Road to Road to World War IIWorld War II

1920-19411920-1941

Peace attemptsPeace attempts►Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

League of NationsLeague of Nations

►Washington Disarmament Conference (1921-Washington Disarmament Conference (1921-19221922)) Five Power TreatyFive Power Treaty

►Locarno Pact (1926)Locarno Pact (1926) Western Europe guaranteed existing bordersWestern Europe guaranteed existing borders Many Europeans believed "spirit of Locarno" Many Europeans believed "spirit of Locarno"

meant no future war in Europemeant no future war in Europe

►Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)(1928)►Dawes Plan (1924)Dawes Plan (1924)

War debts and reparationsWar debts and reparations►Allies owed US $16 billionAllies owed US $16 billion►Allies couldn't pay; depended on Germany's Allies couldn't pay; depended on Germany's

reparation payments to pay back USreparation payments to pay back US►U.S. tariff policies hurt European recoveryU.S. tariff policies hurt European recovery

►Hoover declared debt moratorium in 1931Hoover declared debt moratorium in 1931

►Great DepressionGreat Depression a major cause of a major cause of totalitarianismtotalitarianism in Japan and Germanyin Japan and Germany Stock Market Crash triggered world depressionStock Market Crash triggered world depression Germany: 50% unemployment & enormous inflationGermany: 50% unemployment & enormous inflation Japan exports fell by 50%Japan exports fell by 50%

►Began to attack the disarmament policy Began to attack the disarmament policy ►Military took control; assassinated prime minister in1930 Military took control; assassinated prime minister in1930

American Foreign policy in early American Foreign policy in early 1930s1930s

►Good Neighbor PolicyGood Neighbor Policy Pre-FDR policies began an improvement of relations Pre-FDR policies began an improvement of relations

with Latin Americawith Latin America Clark MemorandumClark Memorandum (1928) (1928)

►U.S. will not intervene in Latin America for its own U.S. will not intervene in Latin America for its own national purposes (rebukes TR’s "Big Stick" policy)national purposes (rebukes TR’s "Big Stick" policy)

Policy of non-intervention and cooperation Policy of non-intervention and cooperation

►London Economic ConferenceLondon Economic Conference Summer of 1933Summer of 1933 Purpose: Confront the global depressionPurpose: Confront the global depression

►Goals: stabilize national currencies and revive Goals: stabilize national currencies and revive international tradeinternational trade

FDR undermined the conference as he didn't want FDR undermined the conference as he didn't want return to gold standardreturn to gold standard►Significance: showed Hitler and Mussolini U.S. would not Significance: showed Hitler and Mussolini U.S. would not

intervene in Europe intervene in Europe

►FDR Recognizes U.S.S.R. FDR Recognizes U.S.S.R. (late 1933)(late 1933) Had already received recognition from other powersHad already received recognition from other powers Hoped trade with U.S.S.R. would help U.S. economyHoped trade with U.S.S.R. would help U.S. economy Soviets promised no propaganda in U.S. Soviets promised no propaganda in U.S.

LENIN STALIN

Failure of collective securityFailure of collective security

►Rise of totalitarian regimes (sought to control Rise of totalitarian regimes (sought to control every aspect of people's lives)every aspect of people's lives) Fascism: Fascism: glorified the state and sought to expand glorified the state and sought to expand

("survival of the fittest")("survival of the fittest")►Italy --Italy -- Mussolini Mussolini (1922) (1922)►Japanese military dictatorship (early 1930s)Japanese military dictatorship (early 1930s)►Germany -- Germany -- Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler (1933) (1933)

Communism:Communism: ruthless dictatorship under Stalin in ruthless dictatorship under Stalin in USSR (1924-1953) USSR (1924-1953)

Mussolini

HITLER AS A SOLDIER IN WWI

HITLER ADDRESSING AN EARLY NAZI PARTY GATHERING

Cover page of German editions of Mein Kampf, written in 1924 while Hitler was imprisoned for staging a revolt

►1931 - Japan invades Manchuria1931 - Japan invades Manchuria League of Nations condemns action; no enforcementLeague of Nations condemns action; no enforcement

►Japan violated Nine Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand PactJapan violated Nine Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact►Hoover-Stimson Doctrine: Hoover-Stimson Doctrine: President Hoover refused President Hoover refused

economic or political sanctions but did not recognize economic or political sanctions but did not recognize Japanese conquestJapanese conquest

►Japan withdraws from League of Nations Japan withdraws from League of Nations

►Reasons for Japanese aggressionReasons for Japanese aggression Badly needed raw materials (coal, oil, & iron)Badly needed raw materials (coal, oil, & iron) Space for large populationSpace for large population Angry at US & others for limiting immigrationAngry at US & others for limiting immigration

►National Origins Act (1924) banned Asians from National Origins Act (1924) banned Asians from immigrating to U.S. (Asian Exclusion Act)immigrating to U.S. (Asian Exclusion Act)

Anger at U.S. for Japan’s unequal status in 1921 Anger at U.S. for Japan’s unequal status in 1921 naval treatiesnaval treaties►Anger at U.S. for refusing to recognize "Manchukuo” Anger at U.S. for refusing to recognize "Manchukuo”

(Manchuria) (Manchuria)

1934, ended Washington Naval Treaty (1922); 1934, ended Washington Naval Treaty (1922); started massive naval buildupstarted massive naval buildup

1936, signed Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany 1936, signed Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany (anti-communism, USSR)(anti-communism, USSR)

1940, signed 1940, signed Tripartite Pact: Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Tripartite Pact: Rome-Berlin-Tokyo AxisAxis

►1935 - Italy invades 1935 - Italy invades EthiopiaEthiopia Mussolini sought to reestablish glory of Roman Mussolini sought to reestablish glory of Roman

EmpireEmpire League of Nations hit Italy with economic sanctions League of Nations hit Italy with economic sanctions

except oilexcept oil July, League lifts sanctions: seen as end of League of July, League lifts sanctions: seen as end of League of

Nations Nations

American IsolationismAmerican Isolationism

►Preoccupation with Great DepressionPreoccupation with Great Depression►Nye CommitteeNye Committee

Investigated charges US enter WWI for munitions Investigated charges US enter WWI for munitions industryindustry

Resulted in the Neutrality Resulted in the Neutrality

Acts between 1935 & 1937Acts between 1935 & 1937

►Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 In existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions In existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions

would automatically go into effect:would automatically go into effect:►Prohibited sale of arms to belligerent nations Prohibited sale of arms to belligerent nations ►Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations ►Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at warForbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war►Non-military goods must be purchased on a cash and carry Non-military goods must be purchased on a cash and carry

basisbasis

Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil WarBanned involvement in the Spanish Civil War America declined to build up its forcesAmerica declined to build up its forces

►Navy declined in strength- believed huge navies caused Navy declined in strength- believed huge navies caused warswars

REASON FOR ISOLATIONISM FROM EUROPEAN AFFAIRS

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War (1936) (1936)

►Nationalists, led by Nationalists, led by Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco Sought to restore power of church & destroy Sought to restore power of church & destroy

socialism & communism in Spain- want fascist statesocialism & communism in Spain- want fascist state

►Italy sent troops to help FrancoItaly sent troops to help Franco►Hitler sent air force to bomb cities held by Hitler sent air force to bomb cities held by

LoyalistsLoyalists Both Mussolini & Hitler use Spain as testing ground Both Mussolini & Hitler use Spain as testing ground

for future aggression for future aggression

►Rome-Berlin AxisRome-Berlin Axis help Nationalists win (1939); help Nationalists win (1939); Franco imposes fascism in SpainFranco imposes fascism in Spain Italy signs Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany in Italy signs Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany in

19371937 Weakness of democratic Weakness of democratic

countries encourage countries encourage

Hitler & Mussolini Hitler & Mussolini

►Japan launches full-scale attack on southern Japan launches full-scale attack on southern China (1937)China (1937) Established "new order in Asia“; end of Open DoorEstablished "new order in Asia“; end of Open Door Chang Kai-shekChang Kai-shek, Chinese nationalist leader, heads , Chinese nationalist leader, heads

Chinese resistance to Japanese militarism in China Chinese resistance to Japanese militarism in China

►Panay IncidentPanay Incident Dec. 1937, Japanese bombed and sank a U.S. Dec. 1937, Japanese bombed and sank a U.S.

gunboat (the gunboat (the PanayPanay) and three Standard Oil tankers ) and three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze Riveron the Yangtze River►Two killed; 30 woundedTwo killed; 30 wounded►Japan testing U.S.Japan testing U.S.►Roosevelt reacts angrily, Japan apologizes, pays Roosevelt reacts angrily, Japan apologizes, pays

indemnityindemnity

►Roosevelt’s Roosevelt’s "Quarantine Speech""Quarantine Speech" (1937) (1937) Condemned Japan and ItalyCondemned Japan and Italy Urged democracies to "quarantine" the aggressors by Urged democracies to "quarantine" the aggressors by

economic embargoeseconomic embargoes Criticized by isolationists- FDR backs offCriticized by isolationists- FDR backs off

German aggressionGerman aggression►Hitler withdrew from League of Nations in 1933Hitler withdrew from League of Nations in 1933►1937, withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles1937, withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles►Germany absorbs Austria in March 1938 Germany absorbs Austria in March 1938

("Anschluss")("Anschluss") British Prime Minister, British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain,Neville Chamberlain,

adopted policy of adopted policy of appeasementappeasement toward Germany toward Germany►AppeasementAppeasement: Giving in to an aggressor in order to : Giving in to an aggressor in order to

preserve peace preserve peace

►Germany takes CzechoslovakiaGermany takes Czechoslovakia Hitler demands Hitler demands SudetenlandSudetenland (German-speaking (German-speaking

province in Czechoslovakia) province in Czechoslovakia)

REACTIONS OF GERMANS LIVING IN THE SUDETENLAND TO HITLER’S TAKEOVER

►Munich Conference Munich Conference (Sept. 1938)(Sept. 1938): : Attended by Attended by Germany, France, Britain & ItalyGermany, France, Britain & Italy

►Czechoslovakia & its ally USSR not invitedCzechoslovakia & its ally USSR not invited

Terms: Czechoslovakia lost the SudetenlandTerms: Czechoslovakia lost the Sudetenland►Hitler would not take any more land in EuropeHitler would not take any more land in Europe

Czechs mad fate of their country decided by othersCzechs mad fate of their country decided by others March 1939, Hitler invaded rest of CzechoslovakiaMarch 1939, Hitler invaded rest of Czechoslovakia

Soviet poster showing Western powers giving Hitler Czechoslovakia on a dish. Inscription in the flag: "On towards the East!"

►Hitler’s aggression toward Poland starts WWIIHitler’s aggression toward Poland starts WWII 1 week after invasion of Czechoslovakia Hitler 1 week after invasion of Czechoslovakia Hitler

demanded return of port city of Danzig on Baltic demanded return of port city of Danzig on Baltic CoastCoast

Chamberlain declared Britain would aid Poland if Chamberlain declared Britain would aid Poland if attacked; France followed suitattacked; France followed suit

►Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression PactNazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact--Aug. 23rd, --Aug. 23rd, 19391939 Hitler wanted to prevent a 2-front war if he invaded Hitler wanted to prevent a 2-front war if he invaded

PolandPoland Stalin was afraid of HitlerStalin was afraid of Hitler Provisions:Provisions:

►Public clause: Non-aggression agreement between the 2 Public clause: Non-aggression agreement between the 2 countriescountries

►Secret clause: Division of Poland between Hitler & StalinSecret clause: Division of Poland between Hitler & Stalin►USSR would sell Germany raw materialsUSSR would sell Germany raw materials

Pact allowed Germany to invade Poland without Pact allowed Germany to invade Poland without Soviet interference Soviet interference

►Sept. 1, 1939, Germany troops invade PolandSept. 1, 1939, Germany troops invade Poland►Two days later, Britain & France declared war Two days later, Britain & France declared war

on Germany; WWII beginson Germany; WWII begins►Sept. 5, 1939: FDR officially proclaimed U.S. Sept. 5, 1939: FDR officially proclaimed U.S.

neutrality neutrality

World war iiWorld war ii

AxisAxis                      vs.            vs.            AlliesAllies

Germany (1939)             Germany (1939)             Great Britain (1939)Great Britain (1939)

Italy (1939)                    Italy (1939)                    France (1939)France (1939)

Japan (1940)                  Japan (1940)                  U.S.S.R. (1941)U.S.S.R. (1941)

Hungary (1940)              Hungary (1940)              U.S. (1941)U.S. (1941)

Romania (1940)             Romania (1940)             ChinaChina

Bulgaria (1941)             Bulgaria (1941)             43 other countries 43 other countries

Axis offensivesAxis offensives

►Germany invades Poland--Sept. 1, 1939Germany invades Poland--Sept. 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg--"lightning war"--new type of warfareBlitzkrieg--"lightning war"--new type of warfare

►Combined Luftwaffe, tanks, artillery, and mechanized Combined Luftwaffe, tanks, artillery, and mechanized infantryinfantry

Poland unable to successfully defend itself; Poland unable to successfully defend itself; surrendered Sept. 27, 1939surrendered Sept. 27, 1939

►Soviet Union expansion in the EastSoviet Union expansion in the East USSR invaded Poland from east about a month after USSR invaded Poland from east about a month after

GermanyGermany Stalin annexed Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania (1940)Stalin annexed Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania (1940)

►Believed Hitler would one day attack USSRBelieved Hitler would one day attack USSR►Fortified defenses in BalticsFortified defenses in Baltics

Invaded Finland (November 1939) "Winter War" Invaded Finland (November 1939) "Winter War" and won in March 1940 and won in March 1940

►Neutrality Act of 1939Neutrality Act of 1939 (response to German (response to German invasion of Poland)invasion of Poland) Britain and France desperately needed U.S. airplanes Britain and France desperately needed U.S. airplanes

and other weaponsand other weapons►Neutrality Act of 1937 forbade sale of weapons to warring Neutrality Act of 1937 forbade sale of weapons to warring

countriescountries

Sept. 5, 1939: FDR proclaimed U.S. neutrality (not Sept. 5, 1939: FDR proclaimed U.S. neutrality (not neutral in thought)neutral in thought)►84% of public supported Britain and France84% of public supported Britain and France

Sept. 21, FDR persuaded Congress to allow U.S. to Sept. 21, FDR persuaded Congress to allow U.S. to aid European democracies in limited fashion aid European democracies in limited fashion

►Provisions of Neutrality Act of 1939Provisions of Neutrality Act of 1939 Sale of weapons to European democracies on a Sale of weapons to European democracies on a

"cash-and-carry" basis"cash-and-carry" basis►U.S. would avoid loans, war debts, and torpedoing of U.S. U.S. would avoid loans, war debts, and torpedoing of U.S.

arms- carriersarms- carriers FDR proclaimed danger zones which U.S. ships & FDR proclaimed danger zones which U.S. ships &

citizens could not entercitizens could not enter►ResultsResults

Democracies benefited as they controlled the Democracies benefited as they controlled the AtlanticAtlantic

U.S. economy improved as European demand for U.S. economy improved as European demand for war goods helped bring the country out of the war goods helped bring the country out of the recession of 1937-1938recession of 1937-1938►Unemployment crisis solved Unemployment crisis solved

►German expansion in Western EuropeGerman expansion in Western Europe April 1940: conquered Denmark & NorwayApril 1940: conquered Denmark & Norway April 1940, FDR declared Greenland, a possession of April 1940, FDR declared Greenland, a possession of

conquered Denmark, was covered by the Monroe conquered Denmark, was covered by the Monroe DoctrineDoctrine►U.S. supplied military assistanceU.S. supplied military assistance

May 1940: Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg May 1940: Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg fallfall

Fall of France Fall of France (June, 1940)(June, 1940)►German troops occupied 2/3 of France & took control of German troops occupied 2/3 of France & took control of

its gov'tits gov't►Vichy gov't installed as puppet gov't "Vichy France"Vichy gov't installed as puppet gov't "Vichy France"

GERMAN TROOPS ENTER PARIS

HITLER VISITS

PARIS FOR THE FIRST AND LAST

TIME

►Battle of BritainBattle of Britain Hitler's demands to Britain:Hitler's demands to Britain:

►Return of German coloniesReturn of German colonies►Agree to Germany's domination of continental EuropeAgree to Germany's domination of continental Europe►Britain refusesBritain refuses

Hitler orders German bombers to attack Royal Air Hitler orders German bombers to attack Royal Air Force (Aug.13)Force (Aug.13)►Reason: Soften Britain Reason: Soften Britain

for German invasion for German invasion

Germans bomb London (beginning Sept.7)Germans bomb London (beginning Sept.7)►Change of bombing tactics--major mistake: first of Change of bombing tactics--major mistake: first of

Hitler’s fatal blundersHitler’s fatal blunders►RAF recovered from exhaustion; waves of German planes RAF recovered from exhaustion; waves of German planes

lostlost

ResultsResults►RAF defeated the LuftwaffeRAF defeated the Luftwaffe►Plans are cancelled for German invasion of BritainPlans are cancelled for German invasion of Britain►British morale increased: British morale increased: Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill’s leadership’s leadership

Firefighters put out flames after a raid

Children evacuating London

Smoke above London- Tower Bridge

►Tripartite PactTripartite Pact (September, 1940) (September, 1940) Japan added to Rome-Berlin axis for mutual defense Japan added to Rome-Berlin axis for mutual defense

and military supportand military support

►Germany & Italy expand into Balkans & N. Germany & Italy expand into Balkans & N. Africa: Greece, Yugoslavia, EgyptAfrica: Greece, Yugoslavia, Egypt

►Germany invades Soviet Union in June, 1941Germany invades Soviet Union in June, 1941 LebensraumLebensraum: Hitler sought "living space" for new : Hitler sought "living space" for new

German Empire in Eastern EuropeGerman Empire in Eastern Europe Germany’s advance halted on outskirts of Moscow in Germany’s advance halted on outskirts of Moscow in

late 1941 (winter set in)late 1941 (winter set in) Siege of Leningrad lasted two yearsSiege of Leningrad lasted two years U.S. eventually sent $11 billion of Lend-Lease aid to U.S. eventually sent $11 billion of Lend-Lease aid to

the Sovietsthe Soviets Russian invasion was Hitler’s second fatal error: Russian invasion was Hitler’s second fatal error:

opened a second front before Britain was subdued opened a second front before Britain was subdued

GERMANS ADVANCE ACROSS USSR

PHOTOS FROM THE BATTLE OF

STALINGRAD

U.S. response to the war in U.S. response to the war in EuropeEurope

►FDR’s FDR’s "Arsenal of Democracy" speech"Arsenal of Democracy" speech (Dec (Dec 29, 1939)29, 1939) Proclaimed U.S. could not remain neutral: its Proclaimed U.S. could not remain neutral: its

independence had never been in such dangerindependence had never been in such danger Nazi war aim was world dominationNazi war aim was world domination Many feel this speech marked entrance of U.S. into Many feel this speech marked entrance of U.S. into

the warthe war The U.S. would become the "Great Warehouse" of The U.S. would become the "Great Warehouse" of

the Allies the Allies

►U.S. response to fall of France and Battle of U.S. response to fall of France and Battle of BritainBritain Fall of France forced a major change in strategy for Fall of France forced a major change in strategy for

U.S.-- now U.S. would probably have to fight in the U.S.-- now U.S. would probably have to fight in the war; not just be a "great warehouse”war; not just be a "great warehouse”

FDR called on America to build a huge air force and FDR called on America to build a huge air force and 2-ocean navy2-ocean navy

Congress appropriated $37 billion (more than total Congress appropriated $37 billion (more than total cost of WWI) and 5X larger than any New Deal cost of WWI) and 5X larger than any New Deal annual budget annual budget

Sept. 1940, Congress passed Selective Service and Sept. 1940, Congress passed Selective Service and Training ActTraining Act►America’s first peace-time draftAmerica’s first peace-time draft

Men 21 to 35 were registered and many were called Men 21 to 35 were registered and many were called for one year of military trainingfor one year of military training

Act later expanded when U.S. entered the warAct later expanded when U.S. entered the war

►InternationalismInternationalism Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the

AlliesAllies►Claimed U.S. couldn’t let Axis powers dominate the worldClaimed U.S. couldn’t let Axis powers dominate the world►Urged direct aid to BritainUrged direct aid to Britain►Appealed to isolationists for "All Methods Short of War" Appealed to isolationists for "All Methods Short of War"

to defeat Hitlerto defeat Hitler

Roosevelt had strong internationalist sympathies but Roosevelt had strong internationalist sympathies but had to temper them publicly had to temper them publicly

TWO DR. SEUSS CARTOONS AGAINST U.S. NEUTRALITY

►IsolationistsIsolationists:: America First CommitteeAmerica First Committee

►Slogan: "England will fight to the last American.”Slogan: "England will fight to the last American.”►Advocated U.S. protection of its own shores if Hitler Advocated U.S. protection of its own shores if Hitler

defeated Britaindefeated Britain►Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh

ANTI-WAR PROPAGANDA

PRO-WAR PROGAGANDA

►Destroyer-Bases DealDestroyer-Bases Deal Sept. 2, 1940, FDR agreed to transfer to Britain 50 Sept. 2, 1940, FDR agreed to transfer to Britain 50

WWI-class destroyersWWI-class destroyers Britain promised U.S. 8 valuable defensive base sites Britain promised U.S. 8 valuable defensive base sites

from Newfoundland to South Americafrom Newfoundland to South America►Remain in U.S. control for 99 yearsRemain in U.S. control for 99 years

Agreement achieved by simple presidential Agreement achieved by simple presidential agreementagreement►Critics charged FDR had circumvented Congress and was Critics charged FDR had circumvented Congress and was

trying to get U.S. into the war trying to get U.S. into the war

Election of 1940Election of 1940

►Republicans nominated Republicans nominated Wendell L. WillkieWendell L. Willkie Accused FDR of being a dictator & criticized deficit Accused FDR of being a dictator & criticized deficit

spending of the New Dealspending of the New Deal►Willkie not opposed to New Deal, just its excessesWillkie not opposed to New Deal, just its excesses

Like FDR, promised to stay out of war & strengthen Like FDR, promised to stay out of war & strengthen U.S.’s defensesU.S.’s defenses►Claimed FDR was a war-monger Claimed FDR was a war-monger

►Democrats nominated FDR for a third termDemocrats nominated FDR for a third term FDR vowed to keep U.S. out of the warFDR vowed to keep U.S. out of the war Vigorously defended the New Deal and U.S. aid to Vigorously defended the New Deal and U.S. aid to

the Alliesthe Allies

►Result:Result: FDR defeated Willkie 449-82; margin closer than FDR defeated Willkie 449-82; margin closer than

1932 and 1936 elections1932 and 1936 elections Democrats maintained their majority in Congress Democrats maintained their majority in Congress

►"Four Freedoms" speech"Four Freedoms" speech (January 6, 1941) -- (January 6, 1941) -- made to Congressmade to Congress Now elected, FDR did not have to worry as much Now elected, FDR did not have to worry as much

about criticsabout critics FDR asked Congress for increased authority to help FDR asked Congress for increased authority to help

BritainBritain Four Freedoms:Four Freedoms:

►Speech and expressionSpeech and expression►ReligionReligion►Freedom from WantFreedom from Want►Freedom from fearFreedom from fear

Congress responded with Congress responded with Lend-LeaseLend-Lease

►Lend-Lease Lend-Lease (April 1941) and increase in U.S. (April 1941) and increase in U.S. involvement European warinvolvement European war Provisions:Provisions:

►Authorized President to give military supplies to any Authorized President to give military supplies to any nation he deemed "vital to the defense of the US“nation he deemed "vital to the defense of the US“

►Accounts would be settled after warAccounts would be settled after war FDR: "Loan a neighbor your hose to FDR: "Loan a neighbor your hose to

save his house from fire; worry save his house from fire; worry

about the hose later." about the hose later."

CriticismCriticism►Isolationists saw it as "the blank check bill.”Isolationists saw it as "the blank check bill.”►U.S. even closer to involvement in the war?U.S. even closer to involvement in the war?

Results:Results:►Effectively ended U.S. neutralityEffectively ended U.S. neutrality►U.S. war production immediately increasedU.S. war production immediately increased►Hitler began sinking U.S. ships with German subsHitler began sinking U.S. ships with German subs

Convoy system between began in JulyConvoy system between began in July

►By war's end, U.S. gave $50 billion worth of arms and By war's end, U.S. gave $50 billion worth of arms and equipment to nations, esp. Britain and U.S.S.R. equipment to nations, esp. Britain and U.S.S.R.

►U.S. patrol of Western AtlanticU.S. patrol of Western Atlantic April 1941, FDR started the American Neutrality April 1941, FDR started the American Neutrality

PatrolPatrol►U.S. navy would search German submarines in western U.S. navy would search German submarines in western

half of the Atlantic, warn British of locationhalf of the Atlantic, warn British of location ConvoysConvoys

►July 1941, FDR ordered navy to escort lend-lease July 1941, FDR ordered navy to escort lend-lease shipmentsshipments

►Sept, FDR proclaimed a Sept, FDR proclaimed a shoot-on-sight policyshoot-on-sight policy on on German U-boatsGerman U-boats

►Nov. 1941, Congress proclaimed merchant ships Nov. 1941, Congress proclaimed merchant ships could now be armed and could enter combat zonescould now be armed and could enter combat zones Neutrality Law of 1939 now obsoleteNeutrality Law of 1939 now obsolete

►Atlantic Conference and the Atlantic Conference and the Atlantic Charter Atlantic Charter (August 1941)(August 1941) Secret meeting between FDR & Churchill on U.S. Secret meeting between FDR & Churchill on U.S.

warship off Newfoundlandwarship off Newfoundland►Held in response to Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union Held in response to Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union

►Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter Accepted by FDR and Churchill and endorsed by Accepted by FDR and Churchill and endorsed by

Stalin later that yearStalin later that year No territorial changes contrary to wishes of the No territorial changes contrary to wishes of the

inhabitants (self-determination)inhabitants (self-determination) Gov’ts abolished by the dictators would be regainedGov’ts abolished by the dictators would be regained Called for “a permanent system of general security”Called for “a permanent system of general security”

►Foundation for the United Nations. Foundation for the United Nations.

►Reaction:Reaction: Liberals applauded the charter as they had Wilson’s Liberals applauded the charter as they had Wilson’s

14 Points during WWI14 Points during WWI Isolationists condemned neutral U.S. conferring with Isolationists condemned neutral U.S. conferring with

"belligerent" Britain"belligerent" Britain

Escalating tensions with JapanEscalating tensions with Japan

►Japan’s conquest of Asia resulted in tensions Japan’s conquest of Asia resulted in tensions with U.S.with U.S. US refused to recognize ManchukuoUS refused to recognize Manchukuo U.S. concerned Japan signed Anti-Comintern Pact U.S. concerned Japan signed Anti-Comintern Pact

with Germany in 1936with Germany in 1936 Condemned Japanese attack on China in 1937Condemned Japanese attack on China in 1937 Roosevelt's famous "Quarantine speech" in 1937 Roosevelt's famous "Quarantine speech" in 1937

largely aimed at Japan largely aimed at Japan

►Japan outlined the Japan outlined the Greater East Asia Co-Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity SphereProsperity Sphere Sought a vast empire in east Asia and Western Sought a vast empire in east Asia and Western

PacificPacific Declared the Open Door policy endedDeclared the Open Door policy ended

►Embargo of 1940 passed by Congress against Embargo of 1940 passed by Congress against Japan (July)Japan (July) U.S. placed embargo on export of aviation gasoline, U.S. placed embargo on export of aviation gasoline,

scrap iron and steel to Japanscrap iron and steel to Japan

► Sept 1940, Japan signed Sept 1940, Japan signed Tripartite PactTripartite Pact: : Rome-Rome-Berlin-Tokyo AxisBerlin-Tokyo Axis All agreed to support each other if attacked by the U.S.All agreed to support each other if attacked by the U.S.

► Early 1941, FDR moved U.S. Pacific Fleet from West Early 1941, FDR moved U.S. Pacific Fleet from West Coast to Pearl Harbor to demonstrate military readinessCoast to Pearl Harbor to demonstrate military readiness

► Embargo of 1941Embargo of 1941 July, Japan gained military control of southern IndochinaJuly, Japan gained military control of southern Indochina U.S. froze Japanese assets in the U.S., closed the Panama U.S. froze Japanese assets in the U.S., closed the Panama

Canal to Japan, placed Canal to Japan, placed

embargo on export of oil to Japan embargo on export of oil to Japan

►Japanese-U.S. negotiationsJapanese-U.S. negotiations Japan offered withdrawal from southern Indochina if Japan offered withdrawal from southern Indochina if

US resumed economic relationsUS resumed economic relations►Japan insisted on remaining in ChinaJapan insisted on remaining in China

US demanded Japanese withdraw from Indochina & US demanded Japanese withdraw from Indochina & China, promise not to attack any other area in China, promise not to attack any other area in western Pacific, and withdraw from Tripartite Pactwestern Pacific, and withdraw from Tripartite Pact

No agreement reached No agreement reached

Negotiations an attempt by U.S. to buy time to Negotiations an attempt by U.S. to buy time to fortify Philippines and build two-ocean navy fortify Philippines and build two-ocean navy authorized by Congress in 1940authorized by Congress in 1940

October, 1941 October, 1941 Hideki TojoHideki Tojo, expansionist, became , expansionist, became Prime MinisterPrime Minister

Japanese decided if no Japanese decided if no

agreement by November 25, agreement by November 25,

Japan would attack U.S. Japan would attack U.S.

►Japanese decision to attackJapanese decision to attack Made during unsuccessful negotiations with U.S.Made during unsuccessful negotiations with U.S. Felt war with US inevitableFelt war with US inevitable

►Tried to seize initiative rather than wait and later be in Tried to seize initiative rather than wait and later be in weaker positionweaker position

►Felt surprise attack would cripple USFelt surprise attack would cripple US

Japanese war plan:Japanese war plan:►Take Dutch East Indies, Malaya, and Philippines to gain Take Dutch East Indies, Malaya, and Philippines to gain

oil, metals and other raw materialsoil, metals and other raw materials►Attack on Pearl Harbor would destroy U.S. Pacific fleet Attack on Pearl Harbor would destroy U.S. Pacific fleet

and keep it from interfering with its plans and keep it from interfering with its plans

U.S. experts cracked the top-secret code of the U.S. experts cracked the top-secret code of the JapaneseJapanese►Expected Japan to attack in early December the Dutch Expected Japan to attack in early December the Dutch

East Indies and MalayaEast Indies and Malaya►U.S. thought Japan would avoid direct attack on U.S. to U.S. thought Japan would avoid direct attack on U.S. to

avoid provocationavoid provocation►Evidence that FDR knew about Pearl Harbor Evidence that FDR knew about Pearl Harbor

unsubstantiated and misleading unsubstantiated and misleading

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

►Dec. 7th, 1941Dec. 7th, 1941 (7:55 A.M. Sunday -- second (7:55 A.M. Sunday -- second wave at 8:50 A.M.)wave at 8:50 A.M.)

►Damage:Damage: Japanese sank or badly damaged all 8 battleships Japanese sank or badly damaged all 8 battleships

inside the Harbor including the inside the Harbor including the Oklahoma Oklahoma and the and the ArizonaArizona

Damaged 10 other ships; destroyed 188 planesDamaged 10 other ships; destroyed 188 planes Over 2,500 Americans killed; 1,100 woundedOver 2,500 Americans killed; 1,100 wounded 3 aircraft carriers escaped destruction--out at sea 3 aircraft carriers escaped destruction--out at sea

Photograph from a Japanese aircraft of Pearl Harbor including Battleship Row at the beginning of the attack. The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on the USS West Virginia

►Roosevelt asked Congress for Declaration of Roosevelt asked Congress for Declaration of War against Japan (Dec. 8)War against Japan (Dec. 8) "a date that will live in infamy”"a date that will live in infamy” Congress quickly compliesCongress quickly complies

►Germany & Italy declare war against U.S. (three Germany & Italy declare war against U.S. (three days later)days later) Ally with JapanAlly with Japan Hitler's 3rd fatal blunder: Germany didn't have to Hitler's 3rd fatal blunder: Germany didn't have to

declare war on U.S.; FDR and Churchill agreed to declare war on U.S.; FDR and Churchill agreed to defeat "Germany first" rather than concentrating on defeat "Germany first" rather than concentrating on JapanJapan

►U.S. increase of troops--2 to 12 million (1946) U.S. increase of troops--2 to 12 million (1946)