call1d oklll IlflU( ll~]rhat S((IlIS to be based 011 the PnSIUII SITitf

dpfiwld hv th( ~GrrIt fOllsists of th(nMlIcC SC11fT awl tltt PIICbullbulltlI-H ClluilSojtwan ami allows IIS( 10 (XdJaIl~l llachability ilLfol111atiotl A lIspr cansd iJisnachahilit~ stilt liS (husy away hOI(d plpI( call) IIwill as his prefPlT(d mod( of(Ollltllllllkat iolt (voice call 5-15) alolLg wit h some personal notes A st alll (han~((ltIlll)p tri~JI((1eidwr manually h~the uspr or automatically hy a calendar (entThis information is so[dOil thp Nokia Ptlgtencp Serv(1 wh(le other users can querythetH P[(S(Il(l oll([sa )roup based privacy COIIC(pt that allows the lisen to d(cidllto (an get what kiwi of information abOIlt thetIJ

okia lists 00(1 m (Ill-ploll( lIloti(ls that alrfady support PnSEllle TIl( Pres-(u(( (hllt softwaH Is imlilable for download 011 thp okia website awl it is saidthat it also works with pholHS HllIlufadm((1 hy otiter companies Although it (oltl-Itllllli(at via GPRS EDGE 01 VCD~dA it d(pfnds Oll SOUit pfovidll d(IWlldiH)lletwOlk s(IVins (1lI11illtv til( prls(IW( server) which aI( CUHfIlly not slIpport(d by1m ((nnall Ill work provider cOlllpany

~pll notl 1111IllS( Iw() IVOllPSHI owr1appillg llwmlHfl of till lC 11 af lOriIll also llIllIbPIS

of till UPl1 IllOhilt Alliancl awl yil Tfla okia i~pussihly and prohahly 1101 111lt only company that alnady 11m products that iltlptllPll1

lIw lnMII1 ledmlogy UIll it SIltlJ~to I tlll only plOmpanythat mfltimu it ill its uwniSlllPutcampaIgns This ibullbullwhy this pumpany IlL CliogtI11to h au laquoImpp liNP

(j

Chapter 3

System Design

1111mo1 pmfo1Hul trchlloloqtfsJn~Ow lwl riisfJppfIlt TheyINfl1f IhfmMI1f~ info Ow fabricof ftIJdu life ufltilhey (11(ill-dislinJ1lishabir ftnm it

~Iark pirrhf ((J1Illll(fT 1m the JIst

(enmy 1191

Givell all dl(~ ah()n~ mentioned it SfflIlS wise to ollect all expectations towardsil smart comllllluicatioll systf1l1 hdon startiug 10 Illiign it As it (Ollllllllilkatiollsystllll coIltlcds (at ieait) Iwo people tlpn an also at lealt1two inlfrfst to beatleudet to (rlm8t~ TWit- flu the fl1Tn8 (allN fwd (alllt thaI IlIT derivnl fTllmtlH Ififpwne context will be (((1for the imliator and tht rnfiV(T of any form ofCOUl1flll1tuatirm telephone (lswdl rl~mllil or in~t(Jnt mexs(Jyiufj)

31 Caller - the scnder

The first fadiotl j- the caller side The (alllI lim a clrtaill motivation to initiatcthc (Omlllllllicatioll These motivations call IH classified into three majOl groupsVhilc till first two of them me examplc1ifor as bullbullndIHlllous communi(ation as tiltpattuefs do not hat~ fo int(fflet ill realtimE the third OIl( ohviousl bullbullis an exampleflll sYllchollOllS c(lIlimullicfltioll

The first is the impartation of illfollnatinn which meilns lim the cail(( mainlywant to inform the callce ahout somdhillg This illfoJllation is fixld and call )(d(liwr(d without lUibullbullinvolvement of tilE mIle Ipical fxflmplts of impartinginformation would be mcssa~es like -Im out of ollicc Tak XY is done or TIlllllClting was rescheduled to 1500h

Thc s((ond b the reqlHit of illforlllatioll As like 11til illl)lartatioll of infor-mation the r(qllest can he ddivcred without fln invok(llellt of the caile Typicalexamplegt of requestinp informatioll would hI m(ssages like Vhat is tlH~ status of

7

CHAPTER l SYSTE~I DESIr

plOjtlt X t 11(11bull( spud Ille the tlOClltlltllt(olltaining X yZ or Vha t is t Ittl1Hll~of the Il( sE(Tltary again

1111 tllinl is tht Ilsin t(l illttwet witll the callee Ihis llIay Ill to (is(lISsOllllthing with till calfP or simply to han a nin COIl(lsltlliOlI

It is OJViOllS that ill tIl( first two elL thl actions could Ill handled b- it

(()lllIllUieatioll Syst(lll without tile cali(( having to wait for tile iw(omplishllltllt (g(ht call(1could nrdPI tht systf1II 10 inform till call1(~about it certain Illattfr andtll(ll forg( about it TIll systt1ll would rlwll try () reach tIH (allt~~ until he 01sh has til( lillI( 10 allswer the call Tht SillJl(~could be dOIlP with an informatiollrequest TIH eallt1 would simply onl() the systf1ll to Cpt the dOClIll(lltcontainingXYZ frolll n~tr AI3C illltlltport Il-lckto me nll(( YOIlhave it Kow tilt syst(m can(Olltact the user ABC Itll him about tht t(osilpddocnment and n~port back to tht((tlltr onc( till docllIwnl b availahle In thp llwantillw till caller onld rare ahonl()11lt1problems

Ulllikl the nrst IWo (ilS(S whitli (~all I)halHlled aynchtollou~ly the tbird (I1

[(qnins both partiES (caller and calEe) to he ivaili1blt at the same time hilt adind sy1tlU snpport is hardly pnssible in this n1-(ta sySICIll could still support11llIlPIS (p by finding I poiut in tilll( wlln hoth are availabk and scht(lule the(til then

III gt-HPralit can 1)(~aid that ~YllchrollOl~tomlllnuication is trouhIESOllit-for the(dler as he dIlls uot hae any informatioll about the calkts situation

32 Callee - the receIver

A calkC on the ot Illr Imutl hai tiitffr(ut t(tuinlUtlllS towards it COIllIllIIllintI iOIlsys-t(IlI Iii wallts to Ill available fOi incoming calls tn pet int(rtsIiHg andor import alitinformatioll and news Still whilE lit is husy 1)(dots lint want to he dbtmHd awtll 11 while Iwinl in all situation when a call would be inaproprintt Eg a ~t()ckhrokl1 ha to ht illlolllled about any important event cOIIttwing his inVlstIlHlItSIf hE is lOtrtachablp atltis dt~k plOllt he would wall I the system to kllow that illthis ca~( Iw is 1l(J~tliktly available on his lllOJiltphouC Still it is highly arguableif this infollUatioll should COIl( to hilU whih he is attcJl(ling tiivim service Allltlnalogll( situation can be ronstm(td for the projpct lllallagPL ~hile an~ dtiaYtdillfOllUatiOll fiow could Itad to il tklay of til( whok project the lllauagll lIlight sill1101want to 1)(distllrlHd while in all important lllilestolll-meeting with I flIstonHrEpn if hp is jllit workiu)for himsplf all ulllflatft1 distmIJaufc might break hisCOlJ(tutratiOll 0 ht would want to jt~dislmlHt1 only by rdtvall1 illformation

hile most of t11falnn-s IlH_ntioIlPdahovc call 1)(gtachieHti with t()(lays (0111111011ttchnulopy this would j(qllill a lot of manual sysltm lllaiIlUIll(( by lilt IISN tgprogramming tltp Wilting of calls and ((mpilelillg to switch t hl llIohik oflat t htIw)iulligof it Ill((-tillg and on agnill af(l that Illeeting It is highly dtsirablf for a(OlllllHlIlicatioll syskm to )lJ8f kllow wit(1l a USN is availahh for distlllbaIH(S awlwhich calls arp ]PhV1UlIto hitl]lTtllt task

Ihllit PatlllnalltllllUt

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

c(raquo)TE)TTS

ii Delni I allllllilIJI rlllllil

Chapter 1

Introduction

Flw ImlllI)IJfJl of rliulIt7l1 CUI-sisI 1101in ~f(lilly nrw alld-~I(If)j~ Iml HI Wlm9 new eyes

larct-l Irnllst

III today~ world lllotP and 1lI0rt IHopif dn have ilion and lllOlP cOllllllunicationr(jus hltlt wat mcant to hI it hhssillg llowiI(lays hils SOlllCtilllfS (yell )(COlllCiUlHOvillg Here is an example SaUl wants to ak a simple qucstion tn Boh Hrcalls hilll but Bob is not at homf lIis wif( anSHrS and tdb Salll thai lie is illtile officI So Sam calls t1l(~officI Thl[( Itt just [caches the allswerinp machinettllill) him that Boh is IIOt at his cesk al present Sam [(1Jl(lIi)(rs Bobs cdlphOlItIlumlllr and caUs there At that lime Bob is haviug il IJIfsllItation for an important(lIstOIllCL As he forgot to switch of his llIobii( phOlll it ring~ whik he b sJllakill210 hi~ u~tollHr low Sam and Boh ale both in a snit Salll Iwcall~e Ill is having ahard linl trYIng to nilch Boh and Bob IllcHUsl he P0l distnriwd in his importanttll(pting Both of tlH1ll wish thillgs W(I( (ilSI(r and mOlT intdli14tllt

Tlti i vhere the COlndo idlltl (OlW fmlll It~ Illilill goal IS to (amp( comlllll-Illeatioll l)(t((11p(oph acting VN) tlludl likt it digital seCTftary COIllHtO) i~ afralllfwork of SPIic-Sthat oflr~ every lI~e) it ]JTwlfwlllyrlIf that mlUlagtS IheirOI(rs (OIlHlllllllcatioll needs Til Ih(~ ahmP-lllflltiolll-ri fxampf all Sam want((1 10do (1- to get it piece of illfollnation frolll ilob illstpad of callillg Bohs multiplepholle 1l1l1ll1wrs he (ould hwI simply askptl his COlllledor agtlit to fint a (omf Ilitllt lime to contad Bob for the desired informat iOll awl inforlll him OIwe Boh isfne to lalk On the other hawl Bobs COlll((tor ageILt (ollirl hay known that hewas iIi a llleeting at Ihe moment of the call and Ihal it would be illappropriat( ifhis phone rang If Sams ql1lHlioH Wiliimportant and nrppnT connector could haveinformed Bob discreetly othelwise he COllie have waited until aftm Ihe lllettinp to(Ollll((t Sam alld Uob As SOOIlas Bob has lilll( 0 talk on hI phone he would have((llllutltl Sams COIlllt(trl[ agPllt hal ill tum wOII1(1hilf inf(llllH( Sam al)(lnt th(possibility to call no

Tltis is Ollt aPl-t of tht COllne(tor idti Ill H-tite this gOdl tlHe aI( llIauynb-prohlems 10 be solved mainly tilt qlHstiolls Hol dops the COilIltctor agellt

CHAITEH 1 IlTHODCCTIOl

knnw WiHtIlt II( cau iutflTupr its Wl-lr right now with it phOlH call or willtiHrif would 1)( IHttN to IISI an altlIIatie lllPiHlSof communication and -How (all

th COlllU(10liIlut(to(idl~ wl[(-1h[ a call is important (Ilough to allowe to distmiJ(htmlb

A 1Ipre has I)(cn quill SOIllEadal1lt~ ill answering tht first (lutstiun the maingoal of this work is to lind allSWlrS to tllP ft((md (l1HStiOH

Till rtlllailldet of this tiHf-I(S is organizd as follows Chapter 2 taks it brieflook al the CUlTlllt stale of [(S(ilrdl in rtlatld Helds Chaphr3 explain SOIII( con-siderations regarding th dlsign of a iystclll that could he able to make (kcissiollSJ(atpc to thl disl1lrh-o[-uot problem In (laplerl the implflllclltalioll of a proto-tp SystlllI is (xpiainfd Chapkr S discusses a surv(y relating this topic Chapt(r(j (OUdlldes th( d(wiojgtlIllPnt with SOllle ideas for futllll- itllPIOVCIII(uts FiuallvsOllie cOlldusiollS are draWll that sUlllllJarizls this work ill chapter 7

In Ihi~pliJlfT ( jidwnlllslT nld for Ilu (nUTpies is (Jlw(JY~ Ildre~w(l() as he()f (OW8(IIlls 8 not dow If) di(~fWIInlllt allyone bld dlll to Ih( flld fhat the author(I~hi1n~df lIl fhl8( Inullple bullbullIfd I1Il1mlh airesHS himself Il~ he NOHI of Ih(gllIU 1rtllllplfbullbull is 111111f(llllIalellIT~ Iulusin-ly any femule Hader ~IIlJIIld JI1f jln10 npl(ln~ (lilllIlle prmwllIls uifh fUlIlIi IJnUi UJ IUT ftmlluhile nf1ding

2 DdniellathmapflHllla

Chapter 2

Related Work

IFIIf11 (l 1li~lin[Jl11Shtd bllt ddCl-lywl(lli~1sll1ks ltlll SII1IWlhil19 1-

]J()_~~ibl I i~111mHI nUuiTly

riyhtWhrll he Matrs Ihn ~omdhiIlYI~ imlJ()~ilIJlIhe i IfTY probablylIlllllrl_

Arthur ( (lark bullbullImjir of The Futlln Hllil

TlwlI are fi(Tral approaches towards this topic bull lot of aUllitlIlic institutiollswork ill Ids field for a lOlltillle now nut ill till lml r((Hk the (Olllllll1uicatiollindustry rpcognized Iht illlportancp of this topic TIHHfOll 11(also stltn(d TO

work in this licldaturally the 140al of th~p two groUJlS an sli~hl difffHllt Wltih~ Il~s(jfutitlc

approach aims on in(flasilll the kllowkdge and Iludcrstandiu) of the topic Il(illdllstry first of all is intcrestc(l in working ollltiollS the~ can stll Tlteldole thi bulldlilptpr is did(Ie(j into related York ill ~(if1lft and the indl8fry

21 Science

Already ill HJ91 ~1 Vtis( (iPsnilwd ill [1] the iOPi of uhiquitous (OIllIHltillg IllPJ((licts the use of 1lral IllllHlnts of mino olllputcr devin~ 1)(1roOIll that Itp

iutllitivdy to operate so the IIStr all atlas stop (oH((lltrating on computer tpvin-sltIud start to care abollt the ptop]e at tlw othtl PllIls of th bullbullIIf1work Toda- li YPHSlate we arc st-ill far from nachill) liis alllbitions alltl undcniably Illost otsimble(II)jtcti 1

SatyallarayamUl states in [2] dw fom (-sselltiai l((juitlllltuts to JlIT1O-5IVC COnI-

jluling TIll first is cfcdilc U8Cof smarl Pact llltal1ill~ tilt illcnsioll of t(dlllOloOilll 0 (vt~ryday-Iifc ilwl thcreiJy cnabling inf(gtrad iw s(llsill~ ami (Olltrolling

Tlw st(und HqHirtuHllt is illlisibilify The Hilal oal is the (Olll]]tlt disap-pPtlral1(-of Itrvasivt (olll]lIltillg t(dlllOI()~r from a IlSNSS (oJ]wioUSIl(ss This

CIIAPTEH 2 HELITED II(JIlK

lPquirCIHlm alII omatically lad~ to lhe dcmand of IIullwllt bullbullt di~tll1(Jflc(

TIll third nquillIlllllt is localised scal(Jliility Satyallara1iallan stalfs Ihal tlttCllITtllt [ lin of the intlllWt (deal Ii of dislalKt) is inappropriate for Iwrvasiwcomputing as tltl 1101[as wll w his computing systelll will lw ocfwhlhIHd bydistant ill1Nad jOllS that an of little tC](-UlCfif titt density of interaction dOt lIotbtll of IIow mows lway 0[[( eXilmple for this would be the smart h()lSt~ It iHljll-tsthe lightill2 (ollliitioll II) tht llSts mood This of COlllSt is 110t IIfCeSSll-Ywhile tll(lIS(1 is lot at hUIIl( SI ill qllllyiu) his mood is Oll(~kiwI of distant iUlcwcrioH withoutn lovaJl(

The last requircllwlIl is 1IaslIIt1 urWIflI cOTulitlOlIIllq Satyanamyallall 11lj(IiVl-sthat thl ratl of ]l(IHtraliolJ of pervasive comlHlting tcchnology illtn tht infrasuuc-11][( will vary (ollsirerably As this rfslllts ill IlligI ditfprfIHes ill the smartlHss ofdilt1(nt (IIirollllHnts ilIHliL-iH (Olllpulin~ syst(111 will have to (ompfllSnll tlws(diff(ffIlC(S ill ordll to kltp thl- USI-clear of anlloyancts

Fllthp(IllOU Salyallarayanall states thai ill ordt to adlipve minillwl user (h~tu1-ban(( a ptfva ltivf COlllp1lt11 SyslllIl must Iw corfe1t-uuuTC so that it call ndjllsl itshdlitviolll to the IIt(s clInTlllt state and SUlTOll11dillgS A very important iS~HI(illthis conkxl is Ihe balance t)twI~n pmadivily alld fml~JI(n1I(Y a the uscrs Illcdsd(]Hw on his itd of Ixperilnlp on it tLk and his familiarity with his fllVirolllll(tllbull system (all (iLsily nlltlO~ 11USN Iw proactiwly initialising all kiwis of P(()(fSSfS a-Il ilS cOllfus( him hy lllaikin~ activities bfhintlllltilosilllllfallSpiUPllCY

itllllll111lt et al pre-flH an inllusling approach to Ihis plOblem In [J] tIwyllllntion lti usn J11UIHT modI III titt-ir exptriult1I1 the u~(rs hacimohiJ d(vicIswith Iimil 1(I I1llllIl)t) Illl I I ht ability to ~et unavailalJlf dal a dltOllgh a I() 1)all( Iwit h-l (JIlthlt ion The pa tilIiC modI was l1~pd 10 dllidt dlltlwr a user should be qUfriltwhat to do on a cltidw-miss 011 lilt llIolJik syslPlll Thpy altsunw that it ll~lr is lllOllikfly willing to il(((pl a dislurball(e if tilP missing file is of a higher impOilanll Astlltll is IHI s(ipntifi( t1itll availilble hy now they conj(ctllte it logarithmic Itlatiolll)(twI(1I patience ilwl iIllPOItilW( iLltt h(y claim 1hat llHlIlY other human procfsfShan~ a similar slnsitiily ((g isioll)

III [-l] COlltilZ Il al extelld the notion of (oulxt nol ollly to descrilH a stall- huta pnwfSs They ilrgue that only iI confcIt-a-p()II~~ itpJllOitdl is f1txihk lllou)h to(In)i(lll1islllatc1l(s bdwtlt1 til SylItllS 1Ilodd of iutlractioll and the userss lllfntalmodel of Ih( sysltllI

III Is] DalJhish 11 al eXilmine how ptoplf rfilCt Oil incoming mails Tllty cassitildthe iucoming ltJ~isag((ollttlIl to Ollt of the following c1asses rf(rllt~f for actionlY1PUStfor mfonnatwn (link dWIlHlI71f COllad infu dc) stutus update (for ouyowyIlmJrdtu_~A) IffJIW~ for rL IIffiny or respons( to a meeting rr(jLrst 1fmindrT 01

11(illl f1fdirty Also t he took into lticcount I he Idat ion of tlll~stllder 10 Ill( [(1ipiIIlIHlllI thl illqgturtawe of the message (to til( rffipienl as 111L 10 Ill(~ studtr) TIlt11goal was to (kfif a mo(kllilal allows 10 pUIIitt I hi Ils(Js rtmioll 10 all iucoTllinglllaii Cout nny I (J tHir Ixjgt(1al iOll-il L-Ill)1t Ill Itll~ssage ililportallcc that tiUItilthighesl inllulWe Oil I lH rqgtIY-lthaiollr of tltc llSilSbut the send( (hlltTJrtrisfl(~Ill( illllholS a [-0 lIotld that lllSSilg( rtqulstiu) inforlllation wefe sipniticiIltlY lllOH

j (hili Pal hlllaplllllllil

21 SCIElCE

likely to rtctiv( a n~pollsr and flsnll1Cthat this is because the applOpriatl actioIlOil these messages is most appalclll to the tcripknr Another interesting sid( 11011is dIP fact that messapes with social outen wen Illore likely to fctcivc a tllIHHlse

In [6] Erickson et al argue that (lIlTI1l1Ildmoiogy is (lCltltinpwalls IwtweellIISP[S The suggested approach is to make systems wwUllly lml~lllcrnf I to (nablet lw IlS10lise ttpir common social behaYiour to cOlllllluni(aft more Iffici(utly withone anotIier

Itl [7) 0011et aJ pxprpss their opinion that no maLler how oplisticatfd a (011-

llllmicltltiollor (ollahoralioll system might be distance will always ]llay all importantrole as there are to lllallYfacts illlll1lllltlll-to-hulllilll(OlllIllUnicarioIlthat (chnolopycan hardly or not at all refict

III addition) Sdllleidtr el al oJsenpd that nol ouly physical distann but ilionimportant social netJLolk (istaTcc playbulla significallt lOll on Ill( df]ci(ncy of humanto human cOllllllunication [Sl Hence they claim that human-(olllpulpl interactionas well as COllllJlltlrSllpportld (oolwrativ( work could benefit by inltrealin)fOCllS011sodal network distance as an analytical IIlCilureami desi~n tool

In their slIrveys [~] J ~1 liudsoll lI ill found rhat availability mauagflllflltcall not he just fvading all intfITuptiolls IIthpJ( is a ICllsion betwepn wantinp toloi(1 interruptions and appreciating thpir IIseflllw-s For (Jlllpitin their studyallaglrs -plndmost of their worktilllt halldlinp iUlt--lTllptionsallI ngard this partof fil(ir joh They need a (prtain control 0(1their interruptions to kl(P bullIIlStof t1l1ir plojtd- Oil Ilw 01( hallli Jut on Ihe ot lwr hand also nttd SOUletilllf ofdj(~p W7Iceutmtiou During these tilllPS it is illlportant to keep au- interruptionilWa)a-the temptation to let themsel(S1)(illtITllpt(d ill ort1tt to not dday anypotlntially important information is to strOtlfor most of thelli ThtSI tillltS of dttll(oltpntratioll arise tIlliteHglll(lry in a workday In SllllUllaryHudson ft al deIllawlsystellls to make interruptions more PUil-i(lltrathlr than dp(T(asinpthpill As theyalso f01I1(1that intprrllptiolls an handitd dittnlllly dtIHnding 011 t ht nature ofthe interruption regardless of slatl Ul tiUlI IlHYlHliEo(thill w1ally lmn~IIj(Inlsysfnns [G] arl the hlst way 10 approach this dtallpllpp

Allothn illlportalll findillg of liLtlll is that S~sttIllSthat rdy on users uprlatinptheir cIIlT(nl status mallllally are houlld lol illtffrgtltti(as IISPSof thesvstms1l(JStelll to nl1ltIllIJ(rto dlilllpp lltil availahility slall

For~arty d al (xmuined this opinion [wI and found that p(opit t(nd to ignoretIl( availability information provided hy tiUir My Firll sodal translucient ayailabilityillfonnatioll softwal( ()I)illl 1I1(SSl)((chcet(cliou location informatioll (OIH~put ilttivily ami calendar iuformatiol1 to nlEHltla lIs(rs li1ilahility) COlltrarytIllY liSP the provided informat iOIl 10dltrmilH thl ]IHMWIof a P([SOIlrat Itthan its lvllilahility HellCt til( auhors implicatf that it socially tlilllShW(lllsys-tllll is a pood approach uut far from ellollph to 1l11iattillappropriate disturbaH(~sipnificanth or prewnt thelll totally

[wi]]ytranlucelltlIleansthat the tllllllUllicatiulIdmlJlld trallslJlitslot olllytill (Ollllltufllll (OJrllllllllicatiol hut al~otllf lIIolions of lIlt lISflS

COllllllllllitaliOIlShields

CIIAITEB 2 11ELATED mlHh

22 IndustrialTI[(n~are a ltlllJgtlt of groups that arc workillg Oil the future of (mohile) (OtlllllllIli-(it tilIll TW(I (f t 11I1lliltl II( 1111(PtlPrati(JI Iutllefshil) I-ro j(f [111and the ()IH1llHI)iit- AliialU( [121 ~ Ow of tllt-ir projPcts is calfd PHSl1iU STvice aud ~I)((ili(sa SNvic( that (Ilahks th bullbullUSN 10 tiefiIH ccrtain 1ri~(rs Ihat are COIllHct(d with hiclunllt stall] Otl this hwl it is not Sll(ili( how the currcnt stalll is (1111111-11

what slates thefe are ilXall or what kind of actiolls could Ill triggtrt Tht goal ofthese wurkin groups is sirupy do specify a commotl arehitectual basis all which til(singlt IIlIll IIHtS could illlpcHl(nt t h(lr OWII soillt iom and dcj(-cs TIl( (OIllIlL()lI1JCIisgUatillLtPps til( iuteropcrahility of all solutions and devices within till specifications

Tilt fillllisil ((1Il11111Ini(atiOIltechlloloampy COllljlllllY ()kia 3 tlevelope(1 a t(rhll()-ogy call1d oklll IlflU( ll~]rhat S((IlIS to be based 011 the PnSIUII SITitf

dpfiwld hv th( ~GrrIt fOllsists of th(nMlIcC SC11fT awl tltt PIICbullbulltlI-H ClluilSojtwan ami allows IIS( 10 (XdJaIl~l llachability ilLfol111atiotl A lIspr cansd iJisnachahilit~ stilt liS (husy away hOI(d plpI( call) IIwill as his prefPlT(d mod( of(Ollltllllllkat iolt (voice call 5-15) alolLg wit h some personal notes A st alll (han~((ltIlll)p tri~JI((1eidwr manually h~the uspr or automatically hy a calendar (entThis information is so[dOil thp Nokia Ptlgtencp Serv(1 wh(le other users can querythetH P[(S(Il(l oll([sa )roup based privacy COIIC(pt that allows the lisen to d(cidllto (an get what kiwi of information abOIlt thetIJ

okia lists 00(1 m (Ill-ploll( lIloti(ls that alrfady support PnSEllle TIl( Pres-(u(( (hllt softwaH Is imlilable for download 011 thp okia website awl it is saidthat it also works with pholHS HllIlufadm((1 hy otiter companies Although it (oltl-Itllllli(at via GPRS EDGE 01 VCD~dA it d(pfnds Oll SOUit pfovidll d(IWlldiH)lletwOlk s(IVins (1lI11illtv til( prls(IW( server) which aI( CUHfIlly not slIpport(d by1m ((nnall Ill work provider cOlllpany

~pll notl 1111IllS( Iw() IVOllPSHI owr1appillg llwmlHfl of till lC 11 af lOriIll also llIllIbPIS

of till UPl1 IllOhilt Alliancl awl yil Tfla okia i~pussihly and prohahly 1101 111lt only company that alnady 11m products that iltlptllPll1

lIw lnMII1 ledmlogy UIll it SIltlJ~to I tlll only plOmpanythat mfltimu it ill its uwniSlllPutcampaIgns This ibullbullwhy this pumpany IlL CliogtI11to h au laquoImpp liNP

(j

Chapter 3

System Design

1111mo1 pmfo1Hul trchlloloqtfsJn~Ow lwl riisfJppfIlt TheyINfl1f IhfmMI1f~ info Ow fabricof ftIJdu life ufltilhey (11(ill-dislinJ1lishabir ftnm it

~Iark pirrhf ((J1Illll(fT 1m the JIst

(enmy 1191

Givell all dl(~ ah()n~ mentioned it SfflIlS wise to ollect all expectations towardsil smart comllllluicatioll systf1l1 hdon startiug 10 Illiign it As it (Ollllllllilkatiollsystllll coIltlcds (at ieait) Iwo people tlpn an also at lealt1two inlfrfst to beatleudet to (rlm8t~ TWit- flu the fl1Tn8 (allN fwd (alllt thaI IlIT derivnl fTllmtlH Ififpwne context will be (((1for the imliator and tht rnfiV(T of any form ofCOUl1flll1tuatirm telephone (lswdl rl~mllil or in~t(Jnt mexs(Jyiufj)

31 Caller - the scnder

The first fadiotl j- the caller side The (alllI lim a clrtaill motivation to initiatcthc (Omlllllllicatioll These motivations call IH classified into three majOl groupsVhilc till first two of them me examplc1ifor as bullbullndIHlllous communi(ation as tiltpattuefs do not hat~ fo int(fflet ill realtimE the third OIl( ohviousl bullbullis an exampleflll sYllchollOllS c(lIlimullicfltioll

The first is the impartation of illfollnatinn which meilns lim the cail(( mainlywant to inform the callce ahout somdhillg This illfoJllation is fixld and call )(d(liwr(d without lUibullbullinvolvement of tilE mIle Ipical fxflmplts of impartinginformation would be mcssa~es like -Im out of ollicc Tak XY is done or TIlllllClting was rescheduled to 1500h

Thc s((ond b the reqlHit of illforlllatioll As like 11til illl)lartatioll of infor-mation the r(qllest can he ddivcred without fln invok(llellt of the caile Typicalexamplegt of requestinp informatioll would hI m(ssages like Vhat is tlH~ status of

7

CHAPTER l SYSTE~I DESIr

plOjtlt X t 11(11bull( spud Ille the tlOClltlltllt(olltaining X yZ or Vha t is t Ittl1Hll~of the Il( sE(Tltary again

1111 tllinl is tht Ilsin t(l illttwet witll the callee Ihis llIay Ill to (is(lISsOllllthing with till calfP or simply to han a nin COIl(lsltlliOlI

It is OJViOllS that ill tIl( first two elL thl actions could Ill handled b- it

(()lllIllUieatioll Syst(lll without tile cali(( having to wait for tile iw(omplishllltllt (g(ht call(1could nrdPI tht systf1II 10 inform till call1(~about it certain Illattfr andtll(ll forg( about it TIll systt1ll would rlwll try () reach tIH (allt~~ until he 01sh has til( lillI( 10 allswer the call Tht SillJl(~could be dOIlP with an informatiollrequest TIH eallt1 would simply onl() the systf1ll to Cpt the dOClIll(lltcontainingXYZ frolll n~tr AI3C illltlltport Il-lckto me nll(( YOIlhave it Kow tilt syst(m can(Olltact the user ABC Itll him about tht t(osilpddocnment and n~port back to tht((tlltr onc( till docllIwnl b availahle In thp llwantillw till caller onld rare ahonl()11lt1problems

Ulllikl the nrst IWo (ilS(S whitli (~all I)halHlled aynchtollou~ly the tbird (I1

[(qnins both partiES (caller and calEe) to he ivaili1blt at the same time hilt adind sy1tlU snpport is hardly pnssible in this n1-(ta sySICIll could still support11llIlPIS (p by finding I poiut in tilll( wlln hoth are availabk and scht(lule the(til then

III gt-HPralit can 1)(~aid that ~YllchrollOl~tomlllnuication is trouhIESOllit-for the(dler as he dIlls uot hae any informatioll about the calkts situation

32 Callee - the receIver

A calkC on the ot Illr Imutl hai tiitffr(ut t(tuinlUtlllS towards it COIllIllIIllintI iOIlsys-t(IlI Iii wallts to Ill available fOi incoming calls tn pet int(rtsIiHg andor import alitinformatioll and news Still whilE lit is husy 1)(dots lint want to he dbtmHd awtll 11 while Iwinl in all situation when a call would be inaproprintt Eg a ~t()ckhrokl1 ha to ht illlolllled about any important event cOIIttwing his inVlstIlHlItSIf hE is lOtrtachablp atltis dt~k plOllt he would wall I the system to kllow that illthis ca~( Iw is 1l(J~tliktly available on his lllOJiltphouC Still it is highly arguableif this infollUatioll should COIl( to hilU whih he is attcJl(ling tiivim service Allltlnalogll( situation can be ronstm(td for the projpct lllallagPL ~hile an~ dtiaYtdillfOllUatiOll fiow could Itad to il tklay of til( whok project the lllauagll lIlight sill1101want to 1)(distllrlHd while in all important lllilestolll-meeting with I flIstonHrEpn if hp is jllit workiu)for himsplf all ulllflatft1 distmIJaufc might break hisCOlJ(tutratiOll 0 ht would want to jt~dislmlHt1 only by rdtvall1 illformation

hile most of t11falnn-s IlH_ntioIlPdahovc call 1)(gtachieHti with t()(lays (0111111011ttchnulopy this would j(qllill a lot of manual sysltm lllaiIlUIll(( by lilt IISN tgprogramming tltp Wilting of calls and ((mpilelillg to switch t hl llIohik oflat t htIw)iulligof it Ill((-tillg and on agnill af(l that Illeeting It is highly dtsirablf for a(OlllllHlIlicatioll syskm to )lJ8f kllow wit(1l a USN is availahh for distlllbaIH(S awlwhich calls arp ]PhV1UlIto hitl]lTtllt task

Ihllit PatlllnalltllllUt

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

Chapter 1

Introduction

Flw ImlllI)IJfJl of rliulIt7l1 CUI-sisI 1101in ~f(lilly nrw alld-~I(If)j~ Iml HI Wlm9 new eyes

larct-l Irnllst

III today~ world lllotP and 1lI0rt IHopif dn have ilion and lllOlP cOllllllunicationr(jus hltlt wat mcant to hI it hhssillg llowiI(lays hils SOlllCtilllfS (yell )(COlllCiUlHOvillg Here is an example SaUl wants to ak a simple qucstion tn Boh Hrcalls hilll but Bob is not at homf lIis wif( anSHrS and tdb Salll thai lie is illtile officI So Sam calls t1l(~officI Thl[( Itt just [caches the allswerinp machinettllill) him that Boh is IIOt at his cesk al present Sam [(1Jl(lIi)(rs Bobs cdlphOlItIlumlllr and caUs there At that lime Bob is haviug il IJIfsllItation for an important(lIstOIllCL As he forgot to switch of his llIobii( phOlll it ring~ whik he b sJllakill210 hi~ u~tollHr low Sam and Boh ale both in a snit Salll Iwcall~e Ill is having ahard linl trYIng to nilch Boh and Bob IllcHUsl he P0l distnriwd in his importanttll(pting Both of tlH1ll wish thillgs W(I( (ilSI(r and mOlT intdli14tllt

Tlti i vhere the COlndo idlltl (OlW fmlll It~ Illilill goal IS to (amp( comlllll-Illeatioll l)(t((11p(oph acting VN) tlludl likt it digital seCTftary COIllHtO) i~ afralllfwork of SPIic-Sthat oflr~ every lI~e) it ]JTwlfwlllyrlIf that mlUlagtS IheirOI(rs (OIlHlllllllcatioll needs Til Ih(~ ahmP-lllflltiolll-ri fxampf all Sam want((1 10do (1- to get it piece of illfollnation frolll ilob illstpad of callillg Bohs multiplepholle 1l1l1ll1wrs he (ould hwI simply askptl his COlllledor agtlit to fint a (omf Ilitllt lime to contad Bob for the desired informat iOll awl inforlll him OIwe Boh isfne to lalk On the other hawl Bobs COlll((tor ageILt (ollirl hay known that hewas iIi a llleeting at Ihe moment of the call and Ihal it would be illappropriat( ifhis phone rang If Sams ql1lHlioH Wiliimportant and nrppnT connector could haveinformed Bob discreetly othelwise he COllie have waited until aftm Ihe lllettinp to(Ollll((t Sam alld Uob As SOOIlas Bob has lilll( 0 talk on hI phone he would have((llllutltl Sams COIlllt(trl[ agPllt hal ill tum wOII1(1hilf inf(llllH( Sam al)(lnt th(possibility to call no

Tltis is Ollt aPl-t of tht COllne(tor idti Ill H-tite this gOdl tlHe aI( llIauynb-prohlems 10 be solved mainly tilt qlHstiolls Hol dops the COilIltctor agellt

CHAITEH 1 IlTHODCCTIOl

knnw WiHtIlt II( cau iutflTupr its Wl-lr right now with it phOlH call or willtiHrif would 1)( IHttN to IISI an altlIIatie lllPiHlSof communication and -How (all

th COlllU(10liIlut(to(idl~ wl[(-1h[ a call is important (Ilough to allowe to distmiJ(htmlb

A 1Ipre has I)(cn quill SOIllEadal1lt~ ill answering tht first (lutstiun the maingoal of this work is to lind allSWlrS to tllP ft((md (l1HStiOH

Till rtlllailldet of this tiHf-I(S is organizd as follows Chapter 2 taks it brieflook al the CUlTlllt stale of [(S(ilrdl in rtlatld Helds Chaphr3 explain SOIII( con-siderations regarding th dlsign of a iystclll that could he able to make (kcissiollSJ(atpc to thl disl1lrh-o[-uot problem In (laplerl the implflllclltalioll of a proto-tp SystlllI is (xpiainfd Chapkr S discusses a surv(y relating this topic Chapt(r(j (OUdlldes th( d(wiojgtlIllPnt with SOllle ideas for futllll- itllPIOVCIII(uts FiuallvsOllie cOlldusiollS are draWll that sUlllllJarizls this work ill chapter 7

In Ihi~pliJlfT ( jidwnlllslT nld for Ilu (nUTpies is (Jlw(JY~ Ildre~w(l() as he()f (OW8(IIlls 8 not dow If) di(~fWIInlllt allyone bld dlll to Ih( flld fhat the author(I~hi1n~df lIl fhl8( Inullple bullbullIfd I1Il1mlh airesHS himself Il~ he NOHI of Ih(gllIU 1rtllllplfbullbull is 111111f(llllIalellIT~ Iulusin-ly any femule Hader ~IIlJIIld JI1f jln10 npl(ln~ (lilllIlle prmwllIls uifh fUlIlIi IJnUi UJ IUT ftmlluhile nf1ding

2 DdniellathmapflHllla

Chapter 2

Related Work

IFIIf11 (l 1li~lin[Jl11Shtd bllt ddCl-lywl(lli~1sll1ks ltlll SII1IWlhil19 1-

]J()_~~ibl I i~111mHI nUuiTly

riyhtWhrll he Matrs Ihn ~omdhiIlYI~ imlJ()~ilIJlIhe i IfTY probablylIlllllrl_

Arthur ( (lark bullbullImjir of The Futlln Hllil

TlwlI are fi(Tral approaches towards this topic bull lot of aUllitlIlic institutiollswork ill Ids field for a lOlltillle now nut ill till lml r((Hk the (Olllllll1uicatiollindustry rpcognized Iht illlportancp of this topic TIHHfOll 11(also stltn(d TO

work in this licldaturally the 140al of th~p two groUJlS an sli~hl difffHllt Wltih~ Il~s(jfutitlc

approach aims on in(flasilll the kllowkdge and Iludcrstandiu) of the topic Il(illdllstry first of all is intcrestc(l in working ollltiollS the~ can stll Tlteldole thi bulldlilptpr is did(Ie(j into related York ill ~(if1lft and the indl8fry

21 Science

Already ill HJ91 ~1 Vtis( (iPsnilwd ill [1] the iOPi of uhiquitous (OIllIHltillg IllPJ((licts the use of 1lral IllllHlnts of mino olllputcr devin~ 1)(1roOIll that Itp

iutllitivdy to operate so the IIStr all atlas stop (oH((lltrating on computer tpvin-sltIud start to care abollt the ptop]e at tlw othtl PllIls of th bullbullIIf1work Toda- li YPHSlate we arc st-ill far from nachill) liis alllbitions alltl undcniably Illost otsimble(II)jtcti 1

SatyallarayamUl states in [2] dw fom (-sselltiai l((juitlllltuts to JlIT1O-5IVC COnI-

jluling TIll first is cfcdilc U8Cof smarl Pact llltal1ill~ tilt illcnsioll of t(dlllOloOilll 0 (vt~ryday-Iifc ilwl thcreiJy cnabling inf(gtrad iw s(llsill~ ami (Olltrolling

Tlw st(und HqHirtuHllt is illlisibilify The Hilal oal is the (Olll]]tlt disap-pPtlral1(-of Itrvasivt (olll]lIltillg t(dlllOI()~r from a IlSNSS (oJ]wioUSIl(ss This

CIIAPTEH 2 HELITED II(JIlK

lPquirCIHlm alII omatically lad~ to lhe dcmand of IIullwllt bullbullt di~tll1(Jflc(

TIll third nquillIlllllt is localised scal(Jliility Satyallara1iallan stalfs Ihal tlttCllITtllt [ lin of the intlllWt (deal Ii of dislalKt) is inappropriate for Iwrvasiwcomputing as tltl 1101[as wll w his computing systelll will lw ocfwhlhIHd bydistant ill1Nad jOllS that an of little tC](-UlCfif titt density of interaction dOt lIotbtll of IIow mows lway 0[[( eXilmple for this would be the smart h()lSt~ It iHljll-tsthe lightill2 (ollliitioll II) tht llSts mood This of COlllSt is 110t IIfCeSSll-Ywhile tll(lIS(1 is lot at hUIIl( SI ill qllllyiu) his mood is Oll(~kiwI of distant iUlcwcrioH withoutn lovaJl(

The last requircllwlIl is 1IaslIIt1 urWIflI cOTulitlOlIIllq Satyanamyallall 11lj(IiVl-sthat thl ratl of ]l(IHtraliolJ of pervasive comlHlting tcchnology illtn tht infrasuuc-11][( will vary (ollsirerably As this rfslllts ill IlligI ditfprfIHes ill the smartlHss ofdilt1(nt (IIirollllHnts ilIHliL-iH (Olllpulin~ syst(111 will have to (ompfllSnll tlws(diff(ffIlC(S ill ordll to kltp thl- USI-clear of anlloyancts

Fllthp(IllOU Salyallarayanall states thai ill ordt to adlipve minillwl user (h~tu1-ban(( a ptfva ltivf COlllp1lt11 SyslllIl must Iw corfe1t-uuuTC so that it call ndjllsl itshdlitviolll to the IIt(s clInTlllt state and SUlTOll11dillgS A very important iS~HI(illthis conkxl is Ihe balance t)twI~n pmadivily alld fml~JI(n1I(Y a the uscrs Illcdsd(]Hw on his itd of Ixperilnlp on it tLk and his familiarity with his fllVirolllll(tllbull system (all (iLsily nlltlO~ 11USN Iw proactiwly initialising all kiwis of P(()(fSSfS a-Il ilS cOllfus( him hy lllaikin~ activities bfhintlllltilosilllllfallSpiUPllCY

itllllll111lt et al pre-flH an inllusling approach to Ihis plOblem In [J] tIwyllllntion lti usn J11UIHT modI III titt-ir exptriult1I1 the u~(rs hacimohiJ d(vicIswith Iimil 1(I I1llllIl)t) Illl I I ht ability to ~et unavailalJlf dal a dltOllgh a I() 1)all( Iwit h-l (JIlthlt ion The pa tilIiC modI was l1~pd 10 dllidt dlltlwr a user should be qUfriltwhat to do on a cltidw-miss 011 lilt llIolJik syslPlll Thpy altsunw that it ll~lr is lllOllikfly willing to il(((pl a dislurball(e if tilP missing file is of a higher impOilanll Astlltll is IHI s(ipntifi( t1itll availilble hy now they conj(ctllte it logarithmic Itlatiolll)(twI(1I patience ilwl iIllPOItilW( iLltt h(y claim 1hat llHlIlY other human procfsfShan~ a similar slnsitiily ((g isioll)

III [-l] COlltilZ Il al extelld the notion of (oulxt nol ollly to descrilH a stall- huta pnwfSs They ilrgue that only iI confcIt-a-p()II~~ itpJllOitdl is f1txihk lllou)h to(In)i(lll1islllatc1l(s bdwtlt1 til SylItllS 1Ilodd of iutlractioll and the userss lllfntalmodel of Ih( sysltllI

III Is] DalJhish 11 al eXilmine how ptoplf rfilCt Oil incoming mails Tllty cassitildthe iucoming ltJ~isag((ollttlIl to Ollt of the following c1asses rf(rllt~f for actionlY1PUStfor mfonnatwn (link dWIlHlI71f COllad infu dc) stutus update (for ouyowyIlmJrdtu_~A) IffJIW~ for rL IIffiny or respons( to a meeting rr(jLrst 1fmindrT 01

11(illl f1fdirty Also t he took into lticcount I he Idat ion of tlll~stllder 10 Ill( [(1ipiIIlIHlllI thl illqgturtawe of the message (to til( rffipienl as 111L 10 Ill(~ studtr) TIlt11goal was to (kfif a mo(kllilal allows 10 pUIIitt I hi Ils(Js rtmioll 10 all iucoTllinglllaii Cout nny I (J tHir Ixjgt(1al iOll-il L-Ill)1t Ill Itll~ssage ililportallcc that tiUItilthighesl inllulWe Oil I lH rqgtIY-lthaiollr of tltc llSilSbut the send( (hlltTJrtrisfl(~Ill( illllholS a [-0 lIotld that lllSSilg( rtqulstiu) inforlllation wefe sipniticiIltlY lllOH

j (hili Pal hlllaplllllllil

21 SCIElCE

likely to rtctiv( a n~pollsr and flsnll1Cthat this is because the applOpriatl actioIlOil these messages is most appalclll to the tcripknr Another interesting sid( 11011is dIP fact that messapes with social outen wen Illore likely to fctcivc a tllIHHlse

In [6] Erickson et al argue that (lIlTI1l1Ildmoiogy is (lCltltinpwalls IwtweellIISP[S The suggested approach is to make systems wwUllly lml~lllcrnf I to (nablet lw IlS10lise ttpir common social behaYiour to cOlllllluni(aft more Iffici(utly withone anotIier

Itl [7) 0011et aJ pxprpss their opinion that no maLler how oplisticatfd a (011-

llllmicltltiollor (ollahoralioll system might be distance will always ]llay all importantrole as there are to lllallYfacts illlll1lllltlll-to-hulllilll(OlllIllUnicarioIlthat (chnolopycan hardly or not at all refict

III addition) Sdllleidtr el al oJsenpd that nol ouly physical distann but ilionimportant social netJLolk (istaTcc playbulla significallt lOll on Ill( df]ci(ncy of humanto human cOllllllunication [Sl Hence they claim that human-(olllpulpl interactionas well as COllllJlltlrSllpportld (oolwrativ( work could benefit by inltrealin)fOCllS011sodal network distance as an analytical IIlCilureami desi~n tool

In their slIrveys [~] J ~1 liudsoll lI ill found rhat availability mauagflllflltcall not he just fvading all intfITuptiolls IIthpJ( is a ICllsion betwepn wantinp toloi(1 interruptions and appreciating thpir IIseflllw-s For (Jlllpitin their studyallaglrs -plndmost of their worktilllt halldlinp iUlt--lTllptionsallI ngard this partof fil(ir joh They need a (prtain control 0(1their interruptions to kl(P bullIIlStof t1l1ir plojtd- Oil Ilw 01( hallli Jut on Ihe ot lwr hand also nttd SOUletilllf ofdj(~p W7Iceutmtiou During these tilllPS it is illlportant to keep au- interruptionilWa)a-the temptation to let themsel(S1)(illtITllpt(d ill ort1tt to not dday anypotlntially important information is to strOtlfor most of thelli ThtSI tillltS of dttll(oltpntratioll arise tIlliteHglll(lry in a workday In SllllUllaryHudson ft al deIllawlsystellls to make interruptions more PUil-i(lltrathlr than dp(T(asinpthpill As theyalso f01I1(1that intprrllptiolls an handitd dittnlllly dtIHnding 011 t ht nature ofthe interruption regardless of slatl Ul tiUlI IlHYlHliEo(thill w1ally lmn~IIj(Inlsysfnns [G] arl the hlst way 10 approach this dtallpllpp

Allothn illlportalll findillg of liLtlll is that S~sttIllSthat rdy on users uprlatinptheir cIIlT(nl status mallllally are houlld lol illtffrgtltti(as IISPSof thesvstms1l(JStelll to nl1ltIllIJ(rto dlilllpp lltil availahility slall

For~arty d al (xmuined this opinion [wI and found that p(opit t(nd to ignoretIl( availability information provided hy tiUir My Firll sodal translucient ayailabilityillfonnatioll softwal( ()I)illl 1I1(SSl)((chcet(cliou location informatioll (OIH~put ilttivily ami calendar iuformatiol1 to nlEHltla lIs(rs li1ilahility) COlltrarytIllY liSP the provided informat iOIl 10dltrmilH thl ]IHMWIof a P([SOIlrat Itthan its lvllilahility HellCt til( auhors implicatf that it socially tlilllShW(lllsys-tllll is a pood approach uut far from ellollph to 1l11iattillappropriate disturbaH(~sipnificanth or prewnt thelll totally

[wi]]ytranlucelltlIleansthat the tllllllUllicatiulIdmlJlld trallslJlitslot olllytill (Ollllltufllll (OJrllllllllicatiol hut al~otllf lIIolions of lIlt lISflS

COllllllllllitaliOIlShields

CIIAITEB 2 11ELATED mlHh

22 IndustrialTI[(n~are a ltlllJgtlt of groups that arc workillg Oil the future of (mohile) (OtlllllllIli-(it tilIll TW(I (f t 11I1lliltl II( 1111(PtlPrati(JI Iutllefshil) I-ro j(f [111and the ()IH1llHI)iit- AliialU( [121 ~ Ow of tllt-ir projPcts is calfd PHSl1iU STvice aud ~I)((ili(sa SNvic( that (Ilahks th bullbullUSN 10 tiefiIH ccrtain 1ri~(rs Ihat are COIllHct(d with hiclunllt stall] Otl this hwl it is not Sll(ili( how the currcnt stalll is (1111111-11

what slates thefe are ilXall or what kind of actiolls could Ill triggtrt Tht goal ofthese wurkin groups is sirupy do specify a commotl arehitectual basis all which til(singlt IIlIll IIHtS could illlpcHl(nt t h(lr OWII soillt iom and dcj(-cs TIl( (OIllIlL()lI1JCIisgUatillLtPps til( iuteropcrahility of all solutions and devices within till specifications

Tilt fillllisil ((1Il11111Ini(atiOIltechlloloampy COllljlllllY ()kia 3 tlevelope(1 a t(rhll()-ogy call1d oklll IlflU( ll~]rhat S((IlIS to be based 011 the PnSIUII SITitf

dpfiwld hv th( ~GrrIt fOllsists of th(nMlIcC SC11fT awl tltt PIICbullbulltlI-H ClluilSojtwan ami allows IIS( 10 (XdJaIl~l llachability ilLfol111atiotl A lIspr cansd iJisnachahilit~ stilt liS (husy away hOI(d plpI( call) IIwill as his prefPlT(d mod( of(Ollltllllllkat iolt (voice call 5-15) alolLg wit h some personal notes A st alll (han~((ltIlll)p tri~JI((1eidwr manually h~the uspr or automatically hy a calendar (entThis information is so[dOil thp Nokia Ptlgtencp Serv(1 wh(le other users can querythetH P[(S(Il(l oll([sa )roup based privacy COIIC(pt that allows the lisen to d(cidllto (an get what kiwi of information abOIlt thetIJ

okia lists 00(1 m (Ill-ploll( lIloti(ls that alrfady support PnSEllle TIl( Pres-(u(( (hllt softwaH Is imlilable for download 011 thp okia website awl it is saidthat it also works with pholHS HllIlufadm((1 hy otiter companies Although it (oltl-Itllllli(at via GPRS EDGE 01 VCD~dA it d(pfnds Oll SOUit pfovidll d(IWlldiH)lletwOlk s(IVins (1lI11illtv til( prls(IW( server) which aI( CUHfIlly not slIpport(d by1m ((nnall Ill work provider cOlllpany

~pll notl 1111IllS( Iw() IVOllPSHI owr1appillg llwmlHfl of till lC 11 af lOriIll also llIllIbPIS

of till UPl1 IllOhilt Alliancl awl yil Tfla okia i~pussihly and prohahly 1101 111lt only company that alnady 11m products that iltlptllPll1

lIw lnMII1 ledmlogy UIll it SIltlJ~to I tlll only plOmpanythat mfltimu it ill its uwniSlllPutcampaIgns This ibullbullwhy this pumpany IlL CliogtI11to h au laquoImpp liNP

(j

Chapter 3

System Design

1111mo1 pmfo1Hul trchlloloqtfsJn~Ow lwl riisfJppfIlt TheyINfl1f IhfmMI1f~ info Ow fabricof ftIJdu life ufltilhey (11(ill-dislinJ1lishabir ftnm it

~Iark pirrhf ((J1Illll(fT 1m the JIst

(enmy 1191

Givell all dl(~ ah()n~ mentioned it SfflIlS wise to ollect all expectations towardsil smart comllllluicatioll systf1l1 hdon startiug 10 Illiign it As it (Ollllllllilkatiollsystllll coIltlcds (at ieait) Iwo people tlpn an also at lealt1two inlfrfst to beatleudet to (rlm8t~ TWit- flu the fl1Tn8 (allN fwd (alllt thaI IlIT derivnl fTllmtlH Ififpwne context will be (((1for the imliator and tht rnfiV(T of any form ofCOUl1flll1tuatirm telephone (lswdl rl~mllil or in~t(Jnt mexs(Jyiufj)

31 Caller - the scnder

The first fadiotl j- the caller side The (alllI lim a clrtaill motivation to initiatcthc (Omlllllllicatioll These motivations call IH classified into three majOl groupsVhilc till first two of them me examplc1ifor as bullbullndIHlllous communi(ation as tiltpattuefs do not hat~ fo int(fflet ill realtimE the third OIl( ohviousl bullbullis an exampleflll sYllchollOllS c(lIlimullicfltioll

The first is the impartation of illfollnatinn which meilns lim the cail(( mainlywant to inform the callce ahout somdhillg This illfoJllation is fixld and call )(d(liwr(d without lUibullbullinvolvement of tilE mIle Ipical fxflmplts of impartinginformation would be mcssa~es like -Im out of ollicc Tak XY is done or TIlllllClting was rescheduled to 1500h

Thc s((ond b the reqlHit of illforlllatioll As like 11til illl)lartatioll of infor-mation the r(qllest can he ddivcred without fln invok(llellt of the caile Typicalexamplegt of requestinp informatioll would hI m(ssages like Vhat is tlH~ status of

7

CHAPTER l SYSTE~I DESIr

plOjtlt X t 11(11bull( spud Ille the tlOClltlltllt(olltaining X yZ or Vha t is t Ittl1Hll~of the Il( sE(Tltary again

1111 tllinl is tht Ilsin t(l illttwet witll the callee Ihis llIay Ill to (is(lISsOllllthing with till calfP or simply to han a nin COIl(lsltlliOlI

It is OJViOllS that ill tIl( first two elL thl actions could Ill handled b- it

(()lllIllUieatioll Syst(lll without tile cali(( having to wait for tile iw(omplishllltllt (g(ht call(1could nrdPI tht systf1II 10 inform till call1(~about it certain Illattfr andtll(ll forg( about it TIll systt1ll would rlwll try () reach tIH (allt~~ until he 01sh has til( lillI( 10 allswer the call Tht SillJl(~could be dOIlP with an informatiollrequest TIH eallt1 would simply onl() the systf1ll to Cpt the dOClIll(lltcontainingXYZ frolll n~tr AI3C illltlltport Il-lckto me nll(( YOIlhave it Kow tilt syst(m can(Olltact the user ABC Itll him about tht t(osilpddocnment and n~port back to tht((tlltr onc( till docllIwnl b availahle In thp llwantillw till caller onld rare ahonl()11lt1problems

Ulllikl the nrst IWo (ilS(S whitli (~all I)halHlled aynchtollou~ly the tbird (I1

[(qnins both partiES (caller and calEe) to he ivaili1blt at the same time hilt adind sy1tlU snpport is hardly pnssible in this n1-(ta sySICIll could still support11llIlPIS (p by finding I poiut in tilll( wlln hoth are availabk and scht(lule the(til then

III gt-HPralit can 1)(~aid that ~YllchrollOl~tomlllnuication is trouhIESOllit-for the(dler as he dIlls uot hae any informatioll about the calkts situation

32 Callee - the receIver

A calkC on the ot Illr Imutl hai tiitffr(ut t(tuinlUtlllS towards it COIllIllIIllintI iOIlsys-t(IlI Iii wallts to Ill available fOi incoming calls tn pet int(rtsIiHg andor import alitinformatioll and news Still whilE lit is husy 1)(dots lint want to he dbtmHd awtll 11 while Iwinl in all situation when a call would be inaproprintt Eg a ~t()ckhrokl1 ha to ht illlolllled about any important event cOIIttwing his inVlstIlHlItSIf hE is lOtrtachablp atltis dt~k plOllt he would wall I the system to kllow that illthis ca~( Iw is 1l(J~tliktly available on his lllOJiltphouC Still it is highly arguableif this infollUatioll should COIl( to hilU whih he is attcJl(ling tiivim service Allltlnalogll( situation can be ronstm(td for the projpct lllallagPL ~hile an~ dtiaYtdillfOllUatiOll fiow could Itad to il tklay of til( whok project the lllauagll lIlight sill1101want to 1)(distllrlHd while in all important lllilestolll-meeting with I flIstonHrEpn if hp is jllit workiu)for himsplf all ulllflatft1 distmIJaufc might break hisCOlJ(tutratiOll 0 ht would want to jt~dislmlHt1 only by rdtvall1 illformation

hile most of t11falnn-s IlH_ntioIlPdahovc call 1)(gtachieHti with t()(lays (0111111011ttchnulopy this would j(qllill a lot of manual sysltm lllaiIlUIll(( by lilt IISN tgprogramming tltp Wilting of calls and ((mpilelillg to switch t hl llIohik oflat t htIw)iulligof it Ill((-tillg and on agnill af(l that Illeeting It is highly dtsirablf for a(OlllllHlIlicatioll syskm to )lJ8f kllow wit(1l a USN is availahh for distlllbaIH(S awlwhich calls arp ]PhV1UlIto hitl]lTtllt task

Ihllit PatlllnalltllllUt

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

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[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CHAITEH 1 IlTHODCCTIOl

knnw WiHtIlt II( cau iutflTupr its Wl-lr right now with it phOlH call or willtiHrif would 1)( IHttN to IISI an altlIIatie lllPiHlSof communication and -How (all

th COlllU(10liIlut(to(idl~ wl[(-1h[ a call is important (Ilough to allowe to distmiJ(htmlb

A 1Ipre has I)(cn quill SOIllEadal1lt~ ill answering tht first (lutstiun the maingoal of this work is to lind allSWlrS to tllP ft((md (l1HStiOH

Till rtlllailldet of this tiHf-I(S is organizd as follows Chapter 2 taks it brieflook al the CUlTlllt stale of [(S(ilrdl in rtlatld Helds Chaphr3 explain SOIII( con-siderations regarding th dlsign of a iystclll that could he able to make (kcissiollSJ(atpc to thl disl1lrh-o[-uot problem In (laplerl the implflllclltalioll of a proto-tp SystlllI is (xpiainfd Chapkr S discusses a surv(y relating this topic Chapt(r(j (OUdlldes th( d(wiojgtlIllPnt with SOllle ideas for futllll- itllPIOVCIII(uts FiuallvsOllie cOlldusiollS are draWll that sUlllllJarizls this work ill chapter 7

In Ihi~pliJlfT ( jidwnlllslT nld for Ilu (nUTpies is (Jlw(JY~ Ildre~w(l() as he()f (OW8(IIlls 8 not dow If) di(~fWIInlllt allyone bld dlll to Ih( flld fhat the author(I~hi1n~df lIl fhl8( Inullple bullbullIfd I1Il1mlh airesHS himself Il~ he NOHI of Ih(gllIU 1rtllllplfbullbull is 111111f(llllIalellIT~ Iulusin-ly any femule Hader ~IIlJIIld JI1f jln10 npl(ln~ (lilllIlle prmwllIls uifh fUlIlIi IJnUi UJ IUT ftmlluhile nf1ding

2 DdniellathmapflHllla

Chapter 2

Related Work

IFIIf11 (l 1li~lin[Jl11Shtd bllt ddCl-lywl(lli~1sll1ks ltlll SII1IWlhil19 1-

]J()_~~ibl I i~111mHI nUuiTly

riyhtWhrll he Matrs Ihn ~omdhiIlYI~ imlJ()~ilIJlIhe i IfTY probablylIlllllrl_

Arthur ( (lark bullbullImjir of The Futlln Hllil

TlwlI are fi(Tral approaches towards this topic bull lot of aUllitlIlic institutiollswork ill Ids field for a lOlltillle now nut ill till lml r((Hk the (Olllllll1uicatiollindustry rpcognized Iht illlportancp of this topic TIHHfOll 11(also stltn(d TO

work in this licldaturally the 140al of th~p two groUJlS an sli~hl difffHllt Wltih~ Il~s(jfutitlc

approach aims on in(flasilll the kllowkdge and Iludcrstandiu) of the topic Il(illdllstry first of all is intcrestc(l in working ollltiollS the~ can stll Tlteldole thi bulldlilptpr is did(Ie(j into related York ill ~(if1lft and the indl8fry

21 Science

Already ill HJ91 ~1 Vtis( (iPsnilwd ill [1] the iOPi of uhiquitous (OIllIHltillg IllPJ((licts the use of 1lral IllllHlnts of mino olllputcr devin~ 1)(1roOIll that Itp

iutllitivdy to operate so the IIStr all atlas stop (oH((lltrating on computer tpvin-sltIud start to care abollt the ptop]e at tlw othtl PllIls of th bullbullIIf1work Toda- li YPHSlate we arc st-ill far from nachill) liis alllbitions alltl undcniably Illost otsimble(II)jtcti 1

SatyallarayamUl states in [2] dw fom (-sselltiai l((juitlllltuts to JlIT1O-5IVC COnI-

jluling TIll first is cfcdilc U8Cof smarl Pact llltal1ill~ tilt illcnsioll of t(dlllOloOilll 0 (vt~ryday-Iifc ilwl thcreiJy cnabling inf(gtrad iw s(llsill~ ami (Olltrolling

Tlw st(und HqHirtuHllt is illlisibilify The Hilal oal is the (Olll]]tlt disap-pPtlral1(-of Itrvasivt (olll]lIltillg t(dlllOI()~r from a IlSNSS (oJ]wioUSIl(ss This

CIIAPTEH 2 HELITED II(JIlK

lPquirCIHlm alII omatically lad~ to lhe dcmand of IIullwllt bullbullt di~tll1(Jflc(

TIll third nquillIlllllt is localised scal(Jliility Satyallara1iallan stalfs Ihal tlttCllITtllt [ lin of the intlllWt (deal Ii of dislalKt) is inappropriate for Iwrvasiwcomputing as tltl 1101[as wll w his computing systelll will lw ocfwhlhIHd bydistant ill1Nad jOllS that an of little tC](-UlCfif titt density of interaction dOt lIotbtll of IIow mows lway 0[[( eXilmple for this would be the smart h()lSt~ It iHljll-tsthe lightill2 (ollliitioll II) tht llSts mood This of COlllSt is 110t IIfCeSSll-Ywhile tll(lIS(1 is lot at hUIIl( SI ill qllllyiu) his mood is Oll(~kiwI of distant iUlcwcrioH withoutn lovaJl(

The last requircllwlIl is 1IaslIIt1 urWIflI cOTulitlOlIIllq Satyanamyallall 11lj(IiVl-sthat thl ratl of ]l(IHtraliolJ of pervasive comlHlting tcchnology illtn tht infrasuuc-11][( will vary (ollsirerably As this rfslllts ill IlligI ditfprfIHes ill the smartlHss ofdilt1(nt (IIirollllHnts ilIHliL-iH (Olllpulin~ syst(111 will have to (ompfllSnll tlws(diff(ffIlC(S ill ordll to kltp thl- USI-clear of anlloyancts

Fllthp(IllOU Salyallarayanall states thai ill ordt to adlipve minillwl user (h~tu1-ban(( a ptfva ltivf COlllp1lt11 SyslllIl must Iw corfe1t-uuuTC so that it call ndjllsl itshdlitviolll to the IIt(s clInTlllt state and SUlTOll11dillgS A very important iS~HI(illthis conkxl is Ihe balance t)twI~n pmadivily alld fml~JI(n1I(Y a the uscrs Illcdsd(]Hw on his itd of Ixperilnlp on it tLk and his familiarity with his fllVirolllll(tllbull system (all (iLsily nlltlO~ 11USN Iw proactiwly initialising all kiwis of P(()(fSSfS a-Il ilS cOllfus( him hy lllaikin~ activities bfhintlllltilosilllllfallSpiUPllCY

itllllll111lt et al pre-flH an inllusling approach to Ihis plOblem In [J] tIwyllllntion lti usn J11UIHT modI III titt-ir exptriult1I1 the u~(rs hacimohiJ d(vicIswith Iimil 1(I I1llllIl)t) Illl I I ht ability to ~et unavailalJlf dal a dltOllgh a I() 1)all( Iwit h-l (JIlthlt ion The pa tilIiC modI was l1~pd 10 dllidt dlltlwr a user should be qUfriltwhat to do on a cltidw-miss 011 lilt llIolJik syslPlll Thpy altsunw that it ll~lr is lllOllikfly willing to il(((pl a dislurball(e if tilP missing file is of a higher impOilanll Astlltll is IHI s(ipntifi( t1itll availilble hy now they conj(ctllte it logarithmic Itlatiolll)(twI(1I patience ilwl iIllPOItilW( iLltt h(y claim 1hat llHlIlY other human procfsfShan~ a similar slnsitiily ((g isioll)

III [-l] COlltilZ Il al extelld the notion of (oulxt nol ollly to descrilH a stall- huta pnwfSs They ilrgue that only iI confcIt-a-p()II~~ itpJllOitdl is f1txihk lllou)h to(In)i(lll1islllatc1l(s bdwtlt1 til SylItllS 1Ilodd of iutlractioll and the userss lllfntalmodel of Ih( sysltllI

III Is] DalJhish 11 al eXilmine how ptoplf rfilCt Oil incoming mails Tllty cassitildthe iucoming ltJ~isag((ollttlIl to Ollt of the following c1asses rf(rllt~f for actionlY1PUStfor mfonnatwn (link dWIlHlI71f COllad infu dc) stutus update (for ouyowyIlmJrdtu_~A) IffJIW~ for rL IIffiny or respons( to a meeting rr(jLrst 1fmindrT 01

11(illl f1fdirty Also t he took into lticcount I he Idat ion of tlll~stllder 10 Ill( [(1ipiIIlIHlllI thl illqgturtawe of the message (to til( rffipienl as 111L 10 Ill(~ studtr) TIlt11goal was to (kfif a mo(kllilal allows 10 pUIIitt I hi Ils(Js rtmioll 10 all iucoTllinglllaii Cout nny I (J tHir Ixjgt(1al iOll-il L-Ill)1t Ill Itll~ssage ililportallcc that tiUItilthighesl inllulWe Oil I lH rqgtIY-lthaiollr of tltc llSilSbut the send( (hlltTJrtrisfl(~Ill( illllholS a [-0 lIotld that lllSSilg( rtqulstiu) inforlllation wefe sipniticiIltlY lllOH

j (hili Pal hlllaplllllllil

21 SCIElCE

likely to rtctiv( a n~pollsr and flsnll1Cthat this is because the applOpriatl actioIlOil these messages is most appalclll to the tcripknr Another interesting sid( 11011is dIP fact that messapes with social outen wen Illore likely to fctcivc a tllIHHlse

In [6] Erickson et al argue that (lIlTI1l1Ildmoiogy is (lCltltinpwalls IwtweellIISP[S The suggested approach is to make systems wwUllly lml~lllcrnf I to (nablet lw IlS10lise ttpir common social behaYiour to cOlllllluni(aft more Iffici(utly withone anotIier

Itl [7) 0011et aJ pxprpss their opinion that no maLler how oplisticatfd a (011-

llllmicltltiollor (ollahoralioll system might be distance will always ]llay all importantrole as there are to lllallYfacts illlll1lllltlll-to-hulllilll(OlllIllUnicarioIlthat (chnolopycan hardly or not at all refict

III addition) Sdllleidtr el al oJsenpd that nol ouly physical distann but ilionimportant social netJLolk (istaTcc playbulla significallt lOll on Ill( df]ci(ncy of humanto human cOllllllunication [Sl Hence they claim that human-(olllpulpl interactionas well as COllllJlltlrSllpportld (oolwrativ( work could benefit by inltrealin)fOCllS011sodal network distance as an analytical IIlCilureami desi~n tool

In their slIrveys [~] J ~1 liudsoll lI ill found rhat availability mauagflllflltcall not he just fvading all intfITuptiolls IIthpJ( is a ICllsion betwepn wantinp toloi(1 interruptions and appreciating thpir IIseflllw-s For (Jlllpitin their studyallaglrs -plndmost of their worktilllt halldlinp iUlt--lTllptionsallI ngard this partof fil(ir joh They need a (prtain control 0(1their interruptions to kl(P bullIIlStof t1l1ir plojtd- Oil Ilw 01( hallli Jut on Ihe ot lwr hand also nttd SOUletilllf ofdj(~p W7Iceutmtiou During these tilllPS it is illlportant to keep au- interruptionilWa)a-the temptation to let themsel(S1)(illtITllpt(d ill ort1tt to not dday anypotlntially important information is to strOtlfor most of thelli ThtSI tillltS of dttll(oltpntratioll arise tIlliteHglll(lry in a workday In SllllUllaryHudson ft al deIllawlsystellls to make interruptions more PUil-i(lltrathlr than dp(T(asinpthpill As theyalso f01I1(1that intprrllptiolls an handitd dittnlllly dtIHnding 011 t ht nature ofthe interruption regardless of slatl Ul tiUlI IlHYlHliEo(thill w1ally lmn~IIj(Inlsysfnns [G] arl the hlst way 10 approach this dtallpllpp

Allothn illlportalll findillg of liLtlll is that S~sttIllSthat rdy on users uprlatinptheir cIIlT(nl status mallllally are houlld lol illtffrgtltti(as IISPSof thesvstms1l(JStelll to nl1ltIllIJ(rto dlilllpp lltil availahility slall

For~arty d al (xmuined this opinion [wI and found that p(opit t(nd to ignoretIl( availability information provided hy tiUir My Firll sodal translucient ayailabilityillfonnatioll softwal( ()I)illl 1I1(SSl)((chcet(cliou location informatioll (OIH~put ilttivily ami calendar iuformatiol1 to nlEHltla lIs(rs li1ilahility) COlltrarytIllY liSP the provided informat iOIl 10dltrmilH thl ]IHMWIof a P([SOIlrat Itthan its lvllilahility HellCt til( auhors implicatf that it socially tlilllShW(lllsys-tllll is a pood approach uut far from ellollph to 1l11iattillappropriate disturbaH(~sipnificanth or prewnt thelll totally

[wi]]ytranlucelltlIleansthat the tllllllUllicatiulIdmlJlld trallslJlitslot olllytill (Ollllltufllll (OJrllllllllicatiol hut al~otllf lIIolions of lIlt lISflS

COllllllllllitaliOIlShields

CIIAITEB 2 11ELATED mlHh

22 IndustrialTI[(n~are a ltlllJgtlt of groups that arc workillg Oil the future of (mohile) (OtlllllllIli-(it tilIll TW(I (f t 11I1lliltl II( 1111(PtlPrati(JI Iutllefshil) I-ro j(f [111and the ()IH1llHI)iit- AliialU( [121 ~ Ow of tllt-ir projPcts is calfd PHSl1iU STvice aud ~I)((ili(sa SNvic( that (Ilahks th bullbullUSN 10 tiefiIH ccrtain 1ri~(rs Ihat are COIllHct(d with hiclunllt stall] Otl this hwl it is not Sll(ili( how the currcnt stalll is (1111111-11

what slates thefe are ilXall or what kind of actiolls could Ill triggtrt Tht goal ofthese wurkin groups is sirupy do specify a commotl arehitectual basis all which til(singlt IIlIll IIHtS could illlpcHl(nt t h(lr OWII soillt iom and dcj(-cs TIl( (OIllIlL()lI1JCIisgUatillLtPps til( iuteropcrahility of all solutions and devices within till specifications

Tilt fillllisil ((1Il11111Ini(atiOIltechlloloampy COllljlllllY ()kia 3 tlevelope(1 a t(rhll()-ogy call1d oklll IlflU( ll~]rhat S((IlIS to be based 011 the PnSIUII SITitf

dpfiwld hv th( ~GrrIt fOllsists of th(nMlIcC SC11fT awl tltt PIICbullbulltlI-H ClluilSojtwan ami allows IIS( 10 (XdJaIl~l llachability ilLfol111atiotl A lIspr cansd iJisnachahilit~ stilt liS (husy away hOI(d plpI( call) IIwill as his prefPlT(d mod( of(Ollltllllllkat iolt (voice call 5-15) alolLg wit h some personal notes A st alll (han~((ltIlll)p tri~JI((1eidwr manually h~the uspr or automatically hy a calendar (entThis information is so[dOil thp Nokia Ptlgtencp Serv(1 wh(le other users can querythetH P[(S(Il(l oll([sa )roup based privacy COIIC(pt that allows the lisen to d(cidllto (an get what kiwi of information abOIlt thetIJ

okia lists 00(1 m (Ill-ploll( lIloti(ls that alrfady support PnSEllle TIl( Pres-(u(( (hllt softwaH Is imlilable for download 011 thp okia website awl it is saidthat it also works with pholHS HllIlufadm((1 hy otiter companies Although it (oltl-Itllllli(at via GPRS EDGE 01 VCD~dA it d(pfnds Oll SOUit pfovidll d(IWlldiH)lletwOlk s(IVins (1lI11illtv til( prls(IW( server) which aI( CUHfIlly not slIpport(d by1m ((nnall Ill work provider cOlllpany

~pll notl 1111IllS( Iw() IVOllPSHI owr1appillg llwmlHfl of till lC 11 af lOriIll also llIllIbPIS

of till UPl1 IllOhilt Alliancl awl yil Tfla okia i~pussihly and prohahly 1101 111lt only company that alnady 11m products that iltlptllPll1

lIw lnMII1 ledmlogy UIll it SIltlJ~to I tlll only plOmpanythat mfltimu it ill its uwniSlllPutcampaIgns This ibullbullwhy this pumpany IlL CliogtI11to h au laquoImpp liNP

(j

Chapter 3

System Design

1111mo1 pmfo1Hul trchlloloqtfsJn~Ow lwl riisfJppfIlt TheyINfl1f IhfmMI1f~ info Ow fabricof ftIJdu life ufltilhey (11(ill-dislinJ1lishabir ftnm it

~Iark pirrhf ((J1Illll(fT 1m the JIst

(enmy 1191

Givell all dl(~ ah()n~ mentioned it SfflIlS wise to ollect all expectations towardsil smart comllllluicatioll systf1l1 hdon startiug 10 Illiign it As it (Ollllllllilkatiollsystllll coIltlcds (at ieait) Iwo people tlpn an also at lealt1two inlfrfst to beatleudet to (rlm8t~ TWit- flu the fl1Tn8 (allN fwd (alllt thaI IlIT derivnl fTllmtlH Ififpwne context will be (((1for the imliator and tht rnfiV(T of any form ofCOUl1flll1tuatirm telephone (lswdl rl~mllil or in~t(Jnt mexs(Jyiufj)

31 Caller - the scnder

The first fadiotl j- the caller side The (alllI lim a clrtaill motivation to initiatcthc (Omlllllllicatioll These motivations call IH classified into three majOl groupsVhilc till first two of them me examplc1ifor as bullbullndIHlllous communi(ation as tiltpattuefs do not hat~ fo int(fflet ill realtimE the third OIl( ohviousl bullbullis an exampleflll sYllchollOllS c(lIlimullicfltioll

The first is the impartation of illfollnatinn which meilns lim the cail(( mainlywant to inform the callce ahout somdhillg This illfoJllation is fixld and call )(d(liwr(d without lUibullbullinvolvement of tilE mIle Ipical fxflmplts of impartinginformation would be mcssa~es like -Im out of ollicc Tak XY is done or TIlllllClting was rescheduled to 1500h

Thc s((ond b the reqlHit of illforlllatioll As like 11til illl)lartatioll of infor-mation the r(qllest can he ddivcred without fln invok(llellt of the caile Typicalexamplegt of requestinp informatioll would hI m(ssages like Vhat is tlH~ status of

7

CHAPTER l SYSTE~I DESIr

plOjtlt X t 11(11bull( spud Ille the tlOClltlltllt(olltaining X yZ or Vha t is t Ittl1Hll~of the Il( sE(Tltary again

1111 tllinl is tht Ilsin t(l illttwet witll the callee Ihis llIay Ill to (is(lISsOllllthing with till calfP or simply to han a nin COIl(lsltlliOlI

It is OJViOllS that ill tIl( first two elL thl actions could Ill handled b- it

(()lllIllUieatioll Syst(lll without tile cali(( having to wait for tile iw(omplishllltllt (g(ht call(1could nrdPI tht systf1II 10 inform till call1(~about it certain Illattfr andtll(ll forg( about it TIll systt1ll would rlwll try () reach tIH (allt~~ until he 01sh has til( lillI( 10 allswer the call Tht SillJl(~could be dOIlP with an informatiollrequest TIH eallt1 would simply onl() the systf1ll to Cpt the dOClIll(lltcontainingXYZ frolll n~tr AI3C illltlltport Il-lckto me nll(( YOIlhave it Kow tilt syst(m can(Olltact the user ABC Itll him about tht t(osilpddocnment and n~port back to tht((tlltr onc( till docllIwnl b availahle In thp llwantillw till caller onld rare ahonl()11lt1problems

Ulllikl the nrst IWo (ilS(S whitli (~all I)halHlled aynchtollou~ly the tbird (I1

[(qnins both partiES (caller and calEe) to he ivaili1blt at the same time hilt adind sy1tlU snpport is hardly pnssible in this n1-(ta sySICIll could still support11llIlPIS (p by finding I poiut in tilll( wlln hoth are availabk and scht(lule the(til then

III gt-HPralit can 1)(~aid that ~YllchrollOl~tomlllnuication is trouhIESOllit-for the(dler as he dIlls uot hae any informatioll about the calkts situation

32 Callee - the receIver

A calkC on the ot Illr Imutl hai tiitffr(ut t(tuinlUtlllS towards it COIllIllIIllintI iOIlsys-t(IlI Iii wallts to Ill available fOi incoming calls tn pet int(rtsIiHg andor import alitinformatioll and news Still whilE lit is husy 1)(dots lint want to he dbtmHd awtll 11 while Iwinl in all situation when a call would be inaproprintt Eg a ~t()ckhrokl1 ha to ht illlolllled about any important event cOIIttwing his inVlstIlHlItSIf hE is lOtrtachablp atltis dt~k plOllt he would wall I the system to kllow that illthis ca~( Iw is 1l(J~tliktly available on his lllOJiltphouC Still it is highly arguableif this infollUatioll should COIl( to hilU whih he is attcJl(ling tiivim service Allltlnalogll( situation can be ronstm(td for the projpct lllallagPL ~hile an~ dtiaYtdillfOllUatiOll fiow could Itad to il tklay of til( whok project the lllauagll lIlight sill1101want to 1)(distllrlHd while in all important lllilestolll-meeting with I flIstonHrEpn if hp is jllit workiu)for himsplf all ulllflatft1 distmIJaufc might break hisCOlJ(tutratiOll 0 ht would want to jt~dislmlHt1 only by rdtvall1 illformation

hile most of t11falnn-s IlH_ntioIlPdahovc call 1)(gtachieHti with t()(lays (0111111011ttchnulopy this would j(qllill a lot of manual sysltm lllaiIlUIll(( by lilt IISN tgprogramming tltp Wilting of calls and ((mpilelillg to switch t hl llIohik oflat t htIw)iulligof it Ill((-tillg and on agnill af(l that Illeeting It is highly dtsirablf for a(OlllllHlIlicatioll syskm to )lJ8f kllow wit(1l a USN is availahh for distlllbaIH(S awlwhich calls arp ]PhV1UlIto hitl]lTtllt task

Ihllit PatlllnalltllllUt

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

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[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

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USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

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(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

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)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

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[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

Chapter 2

Related Work

IFIIf11 (l 1li~lin[Jl11Shtd bllt ddCl-lywl(lli~1sll1ks ltlll SII1IWlhil19 1-

]J()_~~ibl I i~111mHI nUuiTly

riyhtWhrll he Matrs Ihn ~omdhiIlYI~ imlJ()~ilIJlIhe i IfTY probablylIlllllrl_

Arthur ( (lark bullbullImjir of The Futlln Hllil

TlwlI are fi(Tral approaches towards this topic bull lot of aUllitlIlic institutiollswork ill Ids field for a lOlltillle now nut ill till lml r((Hk the (Olllllll1uicatiollindustry rpcognized Iht illlportancp of this topic TIHHfOll 11(also stltn(d TO

work in this licldaturally the 140al of th~p two groUJlS an sli~hl difffHllt Wltih~ Il~s(jfutitlc

approach aims on in(flasilll the kllowkdge and Iludcrstandiu) of the topic Il(illdllstry first of all is intcrestc(l in working ollltiollS the~ can stll Tlteldole thi bulldlilptpr is did(Ie(j into related York ill ~(if1lft and the indl8fry

21 Science

Already ill HJ91 ~1 Vtis( (iPsnilwd ill [1] the iOPi of uhiquitous (OIllIHltillg IllPJ((licts the use of 1lral IllllHlnts of mino olllputcr devin~ 1)(1roOIll that Itp

iutllitivdy to operate so the IIStr all atlas stop (oH((lltrating on computer tpvin-sltIud start to care abollt the ptop]e at tlw othtl PllIls of th bullbullIIf1work Toda- li YPHSlate we arc st-ill far from nachill) liis alllbitions alltl undcniably Illost otsimble(II)jtcti 1

SatyallarayamUl states in [2] dw fom (-sselltiai l((juitlllltuts to JlIT1O-5IVC COnI-

jluling TIll first is cfcdilc U8Cof smarl Pact llltal1ill~ tilt illcnsioll of t(dlllOloOilll 0 (vt~ryday-Iifc ilwl thcreiJy cnabling inf(gtrad iw s(llsill~ ami (Olltrolling

Tlw st(und HqHirtuHllt is illlisibilify The Hilal oal is the (Olll]]tlt disap-pPtlral1(-of Itrvasivt (olll]lIltillg t(dlllOI()~r from a IlSNSS (oJ]wioUSIl(ss This

CIIAPTEH 2 HELITED II(JIlK

lPquirCIHlm alII omatically lad~ to lhe dcmand of IIullwllt bullbullt di~tll1(Jflc(

TIll third nquillIlllllt is localised scal(Jliility Satyallara1iallan stalfs Ihal tlttCllITtllt [ lin of the intlllWt (deal Ii of dislalKt) is inappropriate for Iwrvasiwcomputing as tltl 1101[as wll w his computing systelll will lw ocfwhlhIHd bydistant ill1Nad jOllS that an of little tC](-UlCfif titt density of interaction dOt lIotbtll of IIow mows lway 0[[( eXilmple for this would be the smart h()lSt~ It iHljll-tsthe lightill2 (ollliitioll II) tht llSts mood This of COlllSt is 110t IIfCeSSll-Ywhile tll(lIS(1 is lot at hUIIl( SI ill qllllyiu) his mood is Oll(~kiwI of distant iUlcwcrioH withoutn lovaJl(

The last requircllwlIl is 1IaslIIt1 urWIflI cOTulitlOlIIllq Satyanamyallall 11lj(IiVl-sthat thl ratl of ]l(IHtraliolJ of pervasive comlHlting tcchnology illtn tht infrasuuc-11][( will vary (ollsirerably As this rfslllts ill IlligI ditfprfIHes ill the smartlHss ofdilt1(nt (IIirollllHnts ilIHliL-iH (Olllpulin~ syst(111 will have to (ompfllSnll tlws(diff(ffIlC(S ill ordll to kltp thl- USI-clear of anlloyancts

Fllthp(IllOU Salyallarayanall states thai ill ordt to adlipve minillwl user (h~tu1-ban(( a ptfva ltivf COlllp1lt11 SyslllIl must Iw corfe1t-uuuTC so that it call ndjllsl itshdlitviolll to the IIt(s clInTlllt state and SUlTOll11dillgS A very important iS~HI(illthis conkxl is Ihe balance t)twI~n pmadivily alld fml~JI(n1I(Y a the uscrs Illcdsd(]Hw on his itd of Ixperilnlp on it tLk and his familiarity with his fllVirolllll(tllbull system (all (iLsily nlltlO~ 11USN Iw proactiwly initialising all kiwis of P(()(fSSfS a-Il ilS cOllfus( him hy lllaikin~ activities bfhintlllltilosilllllfallSpiUPllCY

itllllll111lt et al pre-flH an inllusling approach to Ihis plOblem In [J] tIwyllllntion lti usn J11UIHT modI III titt-ir exptriult1I1 the u~(rs hacimohiJ d(vicIswith Iimil 1(I I1llllIl)t) Illl I I ht ability to ~et unavailalJlf dal a dltOllgh a I() 1)all( Iwit h-l (JIlthlt ion The pa tilIiC modI was l1~pd 10 dllidt dlltlwr a user should be qUfriltwhat to do on a cltidw-miss 011 lilt llIolJik syslPlll Thpy altsunw that it ll~lr is lllOllikfly willing to il(((pl a dislurball(e if tilP missing file is of a higher impOilanll Astlltll is IHI s(ipntifi( t1itll availilble hy now they conj(ctllte it logarithmic Itlatiolll)(twI(1I patience ilwl iIllPOItilW( iLltt h(y claim 1hat llHlIlY other human procfsfShan~ a similar slnsitiily ((g isioll)

III [-l] COlltilZ Il al extelld the notion of (oulxt nol ollly to descrilH a stall- huta pnwfSs They ilrgue that only iI confcIt-a-p()II~~ itpJllOitdl is f1txihk lllou)h to(In)i(lll1islllatc1l(s bdwtlt1 til SylItllS 1Ilodd of iutlractioll and the userss lllfntalmodel of Ih( sysltllI

III Is] DalJhish 11 al eXilmine how ptoplf rfilCt Oil incoming mails Tllty cassitildthe iucoming ltJ~isag((ollttlIl to Ollt of the following c1asses rf(rllt~f for actionlY1PUStfor mfonnatwn (link dWIlHlI71f COllad infu dc) stutus update (for ouyowyIlmJrdtu_~A) IffJIW~ for rL IIffiny or respons( to a meeting rr(jLrst 1fmindrT 01

11(illl f1fdirty Also t he took into lticcount I he Idat ion of tlll~stllder 10 Ill( [(1ipiIIlIHlllI thl illqgturtawe of the message (to til( rffipienl as 111L 10 Ill(~ studtr) TIlt11goal was to (kfif a mo(kllilal allows 10 pUIIitt I hi Ils(Js rtmioll 10 all iucoTllinglllaii Cout nny I (J tHir Ixjgt(1al iOll-il L-Ill)1t Ill Itll~ssage ililportallcc that tiUItilthighesl inllulWe Oil I lH rqgtIY-lthaiollr of tltc llSilSbut the send( (hlltTJrtrisfl(~Ill( illllholS a [-0 lIotld that lllSSilg( rtqulstiu) inforlllation wefe sipniticiIltlY lllOH

j (hili Pal hlllaplllllllil

21 SCIElCE

likely to rtctiv( a n~pollsr and flsnll1Cthat this is because the applOpriatl actioIlOil these messages is most appalclll to the tcripknr Another interesting sid( 11011is dIP fact that messapes with social outen wen Illore likely to fctcivc a tllIHHlse

In [6] Erickson et al argue that (lIlTI1l1Ildmoiogy is (lCltltinpwalls IwtweellIISP[S The suggested approach is to make systems wwUllly lml~lllcrnf I to (nablet lw IlS10lise ttpir common social behaYiour to cOlllllluni(aft more Iffici(utly withone anotIier

Itl [7) 0011et aJ pxprpss their opinion that no maLler how oplisticatfd a (011-

llllmicltltiollor (ollahoralioll system might be distance will always ]llay all importantrole as there are to lllallYfacts illlll1lllltlll-to-hulllilll(OlllIllUnicarioIlthat (chnolopycan hardly or not at all refict

III addition) Sdllleidtr el al oJsenpd that nol ouly physical distann but ilionimportant social netJLolk (istaTcc playbulla significallt lOll on Ill( df]ci(ncy of humanto human cOllllllunication [Sl Hence they claim that human-(olllpulpl interactionas well as COllllJlltlrSllpportld (oolwrativ( work could benefit by inltrealin)fOCllS011sodal network distance as an analytical IIlCilureami desi~n tool

In their slIrveys [~] J ~1 liudsoll lI ill found rhat availability mauagflllflltcall not he just fvading all intfITuptiolls IIthpJ( is a ICllsion betwepn wantinp toloi(1 interruptions and appreciating thpir IIseflllw-s For (Jlllpitin their studyallaglrs -plndmost of their worktilllt halldlinp iUlt--lTllptionsallI ngard this partof fil(ir joh They need a (prtain control 0(1their interruptions to kl(P bullIIlStof t1l1ir plojtd- Oil Ilw 01( hallli Jut on Ihe ot lwr hand also nttd SOUletilllf ofdj(~p W7Iceutmtiou During these tilllPS it is illlportant to keep au- interruptionilWa)a-the temptation to let themsel(S1)(illtITllpt(d ill ort1tt to not dday anypotlntially important information is to strOtlfor most of thelli ThtSI tillltS of dttll(oltpntratioll arise tIlliteHglll(lry in a workday In SllllUllaryHudson ft al deIllawlsystellls to make interruptions more PUil-i(lltrathlr than dp(T(asinpthpill As theyalso f01I1(1that intprrllptiolls an handitd dittnlllly dtIHnding 011 t ht nature ofthe interruption regardless of slatl Ul tiUlI IlHYlHliEo(thill w1ally lmn~IIj(Inlsysfnns [G] arl the hlst way 10 approach this dtallpllpp

Allothn illlportalll findillg of liLtlll is that S~sttIllSthat rdy on users uprlatinptheir cIIlT(nl status mallllally are houlld lol illtffrgtltti(as IISPSof thesvstms1l(JStelll to nl1ltIllIJ(rto dlilllpp lltil availahility slall

For~arty d al (xmuined this opinion [wI and found that p(opit t(nd to ignoretIl( availability information provided hy tiUir My Firll sodal translucient ayailabilityillfonnatioll softwal( ()I)illl 1I1(SSl)((chcet(cliou location informatioll (OIH~put ilttivily ami calendar iuformatiol1 to nlEHltla lIs(rs li1ilahility) COlltrarytIllY liSP the provided informat iOIl 10dltrmilH thl ]IHMWIof a P([SOIlrat Itthan its lvllilahility HellCt til( auhors implicatf that it socially tlilllShW(lllsys-tllll is a pood approach uut far from ellollph to 1l11iattillappropriate disturbaH(~sipnificanth or prewnt thelll totally

[wi]]ytranlucelltlIleansthat the tllllllUllicatiulIdmlJlld trallslJlitslot olllytill (Ollllltufllll (OJrllllllllicatiol hut al~otllf lIIolions of lIlt lISflS

COllllllllllitaliOIlShields

CIIAITEB 2 11ELATED mlHh

22 IndustrialTI[(n~are a ltlllJgtlt of groups that arc workillg Oil the future of (mohile) (OtlllllllIli-(it tilIll TW(I (f t 11I1lliltl II( 1111(PtlPrati(JI Iutllefshil) I-ro j(f [111and the ()IH1llHI)iit- AliialU( [121 ~ Ow of tllt-ir projPcts is calfd PHSl1iU STvice aud ~I)((ili(sa SNvic( that (Ilahks th bullbullUSN 10 tiefiIH ccrtain 1ri~(rs Ihat are COIllHct(d with hiclunllt stall] Otl this hwl it is not Sll(ili( how the currcnt stalll is (1111111-11

what slates thefe are ilXall or what kind of actiolls could Ill triggtrt Tht goal ofthese wurkin groups is sirupy do specify a commotl arehitectual basis all which til(singlt IIlIll IIHtS could illlpcHl(nt t h(lr OWII soillt iom and dcj(-cs TIl( (OIllIlL()lI1JCIisgUatillLtPps til( iuteropcrahility of all solutions and devices within till specifications

Tilt fillllisil ((1Il11111Ini(atiOIltechlloloampy COllljlllllY ()kia 3 tlevelope(1 a t(rhll()-ogy call1d oklll IlflU( ll~]rhat S((IlIS to be based 011 the PnSIUII SITitf

dpfiwld hv th( ~GrrIt fOllsists of th(nMlIcC SC11fT awl tltt PIICbullbulltlI-H ClluilSojtwan ami allows IIS( 10 (XdJaIl~l llachability ilLfol111atiotl A lIspr cansd iJisnachahilit~ stilt liS (husy away hOI(d plpI( call) IIwill as his prefPlT(d mod( of(Ollltllllllkat iolt (voice call 5-15) alolLg wit h some personal notes A st alll (han~((ltIlll)p tri~JI((1eidwr manually h~the uspr or automatically hy a calendar (entThis information is so[dOil thp Nokia Ptlgtencp Serv(1 wh(le other users can querythetH P[(S(Il(l oll([sa )roup based privacy COIIC(pt that allows the lisen to d(cidllto (an get what kiwi of information abOIlt thetIJ

okia lists 00(1 m (Ill-ploll( lIloti(ls that alrfady support PnSEllle TIl( Pres-(u(( (hllt softwaH Is imlilable for download 011 thp okia website awl it is saidthat it also works with pholHS HllIlufadm((1 hy otiter companies Although it (oltl-Itllllli(at via GPRS EDGE 01 VCD~dA it d(pfnds Oll SOUit pfovidll d(IWlldiH)lletwOlk s(IVins (1lI11illtv til( prls(IW( server) which aI( CUHfIlly not slIpport(d by1m ((nnall Ill work provider cOlllpany

~pll notl 1111IllS( Iw() IVOllPSHI owr1appillg llwmlHfl of till lC 11 af lOriIll also llIllIbPIS

of till UPl1 IllOhilt Alliancl awl yil Tfla okia i~pussihly and prohahly 1101 111lt only company that alnady 11m products that iltlptllPll1

lIw lnMII1 ledmlogy UIll it SIltlJ~to I tlll only plOmpanythat mfltimu it ill its uwniSlllPutcampaIgns This ibullbullwhy this pumpany IlL CliogtI11to h au laquoImpp liNP

(j

Chapter 3

System Design

1111mo1 pmfo1Hul trchlloloqtfsJn~Ow lwl riisfJppfIlt TheyINfl1f IhfmMI1f~ info Ow fabricof ftIJdu life ufltilhey (11(ill-dislinJ1lishabir ftnm it

~Iark pirrhf ((J1Illll(fT 1m the JIst

(enmy 1191

Givell all dl(~ ah()n~ mentioned it SfflIlS wise to ollect all expectations towardsil smart comllllluicatioll systf1l1 hdon startiug 10 Illiign it As it (Ollllllllilkatiollsystllll coIltlcds (at ieait) Iwo people tlpn an also at lealt1two inlfrfst to beatleudet to (rlm8t~ TWit- flu the fl1Tn8 (allN fwd (alllt thaI IlIT derivnl fTllmtlH Ififpwne context will be (((1for the imliator and tht rnfiV(T of any form ofCOUl1flll1tuatirm telephone (lswdl rl~mllil or in~t(Jnt mexs(Jyiufj)

31 Caller - the scnder

The first fadiotl j- the caller side The (alllI lim a clrtaill motivation to initiatcthc (Omlllllllicatioll These motivations call IH classified into three majOl groupsVhilc till first two of them me examplc1ifor as bullbullndIHlllous communi(ation as tiltpattuefs do not hat~ fo int(fflet ill realtimE the third OIl( ohviousl bullbullis an exampleflll sYllchollOllS c(lIlimullicfltioll

The first is the impartation of illfollnatinn which meilns lim the cail(( mainlywant to inform the callce ahout somdhillg This illfoJllation is fixld and call )(d(liwr(d without lUibullbullinvolvement of tilE mIle Ipical fxflmplts of impartinginformation would be mcssa~es like -Im out of ollicc Tak XY is done or TIlllllClting was rescheduled to 1500h

Thc s((ond b the reqlHit of illforlllatioll As like 11til illl)lartatioll of infor-mation the r(qllest can he ddivcred without fln invok(llellt of the caile Typicalexamplegt of requestinp informatioll would hI m(ssages like Vhat is tlH~ status of

7

CHAPTER l SYSTE~I DESIr

plOjtlt X t 11(11bull( spud Ille the tlOClltlltllt(olltaining X yZ or Vha t is t Ittl1Hll~of the Il( sE(Tltary again

1111 tllinl is tht Ilsin t(l illttwet witll the callee Ihis llIay Ill to (is(lISsOllllthing with till calfP or simply to han a nin COIl(lsltlliOlI

It is OJViOllS that ill tIl( first two elL thl actions could Ill handled b- it

(()lllIllUieatioll Syst(lll without tile cali(( having to wait for tile iw(omplishllltllt (g(ht call(1could nrdPI tht systf1II 10 inform till call1(~about it certain Illattfr andtll(ll forg( about it TIll systt1ll would rlwll try () reach tIH (allt~~ until he 01sh has til( lillI( 10 allswer the call Tht SillJl(~could be dOIlP with an informatiollrequest TIH eallt1 would simply onl() the systf1ll to Cpt the dOClIll(lltcontainingXYZ frolll n~tr AI3C illltlltport Il-lckto me nll(( YOIlhave it Kow tilt syst(m can(Olltact the user ABC Itll him about tht t(osilpddocnment and n~port back to tht((tlltr onc( till docllIwnl b availahle In thp llwantillw till caller onld rare ahonl()11lt1problems

Ulllikl the nrst IWo (ilS(S whitli (~all I)halHlled aynchtollou~ly the tbird (I1

[(qnins both partiES (caller and calEe) to he ivaili1blt at the same time hilt adind sy1tlU snpport is hardly pnssible in this n1-(ta sySICIll could still support11llIlPIS (p by finding I poiut in tilll( wlln hoth are availabk and scht(lule the(til then

III gt-HPralit can 1)(~aid that ~YllchrollOl~tomlllnuication is trouhIESOllit-for the(dler as he dIlls uot hae any informatioll about the calkts situation

32 Callee - the receIver

A calkC on the ot Illr Imutl hai tiitffr(ut t(tuinlUtlllS towards it COIllIllIIllintI iOIlsys-t(IlI Iii wallts to Ill available fOi incoming calls tn pet int(rtsIiHg andor import alitinformatioll and news Still whilE lit is husy 1)(dots lint want to he dbtmHd awtll 11 while Iwinl in all situation when a call would be inaproprintt Eg a ~t()ckhrokl1 ha to ht illlolllled about any important event cOIIttwing his inVlstIlHlItSIf hE is lOtrtachablp atltis dt~k plOllt he would wall I the system to kllow that illthis ca~( Iw is 1l(J~tliktly available on his lllOJiltphouC Still it is highly arguableif this infollUatioll should COIl( to hilU whih he is attcJl(ling tiivim service Allltlnalogll( situation can be ronstm(td for the projpct lllallagPL ~hile an~ dtiaYtdillfOllUatiOll fiow could Itad to il tklay of til( whok project the lllauagll lIlight sill1101want to 1)(distllrlHd while in all important lllilestolll-meeting with I flIstonHrEpn if hp is jllit workiu)for himsplf all ulllflatft1 distmIJaufc might break hisCOlJ(tutratiOll 0 ht would want to jt~dislmlHt1 only by rdtvall1 illformation

hile most of t11falnn-s IlH_ntioIlPdahovc call 1)(gtachieHti with t()(lays (0111111011ttchnulopy this would j(qllill a lot of manual sysltm lllaiIlUIll(( by lilt IISN tgprogramming tltp Wilting of calls and ((mpilelillg to switch t hl llIohik oflat t htIw)iulligof it Ill((-tillg and on agnill af(l that Illeeting It is highly dtsirablf for a(OlllllHlIlicatioll syskm to )lJ8f kllow wit(1l a USN is availahh for distlllbaIH(S awlwhich calls arp ]PhV1UlIto hitl]lTtllt task

Ihllit PatlllnalltllllUt

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CIIAPTEH 2 HELITED II(JIlK

lPquirCIHlm alII omatically lad~ to lhe dcmand of IIullwllt bullbullt di~tll1(Jflc(

TIll third nquillIlllllt is localised scal(Jliility Satyallara1iallan stalfs Ihal tlttCllITtllt [ lin of the intlllWt (deal Ii of dislalKt) is inappropriate for Iwrvasiwcomputing as tltl 1101[as wll w his computing systelll will lw ocfwhlhIHd bydistant ill1Nad jOllS that an of little tC](-UlCfif titt density of interaction dOt lIotbtll of IIow mows lway 0[[( eXilmple for this would be the smart h()lSt~ It iHljll-tsthe lightill2 (ollliitioll II) tht llSts mood This of COlllSt is 110t IIfCeSSll-Ywhile tll(lIS(1 is lot at hUIIl( SI ill qllllyiu) his mood is Oll(~kiwI of distant iUlcwcrioH withoutn lovaJl(

The last requircllwlIl is 1IaslIIt1 urWIflI cOTulitlOlIIllq Satyanamyallall 11lj(IiVl-sthat thl ratl of ]l(IHtraliolJ of pervasive comlHlting tcchnology illtn tht infrasuuc-11][( will vary (ollsirerably As this rfslllts ill IlligI ditfprfIHes ill the smartlHss ofdilt1(nt (IIirollllHnts ilIHliL-iH (Olllpulin~ syst(111 will have to (ompfllSnll tlws(diff(ffIlC(S ill ordll to kltp thl- USI-clear of anlloyancts

Fllthp(IllOU Salyallarayanall states thai ill ordt to adlipve minillwl user (h~tu1-ban(( a ptfva ltivf COlllp1lt11 SyslllIl must Iw corfe1t-uuuTC so that it call ndjllsl itshdlitviolll to the IIt(s clInTlllt state and SUlTOll11dillgS A very important iS~HI(illthis conkxl is Ihe balance t)twI~n pmadivily alld fml~JI(n1I(Y a the uscrs Illcdsd(]Hw on his itd of Ixperilnlp on it tLk and his familiarity with his fllVirolllll(tllbull system (all (iLsily nlltlO~ 11USN Iw proactiwly initialising all kiwis of P(()(fSSfS a-Il ilS cOllfus( him hy lllaikin~ activities bfhintlllltilosilllllfallSpiUPllCY

itllllll111lt et al pre-flH an inllusling approach to Ihis plOblem In [J] tIwyllllntion lti usn J11UIHT modI III titt-ir exptriult1I1 the u~(rs hacimohiJ d(vicIswith Iimil 1(I I1llllIl)t) Illl I I ht ability to ~et unavailalJlf dal a dltOllgh a I() 1)all( Iwit h-l (JIlthlt ion The pa tilIiC modI was l1~pd 10 dllidt dlltlwr a user should be qUfriltwhat to do on a cltidw-miss 011 lilt llIolJik syslPlll Thpy altsunw that it ll~lr is lllOllikfly willing to il(((pl a dislurball(e if tilP missing file is of a higher impOilanll Astlltll is IHI s(ipntifi( t1itll availilble hy now they conj(ctllte it logarithmic Itlatiolll)(twI(1I patience ilwl iIllPOItilW( iLltt h(y claim 1hat llHlIlY other human procfsfShan~ a similar slnsitiily ((g isioll)

III [-l] COlltilZ Il al extelld the notion of (oulxt nol ollly to descrilH a stall- huta pnwfSs They ilrgue that only iI confcIt-a-p()II~~ itpJllOitdl is f1txihk lllou)h to(In)i(lll1islllatc1l(s bdwtlt1 til SylItllS 1Ilodd of iutlractioll and the userss lllfntalmodel of Ih( sysltllI

III Is] DalJhish 11 al eXilmine how ptoplf rfilCt Oil incoming mails Tllty cassitildthe iucoming ltJ~isag((ollttlIl to Ollt of the following c1asses rf(rllt~f for actionlY1PUStfor mfonnatwn (link dWIlHlI71f COllad infu dc) stutus update (for ouyowyIlmJrdtu_~A) IffJIW~ for rL IIffiny or respons( to a meeting rr(jLrst 1fmindrT 01

11(illl f1fdirty Also t he took into lticcount I he Idat ion of tlll~stllder 10 Ill( [(1ipiIIlIHlllI thl illqgturtawe of the message (to til( rffipienl as 111L 10 Ill(~ studtr) TIlt11goal was to (kfif a mo(kllilal allows 10 pUIIitt I hi Ils(Js rtmioll 10 all iucoTllinglllaii Cout nny I (J tHir Ixjgt(1al iOll-il L-Ill)1t Ill Itll~ssage ililportallcc that tiUItilthighesl inllulWe Oil I lH rqgtIY-lthaiollr of tltc llSilSbut the send( (hlltTJrtrisfl(~Ill( illllholS a [-0 lIotld that lllSSilg( rtqulstiu) inforlllation wefe sipniticiIltlY lllOH

j (hili Pal hlllaplllllllil

21 SCIElCE

likely to rtctiv( a n~pollsr and flsnll1Cthat this is because the applOpriatl actioIlOil these messages is most appalclll to the tcripknr Another interesting sid( 11011is dIP fact that messapes with social outen wen Illore likely to fctcivc a tllIHHlse

In [6] Erickson et al argue that (lIlTI1l1Ildmoiogy is (lCltltinpwalls IwtweellIISP[S The suggested approach is to make systems wwUllly lml~lllcrnf I to (nablet lw IlS10lise ttpir common social behaYiour to cOlllllluni(aft more Iffici(utly withone anotIier

Itl [7) 0011et aJ pxprpss their opinion that no maLler how oplisticatfd a (011-

llllmicltltiollor (ollahoralioll system might be distance will always ]llay all importantrole as there are to lllallYfacts illlll1lllltlll-to-hulllilll(OlllIllUnicarioIlthat (chnolopycan hardly or not at all refict

III addition) Sdllleidtr el al oJsenpd that nol ouly physical distann but ilionimportant social netJLolk (istaTcc playbulla significallt lOll on Ill( df]ci(ncy of humanto human cOllllllunication [Sl Hence they claim that human-(olllpulpl interactionas well as COllllJlltlrSllpportld (oolwrativ( work could benefit by inltrealin)fOCllS011sodal network distance as an analytical IIlCilureami desi~n tool

In their slIrveys [~] J ~1 liudsoll lI ill found rhat availability mauagflllflltcall not he just fvading all intfITuptiolls IIthpJ( is a ICllsion betwepn wantinp toloi(1 interruptions and appreciating thpir IIseflllw-s For (Jlllpitin their studyallaglrs -plndmost of their worktilllt halldlinp iUlt--lTllptionsallI ngard this partof fil(ir joh They need a (prtain control 0(1their interruptions to kl(P bullIIlStof t1l1ir plojtd- Oil Ilw 01( hallli Jut on Ihe ot lwr hand also nttd SOUletilllf ofdj(~p W7Iceutmtiou During these tilllPS it is illlportant to keep au- interruptionilWa)a-the temptation to let themsel(S1)(illtITllpt(d ill ort1tt to not dday anypotlntially important information is to strOtlfor most of thelli ThtSI tillltS of dttll(oltpntratioll arise tIlliteHglll(lry in a workday In SllllUllaryHudson ft al deIllawlsystellls to make interruptions more PUil-i(lltrathlr than dp(T(asinpthpill As theyalso f01I1(1that intprrllptiolls an handitd dittnlllly dtIHnding 011 t ht nature ofthe interruption regardless of slatl Ul tiUlI IlHYlHliEo(thill w1ally lmn~IIj(Inlsysfnns [G] arl the hlst way 10 approach this dtallpllpp

Allothn illlportalll findillg of liLtlll is that S~sttIllSthat rdy on users uprlatinptheir cIIlT(nl status mallllally are houlld lol illtffrgtltti(as IISPSof thesvstms1l(JStelll to nl1ltIllIJ(rto dlilllpp lltil availahility slall

For~arty d al (xmuined this opinion [wI and found that p(opit t(nd to ignoretIl( availability information provided hy tiUir My Firll sodal translucient ayailabilityillfonnatioll softwal( ()I)illl 1I1(SSl)((chcet(cliou location informatioll (OIH~put ilttivily ami calendar iuformatiol1 to nlEHltla lIs(rs li1ilahility) COlltrarytIllY liSP the provided informat iOIl 10dltrmilH thl ]IHMWIof a P([SOIlrat Itthan its lvllilahility HellCt til( auhors implicatf that it socially tlilllShW(lllsys-tllll is a pood approach uut far from ellollph to 1l11iattillappropriate disturbaH(~sipnificanth or prewnt thelll totally

[wi]]ytranlucelltlIleansthat the tllllllUllicatiulIdmlJlld trallslJlitslot olllytill (Ollllltufllll (OJrllllllllicatiol hut al~otllf lIIolions of lIlt lISflS

COllllllllllitaliOIlShields

CIIAITEB 2 11ELATED mlHh

22 IndustrialTI[(n~are a ltlllJgtlt of groups that arc workillg Oil the future of (mohile) (OtlllllllIli-(it tilIll TW(I (f t 11I1lliltl II( 1111(PtlPrati(JI Iutllefshil) I-ro j(f [111and the ()IH1llHI)iit- AliialU( [121 ~ Ow of tllt-ir projPcts is calfd PHSl1iU STvice aud ~I)((ili(sa SNvic( that (Ilahks th bullbullUSN 10 tiefiIH ccrtain 1ri~(rs Ihat are COIllHct(d with hiclunllt stall] Otl this hwl it is not Sll(ili( how the currcnt stalll is (1111111-11

what slates thefe are ilXall or what kind of actiolls could Ill triggtrt Tht goal ofthese wurkin groups is sirupy do specify a commotl arehitectual basis all which til(singlt IIlIll IIHtS could illlpcHl(nt t h(lr OWII soillt iom and dcj(-cs TIl( (OIllIlL()lI1JCIisgUatillLtPps til( iuteropcrahility of all solutions and devices within till specifications

Tilt fillllisil ((1Il11111Ini(atiOIltechlloloampy COllljlllllY ()kia 3 tlevelope(1 a t(rhll()-ogy call1d oklll IlflU( ll~]rhat S((IlIS to be based 011 the PnSIUII SITitf

dpfiwld hv th( ~GrrIt fOllsists of th(nMlIcC SC11fT awl tltt PIICbullbulltlI-H ClluilSojtwan ami allows IIS( 10 (XdJaIl~l llachability ilLfol111atiotl A lIspr cansd iJisnachahilit~ stilt liS (husy away hOI(d plpI( call) IIwill as his prefPlT(d mod( of(Ollltllllllkat iolt (voice call 5-15) alolLg wit h some personal notes A st alll (han~((ltIlll)p tri~JI((1eidwr manually h~the uspr or automatically hy a calendar (entThis information is so[dOil thp Nokia Ptlgtencp Serv(1 wh(le other users can querythetH P[(S(Il(l oll([sa )roup based privacy COIIC(pt that allows the lisen to d(cidllto (an get what kiwi of information abOIlt thetIJ

okia lists 00(1 m (Ill-ploll( lIloti(ls that alrfady support PnSEllle TIl( Pres-(u(( (hllt softwaH Is imlilable for download 011 thp okia website awl it is saidthat it also works with pholHS HllIlufadm((1 hy otiter companies Although it (oltl-Itllllli(at via GPRS EDGE 01 VCD~dA it d(pfnds Oll SOUit pfovidll d(IWlldiH)lletwOlk s(IVins (1lI11illtv til( prls(IW( server) which aI( CUHfIlly not slIpport(d by1m ((nnall Ill work provider cOlllpany

~pll notl 1111IllS( Iw() IVOllPSHI owr1appillg llwmlHfl of till lC 11 af lOriIll also llIllIbPIS

of till UPl1 IllOhilt Alliancl awl yil Tfla okia i~pussihly and prohahly 1101 111lt only company that alnady 11m products that iltlptllPll1

lIw lnMII1 ledmlogy UIll it SIltlJ~to I tlll only plOmpanythat mfltimu it ill its uwniSlllPutcampaIgns This ibullbullwhy this pumpany IlL CliogtI11to h au laquoImpp liNP

(j

Chapter 3

System Design

1111mo1 pmfo1Hul trchlloloqtfsJn~Ow lwl riisfJppfIlt TheyINfl1f IhfmMI1f~ info Ow fabricof ftIJdu life ufltilhey (11(ill-dislinJ1lishabir ftnm it

~Iark pirrhf ((J1Illll(fT 1m the JIst

(enmy 1191

Givell all dl(~ ah()n~ mentioned it SfflIlS wise to ollect all expectations towardsil smart comllllluicatioll systf1l1 hdon startiug 10 Illiign it As it (Ollllllllilkatiollsystllll coIltlcds (at ieait) Iwo people tlpn an also at lealt1two inlfrfst to beatleudet to (rlm8t~ TWit- flu the fl1Tn8 (allN fwd (alllt thaI IlIT derivnl fTllmtlH Ififpwne context will be (((1for the imliator and tht rnfiV(T of any form ofCOUl1flll1tuatirm telephone (lswdl rl~mllil or in~t(Jnt mexs(Jyiufj)

31 Caller - the scnder

The first fadiotl j- the caller side The (alllI lim a clrtaill motivation to initiatcthc (Omlllllllicatioll These motivations call IH classified into three majOl groupsVhilc till first two of them me examplc1ifor as bullbullndIHlllous communi(ation as tiltpattuefs do not hat~ fo int(fflet ill realtimE the third OIl( ohviousl bullbullis an exampleflll sYllchollOllS c(lIlimullicfltioll

The first is the impartation of illfollnatinn which meilns lim the cail(( mainlywant to inform the callce ahout somdhillg This illfoJllation is fixld and call )(d(liwr(d without lUibullbullinvolvement of tilE mIle Ipical fxflmplts of impartinginformation would be mcssa~es like -Im out of ollicc Tak XY is done or TIlllllClting was rescheduled to 1500h

Thc s((ond b the reqlHit of illforlllatioll As like 11til illl)lartatioll of infor-mation the r(qllest can he ddivcred without fln invok(llellt of the caile Typicalexamplegt of requestinp informatioll would hI m(ssages like Vhat is tlH~ status of

7

CHAPTER l SYSTE~I DESIr

plOjtlt X t 11(11bull( spud Ille the tlOClltlltllt(olltaining X yZ or Vha t is t Ittl1Hll~of the Il( sE(Tltary again

1111 tllinl is tht Ilsin t(l illttwet witll the callee Ihis llIay Ill to (is(lISsOllllthing with till calfP or simply to han a nin COIl(lsltlliOlI

It is OJViOllS that ill tIl( first two elL thl actions could Ill handled b- it

(()lllIllUieatioll Syst(lll without tile cali(( having to wait for tile iw(omplishllltllt (g(ht call(1could nrdPI tht systf1II 10 inform till call1(~about it certain Illattfr andtll(ll forg( about it TIll systt1ll would rlwll try () reach tIH (allt~~ until he 01sh has til( lillI( 10 allswer the call Tht SillJl(~could be dOIlP with an informatiollrequest TIH eallt1 would simply onl() the systf1ll to Cpt the dOClIll(lltcontainingXYZ frolll n~tr AI3C illltlltport Il-lckto me nll(( YOIlhave it Kow tilt syst(m can(Olltact the user ABC Itll him about tht t(osilpddocnment and n~port back to tht((tlltr onc( till docllIwnl b availahle In thp llwantillw till caller onld rare ahonl()11lt1problems

Ulllikl the nrst IWo (ilS(S whitli (~all I)halHlled aynchtollou~ly the tbird (I1

[(qnins both partiES (caller and calEe) to he ivaili1blt at the same time hilt adind sy1tlU snpport is hardly pnssible in this n1-(ta sySICIll could still support11llIlPIS (p by finding I poiut in tilll( wlln hoth are availabk and scht(lule the(til then

III gt-HPralit can 1)(~aid that ~YllchrollOl~tomlllnuication is trouhIESOllit-for the(dler as he dIlls uot hae any informatioll about the calkts situation

32 Callee - the receIver

A calkC on the ot Illr Imutl hai tiitffr(ut t(tuinlUtlllS towards it COIllIllIIllintI iOIlsys-t(IlI Iii wallts to Ill available fOi incoming calls tn pet int(rtsIiHg andor import alitinformatioll and news Still whilE lit is husy 1)(dots lint want to he dbtmHd awtll 11 while Iwinl in all situation when a call would be inaproprintt Eg a ~t()ckhrokl1 ha to ht illlolllled about any important event cOIIttwing his inVlstIlHlItSIf hE is lOtrtachablp atltis dt~k plOllt he would wall I the system to kllow that illthis ca~( Iw is 1l(J~tliktly available on his lllOJiltphouC Still it is highly arguableif this infollUatioll should COIl( to hilU whih he is attcJl(ling tiivim service Allltlnalogll( situation can be ronstm(td for the projpct lllallagPL ~hile an~ dtiaYtdillfOllUatiOll fiow could Itad to il tklay of til( whok project the lllauagll lIlight sill1101want to 1)(distllrlHd while in all important lllilestolll-meeting with I flIstonHrEpn if hp is jllit workiu)for himsplf all ulllflatft1 distmIJaufc might break hisCOlJ(tutratiOll 0 ht would want to jt~dislmlHt1 only by rdtvall1 illformation

hile most of t11falnn-s IlH_ntioIlPdahovc call 1)(gtachieHti with t()(lays (0111111011ttchnulopy this would j(qllill a lot of manual sysltm lllaiIlUIll(( by lilt IISN tgprogramming tltp Wilting of calls and ((mpilelillg to switch t hl llIohik oflat t htIw)iulligof it Ill((-tillg and on agnill af(l that Illeeting It is highly dtsirablf for a(OlllllHlIlicatioll syskm to )lJ8f kllow wit(1l a USN is availahh for distlllbaIH(S awlwhich calls arp ]PhV1UlIto hitl]lTtllt task

Ihllit PatlllnalltllllUt

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

21 SCIElCE

likely to rtctiv( a n~pollsr and flsnll1Cthat this is because the applOpriatl actioIlOil these messages is most appalclll to the tcripknr Another interesting sid( 11011is dIP fact that messapes with social outen wen Illore likely to fctcivc a tllIHHlse

In [6] Erickson et al argue that (lIlTI1l1Ildmoiogy is (lCltltinpwalls IwtweellIISP[S The suggested approach is to make systems wwUllly lml~lllcrnf I to (nablet lw IlS10lise ttpir common social behaYiour to cOlllllluni(aft more Iffici(utly withone anotIier

Itl [7) 0011et aJ pxprpss their opinion that no maLler how oplisticatfd a (011-

llllmicltltiollor (ollahoralioll system might be distance will always ]llay all importantrole as there are to lllallYfacts illlll1lllltlll-to-hulllilll(OlllIllUnicarioIlthat (chnolopycan hardly or not at all refict

III addition) Sdllleidtr el al oJsenpd that nol ouly physical distann but ilionimportant social netJLolk (istaTcc playbulla significallt lOll on Ill( df]ci(ncy of humanto human cOllllllunication [Sl Hence they claim that human-(olllpulpl interactionas well as COllllJlltlrSllpportld (oolwrativ( work could benefit by inltrealin)fOCllS011sodal network distance as an analytical IIlCilureami desi~n tool

In their slIrveys [~] J ~1 liudsoll lI ill found rhat availability mauagflllflltcall not he just fvading all intfITuptiolls IIthpJ( is a ICllsion betwepn wantinp toloi(1 interruptions and appreciating thpir IIseflllw-s For (Jlllpitin their studyallaglrs -plndmost of their worktilllt halldlinp iUlt--lTllptionsallI ngard this partof fil(ir joh They need a (prtain control 0(1their interruptions to kl(P bullIIlStof t1l1ir plojtd- Oil Ilw 01( hallli Jut on Ihe ot lwr hand also nttd SOUletilllf ofdj(~p W7Iceutmtiou During these tilllPS it is illlportant to keep au- interruptionilWa)a-the temptation to let themsel(S1)(illtITllpt(d ill ort1tt to not dday anypotlntially important information is to strOtlfor most of thelli ThtSI tillltS of dttll(oltpntratioll arise tIlliteHglll(lry in a workday In SllllUllaryHudson ft al deIllawlsystellls to make interruptions more PUil-i(lltrathlr than dp(T(asinpthpill As theyalso f01I1(1that intprrllptiolls an handitd dittnlllly dtIHnding 011 t ht nature ofthe interruption regardless of slatl Ul tiUlI IlHYlHliEo(thill w1ally lmn~IIj(Inlsysfnns [G] arl the hlst way 10 approach this dtallpllpp

Allothn illlportalll findillg of liLtlll is that S~sttIllSthat rdy on users uprlatinptheir cIIlT(nl status mallllally are houlld lol illtffrgtltti(as IISPSof thesvstms1l(JStelll to nl1ltIllIJ(rto dlilllpp lltil availahility slall

For~arty d al (xmuined this opinion [wI and found that p(opit t(nd to ignoretIl( availability information provided hy tiUir My Firll sodal translucient ayailabilityillfonnatioll softwal( ()I)illl 1I1(SSl)((chcet(cliou location informatioll (OIH~put ilttivily ami calendar iuformatiol1 to nlEHltla lIs(rs li1ilahility) COlltrarytIllY liSP the provided informat iOIl 10dltrmilH thl ]IHMWIof a P([SOIlrat Itthan its lvllilahility HellCt til( auhors implicatf that it socially tlilllShW(lllsys-tllll is a pood approach uut far from ellollph to 1l11iattillappropriate disturbaH(~sipnificanth or prewnt thelll totally

[wi]]ytranlucelltlIleansthat the tllllllUllicatiulIdmlJlld trallslJlitslot olllytill (Ollllltufllll (OJrllllllllicatiol hut al~otllf lIIolions of lIlt lISflS

COllllllllllitaliOIlShields

CIIAITEB 2 11ELATED mlHh

22 IndustrialTI[(n~are a ltlllJgtlt of groups that arc workillg Oil the future of (mohile) (OtlllllllIli-(it tilIll TW(I (f t 11I1lliltl II( 1111(PtlPrati(JI Iutllefshil) I-ro j(f [111and the ()IH1llHI)iit- AliialU( [121 ~ Ow of tllt-ir projPcts is calfd PHSl1iU STvice aud ~I)((ili(sa SNvic( that (Ilahks th bullbullUSN 10 tiefiIH ccrtain 1ri~(rs Ihat are COIllHct(d with hiclunllt stall] Otl this hwl it is not Sll(ili( how the currcnt stalll is (1111111-11

what slates thefe are ilXall or what kind of actiolls could Ill triggtrt Tht goal ofthese wurkin groups is sirupy do specify a commotl arehitectual basis all which til(singlt IIlIll IIHtS could illlpcHl(nt t h(lr OWII soillt iom and dcj(-cs TIl( (OIllIlL()lI1JCIisgUatillLtPps til( iuteropcrahility of all solutions and devices within till specifications

Tilt fillllisil ((1Il11111Ini(atiOIltechlloloampy COllljlllllY ()kia 3 tlevelope(1 a t(rhll()-ogy call1d oklll IlflU( ll~]rhat S((IlIS to be based 011 the PnSIUII SITitf

dpfiwld hv th( ~GrrIt fOllsists of th(nMlIcC SC11fT awl tltt PIICbullbulltlI-H ClluilSojtwan ami allows IIS( 10 (XdJaIl~l llachability ilLfol111atiotl A lIspr cansd iJisnachahilit~ stilt liS (husy away hOI(d plpI( call) IIwill as his prefPlT(d mod( of(Ollltllllllkat iolt (voice call 5-15) alolLg wit h some personal notes A st alll (han~((ltIlll)p tri~JI((1eidwr manually h~the uspr or automatically hy a calendar (entThis information is so[dOil thp Nokia Ptlgtencp Serv(1 wh(le other users can querythetH P[(S(Il(l oll([sa )roup based privacy COIIC(pt that allows the lisen to d(cidllto (an get what kiwi of information abOIlt thetIJ

okia lists 00(1 m (Ill-ploll( lIloti(ls that alrfady support PnSEllle TIl( Pres-(u(( (hllt softwaH Is imlilable for download 011 thp okia website awl it is saidthat it also works with pholHS HllIlufadm((1 hy otiter companies Although it (oltl-Itllllli(at via GPRS EDGE 01 VCD~dA it d(pfnds Oll SOUit pfovidll d(IWlldiH)lletwOlk s(IVins (1lI11illtv til( prls(IW( server) which aI( CUHfIlly not slIpport(d by1m ((nnall Ill work provider cOlllpany

~pll notl 1111IllS( Iw() IVOllPSHI owr1appillg llwmlHfl of till lC 11 af lOriIll also llIllIbPIS

of till UPl1 IllOhilt Alliancl awl yil Tfla okia i~pussihly and prohahly 1101 111lt only company that alnady 11m products that iltlptllPll1

lIw lnMII1 ledmlogy UIll it SIltlJ~to I tlll only plOmpanythat mfltimu it ill its uwniSlllPutcampaIgns This ibullbullwhy this pumpany IlL CliogtI11to h au laquoImpp liNP

(j

Chapter 3

System Design

1111mo1 pmfo1Hul trchlloloqtfsJn~Ow lwl riisfJppfIlt TheyINfl1f IhfmMI1f~ info Ow fabricof ftIJdu life ufltilhey (11(ill-dislinJ1lishabir ftnm it

~Iark pirrhf ((J1Illll(fT 1m the JIst

(enmy 1191

Givell all dl(~ ah()n~ mentioned it SfflIlS wise to ollect all expectations towardsil smart comllllluicatioll systf1l1 hdon startiug 10 Illiign it As it (Ollllllllilkatiollsystllll coIltlcds (at ieait) Iwo people tlpn an also at lealt1two inlfrfst to beatleudet to (rlm8t~ TWit- flu the fl1Tn8 (allN fwd (alllt thaI IlIT derivnl fTllmtlH Ififpwne context will be (((1for the imliator and tht rnfiV(T of any form ofCOUl1flll1tuatirm telephone (lswdl rl~mllil or in~t(Jnt mexs(Jyiufj)

31 Caller - the scnder

The first fadiotl j- the caller side The (alllI lim a clrtaill motivation to initiatcthc (Omlllllllicatioll These motivations call IH classified into three majOl groupsVhilc till first two of them me examplc1ifor as bullbullndIHlllous communi(ation as tiltpattuefs do not hat~ fo int(fflet ill realtimE the third OIl( ohviousl bullbullis an exampleflll sYllchollOllS c(lIlimullicfltioll

The first is the impartation of illfollnatinn which meilns lim the cail(( mainlywant to inform the callce ahout somdhillg This illfoJllation is fixld and call )(d(liwr(d without lUibullbullinvolvement of tilE mIle Ipical fxflmplts of impartinginformation would be mcssa~es like -Im out of ollicc Tak XY is done or TIlllllClting was rescheduled to 1500h

Thc s((ond b the reqlHit of illforlllatioll As like 11til illl)lartatioll of infor-mation the r(qllest can he ddivcred without fln invok(llellt of the caile Typicalexamplegt of requestinp informatioll would hI m(ssages like Vhat is tlH~ status of

7

CHAPTER l SYSTE~I DESIr

plOjtlt X t 11(11bull( spud Ille the tlOClltlltllt(olltaining X yZ or Vha t is t Ittl1Hll~of the Il( sE(Tltary again

1111 tllinl is tht Ilsin t(l illttwet witll the callee Ihis llIay Ill to (is(lISsOllllthing with till calfP or simply to han a nin COIl(lsltlliOlI

It is OJViOllS that ill tIl( first two elL thl actions could Ill handled b- it

(()lllIllUieatioll Syst(lll without tile cali(( having to wait for tile iw(omplishllltllt (g(ht call(1could nrdPI tht systf1II 10 inform till call1(~about it certain Illattfr andtll(ll forg( about it TIll systt1ll would rlwll try () reach tIH (allt~~ until he 01sh has til( lillI( 10 allswer the call Tht SillJl(~could be dOIlP with an informatiollrequest TIH eallt1 would simply onl() the systf1ll to Cpt the dOClIll(lltcontainingXYZ frolll n~tr AI3C illltlltport Il-lckto me nll(( YOIlhave it Kow tilt syst(m can(Olltact the user ABC Itll him about tht t(osilpddocnment and n~port back to tht((tlltr onc( till docllIwnl b availahle In thp llwantillw till caller onld rare ahonl()11lt1problems

Ulllikl the nrst IWo (ilS(S whitli (~all I)halHlled aynchtollou~ly the tbird (I1

[(qnins both partiES (caller and calEe) to he ivaili1blt at the same time hilt adind sy1tlU snpport is hardly pnssible in this n1-(ta sySICIll could still support11llIlPIS (p by finding I poiut in tilll( wlln hoth are availabk and scht(lule the(til then

III gt-HPralit can 1)(~aid that ~YllchrollOl~tomlllnuication is trouhIESOllit-for the(dler as he dIlls uot hae any informatioll about the calkts situation

32 Callee - the receIver

A calkC on the ot Illr Imutl hai tiitffr(ut t(tuinlUtlllS towards it COIllIllIIllintI iOIlsys-t(IlI Iii wallts to Ill available fOi incoming calls tn pet int(rtsIiHg andor import alitinformatioll and news Still whilE lit is husy 1)(dots lint want to he dbtmHd awtll 11 while Iwinl in all situation when a call would be inaproprintt Eg a ~t()ckhrokl1 ha to ht illlolllled about any important event cOIIttwing his inVlstIlHlItSIf hE is lOtrtachablp atltis dt~k plOllt he would wall I the system to kllow that illthis ca~( Iw is 1l(J~tliktly available on his lllOJiltphouC Still it is highly arguableif this infollUatioll should COIl( to hilU whih he is attcJl(ling tiivim service Allltlnalogll( situation can be ronstm(td for the projpct lllallagPL ~hile an~ dtiaYtdillfOllUatiOll fiow could Itad to il tklay of til( whok project the lllauagll lIlight sill1101want to 1)(distllrlHd while in all important lllilestolll-meeting with I flIstonHrEpn if hp is jllit workiu)for himsplf all ulllflatft1 distmIJaufc might break hisCOlJ(tutratiOll 0 ht would want to jt~dislmlHt1 only by rdtvall1 illformation

hile most of t11falnn-s IlH_ntioIlPdahovc call 1)(gtachieHti with t()(lays (0111111011ttchnulopy this would j(qllill a lot of manual sysltm lllaiIlUIll(( by lilt IISN tgprogramming tltp Wilting of calls and ((mpilelillg to switch t hl llIohik oflat t htIw)iulligof it Ill((-tillg and on agnill af(l that Illeeting It is highly dtsirablf for a(OlllllHlIlicatioll syskm to )lJ8f kllow wit(1l a USN is availahh for distlllbaIH(S awlwhich calls arp ]PhV1UlIto hitl]lTtllt task

Ihllit PatlllnalltllllUt

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CIIAITEB 2 11ELATED mlHh

22 IndustrialTI[(n~are a ltlllJgtlt of groups that arc workillg Oil the future of (mohile) (OtlllllllIli-(it tilIll TW(I (f t 11I1lliltl II( 1111(PtlPrati(JI Iutllefshil) I-ro j(f [111and the ()IH1llHI)iit- AliialU( [121 ~ Ow of tllt-ir projPcts is calfd PHSl1iU STvice aud ~I)((ili(sa SNvic( that (Ilahks th bullbullUSN 10 tiefiIH ccrtain 1ri~(rs Ihat are COIllHct(d with hiclunllt stall] Otl this hwl it is not Sll(ili( how the currcnt stalll is (1111111-11

what slates thefe are ilXall or what kind of actiolls could Ill triggtrt Tht goal ofthese wurkin groups is sirupy do specify a commotl arehitectual basis all which til(singlt IIlIll IIHtS could illlpcHl(nt t h(lr OWII soillt iom and dcj(-cs TIl( (OIllIlL()lI1JCIisgUatillLtPps til( iuteropcrahility of all solutions and devices within till specifications

Tilt fillllisil ((1Il11111Ini(atiOIltechlloloampy COllljlllllY ()kia 3 tlevelope(1 a t(rhll()-ogy call1d oklll IlflU( ll~]rhat S((IlIS to be based 011 the PnSIUII SITitf

dpfiwld hv th( ~GrrIt fOllsists of th(nMlIcC SC11fT awl tltt PIICbullbulltlI-H ClluilSojtwan ami allows IIS( 10 (XdJaIl~l llachability ilLfol111atiotl A lIspr cansd iJisnachahilit~ stilt liS (husy away hOI(d plpI( call) IIwill as his prefPlT(d mod( of(Ollltllllllkat iolt (voice call 5-15) alolLg wit h some personal notes A st alll (han~((ltIlll)p tri~JI((1eidwr manually h~the uspr or automatically hy a calendar (entThis information is so[dOil thp Nokia Ptlgtencp Serv(1 wh(le other users can querythetH P[(S(Il(l oll([sa )roup based privacy COIIC(pt that allows the lisen to d(cidllto (an get what kiwi of information abOIlt thetIJ

okia lists 00(1 m (Ill-ploll( lIloti(ls that alrfady support PnSEllle TIl( Pres-(u(( (hllt softwaH Is imlilable for download 011 thp okia website awl it is saidthat it also works with pholHS HllIlufadm((1 hy otiter companies Although it (oltl-Itllllli(at via GPRS EDGE 01 VCD~dA it d(pfnds Oll SOUit pfovidll d(IWlldiH)lletwOlk s(IVins (1lI11illtv til( prls(IW( server) which aI( CUHfIlly not slIpport(d by1m ((nnall Ill work provider cOlllpany

~pll notl 1111IllS( Iw() IVOllPSHI owr1appillg llwmlHfl of till lC 11 af lOriIll also llIllIbPIS

of till UPl1 IllOhilt Alliancl awl yil Tfla okia i~pussihly and prohahly 1101 111lt only company that alnady 11m products that iltlptllPll1

lIw lnMII1 ledmlogy UIll it SIltlJ~to I tlll only plOmpanythat mfltimu it ill its uwniSlllPutcampaIgns This ibullbullwhy this pumpany IlL CliogtI11to h au laquoImpp liNP

(j

Chapter 3

System Design

1111mo1 pmfo1Hul trchlloloqtfsJn~Ow lwl riisfJppfIlt TheyINfl1f IhfmMI1f~ info Ow fabricof ftIJdu life ufltilhey (11(ill-dislinJ1lishabir ftnm it

~Iark pirrhf ((J1Illll(fT 1m the JIst

(enmy 1191

Givell all dl(~ ah()n~ mentioned it SfflIlS wise to ollect all expectations towardsil smart comllllluicatioll systf1l1 hdon startiug 10 Illiign it As it (Ollllllllilkatiollsystllll coIltlcds (at ieait) Iwo people tlpn an also at lealt1two inlfrfst to beatleudet to (rlm8t~ TWit- flu the fl1Tn8 (allN fwd (alllt thaI IlIT derivnl fTllmtlH Ififpwne context will be (((1for the imliator and tht rnfiV(T of any form ofCOUl1flll1tuatirm telephone (lswdl rl~mllil or in~t(Jnt mexs(Jyiufj)

31 Caller - the scnder

The first fadiotl j- the caller side The (alllI lim a clrtaill motivation to initiatcthc (Omlllllllicatioll These motivations call IH classified into three majOl groupsVhilc till first two of them me examplc1ifor as bullbullndIHlllous communi(ation as tiltpattuefs do not hat~ fo int(fflet ill realtimE the third OIl( ohviousl bullbullis an exampleflll sYllchollOllS c(lIlimullicfltioll

The first is the impartation of illfollnatinn which meilns lim the cail(( mainlywant to inform the callce ahout somdhillg This illfoJllation is fixld and call )(d(liwr(d without lUibullbullinvolvement of tilE mIle Ipical fxflmplts of impartinginformation would be mcssa~es like -Im out of ollicc Tak XY is done or TIlllllClting was rescheduled to 1500h

Thc s((ond b the reqlHit of illforlllatioll As like 11til illl)lartatioll of infor-mation the r(qllest can he ddivcred without fln invok(llellt of the caile Typicalexamplegt of requestinp informatioll would hI m(ssages like Vhat is tlH~ status of

7

CHAPTER l SYSTE~I DESIr

plOjtlt X t 11(11bull( spud Ille the tlOClltlltllt(olltaining X yZ or Vha t is t Ittl1Hll~of the Il( sE(Tltary again

1111 tllinl is tht Ilsin t(l illttwet witll the callee Ihis llIay Ill to (is(lISsOllllthing with till calfP or simply to han a nin COIl(lsltlliOlI

It is OJViOllS that ill tIl( first two elL thl actions could Ill handled b- it

(()lllIllUieatioll Syst(lll without tile cali(( having to wait for tile iw(omplishllltllt (g(ht call(1could nrdPI tht systf1II 10 inform till call1(~about it certain Illattfr andtll(ll forg( about it TIll systt1ll would rlwll try () reach tIH (allt~~ until he 01sh has til( lillI( 10 allswer the call Tht SillJl(~could be dOIlP with an informatiollrequest TIH eallt1 would simply onl() the systf1ll to Cpt the dOClIll(lltcontainingXYZ frolll n~tr AI3C illltlltport Il-lckto me nll(( YOIlhave it Kow tilt syst(m can(Olltact the user ABC Itll him about tht t(osilpddocnment and n~port back to tht((tlltr onc( till docllIwnl b availahle In thp llwantillw till caller onld rare ahonl()11lt1problems

Ulllikl the nrst IWo (ilS(S whitli (~all I)halHlled aynchtollou~ly the tbird (I1

[(qnins both partiES (caller and calEe) to he ivaili1blt at the same time hilt adind sy1tlU snpport is hardly pnssible in this n1-(ta sySICIll could still support11llIlPIS (p by finding I poiut in tilll( wlln hoth are availabk and scht(lule the(til then

III gt-HPralit can 1)(~aid that ~YllchrollOl~tomlllnuication is trouhIESOllit-for the(dler as he dIlls uot hae any informatioll about the calkts situation

32 Callee - the receIver

A calkC on the ot Illr Imutl hai tiitffr(ut t(tuinlUtlllS towards it COIllIllIIllintI iOIlsys-t(IlI Iii wallts to Ill available fOi incoming calls tn pet int(rtsIiHg andor import alitinformatioll and news Still whilE lit is husy 1)(dots lint want to he dbtmHd awtll 11 while Iwinl in all situation when a call would be inaproprintt Eg a ~t()ckhrokl1 ha to ht illlolllled about any important event cOIIttwing his inVlstIlHlItSIf hE is lOtrtachablp atltis dt~k plOllt he would wall I the system to kllow that illthis ca~( Iw is 1l(J~tliktly available on his lllOJiltphouC Still it is highly arguableif this infollUatioll should COIl( to hilU whih he is attcJl(ling tiivim service Allltlnalogll( situation can be ronstm(td for the projpct lllallagPL ~hile an~ dtiaYtdillfOllUatiOll fiow could Itad to il tklay of til( whok project the lllauagll lIlight sill1101want to 1)(distllrlHd while in all important lllilestolll-meeting with I flIstonHrEpn if hp is jllit workiu)for himsplf all ulllflatft1 distmIJaufc might break hisCOlJ(tutratiOll 0 ht would want to jt~dislmlHt1 only by rdtvall1 illformation

hile most of t11falnn-s IlH_ntioIlPdahovc call 1)(gtachieHti with t()(lays (0111111011ttchnulopy this would j(qllill a lot of manual sysltm lllaiIlUIll(( by lilt IISN tgprogramming tltp Wilting of calls and ((mpilelillg to switch t hl llIohik oflat t htIw)iulligof it Ill((-tillg and on agnill af(l that Illeeting It is highly dtsirablf for a(OlllllHlIlicatioll syskm to )lJ8f kllow wit(1l a USN is availahh for distlllbaIH(S awlwhich calls arp ]PhV1UlIto hitl]lTtllt task

Ihllit PatlllnalltllllUt

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

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Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

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v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

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HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

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[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

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II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

Chapter 3

System Design

1111mo1 pmfo1Hul trchlloloqtfsJn~Ow lwl riisfJppfIlt TheyINfl1f IhfmMI1f~ info Ow fabricof ftIJdu life ufltilhey (11(ill-dislinJ1lishabir ftnm it

~Iark pirrhf ((J1Illll(fT 1m the JIst

(enmy 1191

Givell all dl(~ ah()n~ mentioned it SfflIlS wise to ollect all expectations towardsil smart comllllluicatioll systf1l1 hdon startiug 10 Illiign it As it (Ollllllllilkatiollsystllll coIltlcds (at ieait) Iwo people tlpn an also at lealt1two inlfrfst to beatleudet to (rlm8t~ TWit- flu the fl1Tn8 (allN fwd (alllt thaI IlIT derivnl fTllmtlH Ififpwne context will be (((1for the imliator and tht rnfiV(T of any form ofCOUl1flll1tuatirm telephone (lswdl rl~mllil or in~t(Jnt mexs(Jyiufj)

31 Caller - the scnder

The first fadiotl j- the caller side The (alllI lim a clrtaill motivation to initiatcthc (Omlllllllicatioll These motivations call IH classified into three majOl groupsVhilc till first two of them me examplc1ifor as bullbullndIHlllous communi(ation as tiltpattuefs do not hat~ fo int(fflet ill realtimE the third OIl( ohviousl bullbullis an exampleflll sYllchollOllS c(lIlimullicfltioll

The first is the impartation of illfollnatinn which meilns lim the cail(( mainlywant to inform the callce ahout somdhillg This illfoJllation is fixld and call )(d(liwr(d without lUibullbullinvolvement of tilE mIle Ipical fxflmplts of impartinginformation would be mcssa~es like -Im out of ollicc Tak XY is done or TIlllllClting was rescheduled to 1500h

Thc s((ond b the reqlHit of illforlllatioll As like 11til illl)lartatioll of infor-mation the r(qllest can he ddivcred without fln invok(llellt of the caile Typicalexamplegt of requestinp informatioll would hI m(ssages like Vhat is tlH~ status of

7

CHAPTER l SYSTE~I DESIr

plOjtlt X t 11(11bull( spud Ille the tlOClltlltllt(olltaining X yZ or Vha t is t Ittl1Hll~of the Il( sE(Tltary again

1111 tllinl is tht Ilsin t(l illttwet witll the callee Ihis llIay Ill to (is(lISsOllllthing with till calfP or simply to han a nin COIl(lsltlliOlI

It is OJViOllS that ill tIl( first two elL thl actions could Ill handled b- it

(()lllIllUieatioll Syst(lll without tile cali(( having to wait for tile iw(omplishllltllt (g(ht call(1could nrdPI tht systf1II 10 inform till call1(~about it certain Illattfr andtll(ll forg( about it TIll systt1ll would rlwll try () reach tIH (allt~~ until he 01sh has til( lillI( 10 allswer the call Tht SillJl(~could be dOIlP with an informatiollrequest TIH eallt1 would simply onl() the systf1ll to Cpt the dOClIll(lltcontainingXYZ frolll n~tr AI3C illltlltport Il-lckto me nll(( YOIlhave it Kow tilt syst(m can(Olltact the user ABC Itll him about tht t(osilpddocnment and n~port back to tht((tlltr onc( till docllIwnl b availahle In thp llwantillw till caller onld rare ahonl()11lt1problems

Ulllikl the nrst IWo (ilS(S whitli (~all I)halHlled aynchtollou~ly the tbird (I1

[(qnins both partiES (caller and calEe) to he ivaili1blt at the same time hilt adind sy1tlU snpport is hardly pnssible in this n1-(ta sySICIll could still support11llIlPIS (p by finding I poiut in tilll( wlln hoth are availabk and scht(lule the(til then

III gt-HPralit can 1)(~aid that ~YllchrollOl~tomlllnuication is trouhIESOllit-for the(dler as he dIlls uot hae any informatioll about the calkts situation

32 Callee - the receIver

A calkC on the ot Illr Imutl hai tiitffr(ut t(tuinlUtlllS towards it COIllIllIIllintI iOIlsys-t(IlI Iii wallts to Ill available fOi incoming calls tn pet int(rtsIiHg andor import alitinformatioll and news Still whilE lit is husy 1)(dots lint want to he dbtmHd awtll 11 while Iwinl in all situation when a call would be inaproprintt Eg a ~t()ckhrokl1 ha to ht illlolllled about any important event cOIIttwing his inVlstIlHlItSIf hE is lOtrtachablp atltis dt~k plOllt he would wall I the system to kllow that illthis ca~( Iw is 1l(J~tliktly available on his lllOJiltphouC Still it is highly arguableif this infollUatioll should COIl( to hilU whih he is attcJl(ling tiivim service Allltlnalogll( situation can be ronstm(td for the projpct lllallagPL ~hile an~ dtiaYtdillfOllUatiOll fiow could Itad to il tklay of til( whok project the lllauagll lIlight sill1101want to 1)(distllrlHd while in all important lllilestolll-meeting with I flIstonHrEpn if hp is jllit workiu)for himsplf all ulllflatft1 distmIJaufc might break hisCOlJ(tutratiOll 0 ht would want to jt~dislmlHt1 only by rdtvall1 illformation

hile most of t11falnn-s IlH_ntioIlPdahovc call 1)(gtachieHti with t()(lays (0111111011ttchnulopy this would j(qllill a lot of manual sysltm lllaiIlUIll(( by lilt IISN tgprogramming tltp Wilting of calls and ((mpilelillg to switch t hl llIohik oflat t htIw)iulligof it Ill((-tillg and on agnill af(l that Illeeting It is highly dtsirablf for a(OlllllHlIlicatioll syskm to )lJ8f kllow wit(1l a USN is availahh for distlllbaIH(S awlwhich calls arp ]PhV1UlIto hitl]lTtllt task

Ihllit PatlllnalltllllUt

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CHAPTER l SYSTE~I DESIr

plOjtlt X t 11(11bull( spud Ille the tlOClltlltllt(olltaining X yZ or Vha t is t Ittl1Hll~of the Il( sE(Tltary again

1111 tllinl is tht Ilsin t(l illttwet witll the callee Ihis llIay Ill to (is(lISsOllllthing with till calfP or simply to han a nin COIl(lsltlliOlI

It is OJViOllS that ill tIl( first two elL thl actions could Ill handled b- it

(()lllIllUieatioll Syst(lll without tile cali(( having to wait for tile iw(omplishllltllt (g(ht call(1could nrdPI tht systf1II 10 inform till call1(~about it certain Illattfr andtll(ll forg( about it TIll systt1ll would rlwll try () reach tIH (allt~~ until he 01sh has til( lillI( 10 allswer the call Tht SillJl(~could be dOIlP with an informatiollrequest TIH eallt1 would simply onl() the systf1ll to Cpt the dOClIll(lltcontainingXYZ frolll n~tr AI3C illltlltport Il-lckto me nll(( YOIlhave it Kow tilt syst(m can(Olltact the user ABC Itll him about tht t(osilpddocnment and n~port back to tht((tlltr onc( till docllIwnl b availahle In thp llwantillw till caller onld rare ahonl()11lt1problems

Ulllikl the nrst IWo (ilS(S whitli (~all I)halHlled aynchtollou~ly the tbird (I1

[(qnins both partiES (caller and calEe) to he ivaili1blt at the same time hilt adind sy1tlU snpport is hardly pnssible in this n1-(ta sySICIll could still support11llIlPIS (p by finding I poiut in tilll( wlln hoth are availabk and scht(lule the(til then

III gt-HPralit can 1)(~aid that ~YllchrollOl~tomlllnuication is trouhIESOllit-for the(dler as he dIlls uot hae any informatioll about the calkts situation

32 Callee - the receIver

A calkC on the ot Illr Imutl hai tiitffr(ut t(tuinlUtlllS towards it COIllIllIIllintI iOIlsys-t(IlI Iii wallts to Ill available fOi incoming calls tn pet int(rtsIiHg andor import alitinformatioll and news Still whilE lit is husy 1)(dots lint want to he dbtmHd awtll 11 while Iwinl in all situation when a call would be inaproprintt Eg a ~t()ckhrokl1 ha to ht illlolllled about any important event cOIIttwing his inVlstIlHlItSIf hE is lOtrtachablp atltis dt~k plOllt he would wall I the system to kllow that illthis ca~( Iw is 1l(J~tliktly available on his lllOJiltphouC Still it is highly arguableif this infollUatioll should COIl( to hilU whih he is attcJl(ling tiivim service Allltlnalogll( situation can be ronstm(td for the projpct lllallagPL ~hile an~ dtiaYtdillfOllUatiOll fiow could Itad to il tklay of til( whok project the lllauagll lIlight sill1101want to 1)(distllrlHd while in all important lllilestolll-meeting with I flIstonHrEpn if hp is jllit workiu)for himsplf all ulllflatft1 distmIJaufc might break hisCOlJ(tutratiOll 0 ht would want to jt~dislmlHt1 only by rdtvall1 illformation

hile most of t11falnn-s IlH_ntioIlPdahovc call 1)(gtachieHti with t()(lays (0111111011ttchnulopy this would j(qllill a lot of manual sysltm lllaiIlUIll(( by lilt IISN tgprogramming tltp Wilting of calls and ((mpilelillg to switch t hl llIohik oflat t htIw)iulligof it Ill((-tillg and on agnill af(l that Illeeting It is highly dtsirablf for a(OlllllHlIlicatioll syskm to )lJ8f kllow wit(1l a USN is availahh for distlllbaIH(S awlwhich calls arp ]PhV1UlIto hitl]lTtllt task

Ihllit PatlllnalltllllUt

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

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[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

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HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

33 COTEXT

Anollwr prohkm for the eallce is the distrihution of his phone numbers owa-days IHoplp bav( IIlflny numbers ep office phoul Illohil phOlH home pholle awlso forth OW lIot everYOIlCwantfi to share all his 1l111ll1)(nwith (veryone Ther(aJ( allways people that (g should have ltteecsonly to the ollie 1I1l1l)f

33 ContextTo rice-ide what to tlo with a 1)(IHiingcall the lOllllllunicatiOlI sYSf1llmust know fllllallY things about t he context of t he callc( as possi hie and ideal) ahout tht (OIlUxtof the caIPl too

This information iuclndes the current location of tbe (alllt (ollic( t1fikcarhome ) his CUlTtmaffiliation (projfct X customer Y ) the -itllalioll he is in(alone conversation meetillp dlllrch S([VI() and his (IlViWllltltut (train -talionlibrary ) along with the available ltlfallS of (omlllllllication ill this context a-wellthe illlllOrtallce topic and lupency of an ilHonlillg ((1I111111IIlicali()nrequest

Based 011these facts a tollllllunication system wOllld hangtto dfdd(~ if a callIumldbe routed delayed ffjected 01hamhd ill another way Yhile such a tltLkisahead~ hard umler laboratory conoitiolls a COllllllt(rsvstf1llwould most likel~ failill real-life-situation at Ihe lack of needed information I)((al]-(of tlwit mmplexity

E1 it might be posiible to identify a p(rSOl]IIsiupa bunch of Call1lra-to1(dllfwith a powerfllll imupc-proecsing-algorithlll hilt it iilhlsivEto (xpecthese (ltUIHra-systems to bt) wide-pr(ac1and available for public use at allY ]loint in the Ilear future

Therefore it is neltfSsaryto develop( ch(ap amI simple sens()( (ompOll(ntsthat11(easy to inteprate into toda)s (01I11111111ications~shIllS Of maybe (VeH IIhnuly

mr integrated into these These simph SfIlSOlcompon(nts and the alporithms that(olllhille it lot of simple sensor data to (olllphx (ollkxl d(sniptions are it baiicrt(lllin1l1PIIfor slllart comlllllnieitl ion systems

SCIl~or CompOIleIlt~

TlwH are many examplts for thos( simpk sensOfS plOviding high-value informatioIlSome exam pips will iIlust mt( til( id(il ill bri(f For more details pleaie Sfe SpctionJG

A SYSt(lllwas dcplop(d in [14J liat wascapahk of distignishing f1((ntlifffrflltrllvilOnnlfnt c1acscsb~ their ambiellt noises In [1lt)] this sy-t(tll a d(vdopttifmllHf to rUII on a smartphone

Almost (VIr) lllotiefll PC Ol)(ratinp s~stf1ll contains a keyboarcl (l(sp((ti(I~Illouse) activity scallllt1 It tlIahlrS the PC todft(nnine whet her the user is clInenl)ad iv( Oil his PC or if he is away III til( latt(T ca(t h( S(T((Hsanr could he switdlPtiOil and the instant IlItSStllgjrst to th away-modf

Another rich FiOIlfCCof dala is the (ltllpmlltlr)lflllY tlllllpalli(s rim eg all Out-look Enhangr ScrlCT fat their tlllploy(ts All kims of information like lll((tings((ltlflltlIc(sor IlllisinCFiFi-tripsarf t(giSIff(lttlwr( This ((mid pnahle 11systelll to

COlllltHmication Sllipl(- )

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CIIAPTEH 1 SYSTDI DESK

gutss what kiwI of taka user is (llrIPlltJy orkilll OIL if ht is available fot (ails or(1lI[flIlly ill it 11l1tlill)1aud whtll tiltgtprobability to rPilch someone at his desk pholl(is hight

Ow last examplf is a hllldoOlh proximity scauller It OWil])S the vicinit Imutlttl hluetooth-dlvins and is able to noguise them and thus n(ognis tlltir OWIWL

That WilY 11syslllll could know how llIallY lJtopk Hld ((11who exact ely is arolllHat tht ll1()ltlut An illlpPIlHlltalioll of such II sauut is Nokia Sen bullor [IG] okiadlvdopt(1 a softWflW Ihat lets hlllftooth-tllahled pholles 1ist(11 for or her plO[[(Sthat run SI1I~01 ill he lleighhomitood and reaet to tILtlll okia cm[cutiy li-(-8(olllpati[( ])Il()]Hs

In [171 a tllobile phone is (olllJil(1 with SOIllCadditional sensor (ompolllnts swlias voi((- illld illll1Jient-noisl-IUinophoues Illotion-dttectors and light illlt ttIllJHr-iltlll( stlnsolS Thlst Stnsor datil is t1l1n 1Isld to guess the mwrs inttIlllJltahility

All st-nsor compolllllb 1ll(lItioIled abOT can be descril)(t as 80fll(lIt~tns()rbullbull01~oft-scnsors 1 Ihpy use existing hnrdwan alltllonn~rt thllIl to sensor COmpOll(nts111stby adding the 1H(essary software smartness

A dil(lIllt type of scnsor tOlllponent is a fa(( 1Itogllizel or a m(fting dllldoill it smilrtroom Thls( IlSOcomponcnts typklllly consist of a llllllllwl of Call1eHliloptther with SOlII( illlage processing IllgolitllllLi They requie a huge effort ininstallation aud adjnstnHJH illld lIt 1101available Trywlltlt~ ftlrthlrInore tiwy anlIot Illobil(

COIubiniu Sensor Data

Yhilt il smart COllllllunication systf1lI llt(rs to han a prftty exaCT pictlll( of itIIsps cunent contIxt the ilhove lllcntiOlHti soft-sellsors provide only er lilllitldiufortllatiOiI 101 IlwlllSfIfs

crthess Ihb data nll1 he ustd 10 Il(iltt a complcx (esclipI iOIl of the uersCl11IIllt stall A calendar entry likl llrtljPlt-lUccting in (omhination with tvpicillCllllllsatioll noises all( 111]( hlll()Ooloh cell-pholles of (Pltaiu colleagucs could ilHIkat (that tll UIt is atttlldillg a IIlt(ting hile this dalltllUcrping is a simple exullpl(of what (mid 1)( iliadI out of basic data (ven more is possihl(

By loggill all sCllml data wil It tillllstamps one gets all ff~nfhi~fflrlj Exploitingthis it is possible 10 gutss lilt 1Islrs (ontext lllore pr((ispiy thelll without it Thissilillllw d(lllolltrak hy tilt following shon t~xalllplc

TIlt soulround noise dlttlor is detecting trainrit( no tlLtry is found ill tiltcalendar for now alld l10 known 1Hlsons call Ilt dftpffd ill the vicinity I)W allW could 1(11by silllple data lllCrdng is hat th( us(r is C11lTently rid ill (ll1 a trainow Wt will hI-( a look at tlH 11011 ri~lfJy Htconslructing thl last 30 minulesof till somTolllul noise Slnsol lind tining (13 min) stairway (1 min) walking011 tlH stnt (10 min) riding Imill (6 min) Looking through om ttut history (Iilld Silllllli1a1 PifNIlS ill IIIP moming of (wry working day ow we know whent he user is lIot just ndmg I tmin hut riding f1(Jin lim 4 since (j mimJtrH pwlmbllj

10 I)anipl Pathnlillll11111Ia

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

14 ADJUSTIC COTEXT AWARENESS

[((winy it ill auothcr miTUfes allli we kllow what tlJ( l~1rwill (JlOhalJly00 nextlike llalkiny jor I11WIJUT8 minutes awl HIUhing hL~ officc at g()Sh

i1ile the last illformatioll is plltty Ilc(llrate it Vasgailled 1Jvtil( sallie basicsellsor COIIIlOIltlltsmentioned Iwlolloldy Ihis time the (-Vf1l1history was used(along with SOIllI~data-mining algorithms of comse)

34 Adjusting Context Awareness

As llIost communicatioll systellls me ofsigucd for humans it would he nice to hawthem 1(luwc like l11tlllaWtoo By this the tc(cptallu of il syritelll by its users(ould he increaspd One cXltlmpl(of it 111l1llalllike l)(haviolll is t lw dcission if a callshould be routed to a 1Is(1while he is coding OIll1ally a codinrmwr should not 1)(disturbed by (ails haWij this would intlrrupt his ()Jl((utmtiou Kow for 1lIIlHUISthis ollcfntration lIeeds SOUlltinl~ to huild up KnOWingthis a system (ould routePV1lltilliteunimportant calls withill the first minute of coding illljlortant ralls mabullheIV(1Iwithin the hrst three minults Aillmaylll fin lllinuks of unintlrruptedworkill a USf1m INlcilfd fl lcd of lip1l cOI(Iulratiol Distmbillg him 1l0Wwould interrupt this (olHcntration

A imiliLrtrade~ofr could be llIade for t1w IPkiHH of Interruptions if the topicof the user (urrPllt actiily is know as well as the 101lieof the disturbance Humanslcui to value re(put PWlIts higllfr If somcone watalking Oil the pholll about a(rlaill matter ollly two lllillUj(s ago awl is having a (llllversat iOIl now II( mightstilllteive a call concerning the Illattel discussed two minutes ago This relevancefall~off (ould he approximated by a hyperiJOb-likt fUlltction valuing it [(--nlIt~ventIll1lchhighf t han Oil( furt he-r in he past

By dlffercntiating lHtwPf1Idilfittlll fllll(tiotts for different sltuatioliS this hUlllan-likp Ilthaviour coul(l be Imprond ePHfmtllt

Please note OUlI (lil limes and dumtions 1TIfnliorlfd in Ihis sfdlOTI an estimated

(lTld nut baM1i on (l(ua n~((l1Chfindings Btjon ipiflllfnlillg fmythlTl sWliiar

some stuti-ies ~umld III made to f[equire Ihe 1nll tl1mllg~ fI hOI 101lg11takes for (f

118fT10 Hach a state of tinp cOflr(ntmtum

e- ) Interface

OW of the most important parts of a ~ystelll is he lISlr ilterfac( It doCsnot oulypnStlll tht~functions of a Fioftwareto a user but is ill fad tht fll(e of tht system Theust re(ogniseawl i(ifnlifiesthe system by its int(fac( Tliis is why it is impOltantto hay a good illlNface lot only to make all the systlllIS flllliliotls availahle hutto paill anpptl-tWthy 11](users

Th(lefore the interface of all ltldVilll(d(ottllllllllica(ionfy~tclll must he simplyalltl dlar 0 matt(l hm complex thp SYStllllwallY is tl]( liseI should allwai be _ ilhh 10 havf an id(~1lof wh(Jt a systelll is lUlUIami how it dOlSII A lIS11miphrqrf

COlllllllmicltrioll Sllil1(S 11

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CHAPTERI SYSTEIIlESIG-

Ird To a systlllI that is il lIwyiml blrul-bm to him hut uo l1S11villllllSt a SYStllllIlllkss hEhas a notion Oil t IH sYsTems (OIlltPI

As a cOllllllunication systfm is IllV to be a slaw I alo1H solutioll tll(rt art(llTaill fnrthtl delllall(is to its intllbce It must IH (ltlltY to integrate iuto t-xistiusolntioll (lWillleillls of COlllIlIllIJicatiolls Ideaiy it fully integrates itself into existinginfutnlCt1lrtso tIll lIselwill not (11) kilO that it exists

FlIrthNllIOlI all data USld I)) it IIl1lst he sYllchrolibable with othpl sy-JPlllS 01

softwart This ha sllrtlltilHIl1SFirst of all data can he gailHgtdIjuitlasily if it isIll)ssi] to read (~gaddwss-iJook or calendar illformatiOiI from other applicatiollsTilln th([( is the trust that 11(1call hiwe in it systtllI that sync1uOllL(s withyirtllally ((rythill~ (Eg it is Illytr a vain (WIHV01lrto imrodIl(~ (Olltact datainlo MICIVgtoft Outlook as alltlot (v(ry syslllIl (Iw it Ioftwar( or hard walt) offersall ill1(lfH((to il)

1G Data Sources

JowWI shall take a dol look on the r(1Igtvanlcontext information ( kllOw or((Juld know ahout tIl( lwr as w(11lS tilt ways to )et this infOllllatioH

FOI uow WI will ipnore all (Oll(pms about protection of privacy and tIlt dlmtthat lllight be n(C(Sfary10 gd (Nlain illfolmations WIwill concentrate 011 till]loid)ilitc thes( illfolllHltioll will -iveus

Although ( talk ahollt thr systnfl ill the followillg a deal d(fiuitioll of thisSYStltlllistill to come Cntil thlll WIconsider it to he a (ollfttion of t(c1mologitsilll(I data without a en aill physical repres(ll1 atioll

LocatiOlI

TIlt infOlllIatioli alolll ril( whella1Jollt of a uscr is a wry nice thinp if known IftIl locatioll is known Oil( tllight be able to detlllc( till ctuTent task of a lser (or ilt1(abullbull1 gtt a hin) as (1as the possihle ways to (ollt-act thl lISPr

This informatioH can he patlwnd ill differeut ways Tht most sitttpit Ollt wOllldI)(~ 1 (PS (or Galiko) ti(vill that transmits til( CUITt1t1positioH of the nStr to thtsysteltl

Anolh(1 way is hy det(ltiup trammithls ht it a GSI pylon ()[ a i-Fi Hl((S--]lOillt Tlds is lLOrJIlllllyItot that iHt1lIalhul it is better to havt a dl[( Iban nOll(at all Also t hpse information (an gP( quiet valuable if pairtd with ep known llS(Iltilbils uers calendar (tl

ithin a ugh 5urlwifalr( lllvironlU(nt it might 1)( ]Josillfto track the USIIhy[[sincallwras Ig tht (IlTPIltmarilOorli filOUHIb of the CI[[L-projpd [lSI anaill( 10 track il w(r lItovinp thlUuglt tht roOltt awl itltntify him 011 the hasis of fanncopnil ion

12 Daniellathlllltll)tt1tlllil

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

U DATA SOURCES

EllvirOllIllcnt

A ~oftware was ltevdolJed to rllll Oil a smart phone [171 It listills to t Ilf sourroundingsolltHi analyses it alld dabullbullilips nrInin sdhngs (like a car driving a (Towdpd pubwalking (Illtside )

As this application lUllS dil((t1y on the smartphOllf it i ill(Pp(wcnt from anyof her data S(OUf(Pawlor ftdlllology The gathcred informal lOll can 1)( uselt atOIWCouhoard the phone or it might 1)( -clld to the system This way il is possihleto (g adjnst the rinptOlu-ohllllf anolltling to tlH (lIironlllent

Personal CalendarsEitctronic calendars might 1)( allotiwr ridl omc( of information about til( task it

1S([ is iHrforming at a C(rtain timf Althollgh the information ithin a mlflIdarIlormally is IIOwry detailed it might hplp liS in clfcidillg what a IIs(r is clllT(ntlydoing as well iI ill dekrlllinillg where he is

The most important feature of til( aliIHlaris t he possibility to take fut urp (-PutIinto (ousidlrat ion eg t he let urll date fWIll till holida)H t 1](111(1of the Illtttin orthe arrial-tilllP of iI piauI

Collocated Persons

In mall) CaHISit call hI intlHHtilll to kllow whi(h pmpk (if IIU)) are in the doseviduity of the liSPThis Ciln hI Islweial1) illlpoltaut to know wlwlI Ihe sysf(llI hastn trade off whether tllP IlHir cau 1)( disillri)(r or not hy rOlllpitrill till illlportalweof pfrsons to the user Eg while talking to his sllperior it lllipht not he the IwsllilliI to he intlrrupt((i by 11111ld(lvwho just waulI tll illite you to a party of polf thisahlrJloOlI On the other haIlt while dis(lIssiup the foothall-rtsults of thl wfekcndin might IH~per-fedly allright if a sUI)(lTior inrlrrupts 10 ask ahout the plOlrcss oftill cunellt project

rhile this information might hi ias)l) wailabl( witiJill il IIlh ~lt1l(illlln(f PIl-vimUllllnt (like a SlIliUIIOOIJJ) it is Illuch harder to ppt in tillt Iml-uorld

One theorlticall bullpoihle abullmight 1)( a software flimilar 10 til( sunouudingddP(tioll softvaw of the SIllUtpitOiIl It cOllld dif((t voircs ill til( vicinitl of theusn and then try to relalt thtlll to Iwcilie jHISOIiSvia oj(t H(ognition

lloth(l posltibility might he to try to idilltify PDAs 01 pitOIH of JlPoJlII dos(Ibullia BhJ(toOtil Wi-Fi or similar wiri(-spuad tcdlllO]ogilH

Current Task

Thp tllnvnt ta bullk is prohably till pille of information that is till hardest to ppt A(UITcut user task tould he any out of a 11IIgIaridy of posHihle taks rangill)l froIlsimple reading or talking Oil tIll pholH to 1ll0H Iolllpkx situaliollH Iikl dtaling witha 14IOUPof bllsiucss partmrs ill the wailillp lounge of an ilitport

COlllllllluintt iotl Shields

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CHAPTER 1 SYSTE~I DESIG1

Thpn i- no ~lJccilic ~(Ilsor or Sft of sellors that ()lIld delect IIUY 0111of all tiLk-of il user Therdor( tIl( fll~k-rld(dor ha-to be a yirtllal Sfllsor that (ollliJillfS alli1vailabl( information and thf1t illrives a (or mort likely it Jlossible set of) CUITCIlttask(s)

II DIIJif1 PathuJapllUllllt1

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

Chapter 4

Implementation of a PrototypeSystem

AllY llffidclltly adIlIHTd cchfwrlfflJ ilt indi bullliu(lIl bullhllhle frommllfpr

Arthur C ClarkePOjilc$ oj The 111111(19m

As tlH~ pllrt-ltlillg chapt(s il1lls1rrtU the fTfation of a semi-illtelli)Pllt sytemwith satisfalnry (haraderbtks is II major tagtk Still it (lll he done As a proofof concept a light lfTSion of it possihlt (olllll(tioll manager was impkmentfrl It iscalled ltyht ven10n Ilt(au~eby far lOtall fpalm(s possihle 01 ((Jl IlI(Tltjollcd couldhe impiClllcntcd Phone cails received through a Vol SIrH1 aw pronssllL duckllland possibly routct to the IIser Additional information ahout tlll (11l1t(is rtquls((fthrough a voice interface with recognition of diahd nUllIIHls (DTfF)

To lHep things simpp ItO real senso1 data b ]]sd (altlul1lglt quite somf of thelfquired information (ould han bttll llIade available with todays StnsOi (OIllPOllllLt((dmolopy) Illstead a sensor simltlator (see IA) is used

Taktli togtiler all thse patts npn~i(Ilt a eilllple (OHlH(tor agillf IIl((JIItiugcalle are routed through a VoJP eerwr USill)Astprisk [I8] The mlltl b queried fortlte importance and urgency of his (all IlSillP a tpxf-Io-spt((h illlrfac( iolllhillidwith DTIF input Then the caller is looked up ill the address book of the calletTlw current context (location situation) of the callt(gt is determinfd aiwf1I di hisptfsonal prefcnnces conce-ruing uoth his curffnt context awl til( cal1(r The- decisionlogic now finds the b($t way to (leal with this call Finally th( result is displayedflU a pop-up window (tht shic1d glli) awl the calier gds inforIllld again yja a (xtto sp(ed interface and the Cilil gds nmled respectivc1y blocked As a HsU1t thephone of the (alll(~ will or will not ring

1J

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CIIAPTEH 4 11P1EJETITJO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTEJ

41 Scenariu

To in itl (ivkr it mort vivid impression of this Cotlnpl I will issue two eXilllijJ1rSAll iuslIrauCt agellt found Bobs numh in ]]( pltollfhook Ill calls him to dHt-k

wwtllll lit might Iw illtt-Hslld ill chauging his eiil inSUlancl As Bob dOlS not knowtht agtllL he is 1I0t 1ll(lltiOlltd in his addrtss-book TIlliS I hI syst(1Il hac no hint 011how to halHlk lhh [(qlllst

AllotlHl situatioll would Ill iLt follmving Bob is ill a Illletiug with his cokagwSwhere t1J(Y tIiS(~lIScIltil current projfCt hilt l[lthis Illfftillg Ihn(I)(()lll try til

(outllet him Ilsinp tl( systtlU TIll fin is his wiff Sh(~ just wants 10 say 11lllo butitilgtno urplll mutters TIl( system tells her that noh ioS Imsy in it Hlectilli- rightlOW She is advicld to hav bull a voin IIl~sage which sit bull does Shortly after Sail Iwauts 10 call Boll he works at the sallie (OIUJliUIYbut on a different pmjccl As Itfic ill([Pttd in Bohs IVkis( ahout a ((tau idei he has to talk to him htfore elosiu)lilll( The syst(1ll tdb him thilt noh is uWlailable at thl mOllllut hut schedulesa call for hoth of thclli after the 1IH(ting TI( third lHrSOIi calling is Carl BobsUIHriol II bull is out of towli (hb w(bullbullk and just Rot informed that it SIHial elieHtwill arri(~ at til( ollin ill a frw minutes allltIIiOllHOI11ha to takl (dxe of him liecalls Bob Ilsiug t Iw s~stlm awl tags this call as mg(111 and illlportant The syst PillillflJlllls Boh lis(Tctd~ ahout this ()(lllHng call so Bob can gft out ()f (lw lllltitlgtah thc call and thus t ilk bull can- of tht client

This difffrent haudlin of tilE HljUcst is only possihle h(ll1lSI till syslllII knowson the one haud what the ust (in thi= cae Boll) is doiug currfntly and on tiltot IUI haud who is postin) the nfjlHSt how tid person is related to t II( user awlhow im]lOltant or 1lIpell1 this Itlllll is TIIIs( requests shall lw called ljualifitdnfJ1HstS

Obviousl thl~ Ijllrtlijitd mJl~ are the imcl~till owS aonly here auy detailedprnno-sing call Ill dOll( This is why the focus li(s Oil pronsilltsuch calls

42 NIndel Interruptiun Shields

First of all a basic Illodel V- (cltuiewl that (ould fullfill all demands A shirld thatis Imil(l around (ite USI1 S((tlld to lit ill It illtLtltt i)(lldit of beillg flexihle Elto1tghto Illak it Jll~ssi[tp (0 include all kinds of pawlll(ers 1)11rtlllains lltulerstalldabllas ilt till (Ill I I stnH shipld ViII rcsIllt in a Il(tllr 1Jl()((ti()11titan a weak ()IJ(

ProtcctiOil Value

TIlt hasic id(a of til( ~hiddithat it pwtCcts the u=(rfrom undlsind disl1lll)iln(lt-s_Ikl)(ltdittg Otl (ttl lSIrs (urnlll task it haan initial s(rellgth tlw pmtntion lTallll

It is d(IHtldittg Oil the llS(S current task Ig a task like OIling IPSIlItS ill a strougelshield than bem idle Each sitllatiott hilc a pnfix( st ltludard value which can 1)(

IG

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

12 IODEI ITEHHCPTlO SJIlELDS

modified by the user to ltuljll-iit 10 llis I)(fsonai prdfffllcts wil h he addres-i hooknlll pn~f(nnceeditor

Topic

Additionaly the shield gets a topic This topic wprelents till project the userb currently illovcd with The topic could 1)( anything ranging from low-grainedinformation like work or pnnltf to fillf-graille( information like clienl mndw9 OTt

monday or Lisas english homework The topie is used to dderminc whethel thecall is related to the Ilslrs (IUTllIt taltkor Hot

Caller Irnportallce

Another factors of influence on the shields strlugth is the raller import(lItCf A(listurhan(~ by a person that is important 10 thl lls(~r is more likely to be ll(cepI~1

than by a perSOll that the IlSfr rates as unimportant Fill I~xalllple if fl user iscurrently working on an important pn~(lltlltioll for fl dient he might lot walll toh(~ dbwrlwd by SOIlllOlleasking him about the feat-placeIllent for his daughtersI)iltiulay party

Thif reyeals another altpPctof a persons importance it is oftpn (oIllhiIll~l with a((r(aill topic Someone might be import allt for a ccrtain projct bm totally unim-portant to other projects eg while a user is ill a Hyndiclttlc-mcctinp (onsultiu) hispartllt-rH hif aSfistellt in the proj(ct proup might hap a high import anc( vahlf whilefhe SUIle person hai a low impottance yalue wheneYlr the IIsr is al adients officcfalkillp ahout future iJllisilltfSdlals

Therdorc thc caller importance can he sel lopic-wil~ 1 (on a scale from 0to 1) 05 if takeIl as default importance (in caSlwhere no importance if cldincdfor a certain lopic) it is po-sibh for the user to dOJLIIJWle (prlain USNS ill l(rtaillsitualions This way it h((olll(~ltpossible to assin hc lowc$t possihle impollalll( 10he alllloying insuralll( Inokll who just kt(ps calling for all situatiolls ex(ppt idleA((onlill~ly Chigh aIut could 1)(asltigJl(dto tpilmlllaifs in cCrtain projeets

Call Itllportance

Of course the importCIHpof -lcall can ]]01 C a-s(ss(d hy simply Iookinp at the(allers importance to it projed Evell an imporl (1111perSOll might make unimportant(alli (your project partuer might just want 10 kllow if yom an fne for lunch) or anunimportant person might hitn~ sOlllethinl really important (tl( stlllknt apprenticemight want to inform YOIl that he IllGgtltowdlip the prp(111al ion YOll an about toIIISII1t)This is why thc caller rates the imporlall(e of his call sten fwm Ids pointof iew Ihe mll imJlO1tancc

This holrlf Ihe riHc of (allerI always at ing Iheir calls illt 111 important hut asIhis can be countered by the user-defined mUtT imporfrwu if is worth the risc

COIllllHlIlinl1ion Shields 17

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CIIAPTEH~ IWLEAIEUTIO OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTEI

Importance Facto

ComiJillillg tltt (JUn impor1ww( and t hI mll imp01taTu( 1(Slllt~ill tllt IlIIjJUtarucfadm if llprl~el1ts the actual illl(JottalKt of a call to a Witlill a ertain contextThe importalle factO i~cakuhfwl by multiplying the calle[ illlportauct with tltt(itll illlpOltallct rtsulting ill allles in l)(twttll one awl zero

Urgency

Finally a calkr is hk to stat thelLl~q(TIcy of his call This allows the systelll toCOlliI 111willi a good alterllative in cait it cail call not be routed through iIlHdiiI1lIy(g ht system could propoi( a later time to call in Cflit1lEcall is 1I0t urgent orit could eUllllwra alt (lilal iv means of communicatioll t hat might reach tIll lISt[SOO[HI(the milr Illi)htnot hI ahle to take pllOlH~calls while atlenoinp to illllldillgbut might -till1w Ihle to l(dve awl all~(r instant Il(~Ssagcs)

Dccbioll Loricn

low that all pilIilllllters I1eCfSSIlYto proess a call il[ (kar a decission is IH((h(lTIll dl(liiOn lvyic derides wll(th(I to roule a call to Ihe user block 11ll call 01qUflYth( caller for addiliollal illfotlIatioll

First of all th( topic of till (all geLeompartd to the topic of til( users (UITtllttaltk It is altSll1l((lthat iltllilar topics indicate a ctItain rtllllce of a call whiledjfferlng ollies iJI(licate calls that are of no rel(vall((~for the current users actiity

As all irrtI(ant Cediis a potential disturbance this call should at least be im]Jor-tallt to glt routed Therefore the importalwe fador is checked next If it is largerthall the shidds prottction ahu lbe (all will gd lOuted In the other (as( til( (alluldd he bll(-ked

But lHfore this is dou( til( illIportaIIce of the caller pds dl(ck((1 If it is lmgethan tilt prOl(d iOll allle of the shield this means that the calkr might han~ a chauceto illterrupt the callee but ha rated the importillu of his (all low In that case hegets a second challee w- the ~ystllIl ill inform him about the users cunent ()[ltcxland rIWllaik if tlH (Hiltoultllike to n(otlsider t he import alIl( of his (idl or (allhilCk latn

If tu calkr is lIot impOltant eIlou~h to interrupt ill the current (onkxt the eallis lJlo(k(d

iow Ihal it ((IIIbe iLSSUIl1(Xtthat it (all actually 8 relevant for the Hser~ clllT(nllOlltfxt (as the topies arc the sallIe) the mg(IICYof thp call gets checked If the (allis uq(lIt (at the mOIIIcnt a call is cOIIsid(It(1urgtnt if it habullall urgcucY ahH ofliHRtf than OJ) it ppts rnulld to til liSPlIIllgt(liately

If it i~ tlot urppnt the importUl(( factor is dl((k((l agaill~t t1l((gtIotl(tion valueof the shield anti ill tlw follOing the mil i~ haIllllpd i1I~1like a call with it rliif(HIlttopic

l~ Dilllit1 Ilatlltllall(tIlttlltl

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

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[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

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[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

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[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

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[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

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llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

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(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

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II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

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[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

42 IODEL ITEnnUITIO SHIELDS

Figure 41 the ltPCission IJ(( ~howil1g the pronssillg of it (all

COlllllHlllicati(1I1 Shields HJ

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CIiAPTEfl 4 llILEIECiTATIOi or A rflOTOTYPE SYSTHI

To outliup til( Sy~tellls behaviour Ollt nUl say that calls that are urgcnt and COll-(IrJI till sallle topic the IIS(I is (llIT(utly involved in get fOnt( bullbull1 thwllgb lltliliealllvIn all nthn (as(s tJlt caliumt Ill important lt1well a~ tlH callt to ppt rollIId If(lilly t lw lISt[ is impOt ant ht is qUllit( I for a rp(ollsidlratiOll of his calls import all((III all 01her cafPS t [( cnll gll s IJlockpl l

s til( U-llilight still wih t() ivoirl any )uTitr ill Illtween him awl a cnlaill

IHISll]] (alling it is posiible to allow a 8y~luTl Olfrride This feitl[( is tlHi11l1Im col1eag(s or fri(lIds wlto know tlu liseI good (lough to d((id Oil thtir OWlL

whcthN lwy (ould interrupt tIll Ilstl in a c(ltain context III (Wi( of it potentiall-illapplOprialldisturlJalHf til( systt1ll wmld PWPOSl a Ilflaiu adioll and then ltbulllt1tltis hILstnlnsel if hl would likt to follow tht giwll proposal or BffltlHtcss COllIilllHthe call

Feedback

Aftl PIO(lisilla call1equtst a fcedhak llIlSsag is 1llIsEllkd to the callfl III thl(asp of a [fjfct(( all III( 1E(llUl(lllOulcl gi( the (alllr all idea of what Ihe 1IS(is Cl1IT(ntir doing ilnd wh~ IH is H11nachahle at the 1II0011el1t As a USN might nolwih to sharp I his inforlnation with eCrrbod~ il is possible to Iontro[ tll( 1(1 ofill format iOIl the feedback plOvidlI-l for each adl Irtss-iJo()k (lllIY depending OIl the timeof day Pos ltibk information (olltaill tlw lomtio ami ~ituati()Ii The availahility ofthis inlOllwllioll nil1l)(~ pllallkd by tlH nSfr dfIWdnillp Olllhc time of day cuutntlyIll( possiiJilitlls an llrllktlfTw jlrdimc alvlll)s or 1IfTtT

43 Shield GUI

As lII(lltiOll(ll hdOll It is vjllli to till lIS([S a(clplaI1If that he understands andgels an idea of wlwt IIU SYSIl111is c1oing Therffore a pop-np-window will infor1lft1lt 1111Ilhou illlY illCOlllitl-(alb alHl the measures Ihe system perfOlllHli

As PlaUl lt al found in [Ell humans have til( abilily to get infotlllation from ltillima-e mIlch falttfrthen fwm tlxt Is() Ihl ill-111ilHl lf visllal Ilata IS Itss illterferillphall text lIIlSSIll~tSaI(

Ill( Shidd CUI cllallles th( liseI to Sf( if a all W[lS hlocked nmtlc or pa-slc1OIl for furlhl1 qUllr in tlte wink of lUI liT For that PlIIlOSE it large sltiEld kill[ ispresnti(i in lite [ow(1 left otlur of I itt Willdo It is glffll if a call is 101l1c1reelfor blo(ked calls ltllld orallgt for (ltills thaI Ilffli furlhel qllery

FUrl hlIlloll il shows all IIll prtfllflI(es of a call ltis well LSthl dedsioll of I hlslllII IllII illollg wit II hi IWISl)I fo the tcisioll the repl- lIlessages awllll(allplIlativ( COlllIHunicatiOlI Ilic(s

211

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

r

(1

~~ SEKSOn SIICLATOH

Figure 42 The Shield GVI shoill~ tltt Itult of n processed connection requftt

44 Sensor Simulator

As litl inllglatioll of Ipa] S(IlS0IS sPPIllPc1 to 11(1 IlligI (Iforl a Sfusor simulalor WilSilsld Vith it the cOlltext of it USN nUl Ill s(I III a blkt stall of tIVdOPlllIlllt thisinttrfacf could lw nplan( hy actual SfllS()( data

As it is tlw slllsor simulator (lIal)I(- till lIS11 to stl hb CIIlTCllt local lOll situal ionatld topic The set of pnsible local iOlls wa I)wddilltgt( Iii hOIllI OjJicl and m1 1Ii forthe situation lnuling ulliny (01fITSlltWU lwdiny awl ililf art-~dwdllihlt opt lOllSTIU topic of the em-relit task can be (ntereti nltfn( lx

Of (omst~ Ild~lImitpd 11llllher of possihilltil~ is Ilot (llo11gh for real-lif( US( hiltil i~(Hough to demonstrate Iht idp(

The context call )( st fOI tILch llS(1 Oil (ilch updatl a 11( tlllry (olllailliugIll( ClIIIt1l1timestatlll) is (Ttalt(1 in till (latalms( Tllll~ liLt CIIIITILI((llltexl (if a IIStIcall t~abullily l)t~seIcI(I llt(lillg (ldtI (OUllxl data luabs (lata mining aiHllllarlintbl1lLillg possible at a later dati

Clllllllllllli(aticlil Shkl(l~ 21

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CIIATEH nIPLEIEITATIO OF A IHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

bull - lt 1 mcti1

45

Fivure 13 tht ~lIlOr simulator

Setting Preferences amp Editing Contacts

To gin tIlt liSP au pas way to cOllfi1lH -his coull((tnr agellt IhN b a PHP-hil-(IIltitor that allows tilt UStto lliallagc his address hook illdlldiul- his privacySdtiu)s iI well ai his pldcllIlCl ((lIlIImill the shipl

It is IH(esHIYto enable the liseI to lise all tllP a1JoVt-UHlltiolltlt flal1ws ltludstill ktpp tlH~ sYS(1ll usahk wir-ho1lt till 1((1 to 1)l~ initialized with Illllldreds ofsettings Tht system could Ill itlitializ(d with some standard values and is ahk tofunction ((11 if SOIlWdill a is not iJl(iiviliuaI1YiN In such It (alt(the ddault vailI istaktu So the IIS(1must change the default prdefIlClS and settings only if II( is HoIsatisfi( with th( SYS((IllS Iflld iOll deg This all IH~dOIH ill all illlPgrated addn~ss-hookawl prltfe[(wO( Idilo1

(lilt lalY 10 Ihe r(st of till imptlllfn(ation the wldllss hook editor nltwd) L tllJln1n11l1ol nldm is (l PIIP-bas(lt1 dynamical IIT)IL-pageo This tlHthlti tll( liSt] 10pdit all ptlsonal seottillsanytinl( with a maximulll of Htxillililyo His olli(Op PC coulddo as wpll a an intcrntt-ttlllliwd ill the airpOlt As llIost IIltHlpll mohill plOll(Sme abk to diplay simpit IITML-pagts tVIIl such a thvi(( would 1)(-sullidt-llt deg

n Dani(llathmil]J(rllllll

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

4G SETTIC pnEFEnECES k EIlITIC CONTACTS

addressboollt editor

I Jlcks ~ddr(ss book

I n~me I type I privolCY I gloups 1(lion

F~- -F1(I~on 01 c

511100n n~buller pt5flt n grOll~pltltcll ~101gtbull vcltit1( c-- FFIOCIIOll ~

FSIIIl1(In neer cplteCc9)lIt t~IOII ~IOUP I otfllj ltl bull bullbullbull r-=F locn ~I I C

j-- F~Inllnor nCC I ov-d 0

add a new contact to addressbook

WlIhltl

~I-~

pll-trpc( bullbullltilll~inn I prole-clion vltllue

Idbullbulllbullul~~c- i Fo r-Fclln~ IF~F Is F=I m 10 FFr--c-r-F1011 I I

Fipurf 11 tlie editor

C()1l11l1111IicatiOlI Shieldl

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CIIAPTEHL IIPLEIgtIEXTATIO) OF A PHOTOTYPE SYSTDI

46 Overall Systcm Architckture

PSI

~OTMr

bullbullbull pIgto bullbull

XVoIP

cuvbullbullbullbullbullpebullbullbullbull--

HtTp

Soonbullbullbullbull s bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull SI bullbullbull ld (lUI

A dOSN look ilt till outmll ijlfijtnn anhdrhturr gives an impressiotl of how alltilE above described parts fit toppthcl

The llumher that gds called i(ads to a VolP Sfrvpf It is of 110 matter if t1wOtigillal call ((lllllS from a classical phone (fixed liue or mobile) or from it VollpJOIlPsoitwan The call thfll pets rolItfd 10 tlH (OlllH((O[ S([VIL Hl( tlw abullleriskS(( IS rUlllllll

TIll lIsers plsollal prdlIt[[(ts are stoH-(1 in it ltlaWbasl Tlutl tlwy (all 111iI(TlSid hy tlU Ollwclor StrWL They get updated through the prdCl(IlCl editorIII the SaIl( way the -iullIlaTtd sellsor dull gd 10 tlw datalmst Then tllI alsocan bf 11c((ss((1by [II( (Olllll[O[ SC1Ylr Also thl (Ollll(dor spryer could accltSs an

(xchangl SilYt[ to gt[ addn--s book illforInatiOIl about the calkrOW that the COHlleltor SPlyer has all informatioll it llllds to get to a dp(issiun it

visualizes the call via thl shilld glli ~ow thl (ail gd- rolltld through to tht caileeor it gtls blockld

Dilllid jalhIWIIHtl11ll1t

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

Chapter 5

Survey

AOw pHfltl mil OflJHl itj Ilimost impossible 10 imufJineIIny nhllimllm Ih(J (wmo Iw(UitifTfd - if il um ~I~llIhiflfd alall - 1mhi the Jl(-xl few hUIllb-CJI

ljrllrs

Anhur C Clarke lIgti

To get an ici[l of what potcntialll~n think about COI1lUniltatioll aS1btallcl sys-11IllSsillllllilar to the one IlwntiOlltd in this work an online S11lYf~was conductedThe poalwas to colhct pmpiriut data about Jllopl- aUilll(f towards slch a system

51 Objectives

Tlw ohj(div( of this survey waltto illv~tipaf Iwopies attitude lowards (ollmnmi-(ati(lH aosistancc sygttems

Tht main focus wa todllellIlilll whether I)(opl(would find gtiuchit systelllllsdulin t heir daily life It is asllllltc1 that ollicr phOll(S riug all t he time and 1)(opl(~(tdistlllwd by it The sllrwy niHilSto Hrify tbis

Anorher point of illtenst is whethtr ptople would trust it tedmicltll systeIll tointprftH with their Illunan-lnuuan-illlCractitlll Asptcts of thest questions are thellt~essitv of Iwillpobserved by the systelll as well as the nctd to 1rljllSfthe s~stelllto I)(rsona prcfCltllc(sand the (fforl ll(((kd to do so

Finally it valtLkedwhetlltr littYwould pay fOlsuch a sfrvice or if they (1(indOllllt that sOIllething likt~this could ever he illlplellwllred

52 Participants

A total of 33people look part iu lilt surnY ApPlOxilllat(ly half of tlttlll l[(tllttllfStht othfr half Wfre bllsillesltprofpssionitls ~lost of til( Illlsinfs-profp--

2)

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

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[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

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HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CHAPTEH 0 SUHVEY

ioua dailild lwlIlseles as working ill depJopfllltlIt or s(i(II(( FOlll da -silildt luIlll]lS i1iwOlkiu ill consult iug or managclIlIlll

)Ios( of the respondents w(n~ in 1)(1111120 and ~jytafS of UW Fnrthprmo1l

the vait majority of tllllli (illl III (ollsideltd ltti Gerlllans and workingjstudyiu) illC(llnall (oillpiluits ()l ullinIsitis

Questions

All in all Iwl( HJ( Ihnl gwups of (jUtStioll-5 tell questions in total

11 tl J~ ti

bullbullil Iii ~ Ie_IIbullbullbull I r ItJ I Jriih Igtdl-f Y I rI11IIII diCTUltldh II 111~I Ii

lLJoe I~ IMp tlit -I~l~( (11bullbullhll-oYou lIe ~IlUHIOIIbullbullbullhbullbull~Yoil 011 r bullbull11101 WI r~(~i~~ul~ (III~Ie] whil~ ~Inpin(] 1riliIH) (r b~~U1I (onjPInnf

III I 11

tt ~I1l1-

111Iklh _

II 111Ill I

1De~ I~ hP1lI Ih1UU WI UIHllllIUI-lln(i~jlJ (Ib 11y11011h~1 tn nlliv lillllllIll (Iin Ihl~ 1l1(i1ll~1I1

mII

ImIIIo

ll Ih-

IIiiII

) D~ l~ l)lll~IIlhll tJUlollWII ~Ill olf ~tJUIbl~Igth~ wh11Yo nH l 1gt-11(h~IlHb ~111IlIi(~l bull UiIll bull k(IU(~ l hll~in~H 1l1bullbull~illltJ)

rill fitst gU)ll) ()f (11l(ti()lISWil-((Hl(tlnillg tIlt HIHlIl(i(II illl(1 tll(~ir i)l(kg(lllll(i

Question one WiI bullgt about the current occupation of the respondentR pORsibleansw(rsW(f( wOlkinq in senicc 01 COTlSV1tlllfl 11QTkinrJ m dcvcoprJncnt 01 SCiCHCC

working ill IIHHWlf1Ucnt or Iwint 8tulicnt

Dilllid PathmalHlUlllil

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

J QUESTIOS

Question two askf(1 for the approximate 1l1l1llhf1of calls rc(tiwd 11 WII- differ-entiated between calls received 011 )Jrlvaw phol(~ ofhce phones alll lIIohilephones Possible answers ranged from none at all to morT than IlrvUTHj 10 pctrillY rcsppctively Illore than 71 calls a w(ck

The second prollp of questions was (ollccrnincthe poklltiai disturhan(es causedhy incoming calls

QUPltion thrc( ak(d for the frpqlJ(llcy of calls [cdved in inappropriate situationslib- driviny II car or alfnlrliny It nmfnYlIn

Qmftioll four Itkc( for the illlportllll(P of calis rc(chui and tillt Ill-sire to filter1I11illlportant calls ill (Ntain sitllatiolls qll(~ilioll jj( was -DotS is hapJH~Ilthat YOIl forget to switch off yom lllohilf phone whell YOll PilleI a do-uo(disturb situation (eg a cillema a It(ture it l)1sill~s IIHting) Possiblanswers for all threc of the questions were ncver sometimes often and all thelime

The third groll)) of qIHStion was cOIl(crning the conceivable leIlH(icS

Question six was about pivinp the caller context information about the caliec ItViI ab(l whether the rlspondcnt leckoll((l that peoplc would disturhe himItss oftCII if they WNt aware of the (UITC1l1tollt(XI of til( calkl Possibltanswers were yes dejinatfly 7fI1l1JfsOllie of thon il()uld 1Iwl m()~t ]Jfople would

not care Additionalr the responant could mention that he would not wamforeipn people to know about his cutTeut context or that Ill would 1I0t W(llIt

0 know (ITyonc aJout his (lIIT(nt contexl

Question sewlI 3kdpl()ple 10 i1ll1lgitwthat tLefe was a device t hat could r(copnizellncl(~ired calls and block th(Ill ould they aliow sllCh a dlvice to romcllJl(l~ired calls to their voice box Allswers could rallpe from r8 fhat 1mlhfIif 1fYIt over In some Ijitlations this would be helpfuil to No 11rather lw(lishl1~d than to trust a 1lachinr to dccidr about my ((IUSor No way any milTW Twitter how unimportant d(~(1T(S my JlfT~onal o1htioT

QlItfltion eight iliktd for I11l~dfOlt people wele willin~ to make to adjust such it

sy~t(1ll to t Illir pel1ional [((Iuirements Possihk ancwers ranped from I would1I(st almost (Jny IUTW1Wtof time if it works to If it docs not work 1II~t(mtlyI dont warl it with options at one minute for each adrlnss book (ntry firein utes in total and expedinp the Syst(lll 10 kfllll illtollwticail-

Question nillc cxplained the n((cssity cf llw syst elll stlrwilillp it s users to del(lminetheir (urrent COllt(XL It Williliked if t his would (olJ((rlJthe respondents TheposltihlebullUlSVcrS(Ie hil1iicallyyes and 110with tlte option to limit the systemto all office ollly enVirOlllllfnt

COllllllltllicatiOlI Shields 27

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CHAPTEII 5 SUIIVEY

Tht Ipulll and lilla qllPtioll Va wwllr the (fspolLdtllts wouhllJ( willill11 to payfor ~u(h a SPIT in Posible Ilswpts 1( (5 If itlorks definitely Xo fhll

not worth paying for nnd Maylw [d han 10 try if finf HILt I liluM flinl itwill 1mk

54 Results

Tilt fcsuitiup answirS wel( partly surprising ill parts The most significant resultvas that I)(opic S(1ll nOT to forgft to switch otf tiwir Illobile pholl(s in ((r1aillsituatiollS (qwslioll five) j() of all respOlllitIlIS clailll to llewr fmgt to switch it

Users forgening to switch off their mobile phones

Inebullbullbull Iometlne~

often

I all the ~m

FigllH 2 JYrof lllusen claim to not fO1etto switch of their mohile pholles of1ellor all till lilllP

off addil jOllal tj(Yedo forget it sometimes This evps a minority of only [) of allW-pOtldlnts 10 fOlglt it 01(11l0 OlJCclaimCi to forget it all the timp

Anothcr surprisiu) resnIt is the low lHlluber of total calls reeeived Two outof tlm~ daiuH[ to It(tiv( only up to anound olle eall per day on their hOlllepltOIJ( a wPiI a- thfir mohile phOlIl The -llIlle gO( Im the office phollEs for thlworkinp pCopll lX(tpt for thoCit working in lllilnaglnUlIt and COllCillltillg Vith torllpldiwly S (ails wr day these two groups reporttli by far the highes ralt ofincomillg (ails (Tllest rcsults should Ill trlat(ll with Citrc as there werl only 1n-polldltlts from 1h(N~ groUpCi) All ill all 81 r(ported to get calls or less PCI clayOil their offi(e phou(s and pveu 88 daillll that for their other pholHs

[t also Sl[llS thaI studllIt arl (a-i(to disturbe than profcampionals hill~ hotiJgwups n-polt(d tile SlttlC IIllmlwr of disturbing calls on their private phOllf- 31of tIH working l)(ople claim to 11T )( disl urhll on t hpir private phone while noneof the students gave thb answlL Tl( lEsults fOl tILe tllohih~ pitollPs rCScmbll( thlseresulte evcll thou~h the diffeHIKl 1)((((11slUlt1lllts alld proflssintlilis was not thatsignificant ](IC

DaniP fatlullapflIlnlil

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

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[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

d HESliLTS

disturbing calls

privatephone ______ L_~ ~_~

mobilephOfle

ofti(e phone

000 ]500 5000 7)00 10000

all t~ nm~ollen

~Omenmes Ine

Figure 53 ollly 4 of husines- profciouais repott calls on their office phones tobe disturbing often

One mipht argue that the home phOlU is die office phone of students but 17of the businetiS professionals also reported thaI they are lew] disturi)(d h(ails ()JI

their office phone All in all only OIlPp(rSOl(1) l(Potud 10]1disturHd Oftll hytil( oltke phOill nOll( reported to 1)(dblurlwd allan mIl

hile these rcsults r(fcmblc t Hli( for IIlIIlIIjlOJtOllt mlls Oil the tOIlI( phOll(

pretty well and still quite wr-ll for olli( p1toll(Stlw Hsuls pound01thl lJIohilt phofl~liHrel 44 report to newr get Illliml()(aut (ails while 1hey would rather recciveoul) important ealls Oil their 1tI0bilpphows at this 1lI011wntadditional 50 claimto ~ct such ealls only SOlwtim~ This lans onlVX of pt(lple who get such callsoften none Hportfd to get tllt-mall the tillle

Calls received OIlthe officc phollc are rat (I as 11((1or jnst sonHtimesdistllrbillin morc than 90 of all caltcI-LCont nu) tll t hb 28 of all participants rated califSOiltiltir priate phones as oflllI or allways inapplOpriaff 22J an ratlli as unimportantat the wroug tillle

Astoundillgly 161A)rakd calls 011theil mohilPs lo hapllln ill inappropriate sit-uations hut only Cio rated calls allnimpmlan FllrtlJ(f1l1OfeclI70 rale calls onthcir mobiles as never unimportant additional jO70 nportfd this to happII onlySllllletinlCS

Another lIotable thinp is the acc(ptauc( of 111(IeltllitldSIIlVlillallclIbullbull glwralhalf of the respondents would acept the IWIin(l lIHlItilorillg by tilt system ilutwhile the studcnt group ifgtwilling 10 I((ptit d(spitl their WII(flllSin an oftic-ollly1S(25 of the profesfgtionalsIhink that sIIwilall(l-is not acceptable at all On theorhpr hand 25 of thl professiollltllshad no (OIltlIIlSat all- contrary to Ihc studeut

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CIIAPTEH 0 SCRVEY

unimportant calis

privltllephone

moblephone

otte phone

000 2500

[

5000I

7500

1

10000

al t~oh~nSlImme

I I

Figutl5-1 (ails OILlIlobile phollf S((IIIto 1)(quite illlponulll only (jo report callsIf) ill IIIliull)()rtallt IIHIH l)1l(11lllllll sC)Illltilll(

prollp whcre oulr 12( had IlO(OIHtIIlSat all

55 Discussion

First of all OlllhaD to rememiwl Oil(-lIlore tltt velY lilllih~1lt-lufiiellcf011this SllIYfYTIHrdol( the r(suits han to be halldd(( with care This Iimitatiotl gotS llnt olllyfor till llllllllHlof participants hut also for their sdectioll The COHIlPctor is llIeantfor 1msy plOfe-siollaiswitll It high 1l1llOll1ltof phone (ails and incoming mlS-agesNaturally those people are most husy awl hilVt lilt kasl tilll( to participite inUtlilllJ()llalil ~lllTCS()f stlHlents

The high rate of Wopl minding 10t IIIII Iheir lIIobile phoncs off whcll not wantillg10 IJ(distnrh(d seelllS to show tllilt ppople got used todoing so Therefore neatingil ~(ri((lliat automates this Ktian 011mobile phones could not he (aile(1an clual1ffl but 11Omor nluH It is arguable if an automatic systmthat is potciltiallrlikely to be flTOlleoUScoul(1providt su(h a plus ill comfort On the other haud halfof the JltOpleforpd to switd off their lllohil(at lbullbullast sometimes In addition to thisit CillllJl mjll(dif those Jleople that nlllembpr switching tlltir ltitvinSoff an~ happywitlt what Ilwy do A S-StCIIlrdeavillg IItople froIll lIlilLdillgsuch things would begreat II would also tllhal1(( human to hllmall (OIllIlllllli(atioll as a mobil devi(ethat is swilc1wti olf dOls not r((civc any information not even IIrtntor importiUlIolles

[lIolh(r indicator for the lHtdof llwdiated hl11Wlllto human (olllllll1l1icatioll is

1O Dauitl Iathmalt1I1111i

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

L0 DISCCSSIO

Acceptance of surveilance by system10000

9000

8000_--

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

000Workers StlJ(len1s

Concerns noacceplable al al

I Cocems blJl ofKe-ltlfltacceptable

~ No concems office onlyp~fledNo concemS al all

Fipmt S5 fitudellts ((IIIto he It~ssconcerned about their privacy than office pro--ftssi(mals

the low 11lllllberof calls p1l(lay This IJlight lJe dIU to jJeople frustration ahoutthe prohlellls vith syudmlllous (Ollllllllllicatioll As a 1(1111they (vade synchronous(olllIlnmication and use asrUdllunolls means of communication like maiL 818 orinstant mcslgingimgttcad

As melltiolled Ilffole people ratf(lmost calls lt-(eitd011thfir Illohile phOHtS(Igtimportant There are at least two possible explanations for t his The firstone isquite simple People know that cnlls to mohile p1l0Jl(fnrc much more eXlwusiethancalls 011fixed line phones So if t hetry to t(l)(11SOllHOIWOil his standard phonehut can not reach him there they do not try to (ontad him on his moil(~ pholl(if t he matter to be spoken ahollt is llnim]lOlt ant Anot her possihl( (xpiHllaliotlis that people reCfiVfllIost calls 011their lIlohik pholles wiJil( I)(iug ()TI II(~ WilYto MmlCwhcTr XOadap~this nOrIllaly IlIlaIISduillg itt II (Ill ()]mill 01valkiugsOIllewhfn io thes( kind of lUtiiti(St(wl not to Ill jxhausti( in thpi w-eofhrain capacity So lJ(opll rat bull cails ]l(iwd hilp just Iwinl-on their vay to henot unimportant simply IW(ilusethey ha( Ilothin~ more important to do at that1inw Should this he Imp there ate to possible conc1usionltto this TIl( first is tnthilLk ahout ways to 11Mpeoples brains while they nre Oil their vay to SOIlllwIHl()y dppoping taltkstedlIliqnes 01dfvices ellnhling them to he pwductin Thealternative is to explicitly nsf tilllfS like that for (Olllllllicatioll awl to sciJldlli callsfOJ times known for the liseI to he OILt 1](way_

A quite (ollfllsillgfad is lwopks illlPIfssioll abolll distmlJilll-ralls (ISIISthltirH(((ptam(of a hltlpillg sysklll hilp Illost p(()plll(port to hI dbtmhelt1 by callsat hOIll(significilntlv 11101gt oftpllthall 011their office phones still most pltoplc would

Olllllllllni(atiOll Sllill1s j1

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

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[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CILPTEH SUHEY

prdll it systelll that b restrited to 01 offiC(-ouiy (IlViroullwn In ollwl won Is tllt-Ywallt It systelll to get rir of distmbiug mils hut only in places whengt t1l1Vlend tonot gll disturhing calls It might lwa Hlattt1of marketing to glt Iwopl to 1l(((Jl1such systems in their privuf homes On tl](~(Jthhand this abo is a ~ood XClIS

fot dewlopels to cot((lIIrall Clilthe ddtdiml of stawiani office situalious Thesean~ far Illort likliy 10 Ill detlc[(t awl interpreted COlTfct1ydue to the far mOltlilllikd lHlIllllP[of pussilJlt situations as well a the mon standarized l11irollllltUAwl a (ood working system might 1)( til( 1)(-1sdling argulll(llt for l)pupll wit h lt-Inaversion for such Syst(lllS ill tlwir hOllli IIIVirOlUtI(us

[jG Conclusion

()lll of thf lHlill oj )jlCIingt of this 5UlTlrwas to df(Imille JlIoples H((lIllf a (Ollllltli-cntion assistance Rystflli It is gflwrally rumuwd that I)()pll~bullUP disturJ(d hy lill~ill~oftke-phollls TIl finding 01 this smwy dots lot sUJlJlort this -LmUlUptioll COII-tlaliwbl~ it -gt(IllSto iIHlicatp thelt most distutuaIlCls by phoncs elllerpp at Pf0pfShome euvironlllem tlms tiuch a dbtllruauc( would not be 011thaI 1ltlllCISpeoplesworking efficiency but (listm1J their privacy Should 11(- findings hl~ PWWll to Ill

right t lllrt slJOuld 1)(Il rll hillkillg ahout tht (OllstIlIctioll of (Ollllluicatioll iissistawsystEIllK

It is likdy that people might miJijudtthe impact such a sYSttlll would hl( Otlhpi daily iiI ilnd their (()lllllllicatioll habit if aiked for such things ill a SHrVtyThb abo gotS for tlwir jUdglIII(llt on how distmbinp a call really is )Iaybe a Iwrsollt Jat )wYtlhad tIll dIiUl(t to wOIk in pca(e and silIl(( for an cxtemhd pIrind oftilll ha110idi1 of how dfiliIIl hI ((mid 1)( if Idt Illldistmlwd Ullt giPII the vprylow IIllttllH of daily 1IbulltiYtd phone (ails this lfemS unlikfly It is more hkply tJatdisturban(es (Oil( from otlHlources like persons coming into the office tIHllIselV(Sillstfad of callilL~ An iUlviluced lYStt1lIshoul( I try to target Ihes( kiwis of pn IlJlemstoo

All in all Olll should lot forgtt tht (plite Iimittd alldiltl(l of this sun(y Iilllltedtlot ollly ill the lumber of partidpallts but also in their seledion Before beginningany work bai(d on these findings it will bc neccsltaryto take a milch closer look ontill fadK rtiat((1 to tlH impIOcllHnt This 11lItyKiloul(only hPip to get an idtwlltn to look awl what to ask FOl ftme surveys 01(-lllOllld kt-tp in mind thttaqpt audien(e of the system to be designed It will also be nlessary to loudttdan xlJtriuulll ItStillg IIH illlphuwntfd protoYJlI syshlll ill a n~al workl situation 10du(k itl ability to (iIi(humall to humlin (()1l1ll11ll1i(atioll

Ihlli(l 1)lllhlllnl)IlIIllII

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

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llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

Chapter 6

Further Research

Tlw md uay 0 diSCOlcr Ihe lim-il of the TH~ilillI 0 go lH~yollrlIlnlll lntu the impv~lijblc

Arthur C Clarkeprhlolog1j fInd thf Hun

I Hi

As mentioncrl hefore the implementatioll leplcfclltS only tllP basis of what could1)(dOllf Thcrc arc virtually COlllltlfSSilllproVlIIlflltsthat ((midstill be illlpllIIHlltldIII lilt following SOllieof thelll an lll(lItiOlwd

61 Flitlire Work

At the mOlllent it is irrfIfV1Hltfor flOll lony it u-er b in a certain ituatioll theonly thing relevant is in which situation he is in currently It is conceivable thatthe systems ltlccunuy can be improYed significantlgt by implelllcnting atlrntivrnCS$flllldion~ This would consider the fact that the availability of 1he IIser chauge-sipllificantly throuphout the duration of thr ClIrtrnt task (g if SOIll(OIllis readinga disturbance within the first two minutes might be much l(ss disturhing thall after1(11or more minutes all the other hawl whih having (l COll(rsillion it might bemilch more ll11plcascllt to he dist1ll1)(dwithin tlw first llIinutell thall after ten ormore minutes Thesc attcutjV(lltSS functions would have 10he ditfenlIt for eachsituation and they 01111ll(t~1to 1)( pinpointltl eXperilll(lltal1y for each kind ofsitllatioll and might tHtd additional arljustllHllt fot the iudividual user

night IlOWthe shield dON not take illtn consideration tlw (llIT(nt density ofimtfruptions This way it cOllld happtll that a USN is husy with Il high prioritytask that makes his (olllwdor agent hlock all illtolll[tling itll([Tuptions Takell alollA(lttehsingle interruption might 1)( not important (Hough tIl distnrhe tlw lIser blltwkrll together it high density of nild illttITUptiOlISmight illlicatt~a nbis-situationthat requires sp(cial attflltioll A IIS(Iwould miss Ihis tTbis if the eOlllll(tor agentdo(~ lot inform him a1Jout lltlliS1IaIppaks of illtenupt density To avoid this the

n

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

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[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CHAITEH FUHTIIEH IlESEAHCH

COIIlHctOiap(lllcould CT(ate ((tlain txlwttarioll values from the hbtOlY of tIll IIsnA sigllili(Hnt clviat iOll from this valw (ould triggl1 It spccial alarm

rli1ht lOWa callPl is qUllTi((1 about the importance awl nrpPIlCYof his call Pil(hlilllP he el1lIs Thel( an qllicte mill( cOIlS(dlatioIlS in which thb is 1l1lll(Cessary(g if the lIsers illlpOrlallCl is tuo lo to dislllrh the lIS([ilulip(udllltly of if IH~c1abullsifits bb call as import lilt or lIot ()ll tlU ot ltcI hand t ht lIS(1llIight he illvoltdill it wry unimpOitam tltlkor he idle so that any call would bc routed throllph tohilll anyway TIlts( fads (ollid he chPCKtdhdon tll1 caller is qlleriP(1 ahout IllS (allso that this additiollai (alllltilllt-(OllSlIlIling) illlradjoll with til( syst(1Il could 1)(avoided if pmgtihl

62 GeneralFurther Ideas1Iill lIlt alJ(JI-lllEllli()]ld impWPllllllts S(IIII (jllitE simple the following id(lSrqnestnt a class of iIllprOVlllltllts that are mo-air not straight-forward but wouldHquirp fmtlwr considtratioll amior l(seiUch They are presented to give tIle readlau illlpressioll of what cOllld Ill pn-sihk and in which dirertions improvPllIltlts areimaginahle aIUl)()ssilJle

voice recognitioll As nlPntiolled in J(j it could bp of intenst which pergtolls uecurrelltly lomlld ill tlw vicillity of the USP As it is possihle to identify PIrSOlJby tlUir n)in~ [20] it might IJpos-iible 10 (toWlllJl(a gtoftware simmilar to tIl(OIl(Illclltioll(d in [11] that tllognizes pfrSOIISdose I)y insteu I of SOIlHolludinggt

topic relation tree TIIP topic of the users CltTilIt Task is all iTuportdnl illllinltHrfor t It( llI(ValliI of a pot(ntial inlilTllptioll hile at the moment it ii onlych((ktd Whelllll a call hai tlJi SiUlUtopic or 1101a syst(m that shares a((lilHidcral)le knowledpe-IJasl about Ilis OWller(onltt (akulale a vall1l (IiSiIil)illgtill (h~fal(( of Oil( topic to anothcr 01( Eg an cuwplalle-enginefl thatis clIIlIlltly working on tilE will)-Iayolltmight Ill willing to he interruph(1hy a question concerning thi fHPI-storage (a~ fud is stored illside thl wingsanyway) hul 011Iht other hand a request for sOllle documentgt counruing IIIlorganisation of he lHxt IHwrd Illicting shOlLldhetter be delayed

llIachine learning In [51 it is SUgglStId t() focus 1II(hi1l(learning 011the SlIlTOllllC1-illg llf tlli s(ll(ler as their reSlllts sllow((1tllat il Ilull) tal tIle wil(st inlllwlli(Oil tIll lHhavio1ll of a s(ll(leL The most intlresling factors hir will Ill tllldistance of s(nder alld rt(p]ver ill a w)(ia[ ndwork

automatic rcseilrdwr TIlt idelllily of a calkr is important for the asspssllleul ofan illcolllinp culL It will hapPl1l (jllilt oftell Ihat a ]gtirgtoncalls that is not illtl( lIsrs addnss-bnnk It is cOllc(ivabh to crt-at an 11LIJIIflUI n~cllrrhc1This would allow till systelll to tradl off the lelevaHi(~awl import allel of acall ell hom a llllTlUtly llukllOWIlcontact (g an illSllHW(e-agl1l1could 1)(

11 DallicllarhmallPlUlll1

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

(2 GEERALjFtllTHER IDEAS

found in a public phollcbook like the plow Paws) awl as Ite calls duritl~ollicc-timc he lIlost probablv wants to talk ahout insurances

l(Jcatill~ agent service SOllle iullS it (onld 1)( inl(l(slillg to locatE it moving liseIwithout havillg gps-data al hl-lu By knowing its migill and destination alongwith the start-time ltIIIonliIlC-SfIYice might be able to go through eg timeta-bles of public transport a tions aud in t his WilYgllfSS tIl( ClllTfUt USNS locationawl its proximate time to anivaJ

Sl~rver lo(~ation The more ~ohlJistkated the (Ollllcctor ltll-cutb(collles thl morcknowledge about rhe users and til( owner I)(((s to be stOlWi For data sf(urit~-as bullbullcl1 as for privac- reasons it will be 1H((ssaty to tliillk nlmn Ihe pltyskallocation of the systfllljsllypr as wdl ltt about its (OIlH(dion Ot intgrationill lNtain lletworks A solUlioll that t(i(SOil lar( datH plOn~-illg strviH((ntn~ might nol satisfy the (llstoltlPrs nepd for privacr ltllHla solution that isbased Oil a devke thai is located at the users homp or offke Illi~ht not satisfyhis nped for slclllity

Possibly a hybrid IlpplOllch illvolvillg data lllllyptioll [lighl I)(~tltl right plan~to start looking

request a call 1I0W In some situations it might be eXIlldient to have lt01llfonecallYOl right now This conld not only 1)( us(d iI iI gdHwny-(x(uS on H (ocktailparty A lIluch 1Il0lf nasonahj(~ appli(atioll fOlltlISI-[to lIotify a cprtltlill groupahoul his (lllT(nt availahility rhi __will (Ollll-ill (-spwially handy whfn IhelIs(r knows that he will soon hI ulliwililabe for some time Pp because he is10011to board his plane

Il seems that this SelTicl a Ilhvatly Thollght of hy Ill( ~GPP [11J alld theOpen )lobile Alliancl [I2J and i-illl1111h-din one of the stltlIHIltlrds tl(y aredpvlloping lokia also lIlPlltimlPs tllis featlHP in tltp tI(sniption of XokwPnwucc [131

data milling 011 history By browsing through IIII hist-orr of aUSIr 11data millingalgorithm mighT )( alll bullbull to rpvplopp npw sifU(lIOlI~ tltilt allows Ihp sYSlllJlmOlt arcmately to react appropriat(ly

Right now all possible siTuations hiln~ to In S(t1I1gt1lI1111llallyThis lliL twodownsides First of all it is timp (olLsullling anti ltlIJlloyillg Th( second oueis thp fact That it ls(r would lllo(h1 siluatiolls ill a ay he (XIH(ts his dailylife to he nut therp lllipht 1( quill larg( difl(relWes ill hetwf(n The usersIXlwltation and r(allity Pg it 111(1might oversl-l- the fH(t fhat he s]lends 1IJminutes to walk to lite (alit Ina pery (lay (awl tllut probably also 1IJ minllt(Shack)

Data minillg Hgorillllns arc uspd fa discowr patlllIls ill Illig (ollldiOlJ- 01datil As Ih(y ar( ablp uot only to dnssify ((rtaill ]JilttfllIS but also 10 fiudls-ociatiolls and s((jUfnc(s [21J the S((lll filting Iol Ihis pl1r]lIlSl

COllllnllllicill iOIl SIlicl( Is

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CIIAITEH FURTHEH mSEIHCH

This way it would 1101 only b(~po~sible to find new situation c1altsificatiollS butalso to (xlme certain mits that conkl h(I1to improve tIll systems lHhaiollleg 85 of all illfTllflliofwllall 1(J1t [onHfT thau flO mintitS II1HI wuld it

Tl-whuilJkrl if the IUrIch bnok is less than 30 minutes up

This of course lcquires storing all available sellsor data in II ILlt(f-specifi(hist oly(which could Iwf()w ltillit(lillge) awl tilt apPwpliat( HllllllClllUtof (omplltillgI)()WIawl lillie to dis(onr hest possihlt patlerlls It would also ntpliJe anafivltlll((d IIS(interface to kfcp the system Iludcrstalldable to the IISCr Avirtual asisPlll (like till il(ipPr-daellloll ill ilinosofts ClIHlIt OlfiC(~nel(alt()((mid lIlak( suggestions likt It StPIlISthat YOlldo no like (0g(t illtematiollalcalis shortly hdore the IUlleh break Should I reschedule such calls for till-fUlun

cOlHplex situations are the illt()lcstill~ ones As aliready llHlltiOlH(1ill CiJap-fN 2 titl slandard situalioliH an not (Ill illtereHtinp ones TIl( detldioll ofthcte situatioll is quite Hilllp( (ill kast in cOlllpariHSOtlto the (olllplcx OIHH)as are the nrtions necessary 10 react in IhcHCsituations eg ~lffJlillJ or Ulfd-lll art ealy cCt(ctnhlc and disturbances will be r(srhcdulcd if they arc 110turgent alld imporl ant

It starts to g(t intertstill1a( the point where mOil thall Olle (or two) lJ(oplc itniuvl )IvltI ot 0111- is Ihe detection of IhCse lVlkbtund(ud sit Iat ions dulllllgitlghut till lPadiOiI to thlse situalions is all but obvious

Fo[exa llple if t h[tecOlltagllfs art~discllssillg a complex matter in thC hitllwayto thCir ()ftin~s a lIliwhitlt will havE grtt dillicllltitS 10 (ofluly c1altsifythissiUlalion not to speak of the right dasilication of til( topic If Olll of lIltparticipaills gets 11(i111on higtmobile pholle now the system would ha( 1010 unly identify his f1ltT(lltconI ext hUI also hi rolc ill the COHyersatioll Ishe really pilrticiplfillg or ju-gttwalkiug next to the othel two And if he isparticipating but his superior is callinp him how should the sYlteIll [aetThis kiwi of tlllflitiOlIlHCuirehuman intuition at least to a ctrtaiu fegnt~

integration of all cievices It is important to include allmeens of COllllllUllicaliollinto the cOlllledol system to make it an (fficiCut hdp for the IlS(r L(avill~011(Olll mak(S obYiously 110SellSI(g illltgrating mohile phollt mail dienlmill illstallt lIHsstlIgtr but Itainpfixed Jille telephont out will hfP tht doorsopen for distlllhallns hy till unpwlfCt((] phallI

intcgratioH into existing devices It is lIicc 10have higll1r tophbt ica1Id SflIS01compullenls that r1l1l almn1 Iwrflitiy uwhl laboratory conditiolls hut 0111lllUst not forpct that the ]allk auf lilt will just have standard equipmcnt AlllCdmologies fyeo]led should hI int gmt ahit into Ihl widespread spectrumof existing tiCvices I Only this illlTeasts the dlilll(P of Ihis s)Htelll ((r to 1)(

llllflSIof tllllIlITllltlllobi1rltvins an haMiOIlimows(E or SyrtlhiallOS (p(tllItial1ywitha Sl~)lS([illttrfacl) aud proddl a java rlllltiml tllvirolllHllIt

DlllilIIathmapellllna

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

12 (EiERALjFURTHER IDEAS

accppte( hy a lllaj()[ity

One of the most important thinps to k(cp in mind ((IllS to 1)(to provicle aplupin for IiCfOloft Outlook ~

~llI(t of till t(dllloiogi(s that W(Tltrdabullbullbulll latply hltl (UIl ami I haI 1I(f IPanl of a lWW

t1(llllOioKvIhat found it way to llla-lllark(ts wit1llnl providing at lpagt II pigtility to syndlfo-ni oata with Ili(Tosoft Outlook

Ollllllllllli(ati( III Sllil-lr Is 17

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CIIAITEH (j FCHTHEH HESEAHCII

Daniel IathlllalltrlmW

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

Chapter 7

Summary jConclusion

U we itWI knnllrl ()m IhlllHfmmInc hisOf of illtUlli011 and d~-mnry it I Iha in Ow (J1I9Ibull (1Il1l offit ill lilt _~lw1l (JIIF bull

Ih most rnrinq pmpw(ics wem

fllllJhnhly rmlsrflntil(

Arthur C Clurkerhl fromI111J1 of Spa((

I~)-I

In this work the idca of It pttollal (otllll(tor ltt)flItthat managps all killds ofillnllnill~ ClllllIlllluieatioll alld plOteds the user fWIlI lluliesinltl distllrhallc(~s WiSillustrated Thf goal is 10 (Tpate a communication dcvin ()] st]vi(( t1lltll is asunobtrusive as possihle As shown t1l( (Olltcxt of th llSI] is tht key to solvillp thisproblem The requirements for an 1lllohstrusiv servin were examined froIll diffcnutpoints of vicw Furtl1ffmOfC It lUll11)(1of possible data SOUfC(Swa ltIeul iOll1I that(ould help in acquirinp thl (olltext of tltl llltel

A~a proof of (OIlCpt lttlld tip(opellltllt hais 1 -ltilllpk (OUIHdOl aRent wailllplellllnted It i-ahle- to ptO(t-ltsill(Ollliucalk (oll-lticier tlte OIlTful (outext of a1I-lt(rand dfCicie to mull tlH~ call to the (alll~ qllltY till call1l fot lllOf( dttaiis audrin a ft(dha(k to the caller

Finally -ptral way and id(H 1lll lI11ntiow-d 10 improw till (Olltwc(OI agPIltTills( iclbullbulliii afe not ~I)(dfi(ally Illeant 101 till nH1l1ion(d illlpic-lll(utHtion hut aterat hll g(Iltra1

After ltlll illY opinion is that tlte llltlltioucd cOll(epts ittf ustfnll awl dlsitabkThe importance of (Ollllllullication wilillot C(I1( in todays so(i bullbullty il-will tlw d(~il(to )( Illldisulrlltd As the means of (OUllllllllicatioll an p(ttinp mOfe and IllOlElolllplfx an ea( fOf the users is l((juin(1

The industry IH1ltaln~ady spottfd this prohk-m awl is also workill) 011 solutiollsSo far a framework wltts d(~igl((1 that allows aJl kind- of lIactions to a certain IIsers(olltext provided t hat Ihis COllltgtxt is known CIltTt1l1 soilll ions seem to HY Oil 1I11IIS(JS10 adjust t hPif (llInlIt contexts tiHIll~(i( ttlHlIllally

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

CIliITEH SnlIiRYjCO-CLUSIO-

Tlw automatic detldioll of it Il~rs (unllxt is a highly complex matter alii sofilr 110prfjrc solution is knowlI lIot tVtll OW that (IUJh(~(ali((l applicable andilliIJI for (OlllIllOIlliSP

JUIll opinioll (JIllshould (O[w(urat( on the automatic ddectioll of 11(1(outtxlaltwell itiOil a Iluiform way to lIlodel aud (losniile it Constructill) a whole sysltlIIincluding all components (dehniol1 of (onlt-xl finding an according reaction andIJnvi(lillg tll( II(((-sar)infrastructure) in ill aeaciemi( tnvinllllll(ut ill (oml)litiollto the illdllstr~ dots lot lllilk S(IlfCami is it wa1-iteof tillH (in lily eyes) II tillindustry is al1rcady settled 011 tiltit approach Of ours( it is still 1H(l~sary toeilVlOPtsyskm prototypes to t(tit and enhance (xisting idea and devc10pe new()]H~

The Ioutlxt dehdion is Iht sticking POillt of all contfxt aware sllinsTIHlliistill tllllch to do ill il multitlllhgt of diu(iollS (hw will have to keep in mind thatall thls solllli()ll-mt nHm to he u-cltlmobile Evell though dtin~ a gettiug lllOl(awl [[IOrC1)()W(tf1111(rtgiltllillg n)lll]lIIting power) thty -lis()atltgeltillg 111lt)1(and1ll(1J()(neroyCOILSUllliILgFilially lilt illfril-truetlual Pal) bctH(U higilly rcwIIII)((aniLi awl those with llOlle 01 almost nOll( will grow coindrling with the furthlrdewgtlopellltllt of 11](infrastructure This will also haw to iH~k(Jlt in mind whcl1cicsiguiunew SystCIJI-

III the CU(1Oll( should lLot forget that vcty Ilulomatic detection of the lLsrsf(IUtl-XtiiImild Oil a mort or less lxtplliw sllrveilhlll( of the users and tlHil(llviroullleut This arj-Iia wh()I(~l(W bllllCh of questions and p[oblems likl whocall antsi all this dataII-IUlI tLI~ (ould awl will be dOll( with it awl in itow tm isthe lls(rS privacy infring((l Abo there will he till qtlestion if a uSfrw(mf~ to iJ(

obsltlIcl217 This will also be a problellL of prespnting tl(~SYSjllll to the public athl[( will always he the olles that will be reminded to Ottlls 1984 scelLario - tlitsYiitelllhas to htlp tile user not the other way tolllLll The sIICCesflll((dOPIILltlltof (Irrdi(~ lIltdHlllislIIS to prolll IlIollles privacy will he dLe key factoI TIllthuman habullt I) sl av ill conI roll of his conlllllluical iou

10 J)ilni(1 Iarhlllaplrumltl

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

List of Figures

11 the Ircc of the (kdssioll lngilt-cl2 The Shield GelL~ the ffIlOf -illlllialor14 the (ditor10 OVfrall System Architfkturf

jl S11lyey qllfst iOliS sn((llshol

)2 survey diagrallllll - mobile phollf SWiTCh-off 5) surn~ydia)ramIU - disturbing calbG-I survey dia~ramm - IIl1illlpOllant (i1lls

55 survey diagrallllll - sysulll s1IIYfilancf

41

[921222)21

w2829~O0

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

Bibliography

[1] ~Iflrk VCisrL Tht COlllPlIltIfor till 214 C(IlIIl(T Scieutifif Amerimrl pagesJ-I 100 StpttIllJtt 1991

[2j 11 Sal yallarayallilll PIVflj(contlgtlllill)ViiOl and chal1eupcs (JEEE)Personal Corn1Tl1mimti(Jn~ 8(-1)10 17 Allpust 20(H

raj L B )11111I11(11 11 R Eblin and)1 Satyallarayanall Exploiting weak COIl-wcfivity for Illohile file a(((~~ In sosr 95 rr)(YfIlings of fhf~ jifltf1dh teAl~ympU$lItm on Opcmtmq H1Jstcms princi]lcs pag( ln ji ffW )ork Y

USA 19 ACI Prlss

[I] Joelle Comaz James L Crowley Simoll DOJSOllaile David Carlan Coutlxtis key CommltTl ACM -l~(nA9 )1 200G

151 Laura DaLbish Robert Kraut Susan Fnssflane Sara li(s(rTo Hply or nOto [(ply Predicting anion Oil all (lllail llessage Technical report IIUllliill-COIll]Jllkr Interadioll Institute School of Complltfr Sci(Jl(f Canltgit t(lIollUlliVtlsity JallilaryF(hlllary ()(l-

[0] Thoma Erickson ancl cIuly A Kel1op~Social transI1H(W( all approach todcsi~nin~ syst(ItIS that SUPPOltsociaIIHoc(sses ACJI l1wls roll]JIII-HulII

Internc 7(1)ii9-st 20110

[71 Gar) 1 Olson and Judith S OI()lJ DisUHl matters llu1IIIjn-CompuItTInfpmrtion 15(2-J)laJ 17S 2000

Is] lib SdllHidtr John Graham Aaron ltllltl Kalil DessiPH and CI(olildlG(lIlzarZ Slmred mental nlOll(+ ill IllililClry(llillmand and ((mtml organiza-1ions Effect of social network distance In m(f((linY8 of the Human Flld(l~

lind Etyonomics Sociciy 481h AlllUlIll fuiI7lY )lew OrlU1SStpIllIlHr 2(l()

[J] UlltS11Hudson Jim Chris (nSIIlV(lldvA Kfllogplilt Thomagt Erkksollid he oyerwheluwd hut its just ow mort thiIl~ to clo availilbility alltlilltflruption in research manClgll1ulILIII Clll OJ lmeeflli1lYs of OU SIGCJlImnfP1ence on Jwuan f(Jd01~ in (Tllpufwq syslems pagl bullbull97-101 IW York11 USA April 20-2) 2002 ACr--r Press

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

llJ[JLIOGHAIIlY

[10] Jallus Fogarty Jellnifer LaL iUldJim ChrbtellSl11 PnSt]wt wrsus wailabilitytill design awl (valuation of a COlIlxt-llwarl communication dillt Inl 1lJllfII-Cum]Jut Stud Gl(3)2~9 H7 200-l

[11] TIl( 31d ((ll(latioll Partnership Proj(d (3GPI)httpwwwJgj)IJtlrgj

v(llsitl 2()()(j

(1)[[ [o1Ji1( Alliance Website 2006 httpwwWOP(lIllloiJilealiancllOlIl[12]

[1lt] inkia Corp ()kia ImSIIU( technologils ellsiteApril 2(J()fi httpnwllokiilwukjlJokiajO71Ij5OOhtllllhI t p llokia1( ([tJ(jJ 1t-Hl)Oht Illl (ptlmiUl)

of okia(ellpisll)

[IlJ

[1]

HC Ldkill and A Vaibd Classifyillg 1ISIr (l1virOllll(nt for mobile applinl-tiolls Ising lilJ(1l1illlt()(llcodillg of ambient audio In inntsticH Speech lindSiynal Pm(cssiwJ 005 Jrornlillgs (ICASSr 05) IEEE InltT1atirl1ul Con-jtnnc( 011 ohmH 0 pages 50) )12 larch l00)

)I Danuiui-lr G Flaherty K Bernardin H K EklIllL T K6hlpr H 1lalkillH Stieflhappn aud A VailJ(J TIlt (()lln(ctor facilitatilll cOlltlxt-avan (Olll-llllllli(atiollo III IeMI OS rnlltfdi1lY~ of fhf 7th ITltcmationalIOTljnY-7tt Oil

lulilTlu(al infnJfltt~ paglfj (i~J-75 lew York Y eSA lOO) AC)1 Pre

[IG] okia Corp okia sellor (~bsite of okia April2UUG httpwwnokia(()uk llokiaO 7aG1OOhtml ((Ilglish)hr t I) wwwIl()kiaIII~(Ies(nicCsoftwareSfHS(ItIalj~i()1(iS7JJht Illl(gellllilll)

[17J Daniel Si(wiurfk Asilll Smailapic JllnidJi Flll11kawil Andrea Krause (-tlllaIlnmlji Kathryn Ikig( krclllY Shaffer and Fti Lilug ollg Scnsay A(ollkxt-awi1f mobil pholll III IStre os PtJclTdmy~ of tilt 7th IEEE TI-fT7uJfltJflal SYlllplJ~nll 011 W((l1lhle CompllfTs pages 2J8 - 219 Vaihillgt()llDC CS 2UUJIEEE Corlljlllt(r Society

[Itl] aitNiskorg AS(lisk - the 0PPIl ~OlllT(phx (hsitp of asteriskmg April2()(lti httpwwwilit(tiskorg

II)] Clllisoplul Plalllt Todd -Iillcr ltLwlJohn StlttskoIs a picture WOlth(l thousandw()[(is -HIIvltllllatioll of information awartlltss displays In Gf 04 Fm((tIi-

lWI-~ of IIie 20()4 (Ofleruu( on GmJlhic~ inlulan PltLK(S117-1lG School ofComput(r SCiCll(l UniHlsity of Vaterloo Vattdoo Ontario Canada lOO1Callildian lllunan-COllllllll(1 COllllllllllicatiolls Soci(ty

[20] Juha-Idka (11) Toiv()ll(Il BiollHtrics with focus Oil yoke [((()gnition lUOIur ateI

DdlJi1 Ilatillllitl)(rHllIi

IlIRLIOGIlAPIIY

[21] n Agrawal T imielillski and A Swami Datahili( llJilling A performanClperfiptcliw IEEE Transrl(Ii()u~ ouuowlrdQc and Datil fnyuHTiny G((j)~)JJ2G 19J3

COlllllllllli(a i( lIt Slllei(S 15