roads and environment - a handbook

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WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 376w c

Roads and theEnvironmentA Handbook

EditedbyKoji Tszm okaw aChristopherHobanT k e W o rl d B a nkW a d i n g t o n , D . C .


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Copyright 0 1997The International Bank for Reconstructionand Development/THE WORLD BANK1818 H Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.All rights reservedManufactured in the United States of AmericaFirst printing November 1997

Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Banks work to the development commun itywith the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordancewith the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility forerrors. Some sources cited in this paper m ay be informal documents that are not readily available.The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of theauthor(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, orto members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does notguarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoeverfor any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown onany map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of anyterritory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.The material in this publication is copyrigh ted. Requests for permission to reprod uce portions of itshould be sent to the Office of the Publisher at the address shown in the copyright notice above. T heWorld Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when

the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to copy portions forclassroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., Suite 910,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, U.S.A.The com plete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index @Publications, which con-tains an alphabetical title list with full ordering information. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Dis-tribution Unit, Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or fromPublications, The W orld Bank, 66, avenue dIena, 75116 Paris, France.ISSN: 0253-7494

Koji Tsunokawa is senior transport specialist in the Infrastructure Development Group in the World Banks MiddleEast and Nort Africa Regional Office. Christopher H oban is a senior highway engineer in the World Banks SouthAsia Infrastructure Sector Unit.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataRoads and the environment : a handbook /edited by Christopher Hobanand Koji Tsunokawa.

Pm cm. - (World Bank technical paper ; no. 376)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-8213-4031-X1. Roads-Environmental aspects. 2. Environmental impactanalysis. I. Hoban, Christoph er J., 1952- . II. Tsunokawa,Koji, 1947- . III. Series.TD195.R63R63 1997333.77-DC21 97-28971CIP


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Table of ContentsLis t o f Box es, F igures and Tables . . .. .xForeword .. . .....................................lUAcknowledgements . ............................. ivAbs t rac t . * ....................... ........................ vExecu t ive summary . ..*.... *.a *. ............. v1PART I - THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESSChapter 1 Assess ing the env i ronmenta l impac t o f r oad p ro jec ts

1.11.21.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.71.8

The environment and its ecosystems ......................................................................................... 4Roads, the envir onment , and the need for envi ronmental assessment.. ............................... .4New, exis ting, r ural, and urban project settings ....................................................................... .51.3.1 New versus existing proj ect types ...............................................................................1.3.2 R ural ver sus urb an pro j ect typ er;. ................................................................................. 5X.3.3 T he mixe d rura l-u rb an proj ect.. ................................................................................ 6The environmental assessment (EA) ......................................................................................... 61.4.1 EA and road pro j ect de vel opm en t.. ............................................................................ .71.4.2 Type s of EA .....................................................................................................................Environmental assessment at the project l evel ........................................................................ .81.5.1 Th e proje ct-specific EA .................................................................................................. 81.5.2 Th e programmatic or class EA ......................................................................................1.5.3 Summ ary or init ia l environmental evaluation (SEE/ RE) ........................................1.5.4 The regional EA (REA) ..................................................................................................Environmental assessment at the strategic level .................................................................... 101.6.1 T he se ctor al EA (S EA ). ................................................................................................ .10EA duration and budget ..............................................................................................................1References and bibliography .....................................................................................................2

Chapte r 2 Env i ronmenta l assessment management and ins t i tu t iona l issues2.1 EA and instit uttonal development .............................................................................................42.2 Functions to be performed and the need for environmental skills .. ..................................... .14

2.2.1 Deve loping the policy and legal directives.. ............................................................ .1 42.2.2 Conducting the EA studies ........................................................................................ .1 52.2.3 Implementing the environmental management plan (RM P) .................................. 162.2.4 M anaging the EA process ............................................................................................7

2.3 Providing the requisite environmental training.. ..................................................................... .182.4 Establishing the instit utional structures.. ............ . .................................................................. .1 92.5 References and bibl iography .....................................................................................................2

Chapte r 3 An overv iew o f env i ronmenta l assessment p lann ing and EA repor t ing3.1 Early planning of EA ...................................................................................................................43.2 Screening and scoping ...............................................................................................................4

3.2.1 De scription of the need for a project ..........................................................................53.2.2 De scription of the proposed proj ect and alternatives .............................................. 5

. . .111


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Chapter 4 Key s teps invo lved in under tak ing an env i ronmenta l assessment

3.2.3 Identification of valued ecosystem components (VECs) ......................................... 253.2.4 Evaluation of potential impacts for alternative solutions ...................................... .263.2.5 Early consultation .........................................................................................................63.2.6 Selection of preferred project (solution) and

identification of EA type to be applied.. ................................................................ .263.3 Preparation of the project terms of reference ..........................................................................73.4 Space, time and consultation.. ...................................................................................................7

3.4.1 Space.. ............................................................................................................................ 273.4.2 Time requirements for the environmental study ..................................................... 273.4.3 Consultation.. ............................................................................................................... .29

3.5 The envi ronmental impact statement (EIS). .............................................................................. 293.5.1 Executive summary.. .................................................................................................... 303.5.2 The environmental assessment team.. ....................................................................... 303.5.3 Introduction and background.. .................................................................................. .303.5.4 Approach and methodology.. ..................................................................................... 303.5.5 Existing conditions.. .................................................................................................... .303.5.6 Analysis of alternatives ...............................................................................................03.5.7 The preferred design ....................................................................................................13.5.8 The environmental management plan ......................................................................13.5.9 Consultation .................................................................................................................. 313.5.10 References......................................................................................................................13.5.11 Appendices.. ..................................................................................................................1

3.6 Presenting informati on with maps in the EA report ............................................................... .313.7 References and bibl iography .....................................................................................................2

4.14.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.0

4.74.84.9

Seven key steps ..........................................................................................................................4Description of baseline conditions ............................................................................................44.2.1 Collecting and analyzing existing basic documents.. ............................................. .354.2.2 Assembling information from different sources ..................................................... .354.2.3 Consultation with local residents and professionals ............................................... 354.2.4 The sampling design.. ................................................................................................. .354.2.5 The field investigations ...............................................................................................54.2.6 Tracking project-induced versus natural environment changes ............................ 6Analysis of potential environmental impacts ...........................................................................64.3.1 Determining significance.. ......................................................................................... .364.3.2 Impact characteristics.. ................................................................................................ .364.3.3 Impact types .................................................................................................................7Consideration of alternatives ..................................................................................................... 374.4.1 Alternative designs .......................... ..!. .......................................................................74.4.2 Analysis of alternatives ...............................................................................................7Planning remedial measures ......................................................................................................84.5.1 Avoidance ......................................................................................................................84.5.2 Mitigation ......................................................................................................................84.5.3 Including consultation in mitigation planning ........................................................ 404.5.4 Compensation ...............................................................................................................1Monitoring and evaluation.. ........................................................................................................ 414.6.1 Compliance monitoring ...............................................................................................14.6.2 Effects monitoring (Evaluation)..................................................................................1The environmental management plan (EMP) ............................................................................ 41Documentation ............................................................................................................................2Using maps in EA ........................................................................................................................24.9.1 Dealing with poor availability of maps .....................................................................2

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4.9.2 Gen eral maps ...............................................................................................................434.9.3 Th ematic maps.. ............................................................................................................44.9.4 Presentation maps .......................................................................................................444.9.5 Syn thesis maps.. ...........................................................................................................44

4.10 References and bib liography .. ................................................................................................... 46Chapter 5 Public invo lvement in EA

5.1 Guiding principles.. .....................................................................................................................85.1.1 Info rmation dissemi nation.. ....................................................................................... .4 85.1.2 Info rmation solicitation .............................................................................................. .4 85.1.3 Consultation.. ............................................................................................................... .4 85.1.4 Ap pli cati on .. .................................................................................................................. 48

5.2 When is public involvement necessary? ................................................................................. .495.3 Determining who should participate .........................................................................................9

5.3.1 Enabli ng the poor to participate.. .............................................................................. .5 05.3.2 Local and commun ity participation ......................................................................... .5 05.3.3 G overnmen t agencie s and research institutions ..................................................... .5 15.3.4 Non-governm ent organizations (NG Os) ...................................................................1

5.4 A framework for public involvement.. ...................................................................................... .525.5 Public involvement format ......................................................................................................... 52

5.5.1 Th e open house (Inform ation displays and reports) .......................................... .5 35.5.2 Interview survey ...........................................................................................................35.5.3 Publi c mee tings .............................................................................................................35.5.4 Individ ual or group discussions.. .............................................................................. .5 35.5.5 On -site consultation.. .................................................................................................. .5 45.5.6 Rapi d social appraisal ..................................................................................................45.5.7 Rapid rural appraisal ...................................................................................................4

5.6 Guide to information presentation ............................................................................................65.6.1 Written reports, newsl etters, and leafle ts.. ............................................................... .5 65.6.2 Graph ic material ...........................................................................................................65.6.3 Audio-visual aids .........................................................................................................7

5.7 References and bibl iogr aphy ....................................................................................................57Chapter 6 Types of environmental impact

6.1 Impact types ................................................................................................................................06.1.1 Di rect impacts ...............................................................................................................06.1.2 Indi rect impacts ............................................................................................................06.1.3 Cum ulative impacts .....................................................................................................26.1.4 Ecosystem funcion impacts .................... . ............................. ............................... ........ 626.1.5 Positive and negative impacts ....................................................................................46.1.6 Rand om and predictabl e impacts ...............................................................................46.1.7 Local and widesp read impacts ...................................................................................46.1.8 Tem porary and permanent impacts ..........................................................................56.1.9 Sh ort- and long-term impacts .....................................................................................5

6.2 Impact severity ............................................................................................................................56.3 References and bibl iography .....................................................................................................5

PART ii - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, THEIR MITIGATION AND THEIR ECONOMICVALUATION

Chapter 7 impacts on soils7.1 Impacts and setting .....................................................................................................................0

7.1.1 Loss of productive soil .................................................................................................07.1.2 Erosion ...........................................................................................................................0

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7.1.3 Contamin ation of soil ................................................................................................... 727.1.4 Cumulative impacts ..................................................................................................... 72

7.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts.. ........................................................................ .727.3 Remedi al measu res.. .................................................................................................................. .73

7.3.1 Prevention .................................................................................................................... .7 37.3.2 Mitigation ..................................................................................................................... .7 37.3.3 Compensation.. ............................................................................................................ .76

7.4 Reducing impacts on soi ls : An act ion check l is t . . ................................................................... .777.5 References and bi bl io gr ap hy .. ................................................................................................... 78

Chapter 8 Impac ts on wa te r resources8.1

8.2

8.3

8.48.5

Impacts and set t ing. . .................................................................................................................. .828.1.1 Surface water flow modification ................................................................................ 828.1.2 Groundwater flo w mo dif icati on ............................................................................... .8 28.1.3 Water quality degradation (surface and groundwater) ......................................... .8 2Determining the nature and scale of impacts.. ......................................................................... 828.2.1 Drainage mo di fi catio ns .............................................................................................. .8 28.2.2 Water table mo dif icati on .. ........................................................................................... 838.2.3 Water quality degradation.. ....................................................................................... .8 38.2.4 Sensitive hab itat in trusi on .. ......................................................................................... 85Remedial measures. . ................................................................................................................... 858.3.1 Prevention ..................................................................................................................... 858.3.2 Mitigation ..................................................................................................................... .8 58.3.3 Compensation.. ............................................................................................................. 868.3.4 Enhancement.. .............................................................................................................. .8 6Minimiz ing impacts on water resources: An act ion check l is t ............................................... 86References and bibl iograph y ..................................................................................................... 88

Chapter 9 impac ts on ai r qua l i ty9 . 1 Impacts and set t ing. . ................................................................................................................... 909.1.1 Airmass contaminants ................................................................................................ .9 0

9.1 .2 Movement of pol luta nts .............................................................................................. 919.1.3 Impacts.. ......................................................................................................................... 93

9.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts . . ........................................................................ .949.2.1 Assessment at the pro je ct le vel .. ................................................................................. 949.2.2 M eas ure me nt of road sid e pol luta nts ........................................................................ .949.2.3 Computer modelin g of pollutants.. ........................................................................... .9 4

9.3 Remedi al measu res ..................................................................................................................... 949.3 .1 Pr ev en tio n .................................... ........................................ ........................................ .9 49.3.2 Mitigation ...................................................................................................................... 959.3.3 Co mp en sati on .. ............................................................................................................ .9 5

9.4 Minimiz ing impacts on air qu ality : An ac tio n ch eck list .. ....................................................... .969.5 References and bibl iograph y ..................................................................................................... 96

Chapter 10 Impac ts on flo ra and fauna1 0 . 1 Impacts and set t ing ................................................................................................................... 10 0

10.1.1 Direct impacts ...................................................0010.1.2 Indirect impacts .......................................................................................................... 10 110.1.3 Ecosystem types and sensitivity ...............................................................................02

10.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts.. ....................................................................... 10 410.2.1 Extent of the project ....................................................................................................0410.2.2 Duration of the construction p eriod ........................................................................ 10 410.2.3 Evaluation of the affected systems.. ........................................................................104

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10.2.4 Use of indicator species or groups ...........................................................................0510.2.5 Rapid appraisal ...........................................................................................................0610.2.6 Modeling ......................................................................................................................0610.2.7 Useful sources of information ................................................................................... 10 6

10.3 Remedial measures ................................................................................................................... 10 610.3.1 Prevention ................................................................................................................... 10 610.3.2 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 10 710.3.3 Compensation .............................................................................................................0910.4 Minimizing impacts on flora and fauna: An action checklist ............................................... 10 9

10.5 References and bibl iography ................................................................................................... 11 0Chapter 11 Impacts on communities and their economic activity

11 .I impacts and setting ................................................................................................................... 11 411.1.1 The split community ..................................................................................................1411.1.2 The loss of roadside comm unity busin ess and social activity ........ . .................... 11 511.1.3 The by-passed community ........................................................................................ 11 511.1.4 Th e reduced convenience of traditional modes of transport.. ............................. .11611.1.5 The dilemm a for tourism ........................................................................................... 11 611.1.6 Th e culture shock effe ct ............................................ ..?. ........................................1611.1.7 The gentrification eff ect .............................................................................................16

11.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts .........................................................................1611.2.1 Th e preliminary assessment.. ....................................................................................1611.2.2 The social assessmen t .................................................................................................17

11.3 Remedial measures .......................................................1811.3.1 Prevention ................................................................................................................... 11 811.3.2 Mitigation ....................................................................................................................1811.3 .3 Co mp en sat io n.. ............................................................................................. .............. 11 9

11.4 Minimizing impacts on' communities and their economic activity: ,An action checklist ................................................................................................................ 12 0

11.5 References and bib liography.. ................................................................................................. 120Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Impacts arising from land acquisition and resettlement12.1 impacts and setting ...................................................................................................................2212.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts ......................................................................... 12 3

12.2.1 Stresses in the host community ............................................................................ 12 512.3 Remedial measures ................................................................................................................... 12512.3.1 Prevention ................................................................................................................... 12 5

12.3.2 M itig ation .. ..................................................... . .............. ............................................12512. 3.3 Co mp en sat io n.. ......................................................................................... .................. 12 612.4 Minimizing impacts of land acquisition and resettlement: An action checklist.. .............. .12712.5 References and bibliography.. ................................................................................................ .129

Impacts on indigenous peoples13.1 impacts and setting ...................................................................................................................3213.1.1 Loss of traditional sense of identity .........................................................................32

13.1.2 Loss of livelihoods and violation oftraditionally-exercised land rights ........................................................................ 13 213.1.3 Health and soc ial prob lem s.. ..................................................................................... 13 313.1.4 Violation of rights to participate in developme nt ..................................................33

13.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts ......................................................................... 13413.2.1 Identifyin g the population and the affected area ................................................... 13 413.2.2 Consultation and participation ................................................................................. 13 413.2.3 The surveys .................................................................................................................34

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Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

13.3 Remedial measures.. ................................................................................................................. 13513.3.1 Prevention ................................................................................................................... 13 513.3.2 Mitigation.. .................................................................................................................. 13 513.3.3 Compensation.. ........................................................................................................... 13 7

13.4 Minimiz ing impacts on ind igenous peop les : A n action checklist.. ..................................... .l3713.5 References and bi bl io gr ap hy .. ................................................................................................. 138

Impacts on cu l tura l her i tage14.1 impacts and set t ing. . ................................................................................................................. 14014.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts.. ...................................................................... .141

14.2.1 Preliminary ass ess me nt.. ........................................................................................... 14 114.2.2 Cultural heritage.. ...................................................................................................... .141

14.3 Remedial measures.. ................................................................................................................ .14414.3.1 Prevention ................................................................................................................... 14 414.3.2 Mitigation.. .................................................................................................................. 14 414.3.3 Compensation.. ........................................................................................................... 14 5

14.4 Minimiz ing impacts o n cul tural her i tage features: An act ion check l is t . . ............................. 14 514.5 References and bibl iograph y ................................................................................................... 14 5

Impac ts on aes the t ics and landscape15.1 Impacts an d sett ing .. ................................................................................................................. 14 815.1.1 Link s betw een aesthetic values and regional landscape design .. ....................... .148

15.1.2 Potential negative aesthetic impacts ........................................................................ 14 815.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts.. ....................................................................... 14 915.3 Remedial measures.. ................................................................................................................. 15 0

15.3.1 Prevention ................................................................................................................... 15 015.3.2 Mitigation.:. ................................................................................................................. 15 015.3.3 Compensation.. ........................................................................................................... 15 2

15.4 Minimiz ing impacts o n aesthet ics and landscape: An act ion check l is t .. ........................... .15315.5 References and bi bl io gr ap hy .. ................................................................................................. 15 3

Impac ts on the no ise env i ronment16.1 Impacts and set t ing ................................................................................................................... 15 616.1.1 Sources of road noise ................................................................................................ .156

16.1.2 Road noise impacts.. ................................................................................................... 15 616.2 Determining the nature and scale of impacts.. ....................................................................... 15 6

16.2.1 Assessin g noise impacts ............................................................................................ 15 816.2.2 Noise measurem ent.. .................................................................................................. 15 916.2.3 Noise level standards ................................................................................................. 16 0

16.3 Remedial measures .................................................................................................................. .16016.3.1 Prevention ................................................................................................................. ..16 016.3.2 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 16 016.3.3 Compensation.. ........................................................................................................... 16 2

16.4 Avoiding impacts on t he no ise env ironment : A n action checklist ..................................... .16216.5 References and bibl iograph y ................................................................................................... 16 3

Chapter 17 Impac ts on hum an hea lth and sa fe ty17.1 Impacts and set t ing ................................................................................................................... 16 617.2 Determining the nature and scale o f impacts . . ...................................................................... .166

17.2.1 Human health ............................................................................................................. 16 617.2.2 Road safety .................................................................................................................. 16 8

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17.3 Remedial measures.. ................................................................................................................. 16817.3.1 Prevention .................................................................................................................. .16817.3.2 Mitigation.. ................................................................................................................. .17l17.3.3 Compensation.. .......................................................................................................... .172

17.4 Avoidin g impacts on hum an heal th and safety : An act ion check l is t . . ................................ .17217.5 References and bibl iograph y. . ................................................................................................ .172

Chapter 18 Env i ronmenta l ly sound cons t ruc t ion and fac i l it y management p rac t ices18.1 New const ruc t ion projects ...................................................................................................... .17618.1.1 Se ttings and Imp acts ................................................................................................. .17618.1 .2 Rem edial measures ................................................................................................... .178

18.2 Maintenance and rehabi l i tat ion (M 81 R) projects . . ................................................................ .lSO18.2.1 Def ining mainten ance and rehabili tation.. .............................................................. 18 018.2.2 Se tting and Imp acts ....................................................................................................8118.2.3 M itig atio n.. .................................................................................................................. 18 2

18.3 The implem entat ion of env i ronm ental requirements ............................................................ 18 218.4 Environmental r isk .................................................................................................................... 18 2

18.4.1 T he fa il ure of mi tig ative me asu res .. ......................................................................... 18 218.4.2 M itigative measu res ................................................................................................... 18 4

18.5 References and bibl iograph y ................................................................................................... 18 6Chapter 19 Econom ic va lua t ion o f the impac ts o f r oad p ro jec ts on the env i ronment

19.1 Econom ic valuat ion of env i ronm ental impacts (EVEI). ........................................................ ,18819.1.1 The fundamental problem ......................................................................................... 18 819.1.2 Alternative institutional approaches ...................................................................... .18819.1.3 Th e cost-bene fit evaluation formats.. ...................................................................... .188

19.2 EVE I in th e co nt ex t o f pu bl ic in vo lv em en t.. ............................................................................ 18919.3 Procedural cons iderat ions ....................................................................................................... 19 0

19.3.1 Some prerequisites ..................................................................................................... 19 019.3.2 Choosin g a valuation techniq ue and schedulin g the procedure.. .......................190

19.4 Common valuat ion techniques ................................................................................................ 19 119.4.1 A valuation typology ................................................................................................. 19 119.4.2 Di rect valuation approaches .....................................................................................9119.4.3 Su rrogate mark et approaches.. ................................................................................ .19219.4.4 Pre ven tive exp en di ture s app roac h .......................................................................... 19 319.4.5 Re placeme nt cost approaches ...................................................................................9319.4.6 Co nti ng en t valu atio n app roac h.. .............................................................................. 19 4

19.5 A l ternat ive economic format .................................................................................................... 19 519.5.1 Cost eff ective analysis approach ..............................................................................95

19.8 References and bibl iograph y ................................................................................................... 198Append ices

A ppend ix 1 Example of env i ronm ental managem ent plan ........................................................ 20 1App endix 2 Impact of road main tenanc e tasks on the envir onm ent in the Sahel. . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .207Append ix 3 Guide to def in ing natural and soc ial indicatorsin env i ronm ental assessment ............................................................................... 21 3

Other sources o f in fo rmat ion ..................................................................................................................................15Glossary ...........................................................................................................................................................................17Index ...................................................................................................................................................................................21

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roads and environment - a handbook

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