RoadmapstoOceanWorldsOPAGUpdateFebruary2017

AmandaHendrix(PSI),TerryHurford(GSFC)

co-chairs

CongressionalDirecLon

•  FromtheCommerce,JusLce,Science,andRelatedAgenciesAppropriaLonsBill,2016–  “…TheCommi+eedirectsNASAtocreateanOceanWorldExplora<onProgramwhoseprimarygoalistodiscoverextantlifeonanotherworldusingamixofDiscovery,NewFron<ersandflagshipclassmissionsconsistentwiththerecommenda<onsofcurrentandfuturePlanetaryDecadalsurveys.”

•  ConnectedtotheviewofOceanWorldsasperhapshabitableandpotenLallyinhabitedworlds

OPAGChargetoROW•  OPAGcharteredROW;wearecoordina4ngwithSBAGsincesome

“SBAG-owned”bodiescouldbeoceanworlds•  IdenLfyandprioriLzescienceobjecLvesforOceanWorlds

–  LedtotheDecadalSurvey•  Designroadmaptoexploretheseworldstoaddressscience

objecLves–  Missionsequences,sustainedexploraLoneffort

•  AssesswhereeachOceanWorldfitsintotheoverallroadmap•  Summarizebroadmissionconcepts

–  Consideringmissiondependences&internaLonalcooperaLon•  Recommendtechnologydevelopmentanddetailedmissionstudies

insupportofthenextdecadalsurvey•  PlaceexploraLonofOceanWorldsintothelargercontextofSolar

SystemexploraLon

PhilosophyonOceanWorldsWhatisanOceanWorld?

•  Wewanttobeinclusive!

•  Allbodieswhichplausiblycanhaveorareknowntohaveanoceanwillbeconsideredaspartofthisstudy

•  AgoalistostudytheenLrespectrumofOceanWorlds...tounderstandlifeinthecontextofallOceanWorlds.–  Ifwefocusononetargetandfindlife,wewon’tbedone!–  Whywouldlifeevolveatoneworldatnotanother?–  WhywouldlifetakeaparLcularformatoneworldandadifferentoneatanother?

•  It'simportanttoconsiderLestotheEarthandEarth'soceanheretoo

•  Foreachoftheseworlds,aaerwecarefullyconsideroverall/generalscienceobjecLves,wewillsubdivideintogroupstoconsiderwhatquesLonsneedtobeaddressedatatargetlevel,andpotenLalmissionplans–  Sowe'llgetintotarget-baseddiscussionsabitlaterintheprocess

TeammembersAmend,JanAye,MichaelBannister,MicheleBarge,LaurieBeauchamp,PatriciaBeddingfeld,ChloeBland,MichaelBowman,JeffBraun,BobbyBrinckerhoff,WilliamBurad,BonnieByrne,PaulCable,MorganCabrol,NathalieCartwright,RichardCasLllo-Rogez,JulieCollins,GeoffreyCooper,JohnCrary,FrankDhingra,RajaniDiniega,SerinaElder,Catherine

Moore,Jeff,Neish,CatherineNeveu,MarcNordheim,TomOlkin,CathyPappalardo,RobertPaferson,WesPafhoff,AlexPhillips,CynthiaPontefract,AlexandraPortyankina,GannaPoston,MichaelQuick,LynnaeRhoden,AlyssaRicco,AntonioSchaible,MicahSchaible,GeorgeSchenk,PaulSchmidt,BritneyScully,JenniferSherwood,BrentShock,Everef

Emerson,DaveEubanks,MarshallFurfaro,RobertoGerman,ChrisGlein,ChrisGoodman,JasonHand,KevinHayes,AlexHibbard,KennethHibbifs,KarlHoehler,ToriHoller,BryanHosseini,SonaHowef,CarlyKargel,JeffreyLindensmith,ChrisLopes,RosalyMacKenzie,ShannonMalaska,MichaelMarLn,EmilyMcKay,ChrisMetzger,Philip

Singer,KelsiSoderblom,JasonSoLn,ChristopheSuch,PamelaTurtle,ElizabethVance,SteveVerbiscer,AnneWalker,CatherineWestlake,JosephWray,James

Targetteams•  Weformedtargetteamsforthefollowing(groupsof)

targets–  Enceladus–  Europa–  Pluto,Charon&KBOs–  Ceres&smallbodies–  GanymedeandCallisto–  Triton–  Titan–  Othersatellites(“upandcoming”)

•  Targetteamsassessedthestatusofeachtarget:howwellareeachoftheThemesciencequesLonsknown,whatdoweknowaboutthem,whatistheirleveloftheir“ocean-worldness”

GOIDocument

Goals,ObjecLves,InvesLgaLonsreport

•  Almostdone!– Thankstoallforinputs

•  TargetTeamsandTheme/Goalteamsprovidedtextcoveringwhatisknown,andwhatsLllneedstobelearnedabouteachbody,fortheGOIdocument

OverarchingGoal

•  TheROWteamhasfocusedonadraaforthemaingoalforOceanWorldsinordertostartformulaLngdrivingsciencequesLons:

Iden<fyoceanworlds,evaluatetheir

habitability,andsearchforlife

OceanWorldThemes

•  Fourthemes–  IdenLfyoceanworlds– CharacterizeOceans– AssessHabitability– SearchforLife

•  ThemegroupscameupwithaniniLalsetofsciencequesLonsforeachtheme– Rangingfromhighleveltoverydetailed

EnergySources

OceanSignatures

Solvents Rock/OceanInterface

EnergyforLife

Physico-chemicalCondi<onsforLife

Biomarkers

OceanW

orlds

Enceladus

Europa

Titan

Ganymede

Callisto

PossibleOceanW

orlds

Ceres/SmallBodies

Pluto/Charon/KBOs

Triton

SolidFoundaLon

OtherSaturnianIcySatellites*

KeyInformaLon

OtherUranianIcySatellites**

*Mimas,Tethys,Dione,Rhea,Iapetus**Miranda,Ariel,Umbriel,Titania,Oberon

SearchforLife

Iden<fyOceanWorlds

CharacterizeOceans

AssessHabitability

SearchforLife

Iden<fyOceanWorlds

CharacterizeOceans

AssessHabitability

EnergySources

OceanSignatures

Solvents Rock/OceanInterface

EnergyforLife

Physico-chemicalCondi<onsforLife

Biomarkers

OceanW

orlds

Enceladus

Europa

Titan

Ganymede

Callisto

PossibleOceanW

orlds

Ceres/SmallBodies

Pluto/Charon/KBOs

Triton

OtherSaturnianIcySatellites*

OtherUranianIcySatellites**

*Mimas,Tethys,Dione,Rhea,Iapetus**Miranda,Ariel,Umbriel,Titania,Oberon

PrimaryMissionContributor

NewHorizons:2006-Present

Voyager:1977-Present

Galileo:1996-2003

Cassini:2004-2017

Dawn:2007-Present

SolidFoundaLon

KeyInformaLon

Theme1:Iden<fyoceanworldsinthesolarsystem•  Isthereasufficientenergysourcetosupportapersistentocean?

–  IsthereremnantradiogenicheaLng?–  IstheregravitaLonalenergyfromaparentplanetorsatellite?–  CantheplanetorsatelliteconvertavailableLdalenergyintoheat?–  Aretheplanet’sorsatellite’sorbitalorrotaLonalproperLesfavorabletoLdaldissipaLon?

•  AresignaturesofongoinggeologicacLvity(orliquids)detected?–  DosignaturesofgeologicacLvityindicatethepossiblepresenceofasubsurfaceocean?(surfacehotspots,

plumes,crater-freeareas,volcanoes,tectonics)–  DoesthebodyexhibitLdaland/orrotaLonalevidenceindicaLngthepresenceofasub-surfaceocean?–  Doesthegravityandtopographyofthebodyindicatethepresenceofasub-surfaceocean?–  Aretemporalchangesobservedatthebodythatwouldindicatethepresenceofasub-surfaceocean?–  Isthereanatmosphereorexospherethatcouldbelinkedwiththepresenceofasub-surfaceocean?–  DoestheelectromagneLcresponseofthebodyindicatethepresenceofasub-surfaceocean?–  CanthesurfacecomposiLonbelinkedwiththepresenceofasub-surfaceocean?–  Isthesignatureofasurfaceliquidobserved(e.g.specularreflecLon)?

•  HowdomaterialsbehaveundercondiLonsrelevanttoanyparLculartargetbody?(*R&A*)–  WhatarethephaserelaLonsofmaterialcomposingoceanworldsatrelevantpressuresandtemperatures?–  WhatisthecomposiLonandchemicalbehaviorofmaterialscomposingoceanworlds?–  WhataretherheologicmechanismsbywhichmaterialdeformsundercondiLonsrelevanttooceanworlds?–  HowdoesenergyafenuaLon/dissipaLonoccurundercondiLonsrelevanttooceanworlds?–  WhatarethethermophysicalproperLesofmaterialundercondiLonsrelevanttooceanworlds?

Theme2:Characterizetheoceanofeachoceanworld

•  Characterizetheocean’sphysicalproperLes–  Whatisthethickness,composiLon,andporosityoftheiceshell(crust)andhowdotheseproperLesvary

spaLallyand/ortemporally?–  Whatisthethickness,salinity,densityandcomposiLonoftheocean?HowdotheseproperLesvaryspaLally

and/ortemporally?–  Whatarethedriversfor,andpafernof,fluidmoLonwithintheocean?

•  Characterizetheoceaninterfaces–  Characterizetheseafloor,includingthehigh-pressureocean–silicateinteracLon–  Characterizetheice-oceaninterface

Theme3:Characterizethehabitabilityofeachoceanworld

•  Whatistheavailability(typeandmagnitude/flux)ofenergysourcessuitableforlife,howdoesitvarythroughouttheoceanandLme,andwhatprocessescontrolthatdistribuLon?–  Whatenvironmentspossessredoxdisequilibria,inwhatforms,inwhatmagnitude,howrapidlydissipatedby

abioLcreacLons,andhowrapidlyreplenishedbylocalprocesses?–  (Where)iselectromagneLc(orotherenergeLc)radiaLonavailable?Inwhatwavelengths(orenergy)and

intensity?

•  Whatistheavailability(chemicalformandabundance)ofthebiogenicelements,howdoesitvarythroughouttheoceanandLme,andwhatprocessescontrolthatdistribuLon?–  Whatistheinventoryoforganiccompounds,whataretheirsourcesandsinks,andwhatistheirstabilitywith

respecttothelocalenvironment?–  Whatistheabundanceandchemicalformofnitrogen,oxygen,phosphorus,sulfur,andinorganiccarbon,

whataretheirsourcesandsinks,andarethereprocessesofirreversiblelossorsequestraLonrelaLvetotheliquidenvironment?

Theme4:Understandhowlifemightexistateachoceanworldandsearchforlife

•  WhatarethepotenLalbiomarkersineachhabitableniche?(determinewhat

we’relookingfor)–  WhatcanwelearnaboutlifeonoceanworldsfromstudyingEarth?–  Whatnichesforlifearepossibleonoceanworlds?–  Whatcanwelearnaboutlifebyunderstandingthehistoryofoceanworldsfrom

theirformaLontothepresent?–  Whatshouldbeourtargetindicators?(LifeDetecLonLadder)–  HowdowedisLnguishextantfromexLnctlifeinenvironmentsinwhichlifemight

develop,andwhichLmescales(e.g.,formetabolism,reproducLon,dormancy)mafer?

•  Howtosearchforandanalyzedataindifferentenvironments?–  Howcanwelookforextantlifeonanoceanworldremotely(fromorbitorduringaflyby)?–  Howcanwelookforextantlifeonanoceanworldinsitu(landed,underwater,plume)

invesLgaLons?–  Howcanwelookforextantlifeonanoceanworldwithsamplereturnscience?–  WhichscienceoperaLonalstrategiesshouldbeusedtodetectlifeonoceanworlds?

OceanWorldsMissionsScenarios,Roadmaps&Technologies

•  TargetTeamshaveprovided–  inputonkeymeasurementsneededtomoveourunderstandingofeachtargetforward

–  inputonfuturemissiontypesneeded

•  Technologysub-group(P.Beauchamp)hasprovided–  Inputonneededtechnologies

neededtechnologies(general,notspecifictoamissionscenario)

•  Instruments–  LifedetecLoninstrumentsforOceanWorlds–  Lowmass,lowpowerinstruments(e.g.,massspectrometers,imagers)designedfor

cold,high-radiaLonoceanworldenvironments–  Lowmass,lowpowerinstrumentsforsmallspacecraa

•  Spacecraa–  Pin-pointlandingonEuropa/Enceladus(noatm)andTitan(atm)–  Landinghazardavoidance–  SurfacecryogenicicesampleacquisiLonandhandling–  Sub-surface(>0.2m)iceacquisiLonandhandling–  Lowtemp-compaLblebaferies–  Lowtemp-compaLble,lowpower,rad-hardelectronics–  Lowtemp-compaLbleactuators/mechanisms–  PlanetaryProtecLontechniques/componentandmaterialcompaLbility–  Icesamplereturntechnologies–  SystemandSub-systemAutonomy–  HighPerformancecompuLng–  Smallspacecraatechnologies(miniaturizingisgood….)

Missionstrategies&roadmaps-consideraLons•  Wanttoputtogetheralong-termplantostudyoceanworldsandlookfor

life•  ThephilosophyistotackleallOWs~simultaneously,toextendthe

“knowledgebars”intheInvesLgaLonsRoadmap(below)–  Usingdifferentmissionclasses(e.g.small,medium,large)–  HighestpriorityforiniLalmission(s)mightbetogoaaerdetecLng/searching

forlifeatknown/accessibleoceans•  Butalsowanttokeepasahighpriority(maybeadifferentmissionclass?)lookingfor

oceans•  Consideringthatwemightexpect~3SLSlaunchesperdecade•  SomeOWmissionsmaynotrequireSLSlaunch•  SomeOWmissionsarealreadyintheworks

–  EuropaClipper–  Europalander–  JUICE–  NewFronLers–couldbeEnceladusand/orTitan

•  TheassemblyofanOWroadmap(s)iscomplicatedandinprogress

EnergySources

OceanSignatures

Solvents Rock/OceanInterface

EnergyforLife

Physico-chemicalCondi<onsforLife

Biomarkers

OceanW

orlds

Enceladus

Europa

Titan

Ganymede

Callisto

PossibleOceanW

orlds

Ceres/SmallBodies

Pluto/Charon/KBOs

Triton

OtherSaturnianIcySatellites*

OtherUranianIcySatellites**

*Mimas,Tethys,Dione,Rhea,Iapetus**Miranda,Ariel,Umbriel,Titania,Oberon

SearchforLife

Iden<fyOceanWorlds

CharacterizeOceans

AssessHabitability

FlybyplumesamplingFlyby/landerSampleReturn

SubmarineLander

CrawlerFlybys(Clipper?)

Lander

FlybysNeptuneOrbiter

Flybys

FlybysOrbiter

FlybysOrbiter

Orbiter(highresmapping/topography/geodesy)Titaninsitu

JUICE?

JUICE?

Ganymedelander?

preliminary

WecanalsoconsideraroadmapforeachOW:TritonExample

Instrument(s)onNeptuneFlagshipMission

FlagshipMissiontoExplore

Habitability&Detect

Biomarkers

FlagshipMissiontoconfirmOcean&Explore

Habitability

preliminary

Current&FutureAcLviLes •  Inthefuture:

–  Vision2050workshop–  TownhallatLPSC– WithinROW,collateandvetmissionconceptsandmeasurementsneededtoaddresssciencequesLons•  PutintoOceanWorldsMissionsScenarios,Roadmaps&Technologiesdocument

–  ProvidedraaGOIdocumenttoOPAG/SBAG(andlargercommunity?)foriniLalfeedback(Feb2017)

•  UlLmatelytheROWdocumentswillbeprovidedtotheDecadalmid-termreviewcommifeeandtothenextDecadalSurveygroup–  TohopefullyinfluencethemtocreateanOceanWorldsprogram