Mr. ErmerU.S. History Honors

Miami Beach Senior High

Road to World War II

Congress rejects Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations PactSec. of State Charles Evans Hughes negotiates separate treaties

Contrary to claims of isolationism, U.S. plays active role in global politics throughout 1920sWashington Naval Conference of 1921

U.S., Britain, France, Italy, Japan agree to limit naval tonnageNine-Power Pact to continue Open Door Policy in ChinaFour-Power Pact b/w U.S., Britain, France, Japan to respect Pacific

landsKellogg-Briand Pact 0f 1928

A multilateral pact aiming to outlaw warThe Dawes Plan

The United States loans money to Germany so they can pay their reparations to former Allied Powers in return for lower payments

Fordney-McCumber Act of 1922 raises tariffs, hurts EuropeGrowing Latin American indebtedness breeds resentment of

“Yankee Imperialism”

New Era Diplomacy

Global Great Depression triggers growing nationalism Many leaders around the world being replaced by angry people

Roosevelt rejects many of Hoover’s foreign policies Moves to strengthen economic ties with Europe Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act

Most competitive non-American import goods still limitedGood Neighbor Policy

Increased imports from and exports to Latin America Rejection of American intervention in Latin America

Inter-American Conference of 1933 held in Montevideo1930s Americans grow increasingly isolationist

U.S. signs on to World Court, mostly symbolicNeutrality Act of 1935

Prohibits American intervention in Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia Followed by the neutrality acts of 1936 & 1937 Americans could travel on foreign ships only at own risk Warring nations could only buy non-military goods from U.S. in cash

and carry them away on own ships—“cash and carry” policy

World Crisis & Diplomacy

Fascism: Political system run by a dictator, extremely nationalistic, intolerant, and highly orderedAnti-Communist, pro-empire

Italy (1922): Benito Mussolini brings FascismBecomes “Il Duce” or “Leader” of Italy—Premier

Germany (1933): Hitler elected German ChancellorUpset about terms of WWI’s Treaty of Versailles Tries to start revolution in 1923, arrested

Writes book in jail: Mein Kampf (“My Struggles”)Becomes leader of Nazi partyBlames Jews and other minorities for Germany’s problemsWants to establish a new German empire (Third Reich)

Spanish Civil WarHitler and Mussolini support Fascist party of Francisco

FrancoBritain, France, & U.S. don’t help republican side

Fascism In Europe

Russia renamed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or USSR, in 1922—Communist government

Joseph Stalin becomes Soviet premier in 1924Five Year Plan to build up economy

CollectivizationSets eyes on conquest of eastern Europe

Japan needs more natural resources to help economyEmperor Hirohito’s power=absolute (thought a

god)Prime Minister Tojo is military dictator for

emperorJapan under military control, begins

conquering empire

Authoritarianism In Eurasia

1935: Hitler builds new air force, military draftEuropean leaders, afraid of another war, want to make

dealAssumed Germany just wanted union and peace

1938: Hitler forces the “peaceful” union of Germany and Austria (the Anschluss)

The Munich ConferenceHitler wants the Sudentenland, part of CzechoslovakiaFrance and Britain agree, start appeasement policy1939: Germany attacks, splits land b/w Czechs & Slovaks

Hitler now wanted city of Danzig from PolandBritain and France “have Poland’s back”September 1939, Germany invades Poland

Germany Builds Toward War

Hitler does not want a two-front war like World War ISends ministers to Russia to negotiate deal with Stalin

Stalin sees chance to turn capitalists against each otherAugust 23, 1939: Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression PactAfter Hitler invades Poland, Britain & France declare war

One month later, Poland falls to the NazisBritish and French wait for Nazis in Belgium

Hitler surrounds Belgium, French surrenderBritish and French troops escape to England through

Dunkirk, French Gen. Charles de Gaulle flees to AlgiersHitler orders his Luftwaffe (air force) to bomb London

Germany At War

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Second_world_war_europe_1941-1942_map_en.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png

Americans disillusioned by failure of World War IRise of dictatorsNon-payment of debts during Great DepressionNye Committee/Backlash against arms industrySupport of isolationism

Neutrality Act of 1935: illegal to sell arms abroadSpanish Civil War eruptsGermany, Italy, & Japan form “Axis Powers”

Neutrality Act of 1937: All nonmilitary goods bought by warring nations on a “cash & carry” basis

American Neutrality

FDR supports internationalism Supplies China with weapons against JapanNeutrality Act of 1939: weapons sales OK, cash &

carryFDR lends British old navy ships in exchange for

British basesLend-Lease Act: lend the British arms to fight

war1941: Nazi’s invade USSR, break non-

aggression pactFDR est. Hemispheric Defense Zone

USA protects ships in “neutral” western AtlanticAugust 1941: The Atlantic Charter

Agreement for after the war to pursue democratic world, free trade, economic advancement, freedom of the seas

FDR’s “shoot on sight” order for German U-boats

Still Neutral?

FDR restricts sale of strategic materials to JapanLend-lease to China

Japan, in need of resources, attacks British and Dutch colonies in eastern, southern Pacific

Japan attacks U.S. Philippines December 7, 1941: Japan surprise attacks the

American Pacific naval fleet at Pearl HarborThe United States declares war on JapanGermany and Italy declare war on U.S.A.

Japan & Pearl Harbor