robert sturuas sateatro enis formirebisatvis vasaze_ disertacia.pdf · mainly brecht’s...
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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo
universiteti
xelnaweris uflebiT
marine (maka) vasaZe
robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebisaTvis
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
warmodgenili disertacia
Tbilisi, 0108, saqarTvelo
25 ivnisi
2014
2
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo
universitetis humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da marTvis
fakultetis sadoqtoro programa: xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi kvlevebi,
Teatrmcodneoba, dramisa da Teatris Teoria. xelmZRvaneli
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, profesori mixeil kalandariSvili.
Cven qvemore xelismomwerni vadasturebT, rom gavecaniT marine (maka) vasaZis
mier Sesrulebul naSroms: `robert sturuas saTeatro enis
formirebisaTvis~ da vaZlevT rekomendacias saqarTvelos SoTa
rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul,
socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da marTvis fakultets sadisertacio
sabWoSi mis ganxilvas doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad.
recenzentebi:
nodar gurabaniZe,
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, profesori;
Tamar bokuCava,
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, profesori;
25 ivnisi, 2014
fizikuri pirebis an sxva dawesebulebebis mier Sesabamisi dasaxelebis
naSromis gacnobis mizniT moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi misi arakomerciuli
miznebiT kopirebisa da gavrcelebis ufleba miniWebuli aqvs saqarTvelos
SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitets da avtori
inarCunebs danarCen sagamomcemlo uflebebs da arc mTliani naSromis da
arc misi calkeuli nawilis gadabeWdva an sxva raime meTodiT reproduqcia
dauSvebelia avtoris werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. avtori irwmuneba, rom
naSromSi gamoyenebuli saavtoro uflebebiT dacul masalebze miRebulia
Sesabamisi nebarTva (garda mcire zomis citatebisa, romlebic moiTxoven
specifiur midgomas literaturis citirebaSi, rogorc es
miRebulia samecniero naSromebis Sesrulebisas) da yvela maTganze iRebs
pasuxismgeblobas.
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reziume
XXI saukuneSi xelovnebis semiotikas gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs
niSanTa sistemis zogad TeoriaSi. Teatris semiotika _ mniSvnelovani da
dRemde jer isev naklebad Seswavlili nawilia rTuli problemisa.
swored amitom, CemTvis saintereso iyo, Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatris,
konkretulad ki msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli reJisoris _ robert
sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis kvleva, am kuTxiT warmemarTa.
postmodernizmis epoqaSi, saxelovnebo mkvlevrebi, imaze dayrdnobiT, rom
yovelnairi sistema, romelic or an ufro met adamians Soris komunikaciis
saSualebaa, SeiZleba gansazRvruli iyos rogorc ena, amtkiceben, rom
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli ena gaaCnia. aqedan
gamomdinare, Cven SeiZleba visaubroT musikis, ferweris, Teatris, zogadad,
xelovnebis enis Sesaxeb.
saTeatro ena, upirveles yovlisa, aris Teatraloba, romelic warmoadgens
nakrebs sxvadasxva niSnebisa, kodebisa _ msaxiobTa TamaSi (sxeulis
plastika, xmis JReradoba, sivrceSi moZraoba da a. S.), dekoraciebi, Suqi,
musika (melodia, tonaloba, ritmi), dumili, siCume, pauza, metaforebi,
simboloebi da a. S. es yvelaferi qmnis saTeatro enas.
naSromSi gamoyenebulma kvlevis istoriul-tipologiurma da struqturul-
dialeqtikurma meTodma saSualeba momca gameanalizebina, Tu ras
warmoadgens zogadad `saTeatro ena~, ganmesazRvra niSanTa erToblioba,
romlebic am enas qmnian. robert sturuas saTeatro enis kvlevis procesSi
meCvenebina misi formirebis procesi.
upirveles yovlisa, Seasaval nawilSi, ganisazRvra, ras niSnavs `teqsti~
speqtaklSi. ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia visaubroT ama Tu im speqtaklze,
rogorc erTian teqstze. speqtakli matarebelia mTeli rigi calkeuli
Setyobinebebisa, imavdroulad gaaCnia mTlianobis, integrirebulobis
mniSvneloba.
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pirvel TavSi ganvixile robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis
sawyisebi da is sakvanZo speqtaklebi, romlebmac gansakuTrebuli roli
Seasrules robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis procesSi. esenia: a.
cagarelis `xanuma~, d. kldiaSvilis `samaniSvilis dedinacvali, p. kakabaZis
`yvaryvare~, a. sumbaTaSvilis `Ralati~.
meore TavSi, `gaucxoebis efeqti~ da robert sturuas saTeatro ena,
saubaria imis Sesaxeb Tu ra gavlena iqonies bertold brextma da mixeil
baxtinma robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebaze.
mesame TavSi robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana aris gaanalizebuli.
naSromSi ganvixile is dadgmebi, sadac Cemi azriT, yvelaze ufro mZafrad
gamoikveTa reJisoris pozicia, xelwera, saTeatro ena. ZiriTadad ki,
daveyrdeni rusTavelis TeatrSi ganxorcielebul Seqspiris piesebis
sturuaseul interpretaciebs. esenia: `riCard III~, `mefe liri~, `makbeti~
`rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~ da `hamleti~.
speqtaklis erTiani teqsti igeba, sul cota, sami, sakmaod damoukidebeli,
subieqtisagan: piesis sityvieri teqstidan, romelsac qmnian msaxiobebi da
reJisori, musikalur-mxatvruli gaformebiT da ganaTebiT. Tanamedrove
reJisuris SemTxvevaSi, Cven unda ganvasxvaoT piesis teqsti speqtaklis
teqstidan. speqtakli gadascems informacias Seqmnili teqstis meSveobiT.
mayurebeli ki umetes SemTxvevaSi adekvaturad aRiqvams informacias.
pirvel rigSi, robert sturua muSaobs teqstze da teqstidan akeTebs
garkveul kompilacias. arsebuli nawarmoebidan is qmnis Tavis teqsts.
zogjer, robert sturua ar dgams piesiT gansazRvrul yvela suraTs,
moqmedebas. vfiqrob, im xerxebis nakrebiT, romelsac reJisori iyenebs,
sturuam Tavisi saTeatro dadgmebi maqsimalurad miuaxlova
kinoxelovnebis enas. aq vgulisxmob Teatralur formebs gamomsaxvelobiTi
enis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, saTeatro sivrceSi sxvadasxva kinoxedebis
gamoyeneba, erTdroulad ramdenime qmedebis gaSla scenaze.
scenuri qmedebis safuZvelia msaxiobi, moTamaSe adamiani, Caketili scenur
sivrceSi. magram, swored es scenuri qmedebis Zireuli elementi iZens ormag
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semiotikur mniSvnelobas. robert sturuas Teatris msaxiobebi, SeiZleba
iTqvas, universalurebi arian. maT TamaSs ver mivakuTvnebT romelime erT
Teatralur stils.
transformaciam, romelic ganicades robert sturuas speqtaklebSi
Seqspiris tragediis gmirebma, mianiWa maT saxeebs ufro publicisturi
JReradoba. man Tavis, ukve arsebul, `saTeatro enas~ axali JReradoba
SesZina. e. w. `warmosaxvis Teatrs~, pirobiTobas, `gaucxoebis efeqts~ da
distanciur damokidebulebas, Teatralobas daumata gmirTa xasiaTebis
fsiqologiuri damuSaveba (`mefe liri~). Seqspiris poeturi, filosofiuri
sityva sturuam scenaze vizualurad gamoZerwa. ama Tu im epizodSi
movlenis arss igi Tavisebur scenur formas usadagebs.
robert sturuasaTvis Seqspiris piesebSi mniSvnelovania masxaras personaJi,
rac reJisors xels uwyobs Tavisi koncefciis ukeT warmoCenaSi.
robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis, misi Teatraluri esTetikisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia dramaturgis sapirispiro gziT siaruli. imavdroulad
igi axerxebs dramaturgiuli Canafiqris asaxvas.
saTeatro enis erT-erT safuZvels warmoadgens scenis mxatvruli sivrce.
scenuri sivrce gamoirCeva niSnobrivi gajerebulobiT _ yvelaferi, rac
scenazea, iRebs tendencias ganimsWvalos damatebiTi mniSvnelobebiT.
moZraoba iqceva mniSvnelobis matarebel Jestad, nivTi _ detalad. robert
sturuasaTvis niSandoblivia personaJTa qmedebis metaforuli gaazreba.
robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mTelis da nawilis,
fragmentis da erTianobis warmoCena, tragikulis da komikuris
Tanaarseboba.
reJisori musikas aniWebs iseTive funqcias, rogorsac sametyvelo enasa Tu
sxeulis, plastikis enas.
sturuas saTeatro enis kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa kostiumebis
ekleqtizmi. mis speqtaklebSi ferTa simbolikas dramaturgiuli
mniSvneloba aqvs miniWebuli. epoqasTan miaxloebuli kostiumebis gverdiT
Tanamedroved Cacmul personaJebs vxedavT.
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aRsaniSnavia, rom sturuaseul Seqspiris dadgmebSi dro ar aris
gansazRvruli. is, rac scenaze xdeba, yovel droSi SeiZleba ganmeordes.
robert sturuas saTeatro enis erT-erTi niSania scenuri Txrobis
araCveulebrivi dinamikuroba. robert sturuas sareJisoro enas axasiaTebs
sxvadasxva Teatraluri Janrisa Tu mimarTulebis erT speqtaklSi
gaerTianeba.
qarTuli TeatrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, msoflio saTeatro
Janrebis da tendenciebis zogierTi maxasiaTeblebi, bertolt brextis
saTeatro koncefciis transformirebuli saxiT gamoyeneba, mixeil baxtinis
parodiis, groteskuli realizmis, ironiis, karnavalurobis Teoria qmnis
robert sturuas `ekleqtur~, `polistilistur~ Teatrs.
kvlevis samecniero siaxle mdgomareobs sakiTxis dasmasa da gadaWris
gzebSi. kerZod, sakvlevi masalis SerCevasa da misi warmoCenis
Tanmimdevruli dinamikis SeqmnaSi, ramac xeli Seuwyo sakvlevi obieqtis,
robert sturuas saTeatro enis Camoyalibebis kanonzomierebis, gamokveTas
da Cvenebas.
Summary
In XXI century art semiotics occupy a special place in the general theory of system of symbols.
Semiotics of theater is an important and until now the least-studied part of this difficult problem.
That's why it was interesting for me to direct research of modern Georgian theater towards this
aspect. In the age of post-modernism, against a background of existential-significant procedure of
work of art as perception of reflection, in the science of art there appears an issue of its language, as
finding common language between the author and a reader, spectator, listener. Based on the fact
that all systems that are means of communication between two or more people can be defined as a
language, modern scholars of art assert that different fields of art have their own special language.
Since art implies communication, then it necessarily has an organized system – language for
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communication. Therefore, we can speak about the language of music, painting, theater, and art in
general.
Theatrical language is in the first place theatricality, which is a collection of different signs, codes –
actors’ performance (body plasticity, voice sonority, movement in space, etc), decor, lighting, music
(melody, tonality, rhythm), silence, stillness, pause, metaphors, symbols, etc. All these create a
theatrical language.
The historical-typological and structural-dialectical method used in the work gave me the possibility
to analyze what is “theatrical language” in general, to define the aggregate of characters that create
this language; to show the process of formation of Robert Sturua’s theatrical language during its
study.
First of all, it is defined what means “text” in a play. Of course we can talk about the play as a
united text. The play carries a series of individual messages and at the same time has a meaning of
integrity.
The first chapter discusses the key performances that played a special role in formation of Robert
Sturua’s theatrical language. These are: A.Tsagareli’s “Khanuma”, D.Kldiashvili’s “Samanishvili's
Step-Mother”, P.Kakabadze’s “Kvarkvare”, A.Sumbatashvili’s “Treason”.
The second chapter of the work will discuss the impact of Bakhtin’s theory of grotesque realism and
“alienation effect” of Bertolt Brecht on the director’s theatrical language. This chapter analyzes
mainly Brecht’s “Caucasian Chalk Circle” and “The Good Person of Szechwan”. Robert Sturua has
his own comprehension of Brecht’s theatrical aesthetics. The director linked Brecht with Bakhtin
and Georgian theatre and did not transfer Brecht’s principles directly to Georgian theatre as a
simple “craftsman”.
The third chapter analyzes Robert Sturua’s Georgian Shakespeareana. In this work I discuss the
performances in which in my opinion the director’s position, his style, theatrical language was
expressed most intensively. Basically, I relied on interpretations of Shakespeare's plays by Sturua
staged in Rustaveli Theatre. These are: “Richard III”, “King Lear”, “Macbeth”, “Twelfth Night; or,
What You Will” and “Hamlet”.
In conclusion I outlined a list of semiotic signs typical for Robert Sturua’s theatrical language:
1. Text montage (sometimes Robert Sturua does not stage all the scenes, acts defined by a
play);
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2. During staging a performance use of “film montage” method; In order to clearly convey
the concept adding to the characters more publicistic resonance by transformation of these
characters;
3. Metaphorical understanding of characters’ actions;
4. Application of scenic space with mathematical precision and saturation of signs;
attaching the role of symbol or metaphor to decors or props (everything that is on the stage
has the additional meanings);
5. Representation of the unity of whole and part, fragment and entirety;
6. Universality of actors (their play does not belong to one theatrical style); The new manner
of play, psychological moves combined with own theatrical stylistics;
7. Coexistence of drama and irony;
8. Giving music the same function as to the spoken language or plastic, body language;
9. Several musical themes in a play, each of them has dramaturgic and emotional function;
10. Creating plastic sketch by means of music;
11. Eclecticism of performance costumes, adding dramaturgic function to costumes;
excellent dynamics of scenic narration (e.g. if a personage reads a monologue, for Sturua it
is not only a monologue in classic interpretation);
12. Mixing times (in his performances time is never defined);
13. Nonexistence of border between reality and conventionality;
14. Poly-stylistics of genres.
Thus, we can say that the main innovation of the work in Georgian theatrology is a process of
studying theatrical language in general, and specifically study, analysis of Robert Sturua’s theatrical
language, the introduction of new forms and new complex approaches for this field.
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s a r C e v i
1. Sesavali, saTeatro enis raoba 10
2. Tavi I, robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sawyisebi 32
3. Tavi II, `gaucxoebis efeqti~ da robert sturuas saTeatro ena 68
4. Tavi III, robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana 88
`riCard III~ 88
`mefe liri~ 108
`makbeti~ 128
`rogorc geneboT, anu Sobis meTormete Rame~ 144
`hamleti~ 164
5. Ddaskvna 185
6. gamoyenebuli literatura 201
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Sesavali
XXI saukuneSi xelovnebis semiotikas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs
niSanTa sistemis zogad TeoriaSi. Teatris semiotika _ mniSvnelovani da
dRemde jer isev naklebad Seswavlili nawilia am rTuli problemisa.
swored amitom, CemTvis saintereso iyo robert sturuas Semoqmedebis
kvleva am kuTxiT warmemarTa. robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis
procesis gaanalizebisas Sevecade gamomekveTa robert sturuas Teatris
semiotika.
kvlevis procesSi kompleqsurad Seviswavle xelovnebis, konkretulad
ki _ saTeatro enaze dawerili Sromebi, am SromebSi gamoTqmuli azri da
problematika. kerZod, davamuSave _ iuri lotmanis, roland bartis, mixeil
baxtinis, ilia ilinis, marsel martenis, siuzan melrouzis, Carlz
jenksis, aleqsei losevis, iuri tinianovis, viqtor Sklovskis, valentina
dianovas, viqtoria zaSCepkinas da sxvaTa _ statiebi da gamokvlevebi.
gavaanalize cnebebi, romlebic gansazRvraven xelovnebis enisa, zogadad,
da, konkretulad, saTeatro enis specifikas, mis struqturas, niSnebis
erTobliobas. aqedan gamomdinare, vcade warmomeCina, Tu ra fenomenia
robert sturuas saTeatro ena. kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare, davadgine
Zireuli amocanebi, romelTa safuZvelzec is etapobrivad ganxorcielda.
kvlevis meTodi, romelic avirCie, SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc
istoriul-tipologiuri da struqturul-dialeqtikuri.
robert sturuas Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb arsebobs TeatrmcodneTa:
nodar gurabaniZis, dali mumlaZis, paola uruSaZis, Tamar bokuCavas da
sxvaTa safuZvliani Sromebi. nodar gurabaniZis wignSi `reJisori robert
sturua~ TvalsaCinod aris warmoCenili reJisoris ormocwliani
SemoqmedebiTi gza SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis akademiur TeatrSi,
institutSi swavlis periodidan 1996 wlis CaTvliT. araerTi recenziis,
dialogis, samecniero kvleviTi statiis avtoria dali mumlaZe. pirvelad,
swored mis SromebSi gamoikveTa robert sturuas SemoqmedebaSi
postmodernizmis niSnebi. paola uruSaZes samecniero kvlevis interess
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warmoadgenda Seqspiris sturuaseuli koncefciebi. am TemasTan mimarTebiT,
igi mravali statiis da rusul enaze gamoqveynebuli wignis `Seqspiri da
qarTuli Teatri~ (Шекспир и грузинский театр) avtoria. aseve, araerTi
sagazeTo da saJurnalo publikaciis avtors, Tamar bokuCavas
disertaciaSi: `miTosi da qarTuli Teatri~, axali kuTxiT aqvs
gaanalizebuli robert sturuas sareJisoro koncefciebi. rasac man ori
Tavi miuZRvna: `miTTa dekonstruqcia da konstruireba robert sturuas
SemoqmedebaSi~ da `speqtakl `stiqsis~ winaswari gagebisaTvis~. aqedan
gamomdinare, winamdebare naSromi erT-erTi nawilia robert sturuas
Semoqmedebis kvlevisa.
sxvadasxva saxis miniSnebebi, robert sturuas saTeatro enis Sesaxeb,
yvela zemoT CamoTvlili Teatrmcodnis naSromSi gvxvdeba. naSromis
siaxles warmoadgens samecniero kvlevis axali kuTxiT warmarTva da
masalisadmi interdisciplinaruli midgoma, ris Sedegadac gamoikveTa
saTeatro enis raoba da robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis
procesi. siaxlea, am kuTxiT (vgulisxmob saTeatro enas) misi Semoqmedebis
Seswavla, robert sturuas Teatris semiotikis kvleva, problemis
mecnieruli damuSaveba. amgvarad, naSromSi gamoyenebulma kvlevis
istoriul-tipologiurma da struqturul-dialeqtikurma meTodma
saSualeba momca gameanalizebina, Tu ras warmoadgens zogadad `saTeatro
ena~, ganmesazRvra niSnebis is erToblioba, romlebic am enas qmnian.
robert sturuas saTeatro enis kvlevisas meCvenebina misi formirebis
procesi.
lingvosemiotikis ganviTarebasTan erTad saxelovnebo mecnierebaSi
gaaqtiurda `xelovnebis enis~ kvleva. XX s. meore naxevari iqca
metakulturuli problemebis epoqad. am periodSi SeiniSneba miTologiuri
azrovnebis zogierTi maxasiaTeblis regeneracia. aranakleb mniSvnelovania
mxatvruli enebis gamoyeneba kulturis metameqanizmebis gansaviTareblad.
erTi romelime mxatvruli enis, rogorc kulturis metaenis gamoyofis
paralelurad viTardeba sxva tendencia _ metaxelovnebis Seqmna:
metapoeziis (poezia poeziaze), metaferweris (ferwera _ ferweris enis
aRmweri), metaTeatris (Teatri _ Teatris enis gamaanalizebeli),
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metakinematografis. am TvalsazrisiT semiotikis gamoCena kanonzomieria
ara marto mecnierebis istoriis perspeqtivaSi, aramed, rogorc faqti
kulturis TviTorganizaciisa. `Tuki Cven SevTanxmdebiT, rom evolucia
aris sistemis wevrebis Tanafardobis, funqciisa da formaluri
elementebis cvlileba _ evolucia aRmoCndeba `cvlilebad~ sistemebisa. es
cvlilebebi epoqidan epoqamde atareben xan nel da xanac naxtomisebr
xasiaTs da ar gulisxmoben formaluri elementebis ucabed da srul
ganaxlebasa da Secvlas, magram gulisxmoben am formaluri elementebis
axal funqcias~.1
ras niSnavs `xelovnebis ena~? terminSi `ena~ mecnierebi gulisxmoben
yvelanair sakomunikacio sistemas, romelic sargeblobs gansakuTrebuli
saxiT ganlagebuli niSnebiT. semiotika enas ganixilavs rogorc niSanTa
sistemas, komunikaciis saSualebas. winamdebare naSromSi Cven ar vapirebT
enis bunebis lingvistur analizs da mxolod SegaxsenebT, Tu ra
mniSvneloba aqvs mas TavisTavad, garda imisa, rom igi ideebis
gamtarebelia.
`marTlac, ra aris ena? Cveulebriv mas ganixilaven rogorc
saSualebas, Seqmnils adamianis mier Tavisive msgavsTan komunikaciisaTvis,
aqedan gamomdinare, rogorc raRac xelovnurs (xelovnuri, anu Seqmnili
adamianis mier, gansxvavebiT bunebaSi aRmocenebulisa). Zalian advilia imis
damtkiceba, rom es Tvalsazrisi mcdaria. Tuki ena marTlac xelovnurad
Seiqmna, igi unda arsebuliyo Tavis aRmocenebamde, vinaidan adamianebs
aucileblad mouwevdaT miemarTaT sityvebisaTvis, raTa moelaparakebinaT
maT mniSvnelobaze. aqedan gamomdinare, ena ar Seqmnila xelovnurad. es
aris iseTive bunebrivi movlena, rogoric Tavad adamiania. aqve unda
ganvmartoT, rom ena socialuri movlenaa: misi mizania _ komunikacia,
romelic amave dros mis mizezsac warmoadgens~.2
xelovneba obieqturad, ama Tu im xerxiT, yovelTvis asaxavs
cxovrebiseul movlenebs, gadahyavs ra is Tavis enaze, avtorisa da
1 Тынянов Ю. Поэтика, история литературы, кино. М. «Наука». 1977. ст. 281. 2 Марсель М. Язык кино, М. «Искусство». 1959. ст.19.
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mayureblis gacnobierebuli ganwyoba am sakiTxisadmi SeiZleba iyos sammagi.
pirvel rigSi, xelovneba da aramxatvruli realoba ganixileba rogorc
sferoebi, romelTa Soris gansxvaveba imdenad didia, rom maTi Sedareba
gamoricxulia. iq, sadac gamomsaxvelobiTi xelovneba an Teatri
sargebloben winaswar gansazRvruli pirobiTi niSnebiT da urTierToba
gamosaxulebasa da Sinaars Soris ganisazRvreba ara msgavsebiT, aramed
istoriuli konvenciiT, maTi erTmaneTSi `arevis~ SesaZlebloba
gamoricxulia. tilosa da mayurebels, scenasa da darbazs Soris
warmoiSoba gadaulaxavi zRvari. mxatvruli da aramxatvruli sivrce
imdenad mkveTrad aris erTmaneTisgan dacilebuli, rom maT Soris
SesaZlebelia Tanaarseboba, magram ara Serwyma. meorec, cxovreba gamodis,
rogorc modelirebadi aqtiurobis sfero _ qmnis nimuSebs, romelTac
baZavs xelovneba. Tuki meore SemTxvevaSi xelovneba adamianTa
cxovrebiseul qcevas aZlevs formebs, maSin mesameSi cxovrebiseuli qcevis
formebi gansazRvraven scenur qcevebs. aris epoqebi, rodesac xelovneba
Zlierad iWreba yofaSi, esTetikurobas sZens cxovrebis yoveldRiur
mdinarebas. aseTi iyo aRorZinebis, barokos, romantizmis, XIX saukunis
dasawyisis xelovneba. swored imitom, rom Teatraluri cxovreba
gansxvavdeba yofiTisagan, Sexeduleba cxovrebaze, rogorc speqtaklze,
adamians axali qcevis SesaZleblobebs aZlevda.
postmodernizmis epoqaSi, mxatvruli nawarmoebis, rogorc asaxvis
aRqmis, egzistencialur-mniSvnelovani proceduris fonze, Tanamedrove
saxelovnebo mecnierebaSi dgeba sakiTxi misi enis Sesaxeb, rogorc saerTo
enis gamonaxvisa avtorsa da mkiTxvels, mayurebels, msmenels Soris.
komunikaciis yoveli aqti Tavis TavSi Seicavs informaciis gadamcemsa da
mimRebs, xolo imisaTvis, rom mimRebma gaigos gadamcemis Setyobineba,
aucilebelia, maT Soris arsebobdes saerTo Suamavali _ ena.
Tanamedrove saxelovnebo mkvlevrebi, imaze dayrdnobiT, rom
yovelnairi sistema, romelic or an ufro met adamians Soris komunikaciis
saSualebaa, SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc ena, amtkiceben, rom
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli ena gaaCnia. cnobili
14
lingvisti, literaturisa da xelovnebis mkvlevari, filosofosi iuri
lotmani miiCnevs, rom vinaidan xelovneba Seicavs komunikacias, mas
aucileblad aqvs am komunikaciis gansaxorcieleblad organizebuli
sistema, anu _ ena. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven SeiZleba visaubroT musikis,
ferweris, Teatris, zogadad _ xelovnebis enaze.
`ena, upirveles yovlisa, azrobrivi sferoa; da enis niSnebi
azrobrivi niSnebia, xolo Tavis azrs isini iZenen im sagnebisgan,
romlebsac aRniSnaven; ase rom, es sagnebi, romlebic manamde ucnobi,
nakleb gansazRvruli da adamianis cnobierebisaTvis bundovani iyo,
mxolod aq, pirvelad iZenen Tavis azrs, Tumca es azri maTTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo manamdec, adamianis mier maT gamosaxvamde da
adamianamdec ki, magram es ar iyo enobrivi azri da, SeiZleba iTqvas,
adamianuri azri, adamianTa mier gamosaxuli da Secnobili, aramed azri
realur-materialuri~.3
yovel bunebriv enaSi arsebobs niSanTa sistema Tavisi gansazRvruli
wesebiT, romelTa mixedviTac lagdeba am niSanTa sxvadasxva kombinacia.
Tanamedrove semiotikaSi SeiniSneba yuradRebis gadatana verbaluri
niSnebidan araverbalur niSnebze. wamoiWra sakiTxi niSnis lingvisturi
bunebis gadaxedvis Sesaxeb. am lingvisturi gadatrialebis Sedegad
yvelaferi moiazreboda rogorc teqsti, diskursi, mTeli kacobriobis
kultura _ rogorc jami teqstebisa, rogorc interteqsti, romlis
wakiTxvac SeiZleba gramatikis Sesabamisi wesebis mixedviT. ra Tqma unda,
specifikuri yoveli saxeobis teqstisTvis, magram agebuli bunebrivi enis
gramatikis Sesabamisad. amgvarad, araverbalur niSnebs miaweres verbaluri
niSnebis Tvisebebi. yovelgvari niSnebi, rogorc kognituri, aseve
komunikatoruli, unda ikiTxebodes, amisTvis ki aucilebelia wakiTxvis
proceduris Seswavla. yovel enas aqvs Tavisi gansazRvruli struqtura.
Tuki xelovneba komunikaciis saSualebaa da, aqedan gamomdinare, enaa, maSin
am enas aucileblad unda hqondes Tavisi niSanTa sistema, mxolod misTvis
3 Лосев А. Проблема символа и реалистическое искусство. M. «Искусство». 1976. ст.106.
15
damaxasiaTebeli (gansazRvruli) saxiT mowyobili. sakiTxis amgvarad dasma
iZleva imis saSualebas, rom xelovnebas ori gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT
mivudgeT.
pirvel rigSi, xelovnebas aqvs yvela sxva enasTan raRac saerTo da
meorec, gaaCnia mxolod misTvis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli enisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli, rac asxvavebs mas am tipis sxva sistemebisgan. iuri
lotmani gamoyofs enebis sam tips.
`cneba `ena~ aerTianebs:
a) bunebriv enebs (magaliTad: rusuli, franguli, estonuri, Cexuri);
b) xelovnur enebs: mecnierebis enebi (metaenebi samecniero aRwerisTvis),
pirobiTi signalebis enebi (magaliTad, sagzao niSnebi) da a. S.;
g) meoradi enebis meorad modelirebad sistemebs _ komunikaciuri
struqturebi, daSenebuli bunebriv-enobriv safexurze (miTi, religia)~4 da
askvnis, rom xelovneba meoradi modelirebadi sistemaa, xolo `meoradi,
enasTan mimarTebaSi~ ar unda gavigoT, `enis, rogorc masalis
gamomyenebeli~.5
vinaidan adamianis cnobiereba enobrivi Semecnebaa, misi yvela saxeoba,
maT Soris xelovnebac, SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc meoradi
modelirebadi sistema. amrigad, xelovneba warmoadgens erTgvar, meorad
enas, xolo xelovnebis nimuSi _ am enaze Seqmnil teqsts. avtori, Semoqmedi
mis mier Seqmnili enobrivi sistemiT gadascems informacias mkiTxvels,
mayurebels, msmenels da a. S. swored am enis meSveobiT myardeba kontaqti
informaciis gadamcemsa da mimRebs Soris, adresatsa da adresants Soris.
imavdroulad, adresati SeiZleba iyos erTi an mravali. amgvarad, Semoqmedi
xelovnebis meSveobiT gadascems informacias. mxatvruli teqstis
informaciuli sisavse miiRweva imiT, rom miuxedavad misi rTuli, xSirad
bolomde gaugebari Sinagani meqanizmisa, struqturuli kanonzomiereba ar
amcirebs masSi informaciulobas. am informaciis gadacemas mkvlevrebma
pirobiTad uwodes mxatvruli komunikacia da gansazRvres, rom mxatvruli
komunikaciis monawile iRebs informacias ara mxolod Setyobinebidan,
4 Лотман Ю. Об Искусствe. M. «Искусство». 2005. ст. 21. 5 iqve:Ggv. 21.
16
aramed im enidanac, romelzec esaubreba mas xelovneba. mxatvruli
komunikaciis aqtSi arasdros aris SeumCneveli, avtomatizibuli, winaswar
ganWvretili sistema.Aaqedan gamomdinare, mxatvruli urTierTobisas
esTetikuri konteqstis enam da teqstma imave enaze, mTeli urTierTobis
ganmavlobaSi unda SeinarCunon moulodneloba. mxatvruli komunikacia
TiTqosda qmnis urTierTsawinaaRmdego situacias. vinaidan is, rac
moulodnelia, arakanonzomieria, xolo rac arakanonzomieri,
arasistemuria, ar SeiZleba gadaices, vinaidan niSanTa sazRvrebs gareT
rCeba. `am sawyisi winaaRmdegobidan mxatvruli teqsti ori gziT gamodis.
pirveli dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom erTi da igive teqsti esadageba or
struqturul normas. is, rac teqstSi erTi normativi poziciidan
SemTxveviTia, meorisTvis aRmoCndeba kanonzomieri. ori sawinaaRmdego
sistemis sisavse erTimeoris gadafarvisas qreba da teqsti Tavidan
bolomde inarCunebs informaciulobas~.6
mkvlevrebi mividnen mniSvnelovan daskvnamde: yoveli ena aris ara
mxolod komunikatoruli, aramed modelirebadi sistema, ufro sworad,
orive es funqcia uwyvet kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. yovel komunikaciis
sistemas SeuZlia Seasrulos modelirebadi funqcia da piriqiT, yovel
modelirebis sistemas SeuZlia iTamaSos komunikatoruli roli. ra Tqma
unda, esa Tu is funqcia SeiZleba iyos gamoxatuli ufro mZafrad an
piriqiT, _ TiTqmis ar SeigrZnobodes, magram potenciurad orive funqcia
Tanaarsebobs. es Zalian mniSvnelovania xelovnebisTvis.
Tuki xelovnebis nawarmoebi me raimes matyobinebs, Tuki es emsaxureba
komunikaciis miznebs gadamcemsa da mimRebs Soris, maSin masSi SeiZleba
gamoiyos: Setyobineba _ is, rac gadaicema da ena _ saerTo abstraqtuli
sistema gadamcemisTvisac da mimRebisTvisac, romelic SesaZlebels xdis
Tavad komunikaciis aqts. semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT kultura SeiZleba
warmovidginoT, rogorc rTulad organizebuli niSnobrivi meqanizmi. mis
erT-erT ZiriTad Taviseburebas warmoadgens is, rom mTlianobis
6 lotmani i. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv.327.
17
uzrunvelmyofeli Sinagani kavSirebi realizdeba semiotikuri
komunikaciebis meSveobiT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kulturas axasiaTebs poliglotizmi. arc erTi
kultura ar SeiZleba dakmayofildes erTi eniT. yvelaze cota, SeiZleba
visaubroT ori paraleluri enis Tanaarsebobaze _ sityvieri da
gamomsaxvelobiTi. nebismieri kulturis dinamika Seicavs semiotikuri
komunikaciebis krebulis gamravlebas. sxvadasxva saxis elementebis
Tanaarseboba _ farTod miRebuli saSualebaa xelovnebaSi. ufro metic,
zogierTi mxatvruli stili orientirebulia elementebis Sejaxebaze, mwvave
konfliqtze, magram rogori stilic ar unda avirCioT _ kontrastebiT
gamaocebeli Tu harmoniiT STabeWdilebis Semqmneli _ misi meqanizmis
safuZvelSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT Tanaarseboba da winaaRmdegoba
elementebisa, konstruqciis is Sinagani winaaRmdegoba, romlis gareSec
`teqsts~ CamoerTmeoda mxatvruli informaciuloba. nebismier kulturaSi
Tanaarseboben sxvadasxva epoqebi. metadoneze es sxvadasxvaoba ixsneba.
tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, metameqanizmi SeiZleba igebodes sami tipis
safuZvelze: miTologiuri (miTologiuri tipis metaenobrivi meqanizmis
warmoqmnas aqvs saerTo niSnebi miTwarmoqmnasTan), mxatvruli da
samecniero.
lingvosemiotikosebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, amtkiceben, rom
xelovneba gansakuTrebuli saxiT organizebuli enaa, aqedan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba visaubroT musikis, ferweris, kinos, Teatris da a. S. enaze.
uSualod robert sturuas saTeatro enis kvlevamde, Sevecdebi mimovixilo,
Tu ras warmoadgens, zogadad, `saTeatro ena~. `saTeatro enaze~ saubrisas
unda ganisazRvros niSnebis is erToblioba, romlebic am enas qmnian.
xelovneba Semecnebis da urTierTobis saSualebaa. igi eZebs
WeSmaritebas da gamoxatavs mas Tavis, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel,
enaze. xelovnebis semiotikas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs niSanTa
sistemis zogad TeoriaSi. Teatris semiotika _ mniSvnelovani da dRemde
jer isev naklebad Seswavlili nawilia am rTuli problemisa.
1. scenuri qmedeba, rogorc erTianoba msaxiobebisa, romlebic
moqmedeben da axorcieleben saqciels, maT mier warmoTqmuli sityvieri
18
teqstebi, dekoraciebi da rekviziti, ganaTeba, musikaluri gaformeba...
warmoadgens mniSvnelovani sirTulis teqsts, romelic iyenebs sxvadasxva
tipisa da xarisxis pirobiT niSnebs. Tumca is faqti, rom scenuri samyaro
Tavisi bunebiT niSnobrivia, aniWebs mas gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovan
Tvisebebs. niSani Tavisi arsiT winaaRmdegobrivia: is mudam realuria da
mudam iluzoruli. realuria imitom, rom niSnis buneba materialuria;
imisaTvis, rom iqces niSnad, anu gardaiqmnas socialur faqtad,
mniSvneloba realizebuli unda iqnas raime materialur substanciaSi.
niSnis iluzoruloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is yovelTvis moCvenebiTia,
anu asaxavs ara mis garegnul saxes, aramed raRac sxvas. amasTan,
aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT, rom xelovnebis sferoSi
mravalmniSvneloba Sinaarsobriobisa izrdeba. winaaRmdegoba realursa da
iluzoruls Soris qmnis semiotikuri mniSvnelobebis im garemos, romelSic
cxovrobs yoveli mxatvruli teqsti. scenuri teqstis erT-erTi
gansakuTrebuloba gamoyenebuli enebis mravalferovnebaSia.
2. Jestebi ewodeba gansazRvruli mniSvnelobebis matarebel
moZraobebs. 3. fiqsirebuli mniSvnelobebiT dakavSirebuli fonemebis
SeTavsebas _ sityvebi. 4. ufro ganzogadebuli midgomisas SeiZleba
visaubroT niSnebze _ simboloebze _ gamoxatvis nebismier saSualebaze,
mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli mniSvnelobebis matareblebze. niSnebi
arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis, razec damokidebulia maTi pirobiTobis xarisxi.
niSnebi iseTi tipisa, rogoric aris `sityva~, pirobiTad, aerTianeben
zogierT mniSvnelobas gansazRvrul gamoxatulebasTan (erTsa da imave
mniSvnelobas sxvadasxva enaze sxvadasxva gamoxatuleba aqvs).
gamomsaxvelobiTi (`xatovani~) niSnebi aerTianeben Sinaarss gamosaxvasTan,
romlebic floben garkveul msgavsebas. nebismier adamianTa Soris
urTierTobas, romelic eyrdnoba gansazRvruli wesebiT daregulirebul
niSanTa sistemas, SeiZleba vuwodoT enobrivi urTierToba. am sistemebsa da
maTi meSveobiT urTierTobebis pirobebs Seiswavlis semiotika. vinaidan es
aris mecniereba urTierTobebze, Setyobinebebis gadacemaze, adamianTa mier
19
sxva xalxisa da sakuTari Tavis gageba _ argagebaze, socialur-
kulturuli formebis kodirebaze _ mas aqvs sazogadoebrivi xasiaTi.
adamianTa garkveul qmedebebs erTiani gegmiT, cnobieri an
aracnobieri programiT ganxorcielebuls, ewodeba qceva. magaliTad,
samuSao qceva da niSnobrivi. niSnobrivi qceva vlindeba TamaSebrivi
xasiaTis rTul formebSi da xdeba arsebiTi yvela xalxisTvis. niSnobrivi
qcevis sferoa: zeimi, TamaSi, sazogadoebrivi da religiuri dResaswaulebi.
gansakuTrebul tansacmels, moZraobebs, metyvelebis xasiaTisa da tipis
cvlilebebs, musikas, simReras, Jestebisa da qmedebebis mkacr
Tanmimdevrobas mivyavarT ritualis warmoSobasTan. dgindeba kalendris
Sesabamisi dReebi, Sesabamisi tanisamosi da sagangebod gamoyofili
adgilebi. `praqtikuli da ritualuri qcevis urTierTqmedebis mniSvnelovan
sferos warmoadgens TamaSi. imisda miuxedavad, rom TamaSi Cvens
cnobierebaSi asocirdeba dasvenebasTan, fsiqologiur da fizikur
gantvirTvasa da garTobasTan, mas gansakuTrebulad didi adgili aqvs
cxovrebaSi, individis aRzrdasa da sazogadoebis kulturaSi~.7
TamaSebri qcevis specifika mis araerTgvarovnebaSia: TamaSi
gulisxmobs erTdroul realizacias praqtikuli da pirobiTi qcevisa.
moTamaSes axsovs, rom igi imyofeba ara realur, aramed, pirobiT _ TamaSis
samyaroSi. imavdroulad igi ganicdis sinamdvilesTan miaxloebul
emociebs. TamaSis qcevis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTdroulad icode
da arc icode, gaxsovdes da gaviwydebodes, rom situacia gamogonilia.
TamaSis xelovneba swored ormagi qcevis Cvevebis dauflebaSia. nebismieri
`amovardna~, rodesac qreba `viTom~, angrevs TamaSs. TamaSi adamianis
garSemo qmnis mravalmxrivi SesaZleblobebis gansakuTrebul samyaros da
amiT aqtiurobis zrdis mastimulirebelia. TamaSi _ SemoqmedebiTi
azrovnebis erT-erTi meqanizmia, romelic pasiurad ki ar misdevs romelime
winaswar mocemul programas, aramed orientirebulia SesaZleblobebis
rTul da mravalmxriv uwyvetobaze. amgvarad, cxovrebaSi, arsebobs scenis
miRma ganviTarebuli masalebi, romelTagan igeba Teatraluri samyaro.
7 lotmani i. dasaxelebuli naSromi., gv. 585.
20
aRsaniSnavia, rom es masalebi TavisTavad jer kidev ar qmnian Teatrs _
amisTvis, maT unda Seexos xelovneba.
`saTeatro xelovnebas gaaCnia semiotikuri meqanizmebi. Teatrisa da
qcevis urTierTqmedebis rezultatia is, rom Teatris istoriaSi mudmivad
moqmedi tendenciis _ scenuri cxovrebis mimsgavsebisa realurTan _
gverdiT aseve arsebobs sawinaaRmdego _ realuri cxovrebis (an misi
gansazRvruli sferoebis) mimsgavseba TeatrTan. ukanaskneli tendencia
gansakuTrebiT SeigrZnoba kulturaSi, sadac gamomuSavdeba naTlad
gamoxatuli ritualizebuli qceva. Tuki Tavis saTaveebSi Teatraluri
qmedeba ritualidan gamomdinareobs, Semdgom istoriul ganviTarebaSi
xdeba piruku dasesxeba: rituali iTvisebs saTeatro normebs~.8
saTeatro xelovneba flobs Tavis specifikur enas. saTeatro enis
erT-erT safuZvels warmoadgens scenis mxatvruli sivrce. Teatraluri
sivrce ZiriTadad or nawilad iyofa: scena da mayurebelTa darbazi,
romelTa Soris myardeba urTierTobebi. arsebobs dadgmebi, sadac sivrce
sam nawilad iyofa: scena, scena-scenaze da mayurebelTa darbazi. sivrcis
amgvari dayofa im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, rodesac speqtaklSi TamaSdeba
`Teatri-TeatrSi~. aseTi dayofa sivrcisa arc ise xSiria. ZiriTadad,
sivrce ori nawilisgan Sedgeba. saubaria urTierTdapirispirebaze
arsebulsa da ararsebuls Soris. arseboba da realoba am ori Teatraluri
nawilisa, TiTqosda, realizdeba or sxvadasxva ganzomilebaSi. mayureblis
TvalsazrisiT, fardis awevisa da piesis dawyebis momentidan mayurebelTa
darbazi wyvets arsebobas. yvelaferi rampis aqeTa mxares qreba. misi
utyuari realoba uCinardeba da mTlianad uTmobs adgils scenuri
moqmedebis iluzorul realobas. scenis TvalsazrisiT, ar arsebobs
mayurebelTa darbazi. Teatri moiTxovs adresatis arsebobas, am adresatis
yofnas scenaze arsebul droSi da imavdroulad aRiqvams misgan momaval
signalebs (mdumarebis, mowonebis da gakicxvis, daZraxvis niSnebs),
Sesabamisad varirebs teqstiT. `swored am teqstis dialogis bunebasTanaa
dakavSirebuli misi iseTi Tviseba, rogoricaa variantuloba (saxesxvaoba).
8 iqve: gv. 585.
21
cneba `kanonikuri teqsti~ iseTive ucxoa speqtaklisaTvis, rogorc
folklorisTvis, igi icvleba romeliRac invariantis cnebiT, romelic
realizdeba rig variantebSi~.9
scenuri sivrce gamoirCeva niSnobrivi gajerebulobiT _ yvelaferi,
rac scenazea, iRebs tendencias ganimsWvalos damatebiTi mniSvnelobebiT.
moZraoba iqceva mniSvnelobis matarebel Jestad, nivTi _ detalad. yoveli
moqmedeba savse unda iyos sakuTari mniSvnelobiT da imavdroulad
gamzadebdes SemdegisaTvis, kidev ufro mniSvnelovanisaTvis. scenuri
samyaro Tavisi bunebiT niSnobrivia, rac aniWebs mas gansakuTrebul,
arsebiT Tvisebebs. `arsebobs scenuri sivrce, rogorc realuri
mocemuloba da arsebobs dramatuli sivrce, rogorc misi referenti.
dramatul sivrces patris pavi ganmartavs rogorc mayureblisa Tu
mkiTxvelis mier warmosaxvaSi Seqmnil sivrces. scenuri sivrce dramatuli
sivrcis referencias axdens. is mayureblis warmosaxvis warmarTvisa da
modelirebis funqcias kisrulobs. dramatuli da scenuri sivrcis
urTierTsinTezis safuZvelze iqmneba e. w. mayureblis Sida sivrcec,
scenuri sivrcis saboloo formirebas mayureblis mes TviTproeqcia
asrulebs, mxolod aseTi TviTporeqciis gziT ganxorcielebuli
semiotizaciis gziT iZens sivrceTa gadakveTis es fizikuri wertili
srulfasovan sazriss~.10
scenuri qmedebis safuZvelia msaxiobi, moTamaSe adamiani, Caketili
scenur sivrceSi. magram, swored es scenuri qmedebis Zireuli elementi
iZens ormag semiotikur mniSvnelobas. scenaze viTardeba movlenaTa jaWvi,
gmirebi sxvadasxva qcevas axorcieleben, erTi scena cvlis meores. Tavis
SigniT es samyaro cxovrobs ara niSnobrivi, aramed realuri cxovrebiT.
yovel msaxiobs `sjera~ rogorc sakuTari, aseve partnioris da
mTlianobaSi moqmedebis realurobisa scenaze. mayurebeli ki aris
esTetikuri da ara realuri gancdis zemoqmedebis qveS. mayurebeli
9lotmani i. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 588-589.
10bokuCava T. Teatraluri nawarmoebi rogorc `teqsti~ da struqtura. samecniero
konferenciis masalebi II. Tb. `kentavri~. 2010. gv. 14.
22
sxvanairad iqceva: ra gancdebic ar unda hqondes, gaunZrevlad rCeba
savarZelSi. scenaze myofi adamianebisaTvis xdeba movlena, darbazSi
myofTaTvis ki movlena warmoadgens sakuTari Tavis niSans. `msaxiobs
mihyavs dialogi or sxvadasxva sibrtyeze: gamoxatuli urTierToba mas
akavSirebs moqmedebis sxva monawileebTan, xolo aragamoxatuli Cumi
dialogi _ mayurebelTan. orive SemTxvevaSi igi gvevlineba ara dakvirvebis
pasiur obieqtad, aramed komunikaciis aqtiur monawiled. aqedan
gamomdinare, misi yofiereba scenaze principulad ori mniSvnelobisaa: igi
SeiZleba aRqmuli iqnas rogorc uSualo realoba da rogorc realoba,
gardasaxuli niSnad am realobisa. am ukiduresobebs Soris mudmivi
meryeoba aniWebs speqtakls sicxoveles, xolo mayurebels Setyobinebis
pasiuri mimRebidan gardaqmnis monawiled koleqtiuri cnobierebis aqtisa,
romelic TeatrSi mimdinareobs~.11
scenuri sanaxaobis winapirobas warmoadgens mayureblis darwmuneba,
rom gansazRvruli kanonebi sinamdvilisa scenur sivrceSi SeiZleba
TamaSis Seswavlis obieqtad iqcnen, anu SeiZleba deformirdnen an saerTod
gauqmdnen. magaliTad, dro scenaze SeiZleba realobaSi arsebul droze
ufro swrafad, an SeiZleba ufro nela miedinebodes. scenis kanonebze
drois daqvemdebareba mas kvlevis obieqtad aqcevs. scenaze, iseve rogorc
yovelnairi ritualis Caketil sivrceSi, xazgasmulia sivrcis semantikuri
koordinatebi.
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens scenaze dekoracia da rekviziti.
dekoraciisa da rekvizitis semiotikuri buneba ufro gasagebi gaxdeba, Tuki
SevadarebT mis funqciasa da gamoyenebas kinoSi. Teatralur da
kinodarbazSi mayurebeli mTeli sanaxaobis ganmavlobaSi erTsa da imave
fiqsirebul mdgomareobaSia, magram maTi damokidebuleba im esTetikur
kategoriasTan, romelsac xelovnebis struqturul TeoriaSi ewodeba
Wvreta, Zlier gansxvavebulia. Teatraluri mayurebeli inarCunebs bunebriv
xedvas sanaxaobaze, romelic ganisazRvreba misi Tvalis optikuri
urTierTobebiT scenisadmi. mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi es pozicia
11 lotmani i. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 592.
23
ucvlelia. kinomayureblis Tvalsa da ekranze gamosaxulebas Soris
arsebobs Suamavali _ operatoris mier mimarTuli kinoaparatis obieqtivi.
mayurebeli TiTqos gadascems mas Tavis xedvas. xedi da rakursi
kinogamoxatvis aqtiuri elementebia. dekoraciebis da sagnebis (rekvizitis)
funqciebi kinosa da TeatrSi gansxvavebulia. sagani TeatrSi mxolod
msaxiobis TamaSis atributia, kinoSi igi SeiZleba sruluflebiani moqmedi
piri iyos. es, kerZod, ganisazRvreba SesaZleblobiT _ sagani gadaRebuli
iqnas msxvili xediT, kadrebis ricxobrivi zrdis meSveobiT masze
yuradRebis SeCerebiT da sxv. kinematografSi detali TamaSobs, TeatrSi
igi gaTamaSdeba. TeatrSi da, ufro metad kinoSi, sagani, rekviziti
metaforis, simbolos rolis matarebelia. metaforebs da simboloebs
SeiZleba hqondes Zalian rTuli da mravalmxrivi mniSvneloba. gamovyofT
sami saxis metafora-simboloebs: 1. plastikur metaforebs, dafuZnebulebs
wminda garegnul msgavsebaze an gamosaxulebis kontrastze. 2. dramatul
metaforebs: isini TamaSoben rols qmedebaSi da SemoaqvT ganmartebiTi
elementi, xels uwyoben monaTxrobis gagebas. dabolos, arsebobs
metaforebis mesame kategoria _ 3. ideologiuri, vinaidan maTi mizania _
mayureblis cnobierebaSi dabados idea, romelic scildeba scenaze an
kadrSi arsebuli moqmedebis zRvars, emsaxureba ideebis gamoxatvas,
romelic monaTxrobis CarCoebze, romelSic isinia CarTuli, bevrad metia
da asaxaven reJisoris damokidebulebas kacobriobis winaSe mdgari yvelaze
mniSvnelovani problemebisadmi. saboloo jamSi, gamoxataven gansazRvrul
msoflmxedvelobas. `metafora _ es niSania da erTdroulad ilustracia;
amgvarad, es enis elementia. metyvelebis toni, misi ritmuli agebuleba _ es
enobrivi elementebia, romlebic sxvadasxva amocanas asruleben~.12
gansxvavebulia mayureblis damokidebulebac mxatvruli sivrcisadmi.
kinoSi sivrcis iluzoruli gamosaxuleba mayurebels TiTqos SigniT
iTrevs, TeatrSi mayurebeli yovelTvis mxatvruli sivrcis gareTaa. aqedan
gamomdinare, Teatralur dekoraciaSi mniSvnelovnad ufro xazgasmulia
12 Брук П. Пустое пространство, секретов нет. М. «Наука». 2003. ст. 165.
24
markirebis funqcia. aranakleb mniSvnelovania Teatraluri dekoraciis sxva
funqciac: rampasTan erTad igi markirebas ukeTebs saTeatro sivrcis
sazRvrebs. sazRvris SegrZneba, mxatvruli sivrcis Caketiloba TeatrSi
ufro Zlierad aris gamoxatuli, vidre kinoSi. amas mivyavarT modelirebis
funqciis mniSvnelovan zrdasTan. Tuki kino Tavisi `bunebrivi~ funqciiT
miiltvis imisken, rom iyos aRqmuli rogorc dokumenti, epizodi
sinamdvilidan, cxovrebis modelis saxe, TeatrisaTvis aranakleb
`bunebrivia~ aRqmuli iqnas, rogorc sinamdvilis gansaxiereba ukiduresad
ganzogadebuli saxiT.
imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebeli iyos Setyobinebis gagzavna da miReba, igi
Sesabamisad unda iyos kodirebuli da dekodirebuli. rodesac Cven
vsaubrobT speqtaklze, upirveles yovlisa, ganvsazRvravT, ras niSnavs
`teqsti~ speqtaklSi. Cven, ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia visaubroT ama Tu im
speqtaklze, rogorc erTian teqstze. igi upasuxebs am gagebis ZiriTad
niSanTvisebebs: gamoxatulebiT, gamijvniT, erTiani mniSvnelobiT.
materialuri gamoxatuleba miiRweva Tavad dadgmis faqtiT; gamijvna _
naTlad gamoxatuli niSanTvisebebiT. speqtakli matarebelia mTeli rigi
calkeuli Setyobinebisa, imavdroulad, gaaCnia mTlianobis,
integrirebulobis mniSvneloba da asrulebs raRac erTian kulturul
funqcias.
dramaturgis TvalsazrisiT, piesa, romelic ar dadgmula TeatrSi _
srulyofili teqstia, Teatris TvalsazrisiT _ es mxolod mniSvnelovani
komponentia sasceno teqstis Sesaqmnelad. dramaturgisTvis piesa SeiZleba
iyos mkiTxvelisadmi adresirebuli Setyobineba. TeatrisaTvis Setyobineba
SeiZleba iyos mxolod scenuri dadgma. speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformeba _
misi ganuyofeli, organuli nawilia da erTdroulad, igi, rig SemTxvevaSi,
SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc xelovnebis damoukidebeli faqti.
speqtaklis erTiani teqsti igeba, sul cota, sami, sakmaod damoukidebeli,
subieqtisagan. piesis sityvieri teqstidan, romelsac qmnian msaxiobebi da
reJisori, musikalur-mxatvruli gaformebiT da ganaTebiT. `teqstis Seqmnis
yovel rgolSi _ avtorisagan, reJisorisagan, wamyvani msaxiobisgan,
25
statistisa da gamnaTeblis CaTvliT, _ xorcieldeba ormagi qceva. erTi
mxriv, avtori ar aris Tavisufali tradiciebTan, mayureblis gemovnebasTan,
epoqis ideebTan mimarTebaSi, reJisori SeboWilia avtoris CanafiqriT da a.
S.. magram, meore mxriv, yovel rgolSi igulisxmeba partniorobac,
TanaSemoqmedebac, anu Tavisufleba... scenidan Setyobinebis gadacemis
procesi da misi dekodireba auditoriis cnobierebaSi SeiZleba
ganvsazRvroT rogorc ori mxare erTiani koleqtiuri azrovnebis erTiani
procesisa~.13
speqtakli gadascems informacias Seqmnili teqstis meSveobiT.
mayurebeli ki, umetes SemTxvevaSi, adekvaturad aRiqvams informacias. es
efeqti miiRweva imiT, rom speqtaklis Semqmnelebic da mayurebelic arian
erTi istoriul-kulturuli epoqis adamianebi, CarTulebi saerTo
socialur, kulturul da fsiqologiur kodebSi. Teatri _ erT-erTi
yvelaze metad Zveli da globaluri xelovnebaa msoflio kulturaSi.
Tavisi arsebobis aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi man daagrova mdgradi
saSualebebis arsenali, nebismieri ideur-mxatvruli, scenuri reformebis
pirobebSi SenarCunebuli. es stabiluri semiotikuri karkasi warmoadgens
TiTqosda universalur mTargmnels, romelic uzrunvelyofs, minimum
Tanaziarobas. yoveli WeSmaritad mxatvruli teqsti Seicavs mxatvrul enas
da am enis Seswavla-gagebas. sistema `scena _ mayurebeli~ viTardeba
TamaSis modelis mixedviT.
semiotikuri aqti ar aris mxolod gamgzavnidan mimRebamde raRac
garkveuli saxis Setyobinebis gadacema. es aris rTuli procesi, misi
mimdinareobis dros informaciis gadamcemi da mimRebi urTierTqmedeben,
gardaiqmnebian, transformirdebian. es aris cocxali procesi, romlis
msvlelobisas yvela komponenti imyofeba rTuli konfliqtis
mdgomareobaSi da amJRavnebs simyaresa da cvalebadobas, gagebasa da
vergagebas. mayureblis CarTva koleqtiuri cnobierebis sistemaSi, romelic
13lotmani i. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 597.
26
gulisxmobs sxvis xedvas, rogorc partniorisa komunikaciaSi, subieqti da
ara sagani, aqcevs Teatrs sazogadoebrivi moralis skolad.
Teatri ansambluri xelovnebaa. ansamblze orientireba sasceno
semiotikis erT-erTi Taviseburebaa. yoveli mxatvruli teqsti semiotikurad
araerTgvarovania, magram mxolod `ansamblis~ cneba gardaiqmneba erT-erT
wamyvan konstruqtivistul principad. igi mdgomareobs mxatvruli
gamosaxvis sxvadasxvagvari saSualebiT principul orientaciaSi.
ansamblurobis TeoriaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs niSanTa sistemebis ori
gansxvavebuli tipis Tanaarsebobas: erTimeorisgan gamijnul (diskretul)
niSnebs, gancalkevebul sistemas, sadac erTi niSnis meorisgan gamijvna
Znelia da SeuZlebeli, xolo mniSvnelobis matarebeli Tavad teqstia. aseT
(aradiskretul) sistemaSi mTeli teqsti gvevlineba rTulad agebul niSnad.
speqtaklis verbaluri nawili iswrafvis mniSvnelobebis diskretuli
gadmocemisken, qmediTi _ aradiskretulisaken. speqtaklSi erTdroulad
SeiZleba warmoiqmnas rogorc aradiskretuli teqsti, aseve zeaweuli
(zeamaRlebuli) mniSvnelobebi. scenuri ansamblurobis mTavari Tvisebaa:
sxvadasxvis erTianoba da sxvadasxvaoba erTianobaSi. `grimidan da
mimikidan dawyebuli, darbazSi mayureblis qcevis normebiT damTavrebuli,
Teatraluri salarodan, ritualizebul `Teatralur atmosferomde~ _
TeatrSi yvelaferi semiotikaa. misi saxeobebi imdenad rTuli da
sxvadasxvaa, rom scenas sruliad safuZvlianad SeiZleba vuwodoT
semiotikis enciklopedia~.14
gansakuTrebuli adgili TeatrSi _ ansamblur xelovnebaSi _ aqvs
musikas. Teatris samyaroSi mudmivad JRers musika, romelic qmnis
Tavisebur atmosferos, raRac axal ganzomilebas, romelic mudmivad
amdidrebs mas, ganmartavs, xandaxan asworebs, xandaxan aZlevs
mimarTulebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, axdens mis organizebas droSi. `musika, _
es aris uxilavi ena, romlis meSveobiTac `araferi~ uecrad iZens formas:
misi danaxva SeuZlebelia, magram SesaZlebelia SegrZneba~.15 musikam xeli
14 lotmani i. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 603. 15 bruki p. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 165.
27
unda Seuwyos gamTlianebas da ar unda Semoifarglos TanxlebiT an
mayurebelze STabeWdilebis moxdeniT. igi SeumCnevlad unda monawileobdes
speqtaklis saerTo tonalobis SeqmnaSi, mis esTetikur da dramaturgiul
JReradobaSi. misi zemoqmedeba iqneba ufro Zlieri da uSualo, rac ufro
naklebad mousmenen, miuxedavad imisa, rom mudmivad ismis. TeatrSi ar
midian musikis mosasmenad. man mxolod unda gaaRrmaos mayureblis
STabeWdileba. musikam scenur qmedebas Taviseburi JReradoba unda mianiWos.
mas unda Sehqondes sakuTari qarga speqtaklis ama Tu im epizodSi. musika,
iseve rogorc piesa, sareJisoro eqsplikacia, dekoraciebi, mizanscenebi
xels unda uwyobdes speqtaklis sicxades, logikurobas, simarTles.
cnobili faqtia, rom meierholdi sareJisoro eqsplikaciaSi iyenebda
musikalur terminebs. amgvarad, musika unda axdendes saerTo zemoqmedebas.
igi zemoqmedebs mayurebelze Tavisi tonalurobiT (maJoruli an minoruli),
ritmiT (Cqari an Senelebuli), melodiiT (mxiaruli an naRvliani).
musikaluri Tanxleba imdenad SeumCneveli unda iyos, rom mayurebelma
daiviwyos mis Sesaxeb, imavdroulad Seqmnas Taviseburi emociuri
atmosfero, romelic daexmareba darbazSi myofs ufro kargad aRiqvas
saxeebis Sinagani mniSvneloba an, ufro sworad, zogadad, speqtaklis
gamomsaxvelobiTi zemoqmedeba. `musikalur formas, Sinaganad
dakavSirebuls msaxiobis xelovnebasTan, qmnian musikosebi, romlebic
Tavidanve monawileoben speqtaklis Seqmnis koleqtiur muSaobaSi. ra Tqma
unda, kompozitors SeuZlia bevri kargis Seqmna speqtaklisaTvis, magram
mxolod maSin, Tu is mzad aris ilaparakos erT enaze yvela monawilesTan
da ar ecdeba damoukideblad daatkbos mayureblis smena~.16
yoveli xelovneba gvesaubreba misTvis damaxasiaTebel enaze.
xelovnebis enis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is arasdrosaa
winaswar mocemuli, is yovelTvis erTgvari variaciaa, aucilebeli
konkretuli CanafiqrisTvis. Canafiqri, SemoqmedebiT aqtamde arasdros
gvevlineba, rogorc raRac logikuri. Canafiqri, romelic moaqvs Semoqmeds,
aris mxatvruli azri. iqmneba konkretul nawarmoebSi konkretuli
16 iqve: gv. 225.
28
nawarmoebiT da ar SeiZleba misi gancalkeveba teqstisgan. teqsti ar aris
gayinuli azris sacavi, igi generatoria, romelic, erTi mxriv, mierTebulia
auditoriasTan da gadamcemebTan (wigni, Teatri da a. S.), meore mxriv, qmnis
axal Setyobinebebs, ideebs da grZnobebs. `Teatris ena arbitraluria _
pirobiT SeTanxmebas emyareba, Teatraluri niSani ki asimetriuli, rac imas
niSnavs, rom mas realobis erTze meti obieqtisa Tu fenomenis erTdrouli
aRniSvnis Tviseba aqvs. swored es qmnis Teatraluri niSnis interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas. Teatraluri nawarmoebis semiotizaciis procesi da misi
niSnobrivi bunebis gamovlena mxolod misi mayureblis winaSe
demonstraciis procesSi grZeldeba da sruldeba. Teatraluri niSani
arsebobs ara rogorc mxolod fizikuri mocemuloba, aramed rogorc
warmodgenis obieqti~.17
upirveles yovlisa, Teatris, rogorc xelovnebis, ena aris
Teatraloba. igi aris Teatris ganuyofeli nawili da Teatris arseboba mis
gareSe warmoudgenelia. Teatralobis arsis gansazRvra SesaZlebelia ori
TvalsazrisiT. erTi mxriv, SeiZleba aRiweros xelovnebis nawarmoebis
Sinagani agebuleba da ganisazRvros, ra saxis struqturul Tvisebebs unda
flobdes teqsti, rom arsebuli kulturis sazRvrebSi Cven SevZloT misi,
rogorc mxatvrulis, aRqma. es struqturuli aspeqtia. meore mxriv, Cven
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebia yvelaferi, rac auditoriis
mier aRiqmeba rogorc xelovneba. am TvalsazrisiT, mxatvruli nawarmoebi
aris is, rasac arsebul kulturaSi SeuZlia Seasrulos esTetikuris
funqcia. Teatris arsebobis manZilze erTmaneTs ebrZvis Teatralobis ori
koncefcia: mayurebelma unda daiviwyos, rom igi TeatrSia, da _ mayurebeli
yovelTvis unda grZnobdes, rom igi TeatrSia. es dava axasiaTebs ara
Teatris bunebas, aramed ama Tu im Teatraluri moRvawis subieqtur
midgomas. sinamdvileSi mayurebeli unda iviwyebdes da imavdroulad, ar
aviwydebodes, rom TeatrSia. gamomdinare esTetikuri koncefciebidan,
kulturuli orientaciidan, individualuri amocanidan SeiZleba
keTdebodes am orgvari formulirebis aqcenti ama Tu im nawilze. sanam
17 bokuCava T. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 14.
29
arsebobs Teatri, arsebobs misi zemoqmedebis ori mxare: rwmena imisa, rom
scenis iluzoruli realoba realuria da imisa, rom igi cxovreba ki ar
aris, aramed `cxovrebis TamaSi~. Teatris saidumloeba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom mayurebeli, romelic uyurebs speqtakls, erTi mxriv, yvelaze
intensiuri saxiT aRmoCndeba CarTuli mimdinare qmedebaSi, xolo meore
mxriv, inarCunebs distancias. piter bruki wignSi `carieli sivrce~ wers:
`muSaobis dawyebisas, aucilebelia swrafva, gamoiyeno yvela elementi,
Teatris yoveli SesaZlebloba, ar ecado winaswar gamoyo maTgan isini,
romlebic ufro kargad esadagebian Canafiqrs. mTavari mizania, miaRwio
saboloo STabeWdilebis namdvilobas. es imas ar niSnavs, rom laparakia
realizmze an naturalizmze. Sesruleba SeiZleba iyos usazRvrod
pirobiTi, stilizebuli, xolo Sedegi iqneba realuri, an piriqiT, SeiZleba
yvelaferi gaakeTo Zalian `naturalurad~, magram Sedegi iqneba xelovnuri,
gamogonili. amitom dRes CemTvis yvelaze mTavari sakiTxia _ ras
vgulisxmobT, rodesac vsaubrobT kulturasa da kulturul
faseulobebze? vinaidan erTi da igive sityva SeiZleba aRniSnavdes yvelaze
kargs da yvelaze cuds, gamomdinare iqidan, rogor gvesmis da rogor
viyenebT mas~.18
Teatralobas gansakuTrebiT rTuli buneba aqvs. upirveles yovlisa,
igi iqmneba piesasTan speqtaklis damokidebulebiT. TavisTavad piesa
dasrulebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebia, iseve, rogorc sxva sityvieri
xelovnebis Janrebi: romani, moTxroba, poema, leqsi, magram piesis
speqtaklad gadaqcevis dawyebisTanave aRmoCndeba, rom igi Seicavs mraval
potenciur interpretacias, rom igi TiTqos jer kidev daumTavrebelia da
saWiroebs dagvirgvindes romeliRac xorcSesxmiT, axali reJisoruli
gadawyvetiTa Tu samsaxiobo TamaSiT. piesisa da speqtaklis dialogi _
rTuli da, rogorc wesi, dramatuli dialogia. piesa da speqtakli
saubroben sxvadasxva enaze da sityva, romelic iwereba qaRaldze,
araadekvaturia sityvisa scenaze. dadgma _ erT-erTi urTulesi saxeobaa
mxatvruli Targmanisa. magram swored mis siZneleSia misi Rirebuleba.
18 bruki p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 289-290.
30
Teatralobas aqvs sxva `berketis mxarec~. speqtakls, erTi mxriv, mihyavs
dialogi piesasTan, meore mxriv _ mayurebelTan. es ori _ gansxvavebuli
dialogia da speqtakli gaiSleba maTSi sxvadasxvanairad. arc erTi
xelovneba ar aris dakavSirebuli esoden uSualod auditoriis
reaqciasTan, ar reagirebs am reaqciaze umalve da aqtiurad, rogorc
Teatri. Tavad dialogis SesaZlebloba _ xelovnebis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani da urTulesi monapovaria. saWiroa enobrivi erToba, erTiani
kulturuli sivrce. `Cven vsaubrobT rTul dialogze piesis avtorTan, _
aseve, rTuli unda iyos dialogi mayurebelTan. arc ise rTuli, rom ar
Sedges dialogi da arc ise ioli, rom iqces uSinaarsod. pirveli sakiTxia
dialogisa: ra enaze? Teatrs saubari mihyavs Teatralobis enaze~.19
Teatri _ lokaluri movlenaa. yvelaferi damokidebulia konkretul
garemoebaze, viTarebaze. erT situaciaSi ufro metad efeqturi SeiZleba
aRmoCndes folkloruli Teatri, sxva situaciaSi didi mniSvnelobis
movlenad SeiZleba iqces politikuri Teatris speqtakli. gaaCnia, ra
socialur-politikur viTarebaSi idgmeba speqtakli. rodesac vsaubrobT
xelovnebaze, srulebiTac ar aris umniSvnelo, rom WeSmariteba _
yovelTvis aris Zieba. ara zedapiruli moda, ara daufiqrebeli survili
siaxlisa, aramed Zieba siaxlisa WeSmaritebis dadgenisaTvis. es survili ki
cvlis xelovnebaSi miRweul formebs jer kidev ucnobze. `kacobrioba qmnis
ra xelovnebis axal modelebs, qmnis maT ara imitom, rom Tavad modelebi
unda ganaxldes, aramed igi ibrZvis cxovrebaze Tavisi uflebebis
gasafarToeblad, kvlevis uflebisaTvis da axali bednierebis misaRwevad...
Zveli struqturebis gamocdileba rCeba, magram isini ar meordeba, aramed
gamoiyeneba da gamoiyeneba SejaxebebiT, erTmaneTis uaryofiT.~20
scenisa da darbazis urTierTgageba _ saqmis mxolod erTi mxarea. da,
Tu igi Sromis gareSe miiRweva, rogorc adreuli warmatebebis gamoZaxili,
mowmobs Teatris ganviTarebis SeCerebaze. am SemTxvevaSi igi eqspluatacias
19 lotmani i. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 608. 20 Шкловский В. Тетива, о несходстве сходного. Энергия заблуждения, книга о сюжете. M. «Художественная
литература». 1983. Т. II. ст. 184.
31
ukeTebs guSindel Teatralobas da ar eZebs axals. enis evolucia, misi
cvlileba, dinamizmi _ enis semiotikuri sistemis kanonia. piter bruki
Tavis wignSi `carieli sivrce~ aRniSnavs, rom saTeatro ena unda iyos
martivi, magram yovelTvis sxvadasxva, damokidebuli imaze, Tu sad da
visTvis TamaSob.
`amgvarad, msaxiobi an msaxiobTa jgufi axdens raRac STabeWdilebas,
romelic, Tanamedrove terminologiiT sargeblobisas, TavisTavad
warmoadgens raRac kods. es niSnavs, rom adamianuri urTierTobis
saSualebebis mTeli krebulidan, sityva, metyveleba gvevlineba erT-erT
SesaZlo variantad. metyvelebis miRma arsebobs sxeulis ena. xmis
JReradoba _ esec enaa. sivrceSi moZraoba _ agreTve enaa. dumili, siCume _
es enaa. ritmi _ es aseve enaa. amasTan dakavSirebiT, me mgonia, dRes Cven
isev vsargeblobT Zveli terminiT `totaluri Teatri~, gaviazrebT ra mas
Tavidan. am cnebis tradiciuli interpretacia gamovida eqspresionizmidan,
igi gulisxmobs, rom msaxiobTa TamaSi, dekoraciebi, Suqi, musika _
yvelaferi es saTeatro enis formebia, romlebisganac iqmneba speqtakli~. 21
21 bruki p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 288.
32
Tavi I
robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sawyisebi
qarTuli profesiuli reJisura, anu sareJisoro Teatri, iseve
rogorc evropuli, erT saukuneze cotaTi mets iTvlis. vgulisxmobT imas,
rom sareJisoro Teatrs (zogadad) safuZveli Caeyara XIX saukunis 80-ian
wlebSi _ C. kini, g. kregi, a. apia, an. antuani, o. brami, m. reinhardti, k.
stanislavski, vs. meierholdi... saqarTvelom XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi Sva
msoflio masStabis oTxi reJisori _ kote marjaniSvili, aleqsandre
axmeteli, mixeil TumaniSvili da robert sturua. vfiqrob, es arc ise
cotaa. oTxivem gansxvavebuli _ sakuTari, individualuri, xelweriT _
epoqa Seqmna msoflio Teatralur samyaroSi. maT axali sityva Tqves
saTeatro, sareJisoro enis formirebis sakiTxebSi. amjerad kvlevis
obieqtia robert sturua, misi saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxi.
sad SeiZleba veZio r. sturuas xelweris safuZvlebi, konkretulad
qarTul da, zogadad, msoflio Teatris masStabiT? rogor ganviTarda da
Camoyalibda misi saTeatro, sareJisoro ena? da SeiZleba Tu ara, vuwodoT
mas erTi, romelime konkretuli mimdinareobis reJisori?
Temis mizania gamovikvlio, rogor Camoyalibda iseTi fenomeni,
rogoricaa _ robert sturuas Teatri da misi gamomsaxvelobiTi
saSualebani. SemoqmedebiTi koncefciidan gamomdinare, Seviswavlo misi
sareJisoro ena, rogorc teqnikuri saSualeba koncefciis gamosaxatavad. es
ori komponenti erTimeoridan gamomdinareobs. teqnika _ enaa, ena ki
saSualebaa sakuTari koncefciis, msoflmxedvelobis gamosaxatavad. ra
xerxebs mimarTavs robert sturua amisTvis?
r. sturuas Teatris Seqmnis models `ekleqturi Teatris~ modeli
vuwode, miuxedavad imisa, rom termin ekleqturobas adre xelovnebis
nebismieri dargis mimarT xmarobdnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is `cudi~ iyo.
magaliTisTvis momyavs nawyveti statiidan `Teatri absurdi~. [...] `epigonoba.
33
diletantoba. or skam Sua jdoma. yoveli dadgma marjaniSvilis aris
eklektiuri naxerxi aqedan: Teatraluri SantaJi~22 (stili daculia).
amas werdnen kote marjaniSvilze 1924 wels _ qarTuli da ara marto
qarTuli _ Teatris reformatorze (gavixsenoT k. marjaniSvilis
moRvaweoba ruseTSi, kerZod, misi roli `Tavisufali Teatris~ SeqmnaSi a.
TairovTan erTad). aRvniSnav imasac, rom am Jurnalis Semqmnelebi da
avtorebi misi megobrebi da bevr rameSi Tanamoazreebi iyvnen. me ki, am
SemTxvevaSi, vgulisxmob imas, rom robert sturuam _ xelovnebis
sxvadasxva dargis sxvadasxva mimarTuleba gaaerTiana erT, mwyobr
sistemaSi... amasTanave, moaxerxa, es yvelaferi Seerwya qarTul tradiciul
fenomenTan, rasac qarTuli kultura ewodeba...
XIX saukunis bolo da XX saukune aris axali Teatraluri Ziebebis,
aRmoCenebis saukune evropaSi, amerikasa da aziaSic (italia, britaneTi,
safrangeTi, germania, iaponia, aSS da a.S.). gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa XX
da XXI saukuneebis Teatraluri Ziebebi poloneTsa da litvaSi. es exeba
rogorc dramaturgias, aseve reJisuras, Teatralur mxatvrobas, musikas,
saSemsruleblo teqnikas da a. S. am Ziebebsa da aRmoCenebSi, axali
Teatraluri stilistikis SeqmnaSi, sabWoeTis rkinis fardis miuxedavad,
qarTuli Teatric CarTuli gaxldaT. robert sturuas `saTeatro
modelis~, `saTeatro enis~ kvlevis dros aucileblad unda
gaviTvaliswinoT istoriuli winapirobebi: qveynis politikur-kulturuli
da yofiTi garemo, romelSic aRizarda da moRvaweobs xelovani.
nebismieri eris materialuri kultura erisTvis did faseulobas
warmoadgens. dRes, msoflio kulturis codna, msoflio kulturis
konteqstSi sakuTari adgilis gansazRvra aris mniSvnelovani. gasuli
saukunis 1960-iani wlebis meore naxevris studenturma moZraobam mTlianad
Secvala XX saukunis kultura, sruliad axali faseulobebi Semoitana
msoflioSi. es moZraoba daiwyo de golis winaaRmdeg da igi gadadga. am
revolucias mohyva is, rasac vuwodebT `seqsualur revolucias~ da axali
kulturuli Rirebulebebi Seiqmna. es iyo 1967-68 wlebi. 1968 w. ki sabWoTa
22J. `H2SO4~. 1924. #1. gv. 46.
34
kavSiri evropaSi tankebiT SeiWra. praqtikulad, msoflio orad gaiyo.
yvela is xelovani, romelic moRvaweobda sabWoTa kavSirSi, sxva
sazogadoebriv sivrceSi moxvda, sadac sul ramdenime xelovani aRmoCnda,
romelsac protesti, `brZola~ SeeZlo.
XX saukunis meore naxevari aRsavse iyo sxvadasxva politikuri,
socialuri, kulturuli movleniT. konfliqturi, SeuTavsebeli formebis
da Sinaarsebis aRqmisa da gagebis mravalgvaroba, maTTvis axali
mniSvnelobis miniWeba, socio-kulturuli yofis paradoqsuloba naTlad
gamoixata axal mimarTulebaSi, postmodernizmSi. postmodernizmis
mkvlevarma ilia ilinma mas erTgvari qimera uwoda. qimeruloba
postmodernisa _ ilinis gansazRvriT ganpirobebulia imiT, rom masSi, iseve
rogorc sizmarSi, Tanaarseboben SeuTavsebeli: gauTviTcnobierebeli
swrafva, Tundac paradoqsul formaSi, kompleqsuri, mTliani da
msoflmxedvelobiT-esTetikuri Secnoba cxovrebisa da naTeli gaazreba
Tavdapirveli fragmentulobisa, XX saukunisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
adamianis principulad arasinTezirebadi gaxleCilobisa.
mkvlevrebi miiCneven, rom postmodernizmis kanonebis SemuSaveba
ganpirobebuli iyo poststruqturalizmisa da dekonstruqciis ideebiT.
postmodernisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebani SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT
Camoyalibdes: ganusazRvreloba, sicxadis uqonloba, fragmentuloba da
montaJis principi, `dekanonizireba~, `ormagi kodirebis~ principi,
fsiqologiuri da simboluri siRrmeebis gareSe, dumili, mizezisa da
sawyisis uaryofa, ironia, Janrebis aRreva _ stiluri sinkretizmi,
Tanamedrove kulturis Teatraloba, muSaoba publikaze, auditoriis
aucilebeli gaTvaliswineba, karnavaluroba, imanenturoaba _ cnobierebis
Serwyma komunikaciis saSualebebTan.
1980-iani wlebidan avangardist Teoretikosebs Soris sul ufro da
uro mkvidrdeboda mosazreba (uTuod, m. baxtinis gavleniT) sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis da misi aRqmis saSualebebis karnavalurobaze, rodesac
politika, reklamiT SefuTuli ekonomika, komerciuli xelovneba _
yvelaferi es transformirdeba e. w. `yovlismomcvel Sou-biznesSi~. aqedan
gamomdinare, kvlav aqtualuri gaxda Seqspiris sentencia _ `mTeli samyaro
35
Teatria~ da Teatris axali Teoriis Seqmna sazogadoebis axali Teoriis
Seqmnis tolfasi gaxda.
postmodernis CamoTvlili niSnebis umravlesoba naTlad aris
gamoxatuli robert sturuas SemoqmedebaSi. amitomac, Cven Tavisuflad
SeiZleba vuwodoT mas postmodernuli mimdinareobis xelovani. am
mimdinareobam didi roli iTamaSa reJisoris saTeatro enis formirebis
procesSi.
XX saukunis 1960-ian wlebSi, ruseTSi, saTeatro, sareJisoro
xelovnebaSi Cndeba iuri lubimovi (manamde vaxtangovis Teatris msaxiobia).
1963 w. SCukinSi ganaxorciela b. brextis `seCuaneli keTili adamiani~,
swored am speqtaklma misca dasabami moskovSi `Teatri tagankze~ Seqmnas
(1964w. 23 aprili). man aaRorZina is miRwevebi, romelTac meierholdi
atarebda rusul TeatrSi da, amasTanave, principulad axali saTeatro ena
SemogvTavaza. ruseTSi es iyo didi movlena xelovnebis sferoSi.
lubimovis `seCuaneli keTili adamiani~ erTgvar `revoluciur
gadatrialebad~ moinaTla Teatralur xelovnebaSi. imave periodSi
rusTavelis TeatrSi moRvaweobas iwyebs robert sturua (1962 w.). robert
sturuas Teatralur institutSi gavlili aqvs dimitri aleqsiZis, lili
ioselianis da mixeil TumaniSvilis `saTeatro, sareJisoro skola~. 1964
wels dgams v. rozovis `vaxSmobis win~ (gadmoqarTulebuli j. Carkvianis
mier), xolo 1965 wels ki a. mileris `seilemis process~. es iyo pirveli
seriozuli reJisoruli warmateba mis SemoqmedebaSi.
am periodSi (mTeli XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi da dResac) evropaSi,
saqarTveloSi, ruseTSi grZeldeba e. w. `sareJisoro Ziebebi~, reJisorTa
`saTeatro enis~ formirebis procesi. seriozuli kvlevebi mimdinareobs am
mimarTulebiT. kvlevebma moicva kulturis, xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi.
reJisorebi, mecnierebi, filosofosebi, literaturis Teoretikosebi da a.
S. ikvleven `saxelovnebo enas~ zogadad.
60-ian wlebSi qarTul xelovnebaSi Zalian Zlieri Taoba modis _ r.
sturua, T. CxeiZe, g. yanCeli, g. mesxiSvili, o. ioseliani, m. kobaxiZe da
sxvebi.Aamave periodSi, moskovSi iwyeben moRvaweobas a. tarkovski, i.
lubimovi, rogorc Teatraluri reJisori da sxvebi. xelovanebi protestis
36
gamosaxatavad, TavianTi msoflmxedvelobis warmosaCenad xelovnebas
mimarTaven. es aris sakvanZo wertili, imitom rom, praqtikulad, sturua
`seilemis procesiT~ iwyebs politikuri Teatris damkvidrebas. am periodSi
politikuri Teatri Tanabrad arsebobs evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.
ras niSnavs `politikuri Teatri~? marTalia, es termini ukve
damkvidrebulia, magram me mainc, sturuas imdroindel Semoqmedebas, sxva
mravalTan erTad, `protestis Teatrs~ davarqmevdi. mas Semdeg, rac
kacobriobis istoriaSi gaCnda saxelmwifo wyobileba, saxelmwifo
wyobilebis `maxinji~ formebic mravlad arsebobda sxvadasxva saxiT.
adamianebi, am SemTxvevaSi xelovanebi, aseT dros, protests Tavis
SemoqmedebaSi gamoxatavdnen.
robert sturua, agrZelebda ra qarTuli Teatraluri skolis
tradiciebs (marjaniSvili, axmeteli, TumaniSvili), Tavis speqtaklebSi
simbolur, metaforul enas iyenebda `protestis~ gamosaxatavad. mivyveT
qronologias: a. mileris `seilemis procesi~ (1965 w.), a. cagarlis `xanuma~
(1968 w.), b. brextis `seCuaneli keTili adamiani~ (1969 w. 90-iani wlebis
meore naxevarSi igi kvlav dgams am piesas), d. kldiaSvilis `samaniSvilis
dedinacvali~ (1969 w.), h. ibsenis `eqimi Stokmani~ (1972 w.), p. kakabaZis
`yvaryvare TuTaberi~ (1974 w.) da a.S. igi Tavisi speqtaklebiT, metaforuli,
simboluri, saTeatro enis gamoyenebiT amxilebda tiraniis araadamianur
arss. yvelaze ufro mwvaved es sakiTxebi 1960-iani wlebis bolos da 70-iani
wlebis dasawyisis dadgmebSi gamovlinda. Tu vityviT, rom sturua aris
1960-iani wlebis movlenebis tipuri warmomadgeneli, anu cnobierad am
procesebis monawilea, moRvaweobda ra rusTavelis saxelmwifo TeatrSi,
qmnida gansakuTrebul mimarTulebas, romlisTvisac, im periodSi, SeiZleba
andergraundic gvewodebina. SeiZleba gvewodebina eqsperimentuli Ziebebi
da amave dros amboxi. axalgazrda xelovanis amboxi im movlenebis mimarT,
romelic arsebobda.
simbolur-metaforuli eniT azrovneba maSin iwyeba, rodesac
formirebas iwyebs e. w. `sareJisoro Teatri~ (XIX saukinis bolo _ XX
saukunis dasawyisi). imis Tqma msurs, rom 60-ian wlebSi `simbolur-
metaforuli Teatri~ _ erTgvari `rimeiqi~ iyo saxecvlili formebiT. amis
37
tradicia ukve arsebobda ara mxolod evropasa da ruseTSi, aramed
saqarTveloSic. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvano did britaneTSi, londonSi
`British Laibrary~-Si gakeTebuli gamofena `modernizmi evropaSi 1900-1937
wlebi~ (2007 _ 01. 2008 _ 03. imdenad warmatebuli iyo, rom Semdeg parizSic
gadaitanes). masSi, sxva evropul qalaqebTan erTad, Tbilisic CarTuli iyo.
Tbilisi XX saukunis dasawyisSi inteleqtualuri da kulturuli samyaros
erTgvar oazisad iqca. XX saukunis dasawyisidanve ruseTSi politikuri
areuloba iwyeba, rasac Tan daerTo ekonomikuri dasusteba.
qronologiurad amas mohyva pirveli msoflio omi 1914 w. im xanad,
saqarTveloSi, ruseTidan da evropidanac Zalian didi e. w.
`inteleqtualuri nakadi~ Semoedineboda. yvela mimdinareoba, romelic XIX
saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisidan arsebobda evropul Tu
rusul kulturasa da xelovnebaSi, identurad viTardeboda Tbilissa da
saqarTveloSi _ naturalizmi, impresionizmi, eqspresionizmi, simbolizmi,
futurizmi da a.S. sanam sabWoTa uSiSroebam ar daiwyo Tbilisis dablokva,
Tbilisi iyo iseTive kulturuli centri, rogorc sxva evropuli
kulturuli centrebi. londonis gamofenaSi monawileobam kidev erTxel
gausva xazi im faqts, rom Tbilisi CarTuli iyo msoflio kulturaSi
mimdinare procesebSi da, ufro metic... magaliTad, Zmebi zdaneviCebi
Tbilisidan evropaSi wasvlis Semdeg ganapirobebdnen evropul da zogadad
msoflio kulturaSi mimdinare procesebis ganviTarebas, kerZod, dadaizms
da mTel rig mimdinareobebs... Tbilisi uSualo monawile iyo im evropuli
saxelovnebo dargebis mimarTulebebis ganviTarebisa, rac Zalian
mniSvnelovani faqtoria.
robert sturuas `saTeatro enis~ formirebis sakiTxis
gaanalizebisaTvis aucilebeli da saWiroa mokle istoriuli, kulturuli,
saxelovnebo eqskursis Catareba. gavixsenoT periodi, rodesac kote
marjaniSvili brundeba saqarTveloSi ruseTidan da rusTavelis
dramatuli Teatris mTavar reJisorad iniSneba (vgulisxmob 1920-ian wlebs).
1917 wlis ruseTis revoluciaze, 1921 wels saqarTvelos gasabWoebaze
rodesac vsaubrobT, ar unda dagvaviwydes erTi ram: imxanad, evropasa da
38
ruseTSi, pirvelma msoflio omma (1914 -1918) adamianebs sulieri, fizikuri
danaklisis garda ekonomikuri gaWirvebac moutana. xalxi gamoxatavda
protests, zogi quCaSi gamovida, xelovanebi ki amas Tavis SemoqmedebaSi
asaxavdnen. bevri maTgani revolucias Sexvda, rogorc mxsnels,
ganmaTavisuflebel movlenas. evropul qveynebSi (mag; safrangeTi,
niderlandebis gaerTianebuli samefo da sxv.) saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
formebi Secvlili iyo. ruseTis imperia ukve `zanzarebda~, cvlilebebi
mwifdeboda, xolo omma daaCqara am cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba. aqedan
gamomdinare, vinaidan saqarTvelo, maSinac, ruseTis imperiis provincia iyo,
e. w. cvlilebebs, iseve rogorc ruseTSi, qarTul kulturaSi moRvawe
cnobili poetebi, mwerlebi, reJisorebi da sxvebi erTgvari `sixaruliT~
Sexvdnen. bevri maTgani maleve mixvda, rom Secdnen, zogma qveyana datova da
ucxoeTSi gadasaxlda, zogi daiWires da zogic daxvrites... magaliTad
moviyvan 20-iani wlebis dasawyisis gazeT `komunistis~ ramdenime amonarids:
gancxadeba: vacxadeb Cemdami rwmunebul saxelovno komitetSi Semaval
mTel respublikis dawesebulebaTa da xelovanTa sayuradRebod, rom maTi
saqmeebis gamo mommarTon piradad me, an saxelovno komitetis ganyofilebis
gamgeebs da ara sxva romelime umaRles dawesebulebaT. mTavari saxelovno
komitetis Tavmjdomare _ gr. robaqiZe, mdivani _ S. afxaiZe// 23
Teatri da xelovneba: [gancxadeba saqarTvelos qalaqebSi saxelmwifo
dramatuli skolebis gaxsnis Sesaxeb] // respublikis saTeatro ganaTlebis
gamgis akaki faRavas gancxadebis Tanaxmad, saTeatro studiebi ixsneba
TbilisSi _ saxelmwifo dramis kantoraSi; quTaisSi _ xelovnebis muSakTa
kavSirSi; baTumSi _ "odisTan;" WiaTuraSi _ reJisor qorelTan;24
rusTavelis Teatris Sesaxeb revoluciuri komitetis dadgenileba #101,
1921 wlis noembris 25, tfilisis sasaxle: saxelmwifo dramis Teatrs
(yofili saartisto sazogadoeba) ewodos `SoTa rusTavelis Teatri~// 2
TaTbiri qarTuli Teatris Sesaxeb ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatSi:
krebis Tavmjdomaris _ gr. robaqiZis 6 winadadeba qarTuli Teatris
23gaz. `komunisti~. 1921. 28.06. gv 2. 2 gaz. `komunisti~. 1921. 26.11. gv.3.
39
krizisis dasaZlevad. TeatrSi literaturuli gamgis Tanamdebobis
moTxovna.EsityvebiT gamovidnen k. marjaniSvili, akaki faRava, paolo
iaSvili da sxv.25
cxvris wyaro: premiera rusTavelis TeatrSi 26 noembers. recenzenti
(r.g.) qarTuli Teatris mesias uwodebs kote marjaniSvils
ganxorcielebuli dadgmisa da qarTuli Teatris gadarCenis gamo.
monawileobdnen: Tamar WavWavaZe, taso abaSiZe, elene donauri, akaki vasaZe,
uSangi CxeiZe, Salva RambaSiZe da sxvebi. 26
k. marjaniSvili qarTuli akademiuri dasis mTavari reJisori:
[informacia xelovnebis komitetis mier kote marjaniSvilis daniSvnis
Sesaxeb] // 27
igive xdeboda ruseTSic. 1917-18 wlebSi, revoluciis periodSi,
rodesac meierholdi iyo komisari, pirvel naSromebSi (1891-1917) Zalian
bevrs werda XX saukunis saTeatro xelovnebaze. ukve axsenebda montaJis
principebs. werda imis Sesaxeb, rom Seicvala saTeatro dro.
`Teatr-studia axali scenuri formebis Ziebis Teatri iyo. (...)
mayureblisTvis am Teatrs kari ar gauxsnia, istorias ara aqvs saSualeba
Seafasos mis mier mopovebuli gamocdilebis Rirebuleba. amisda
miuxedavad, imdenad didi iyo Teatr-studiis gavlena rusuli Teatris
momavalze, rom misi `sikvdilis~ Semdgomac ki, yovel jerze, moskovsa Tu
peterburgSi raime axali, gaxmaurebuli speqtaklis dadgmis Semdgom,
yovelTvis ixsenebdnen Teatr-studias. (...) scenaze Zalian mniSvnelovania
dro~,28 _ werda meierholdi.
es is periodia, rodesac reJisori agrZelebs eqsperimentebs Ria
sivrceSi. meierholdi eqsperimentebs Ria cis qveS iwyebs cotaTi ufro
adre, 1910 wels. is dgams kalderonis piesas `jvris Tayvaniscema~. dadgma
ganxorcielda peterburgTan axlos, mwerali qalis krestovskaias mamulSi
`molodioJnoeSi~. aq iyo araCveulebrivi baRi, romelic uerTdeboda
1 gaz. `komunisti~. 1922, 28.11. gv. 2. 2 gaz. `komunisti~. 1922. 712. gv. 3. 3 gaz. `komunisti~. 1922. 15.11. gv.3. 28 Мейерхольд В. Статьи, письма, речи, беседы. ч. первая. 1891-1917. М. «Искусство». 1968. ст.81; 85.
40
`fineTis yures~. patara sasaxlidan `fineTis yuremde~ eSveboda uzarmazari
kibe, pirobiTad sasceno sivrce. Canafiqris mixedviT speqtakli
mimdinareobda Rame, CiraRdnebiT ganaTebuli, da masSi monawileobdnen
mimdebare teritoriebze macxovreblebi.
robert sturua, pirvel rigSi, muSaobs teqstze da teqstidan akeTebs
garkveul kompilacias. arsebuli teqstidan is qmnis Tavis teqsts. am
SemTxvevaSi Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom pirvelad aseTi seriozuli xerxi
gamoiyena meierholdma. reJisori kinaRam `anaTemas gadasces~, rodesac
gogolis `revizors~ da griboedovs miawera Tanaavtorad Tavi. meierholdi
marTali iyo imitom, rom teqsti aiRo rogorc `masala~, teqstidan Seqmna
axali versia da speqtaklad gadaaqcia. sturua pirvel etapze akeTebs
teqsts, mere axorcielebs ra am teqsts srulad scenaze, iwyebs mis
montaJs. praqtikulad iyenebs kino-xerxs, kinomontaJis princips, rodesac
kinoreJisori iRebs gadaRebul masalas da Semdeg amontaJebs.
piesis an nawarmoebis teqstis montaJs, CvenTan jer kidev
marjaniSvili iyenebda, dRes ki reJisorTa umravlesoba mimarTavs am xerxs.
teqstis montaJis garda, akeTeben erT Temaze Seqmnili sxvadasxva avtoris
teqstis kompilacias, cvlian moqmedebis adgilsac. magaliTad davasaxeleb:
maia kliCevskas `fedra~, eimuntas nekroSiusis _ `otelo~, `fausti~,
`hamleti~; oskaras korSunovasis `romeo da julieta~, `hamleti~, jorjo
streleris `arlekini, ori batonis msaxuri~ (aq piesis saTaurSi vxedavT
cvlilebas, k. goldonis piesis saTauria `ori batonis msaxuri~) da a.S. es
procesi Zalian mniSvnelovania, vinaidan saTeatro nawarmoebi, speqtakli
aris cocxali, droSi arsebuli, romelsac aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli.
kinoSi procesi erTxel fiqsirdeba. TeatrSi ar xdeba procesis am saxiT
dafiqsireba. meierholdi SemTxveviT ar vaxsene. igi bevrs werda, rogorc
Teoretikosi. werda montaJze, teqstTan axal midgomebze da a.S. man
Tanamedrove Teatris TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT gauswro dros.
Tu sturuas teqstis montaJirebis xerxs ganvixilavT, rogorc erT-
erT mniSvnelovan princips misi Semoqmedebisa, rogorc erTgvar
`samzareulos~, aRmoCndeba, rom sturua Tanabrad mihyveba evropul
procesebs.
41
rodesac vsaubrob piesis teqstis montaJze, saintereso kiTxva Cndeba
_ rogor akeTebs piesis arCevans robert sturua? rodis xvdeba, rom es is
piesaa, an im literaturuli nawarmoebis inscenirebaa, romlis
ganxorcielebac surs scenaze. Cemi dakvirvebiT, igi upiratesobas mainc e.
w. `klasikur piesebs~ aniWebs. amave dros dadgmuli aqvs Tanamedrove
piesebic, maT Soris qarTuli. radgan qarTul dramaturgiaze Camovarda
saubari, aucileblad unda gavixsenoT, rom mas qarTveli klasikosebic _
ilia WavWavaZe, daviT kldiaSvili da polikarpe kakabaZe sainteresod,
axleburad, Taviseburad (vityodi sturuaseulad) aqvs danaxuli,
moazrebuli da dadgmuli. `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ (T. CxeiZesTan
erTad), `yvaryvare~, `kacia_adamiani?!~, `darispanis gasaWiri~... am
CamonaTvalidan ilia, ra Tqma unda, ar iyo dramaturgi, magram saocrad
azrovnebda da werda e. w. `saxeebiT~ (gavixsenoT `kacia_adamiani?~, `glaxis
naambobi~... es nawarmoebebi araerTxel daudgamT qarTul scenaze da
gadauRiaT filmebi).
aqve minda moviyvano nawyveti robert sturuasTan Cemi saubrisa,
romelic 2006 wlis noemberSi Sedga. kiTxvaze, Tu ra principiT
xelmZRvanelobs scenaze gansaxorcielebeli piesis arCevisas _ mipasuxa:
r. s _ SemoqmedebiTi, reJisoruli gzis dasawyisSi vcdilobdi
damedga mxolod iseTi piesebi, romlebic Cems cxovrebiseul `kredos~, Cems
msoflmxedvelobas esadageboda, magram aris momentebi, rodesac Sen
asruleb SekveTas. axalgazrdobaSi xSirad miwevda e. w. ganawilebiT
Sexvedrili piesebis dadgma. droTa ganmavlobaSi mivxvdi, rom amgvarad
dadgmuli speqtaklebi arc ise cudi gamodioda, piriqiTac ki xdeboda
xolme. Anu, ar aris aucilebeli, piesa zustad emTxveodes Sens
msoflmxedvelobas. nebismieri nawarmoebidan SegiZlia gaakeTo is, rac Sen
gsurs. mokled vityvi, nebismier nawarmoebSi (Tu is sruli `katastrofa~ ar
aris) SegiZlia ipovo raRac marcvali da Semdeg masze aago mTeli Seni
koncefcia, struqtura da a. S. Tu kargia dramaturgiuli nawarmoebi, maSin
is, sxvadasxva epoqaSi, zustad moergeba Tanamedroveobas. SegiZlia ipovo iq
saTqmeli, romelic gainteresebs Sen da Sens xalxs am konkretul droSi,
am konkretul momentSi. Teatri ki yovelTvis iyo, aris da iqneba
42
konkretuli drois, Tanamedroveobis amsaxveli da gamomxatveli tribuna,
amitomac ver moikida TeatrSi fexi e. w. socrealizmma, Tumca mxatvrobaSi,
mwerlobaSi mSvenivrad damkvidrda da mTeli mimdinareobac ki Seiqmna
socrealizmisa.
dRes, rodesac virCev piesas (an nebismier nawarmoebs) dasadgmelad,
intuiciasac veyrdnobi. magaliTad, momewona xuTi piesa da miWirs arCevanis
gakeTeba, imitom rom, xuTive Zalian sainteresoa. mxatvruli done maRalia,
Seesabameba Cemi da Cemi xalxis tkivils, problemebs. viReb raime yuTs an
jams, sxvadasxva qaRaldis naglejze vwer saTaurebs, vyri am yuTsa Tu
jamSi, kargad amovurev da amoviReb erT-erTs. mokled, `latareas~
vTamaSob. Teatri, xelovnebis sxva dargebisgan gansxvavebiT, yvelaze ufro
cocxali xelobaa, xelovnebaa. Tu is ar asaxavs Tanamedroveobas, maSin igi
mkvdaria. rac ar unda kargi piesa airCio dasadgmelad da CaTvalo,
rogorc reJisorma, rom dadgma warmatebulia, Tu is mayurebelma ar
moiwona, speqtaklma mayurebeli ver miizida, maSin e. i. raRac aklia. es
Seni (reJisoris) bralia. yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswino mayureblis
moTxovna. vinaidan Teatri da mayurebeli cal-calke ar arsebobs, erTiania,
erTianad cocxlobs, erTnairad sunTqavs. maT erT ritmSi unda ucemdeT
pulsi, maTi majiscema unda emTxveodes. speqtakli im konkretul momentSi
cocxlobs, rodesac scenaze TamaSdeba da mas mayurebeli adevnebs Tvals.
reJisorisTvis sainteresoa magidasTan piesaze muSaobis procesi,
scenaze gadatanis procesi, msaxiobebTan muSaobis procesi, mxatvarTan,
kompozitorTan, gamnaTebelTan da a.S. Semdeg. speqtakli roca Sedgeba da
mayurebeli mas naxavs, me is ukve imdenad aRar mainteresebs... is icocxlebs,
Tu sworad davdgi, anu mayureblisaTvis gasagebad. parterSi sxvadasxva
inteleqtis, fenis warmomadgenlebi sxedan; Sen, rogorc reJisorma,
muSaobis dros unda ifiqro yvelaze, raTa yvelasTvis misaRebi da gasagebi
gaxdes Seni Canafiqri. yvelam unda gaigos, risi Tqma gsurda. zogs,
ubralod, nanaxiT siamovnebis gancda mianiWo, zogic ufro Rrmad Caswvdeba
Sens namuSevars da detalebiT daiwyebs tkbobas da a.S.
aris piesebi, romlebic uSualod ar exeba Tanamedroveobas, sakmaod
rTuli, filosofiuri siRrmeebiT, mayureblisTvis aRsaqmelad mZimea,
43
samagierod, aseT piesebSi, aris deteqtiuri momentebi. TiTqmis yvela
piesaSi aris deteqtivis marcvali. magaliTad, aviRoT saberZneTi.
epidavrosSi davdgi `oidipos mefe~, TiTqos araferi aqvs saerTo
TanamedroveobasTan. samagierod, masSi devs deteqtivis marcvlebi. anu,
mkvleli, borotmoqmedi, ise, rom Tavad ar icis, eZebs mamis mkvlels (Tavad
mokla mama) da cxovrobs dedasTan (oidiposma, ra Tqma unda, ar icis, rom
iokasta misi dedaa). me im dadgmaSi wina planze, swored es deteqtiurobis
momenti gamovitane da ara is, rom adamiani ver gaeqceva Tavis bedisweras.
ufro metsac getyviT, `hamletic~ deteqtivia, vinaidan Cven danamdvilebiT
ar viciT, marTla mokla klavdiusma Tavisi Zma Tu ara. `eleqtrac~
deteqtivia, SurisZiebis deteqtivi. anu, reJisorma nebismieri piesis dadgmis
dros unda moZebnos raime, riTac miizidavs mayurebels. vimeoreb, parterSi,
sxvadasxva fenis, sxvadasxva inteleqtis mayurebeli zis da Sen, reJisorma
unda SeZlo yvelasTan miitano Seni saTqmeli. Teatri yvelaze
demokratiuli Janria da unda hyavdes mayurebeli.
bevrs hgonia, rom me dramaturgias, dramaturgs udierad vepyrobi. es
ar aris marTali. me yovelTvis vcdilob dramaturgis stili gamovavlino.
yovelTvis nawarmoebs veyrdnobi, Tumca, dRes, XXI saukuneSi, msoflios
sxvadasxva qveynis reJisorebi, Zalian `Tavisuflad~ udgebian klasikosi,
Tu araklasikosi dramaturgebis piesebs. (aRsaniSnavia, rom reJisorebi,
aseve `Tavisuflad~ epyrobodnen piesebs jer kidev XIX saukunis bolodan,
vgulisxmob zemoT CamoTvlil `sareJisoro Teatris~ mamamTavrebs, maT
Soris k. marjaniSvils. mag. gr. robaqiZe, marTalia, aRfrTovanebuli iyo k.
marjaniSvilis da a. axmetelis `lamaras~ dadgmiT, magram amave dros,
ukmayofilo _ marjaniSviliseuli `montaJiT~ piesisa, romlis mixedviTac a.
axmetelma ganaxorciela scenaze es piesa). magaliTad, litvelma reJisorma
_ o. korSunovasma `romeo da julieta~ dadga, sadac moqmedeba viTardeba
samzareuloSi _ sacxobSi (qarTvelma mayurebelma es speqtakli ixila 2009
wels Tbilisis saerTaSoriso Teatralur festivalze _ marjaniSvilis
TeatrSi. m. v.). anu, isini weren Zveli piesis axal variants. me amgvarad ar
viqcevi. Tu vdgam klasikosis nawarmoebs, vakeTebT axal Targmans da erTi
sityvis meoreTi Senacvlebis dros mimyavs xolme teqstualuri mxare Cemi
44
Canafiqrisaken. roca Tanamedrove dramaturgis piesaze vmuSaob (magaliTad,
laSa buRaZe, irakli samsonaZe), maSin maT vuTanxmdebi, an saerTod, maT
vTxov, gadamikeTon esa Tu is epizodi, scena Tu teqstualuri masala... ~29
zogjer, robert sturua ar dgams piesiT gansazRvrul yvela suraTs,
moqmedebas. gavixsenoT, Tundac, bolo wlebSi dadgmuli, samuel beketis
`godos molodini~, maqs friSis 2009_2010 wlis rusTavelis Teatris
sezonis premiera `bidermani da cecxlis wamkidebelni~. es `xerxic~,
rogorc zeviT aRvniSne, `ar axalia, Zvelia~.
rodesac vsaubrobT XX saukunis reJisuraze, gansakuTrebiT meore
naxevarze _ streleri, bruki, grotovski, rankone, piter Staini, Sero,
vitezi da a.S. romlebic qmnian, amaT ricxvSi, rasakvirvelia, sturuas
Tavisi adgili ukavia.
vfiqrob, im xerxebis nakrebiT, romelsac reJisori iyenebs, sturuam
Tavisi saTeatro dadgmebi maqsimalurad miuaxlova kinoxelovnebis enas.
albaT imitom, rom mas Tavad Zalian undoda yofiliyo kinoreJisori da
kinoxelovnebas kargad icnobs. aq vgulisxmob Teatralur formebs
gamomsaxvelobiTi enis TvalsazrisiT. magram, ucnauri aris is, rom man es
gaakeTa mxolod mwiri Teatraluri xerxebis gadafasebis safuZvelze.
Segnebulad ar vlaparakob konceptualur midgomebze. vfiqrob, rom ufro
mniSvnelovania gamomsaxvelobiTi enis dadgena da mere SeiZleba saubari
koncefciaze. gavixsenoT misi speqtaklebi, rodesac saTeatro sivrceSi
sxvadasxva kinoxedi gamoiyeneboda, magaliTad: gamsxvileba, msxvili xedebi,
saerTo xedebi. qarTul TeatrSi kinoxerxebs Tavis speqtaklebSi
marjaniSvilic iyenebda. magaliTad, ernst toleris `hopla, Cven
vcocxlobT~, sadac uSualod kinoproeqcias mimarTa (1928 wlis 3 noembers
am dadgmiT quTaisSi xsnis axal saxelmwifo Teatrs, dRevandeli
marjaniSvilis Teatri). `uriel akostaSi ~ (a. guckovis piesis mixedviT) ki
e. w. `kinoxerxebs~: montaJs, xedebis gamsxvilebas, sasceno sivrceSi
erTdroulad sxvadasxva planze moqmedebas da a. S. iyenebda.
29vasaZe m. veragi qalis mier damonebuli geniosi. gaz. `kultura~ 2006. #12 (29). gv. 6.
45
Teatris istoriaSi seriozul reaqcias iwvevs iseTi dadgmebi, sadac
eqsperimentebTan erTad vRebulobT maRalmxatvrul nimuSs. eqsperimenti
SeiZleba bevrgan moviZioT, magram Sedegi _ ara. Teatris istorias rCeba
iseTi warmodgenebi, sadac yvelaferi Serwymulia. SeiZleba iyos
speqtaklebi, sadac raRac mignebebi iyo, magram speqtakli ar Sedga, ver
Sedga, ar iarseba da ar icocxla. amis saukeTeso magaliTia antonen arto.
misi yvela speqtakli, romelTac mere uzarmazari gavlena moaxdines
saTeatro samyaroze, Tavis droze mayurebelma, sazogadoebam ar miiRo.
evropuli ideebi saqarTveloSi mkvidrdeba. magaliTad, Temur CxeiZe
arasdros ar malavda imas, rom Seqspiris dadgmis dros mTlianad
eyrdnoboda ian kotis mosazrebebs. ian koti poloneli Teoretikosia,
romelmac Zalian didi gavlena iqonia Tanamedrove Teatrmcodneobaze
beketis, Seqspiris analizis TvalsazrisiT.
60-iani wlebis dasawyisidan qarTul TeatrSi, kerZod ki rusTavelis
TeatrSi, iwyeba gmirul-romantikuli Teatris principebis ugulebelyofa,
Ziebebi axali reJisoruli stilistikis damkvidrebisaTvis. es procesi,
zogadad, da konkretulad, SeqspirTan mimarTebaSi, sabWoTa kavSiris
Teatraluri samyaros masStabiT mimdinareobda. Seqspiris gaazreba
Tanamedrove dramis, brextis Teatris poziciebidan, samociani wlebis
dasawyisSi, rusTavelis TeatrSi pirvelad mixeil TumaniSvilma
rusTavelis Teatris scenaze Seqspiris sami piesis dadgmiT ganaxorciela
_ `zafxulis Ramis sizmari~ (1964 w.), `mefe liri~ (1966 w.) da `iulius
keisari~ (1967 w.) am speqtaklebis gaanalizeba calke msjelobis sagania.
gamovyof `zafxulis Ramis sizmars~. m. TumaniSvilis es dadgma e. w.
`Cavardnil speqtaklad~ iTvleba. Tavis droze ki igi `kritikis
qarcecxlSi~ gaatares. mixeil TumaniSvils sayvedurobdnen novatorobas,
tradiciisagan gandgomas, sxvadasxva saSemsruleblo maneris erT
speqtaklSi aRrevas, ekleqtizms, mxatvruli poziciis meryeobas da a. S.
rac mTavaria, kicxavdnen msaxiobebis TamaSis pirobiTobas da uaryofdnen
amgvari TamaSis maneras dramatul TeatrSi. akritikebdnen mixeil
TumaniSvilis Ziebebs, cdebs qarTul TeatrSi brextiseuli esTetikis
SemotanisaTvis. am garemoebam dRes CvenSi SeiZleba Rimili gamoiwvios,
46
radganac im braldebebs, romlebic mis `WinWraqasa~ (g. naxucriSvilis
piesis mixedviT) da `zafxulis Ramis sizmris~ dadgmebs wauyenes,
warmatebul momentad vTvliT robert sturuas SemoqmedebaSi. ubralod,
logikurad ar SeiZleba, rom `WinWraqasa~ da `zafxulis Ramis sizmars~
gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad ar emoqmeda robert sturuas
reJisoruli stilistikis Camoyalibebaze, radganac swored ekleqtizmi,
romlisTvisac ase kicxavdnen TumaniSvils, mravladaa sturuas TiTqmis
yvela dadgmaSi. amitomac yvelaze swori iqneba, rom gavakeTo CamonaTvali
im saTeatro procesebis, movlenebis da faqtebisa, romlebmac ganapiroba
sturuas saTeatro modelis Camoyalibeba. ver vityvi, konkretulad romeli,
magram SemiZlia vTqva, rom es aris lubimovis speqtaklebi, romlebmac
sabWoTa sinamdvileSi daabrunes is gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi, rac iyo
meierholdTan da sxvebTan 20-ian wlebSi. Tu magaliTisTvis aviRebT
lubimovis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi dadgmul speqtaklebs, vnaxavT
ZiriTad xerxebs, romlebsac SemdgomSi saukeTeso saxiT vxedavT sturuas
speqtaklebSic. liubimovis resursi aris meierholdi, brexti da a. S.,
rodesac scenaze gvaqvs mravalfunqciuri metaforebi, rodesac erTi nivTi
an sagani, speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi, metaforizacias ganicdis. es Zalian
kargad Cans ukve rusTavelis Teatris bevr speqtaklSi. es ar aris mxolod
sturuasTan. es ukve dawyebulia `antigoneSi~, `samaniSvilSi~, rodesac
reforma Semodis saTeatro sivrceSi da scenidan qreba mZime, mouqneli
dekoraciebi, Cndeba abstraqtuli sivrce. unda mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom
Cndeba axali scenografia, romelic jer kidev 10-ian wlebSi gvxvdeba
evropaSi da dakavSirebulia apiasTan, kregis eqsperimentebTan. es
brwyinvaled hqondaT atacebuli petre ocxels da irakli gamrekels. moxda
Zvelis ganaxleba da Tavidan Semotana. brextis epikuri Teatri CvenTan ar
iyo sruli masStabiT. CvenTan gamoiyeneboda xerxebi. am SemTxvevaSi
logikuria, rom Cndeba gansazRvreba _ ekleqtizmi... ekleqtizmi ara im
TvalsazrisiT, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi aris danawevrebuli, aramed
iseTi saTeatro modeli, rodesac mravali xerxis, sxvadasxva,
gansxvavebuli xerxis gamoyenebiT vRebulobT erT mTlians.
47
`seCuaneli keTili adamiani~, J. anuis `medea~, agreTve
inteleqtualuri Teatris principebze agebuli h. ibsenis `eqimi Stokmani~
sasinji qva iyo r. sturuasTvis. es qva ukve afrqvevda elvare naperwklebs,
magram cecxli cota mogvianebiT aenTo, maSin rodesac r. sturuam
evropuli Teatraluri kulturis Studirebis gza gaasrula da ukan
gamosasvleli biliki ipova sakuTari Tavisaken. miagno sakuTar xmas, Temasa
da stils~.30
robert sturuas `saTeatro modelis~, `saTeatro enis~ kvlevis dros,
Cems interess ar warmoadgens imis Zieba _ visTan ufro adre gvxvdeba esa
Tu is sareJisoro, saTeatro xerxi. istoriuli winapirobebis, saTeatro
esTetikis, saTeatro modelis, zogadad saxelovnebo Ziebebis fonze
(marjaniSvilis, axmetelis, brextis, streleris, lubimovis, TumaniSvilis
da sxvaTa Ziebebi) msurs gamovikvlio robert sturuas `saTeatro ena~,
ramac gansazRvra im fenomenis warmoqmna, rasac Cven dRes robert sturuas
Teatrs vuwodebT.
mainc, saidan iwyebs robert sturua rogorc reJisori? `m.
TumaniSvilma maswavla Semecno Teatri, rogorc sixaruliT savse, magram
Tavdauzogavi Sromis asparezi, roca vnebebs scenis rkinisebur logikas
umorCileb da aboboqrebul warmosaxvas azris damarcxebis saSualebas ar
aZlev. sxva maswavleblebic myavda. es iyo dodo aleqsiZe, romelsac
Teatri esmoda rogorc zeimi. es iyo misi saocari, brwyinvale
TeatralobiT aRbeWdili speqtaklebi... es iyo lili ioseliani, romelic
speqtaklze Tavisi skrupulozuri muSaobiT gamoirCeoda... es iyo saSa
miqelaZe, romelic reJisoris profesias ironiiT uyurebda da amtkicebda,
ar SeiZleba, rom WeSmariti Semoqmedi Zalze seriozulad ekidebodes imas,
rasac TviTon qmniso. me yvelafer amas viwovdi, magram Cem gzas veZebdi
mainc...~31 _ amas Tavad reJisori ambobs. me ki davumatebdi, rom e. w.
`genetikuri maxsovrobiT~, robert sturua (Tu mxolod qarTul Teatrs
SevexebiT) kote marjaniSvilis `mowafec~ aris. vinaidan, rogorc ukve
30 mumlaZe d. robert sturua, J. `sabWoTa xelovneba~ 1981. # 12. gv. 34.
31 sturua –sturuas Sesaxeb. gaz. `kultura~ 2008. #2 (40). gv.7.
48
vTqvi, qarTul TeatrSi kinomontaJis principi, rodesac scenaze
erTdroulad, erT epizodSi ramdenime qmedeba TamaSdeba, swored kote
marjaniSvilma daamkvidra. dRes sturua saTeatro reJisuris yvela
gasaRebsa Tu saidumlos flobs.
fsiqologiuri wvdomis ostatobiT gamoirCeoda robert sturuas
speqtakli `seilemis procesi~ (a. mileri). warmodgena yvelam erTxmad
miiRo. Tavis droze dramaturgmac moiwona sturuaseuli dadgma.
`darbaisluri warmodgenaa da ara sentimentaluri, rogorc es zogierT
scenaze minaxavs. momewona, Zalze STambeWdavia... mizanswrafulia, Zlieria
moqmedeba, mTliani da monoliTuri~...32 _ ambobs artur mileri. gamarjvebis
Semdgom TiTqos logikuri unda yofiliyo misi SemoqmedebiTi gzis am
stilSi gagrZeleba, magram robert sturuam sul sxva gza airCia. man
mimarTa brextis Teatrs, SeiTvisa igi da amasTanave daukavSira qarTuli
erovnuli Teatraluri kulturis tradiciebs. `Cven yvelas Zalian kargad
gvaxsovs, romel Teatralur esTetikasac eyrdnoboda igi adre. is
Teatraluri esTetika sturuas ar moutania. igi mas daxvda da isic qmnida
mis farglebSi. amitom, arsebulis daTmoba maSin sakuTari Tavis povnas
udrida~.33 _ wers dali mumlaZe. robert sturuam qarTul scenaze, kerZod
ki, rusTavelis TeatrSi daamkvidra politikur-plakaturi Teatris
principebi. ra Tqma unda, es erTbaSad, erTi xelis mosmiT ar momxdara.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi Ziebebis, damarcxebebis Tu gamarjvebis Sedegad
Seiqmna aseTi tipis Teatri. Ziebani, albaT, axlac mimdinareobs mis
SemoqmedebaSi, magram erTi ram udavod naTelia _ robert sturuas
fenomeni, rogorc Teatris reJisorisa _ arsebobs.
robert sturua Tavis SemoqmedebaSi ikvlevs tiraniis, tiranul
saxelmwifoSi adamianis Tavisuflebis, pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis
urTierdamokidebulebis problemebs. igi Tavisi speqtaklebiT amxilebs
tiraniis araadamianur arss. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT mis mier rusTavelis
TeatrSi ganxorcielebul dadgmebs, vnaxavT, rom yvelaze ufro mwvaved es
32 rusTavelis Teatris muzeumis masalebidan. 33 qarTveliSvili v. mumlaZe d. liris Teatri. vaxtang qarTveliSvili. Tb. `kentavri~. 2006. gv. 318.
49
sakiTxebi gamovlinda klasikos dramaturgTa piesebis dadgmebSi. robert
sturuam rusTavelis Teatris scenaze am avtorTa mravali nawarmoebi
ganaxorciela. esenia: a. cagarlis `xanuma~ (1968), b. brextis `seCuaneli
keTili adamiani~ (1969), h. ibsenis `eqimi stokmani~ (1972), p. kakabaZis
`yvaryvare TuTaberi~ (1974), a. sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis `Ralati~ (1975), b.
brextis `kavkasiuri carcis wre~ (1975) da u. Seqspiris `riCard III~ (1979), da
`mefe liri~ (1987), p. kalderonis `cxovreba sizmaria~ (1993), b. brextis
`seCuaneli keTili adamiani~ (1993), u. Seqspiris `makbeti~ (1995), g. robaqiZis
`lamara~ (1997), k. gocis `qali gveli~ (1998), i. WavWavaZis `kacia_adamiani?!~
(2000), u. Seqspiris `Sobis meTormete Rame anu rogorc geneboT~ (2001) da
`hamleti~ (2001), s. beketis `godos molodinSi~ (2002), d. kldiaSvilis
`darispanis gasaWiri~ (2006).
yvela am dadgmaSi gamoikveTa r. sturuas moqalaqeobrivi pozicia,
misi miswrafeba, rogorc pirovnebisa da rogorc reJisoris, gamoikvlios
adamianis pirovnebad Camoyalibebis procesi, pirovnebis Tavisuflebis
aspeqtebi, pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebuleba,
saxelmwifos tiranuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdegobani, swored am
problemebidan gamomdinare akeTebda klasikur nawarmoebTa Tavisebur,
SeiZleba, sakamaTo interpretaciebsac ki. robert sturua zogjer
marcxdeboda, zogjer ki imarjvebda, magram arasodes ar Ralatobda Tavis
mrwamss. igi yovel dadgmaSi, `xanumadan~ moyolebuli, eZiebda da
cdilobda warmoeCina axleburi reJisoruli stilistika, Seeqmna misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli saTeatro ena.
winamdebare naSromSi ramdenime speqtaklis magaliTze Sevecdebi
gamovavlino is Taviseburebani, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia robert sturua
_ reJisorisaTvis. naSromSi ganvixilav im dadgmebs, sadac yvelaze ufro
mZafrad gamoikveTa reJisoris pozicia, xelwera, saTeatro ena. ZiriTadad
ki, daveyrdnobi rusTavelis TeatrSi ganxorcielebul Seqspiris piesebis
sturuaseul interpretaciebs.
robert sturuas mier rusTavelis TeatrSi qarTuli klasikuri
piesebis dadgmam met-naklebi warmateba moipova. yovel SemTxvevaSi, metad
mwvave diskusia gamoiwvia Cvens sazogadoebaSi. amis mizezi, albaT, is aris,
50
rom klasikuri nawarmoebebi reJisorma sruliad axleburad waikiTxa da
ganxorciela.
speqtakli `xanuma~ Zalze Teatraluri (am sityvis kargi gagebiT),
reJisoruli gamonagonebebis siuxviTAsavse musikaluri warmodgena iyo,
sadac Tavi iCina warmosaxvis, warmoCenis Teatris stilistikam. speqtaklma
gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa robert sturuas SemoqmedebaSi, misi
Semdgomi reJisoruli enis CamoyalibebaSi. `xanumas~ avkargianobis Sesaxeb
imarTeboda diskusiebi, romlebSic literaturis kritikosebic
monawileobdnen. kamaTobdnen imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad mizanSewonilia
akademiur TeatrSi amgvari speqtaklebis dadgma. robert sturuam avqsenti
cagarlis piesis sruli modernizacia moaxdina. piesas daemata prologi,
Caemata teqsti, msaxiobebi xSirad improvizacias mimarTavdnen. Seiqmna
SesaniSnavi aqtioruli ansambli. scenaze cocxldeboda avqsenti cagarlis
komediuri situaciebi, mkveTri, sisxlsavse xasiaTebi. speqtakli siTboTi,
qarTuli artistizmiT iyo savse. ar iyo cxovrebis seriozul problemebze
fiqri, mxolod da mxolod garToba, sicili. rogorc aRvniSne, `xanuma~
didi kamaTis sagani xdeba. imis eSiniaT, rom Teatri kargavs ideaTa,
problemaTa simZafres, socialur gamiznulobaTa aqtualobas. 1882 wels
dawera avqsenti cagarelma `xanuma~. mas Semdeg es piesa mravaljer daidga
qarTul scenaze. `xanuma~ Tavis droze aqtualuri, socialuri nawarmoebi
iyo. swored socialuri winaaRmdegobis gamo komediis safuZvlad iqca
gadamdgari, xandazmuli generlis, Tavad vano fantiaSvilis mier vaWar
mikiC tyuilkotriancis sasurvel sasiZod CaTvla. dRevandeli
sazogadoebisaTvis isev aqtualuri gaxda `xanumas~ socialuri motivi (ra
Tqma unda, sxva datvirTviT). maSin ki, robert sturuam `xanumas~ Camoacila
socialuri safuZveli da mayurebels uCvena mecxramete saukunis Tbilisis
suraTebi. sturuam Seqmna Tavisi `xanuma~, SeaerTa ra komedia komediasTan.
`es iyo speqtakli-oreuli, erTianobaSi Serwymuli `xanuma~ da `anti-xanuma~.
artistebi erTdroulad TamaSobdnen da angrevdnen cagarlis piesas~.34
34 Орджоникидзе Г. Становление. ж. «Советская музыка» . 1976. №10. ст.20.
51
`xanumaSi~ Caisaxa pirvelad bevri ram, rac Semdgom r. sturuas
saTeatro enisTvis xdeba damaxasiaTebeli. speqtaklSi aRreul iqna
sxvadasxva Janri. SeiZleba iTqvas, reJisorma speqtaklSi monaxa is
garegnuli formebi, gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi, romlebic mas
daexmarebodnen Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi gzis Semdgomi orientaciis
gansazRvraSi da, romelsac dRes, `sturuaseuli ekleqturi Teatri~
vuwodeT. `xanuma~, ase vTqvaT, `sasinji qva~, gardamavali wertili iyo
fsiqologiuri mimarTulebis Teatridan axali, brextiseuli Teatris
principebisaken, romelic robert sturuam qarTul erovnul xasiaTTan
daaaxlova. amasTanave, `xanumaSi~ gamovlinda qarTuli artistizmi,
qarTuli artistuli `suli~. salome yanCelis, erosi manjgalaZis da ramaz
CxikvaZis trio kidev ufro met xalissa da sicocxles matebda speqtakls.
`wyarosaviT moedineba artistuli mravalferovneba, gardasuli saukunis
cxovreba modis Tavisi primitiuli gulaxdilobiT, modis sixalisiT,
zeimurad. reJisori poulobs cocxal nervs xalxur Teatralur
tradiciebTan, asxvaferebs mas da isev ubrunebs pirvelsawyisebs. aq
yvelaferi TamaSobs, araseriozulis sazRvramde midis seriozuli da
winaaRmdegobaTa groteskul ganzogadebaSi isaxeba garkveuli Teatraluri
tendencia.~ 35
speqtakl `xanumaSi~, mayurebelTan kontaqtis gasaRrmaveblad axali
formebis Ziebis moments zogierTni uaryofiTad afasebdnen da miiCnevdnen,
rom `xanumas~ msgavsi speqtaklebi Teatrs mxolod garTobis sagnad
gadaaqcevda da Camoacilebda mas `sulis gansawmendis~ daniSnulebas.
magram, rogorc drom gviCvena, robert sturuam Tavis Semdgom speqtaklebSi
ki ar Camoacila, aramed, gaamZafra `Teatri-tribunis~ roli. ra Tqma unda,
rodesac xelovnebaSi mimdinare procesebi Cvens Tvalwinaa, Znelia dainaxo
da Seafaso isini. amas dro da distancia sWirdeba. axla, rodesac drom
ganvlo, aRmoCnda, `xanumas~ dadgma mxolod da mxolod reJisoris
`akviatebuli~ survilis nayofi ar yofila. misi rusTavelis Teatris
scenaze ganxorcieleba kargad mofiqrebuli nabiji, an SeiZleba is
35 kiknaZe v. Teatri da dro. Tb. `xelovneba~. 1984. gv. 34.
52
`winaswarmetyveluri~ unari iyo, rac geniosebs xSirad axasiaTebT xolme.
rusi kritikosi v. ivanovi zust Sefasebas aZlevs robert sturuas
reJisorul azrovnebas: `robert sturuas mxatvruli azrovneba mimarTulia
sazogadoebis siRrmeebisken, reJisori adamians uyurebs sazogadoebrivi
TvalTaxedviT. sturuasTan adamianis Sinagani samyaros analizi socialuri
problemebis kvlevidan gamomdinareobs~.36
marTlac, robert sturua yovelTvis miiswrafvis konkretulidan
zogadisaken. mis speqtaklebSi, konkretuli zogad xasiaTs iZens. gmiris
moqmedebas reJisori xSirad socialuri movlenebis Tvalsazrisidan
aSuqebs, xsnis.
dramatuli nawarmoebis axleburi interpretaciis dros yvelaze
Znelia SeinarCuno nawarmoebis ZiriTadi arsi, Sinagani struqtura,
koncefcia da Janruli specifika. rusTavelis Teatris sturuaseuli
speqtaklebi swored amis saukeTeso magaliTia. `Ralatsa~ da `yvaryvareSi~
teqsti zogan Camatebulia, darRveulia moqmedebis Tanmimdevroba. mokled
rom vTqvaT, robert sturua qarTuli klasikuri nawarmoebebis axal
montaJs gvTavazobs. magaliTad, `yvaryvareSi~ Setanilia polikarpe
kakabaZis sxva piesebidan (`kaxaberis xmali~, `cxovrebis jara~) amokrebili
citatebi, sadac yvaryvares variaciuli saxeebia mocemuli. ufro metic,
reJisorma Caamata scena bertolt brextis piesidanA`arturo uis kariera.~
Tu risTvis dasWirda am scenis Camateba, amis Sesaxeb ufro qveviT
vilaparakeb. `RalatSi~ reJisors sxva piesebidan scenebi ar gadmoaqvs,
magram aqac gvxdeba teqstualuri cvlilebebi, gadaadgilebebi, Camatebebi
da kupiurebi; rogorc ukve aRvniSne, dramaturgiis sferoSi amgvari CareviT
ar icvleba nawarmoebis dedaazri, piriqiT, kidev ufro mkafio xdeba.
`samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ robert sturuam Temur CxeiZesTan erTad
1969 wels dadga. da, albaT, ra sirTulis winaSe aRmoCnda damdgmeli
koleqtivi, rodesac daviT kldiaSvilis SesaniSnavi moTxrobis
inscenirebas Seudga. sirTuleebi bevri iqneboda. pirvel rigSi _ forma; ra
36 Иванов В. Человек в обществе мир в человеке. Размышления о театре имени Руставели. ж. «Дружба
народов» 1977. №6. ст. 228.
53
formiT unda miesadagebina am nawarmoebis socialuri problematika Cvens
Tanamedrove yofasTan. speqtakli pirobiT aspeqtSi gadawyvites da es
pirobiToba savsebiT gamarTlebuli aRmoCnda, imdenad bunebrivad moxda
yvelaferi.
warmodgena daviT kldiaSvilis saxl-muzeumSi damTvalierebelTa
mosvliT iwyeboda da mTeli moqmedeba am muzeumis erT oTaxsa da aivanze
mimdinareobda. giorgi gegeWkori xelSi iRebda daviT kldiaSvilis
gamocemis eqsponirebul egzemplars da iwyebda kiTxvas. TandaTanobiT
Sedioda msaxiobi saxeSi da im adgilas, sadac warmoTqvamda: `mRupav, mama?!~
_ igi ukve platon samaniSvilad iqceoda. aseve ubralod, bunebrivad
erTveboda moTxrobis gasceniurebaSi bekinac. sergo zaqariaZe mxrebze
gadaigdebda TeTr yabalaxs, romelic agreTve muzeumis eqsponats
warmoadgenda da TamaSs iwyebda. aseve Sediodnen TavianT saxeebSi
damTvalierebelTa jgufis sxva warmomadgenlebi. amgvari scenuri
atmosfero mayurebels warmosaxvis, fantaziis uflebas utovebda.
`yvaryvares~, romelsac robert sturuam daarqva samnawiliani
sanaxaoba polikarpe kakabaZis piesebis mixedviT, iwyebda moxetiale dasi.
scenaze eklesiis interieri iyo warmodgenili. taZris kedelze _ `yinwvisis
angelozis~ uzarmazari freska, romelsac marjvena xeli Sav CarCoSi
hqonda Casmuli, Camoqceuli `wminda giorgis~ freska, eklesiis kedelze
mkveTrad gamosaxuli samizne tiris wreebi _ es metaforul-simboluri
miniSnebebi savsebiT naTlad miuTiTebda `uRvTod~ mitovebul qveynaze.
taZris kedlebze moCanda agreTve mecxramete saukunis dasasrulisa da
meoce saukunis dasawyisis gamoCenil adamianTa saxeebi. aqve iyo
warmosaxuli isrebiT gangmiruli sebastiane. scenaze warmoCenili mTeli
dekoraciis daniSnuleba SemdegSi mdgomareobda: eCvenebina mimdinare
movlenaTa sayovelTaoba, globaluroba. swored aq, am taZarSi, gaemarTaT
wisqvili (mxatvrebi g. imerliSvili, m. SveliZe); am daqceul eklesiaSi
modioda moxetiale dasi da marTavda speqtakls. warmodgenis aseTi xerxiT
gadawyveta reJisors saSualebas aZlevda, gadaeadgilebina epizodebi,
Seeqmna improvizaciis saSualeba da, rac mTavaria, naTlad warmoeCina
54
dadgmis koncefcia. speqtaklis wamyvanebi iyvnen: dasis xelmZRvaneli
(jemal RaRaniZe) da patara momRerali biWuna (nanuli sarajiSvili),
romlebic speqtaklis prologs simReriTa da reCitativiT warmoTqvamdnen.
isini mayurebels amcnobdnen, rom moxetiale dass ganuzraxavs speqtaklis
gamarTva, rom isini speqtaklis wamyvanebi arian da swored prologSi
gangvimartavdnen TavianTi `Teatrisa Tu koleqtivis~ esTetikur mrwamss: _
`maS, Cemo daso, miwieri codo-madlis kanonebs nu gadauxvev xelovnebaSi~...
da warmodgena iwyeboda. `yvaryvare TuTaberis~ dasawyisi sturuam sruliad
Secvala. polikarpe kakabaZis piesas yvaryvare iwyebs, romelic sayveduris
toniT mimarTavs mewisqviles: `kmara, mudam xom ar unda iRiRino?!~,
vinaidan mewisqvile xels uSlis nacris moqeqvasa da momavali gegmebis
dawyobaSi. robert sturuam Secvala ara mxolod garemo, aramed piesis
moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevrobac. reJisorma speqtakls SemTxveviT rodi daarqva
`yvaryvare~ (piesisagan gansxvavebiT). es gaazrebulad moxda. robert
sturuam mayurebels afiSidanve ganucxada, rom speqtakli raRaciT
gansxvavebuli iqneboda piesisagan, rom yvaryvares saxe ufro globaluri
masStabiT iqneboda warmodgenili. `robert sturuas speqtaklma rogorc
axali drois, aseve axali Teatraluri enis Tvisebebi warmogvidgina.
rusTavelis Teatris dadgmis Janri groteski gaxda... p. kakabaZis piesaSi
warmodgenili karnavaluri gmiris aRzeveba gangvirgvinebis zogadi idea,
romelic saqarTvelos romeliRac miyruebuli mazris masStabebSi
TamaSdeboda, robert sturuas dadgmaSi axal masStabebs iZens, uaRresad
pirobiT, magram axal viTarebaSi warmoisaxeba~.37
robert sturuam, 1974 wels, qarTuli Teatris aRdgenis asocdaxuT
wlisTavs miuZRvna aleqsandre sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis piesa `Ralatis~ dadgma.
reJisorma scenaze am nawarmoebis ganxorcielebisas metad gabeduli gza
airCia. rogorc cnobilia, es nawarmoebi mravaljer daudgamT qarTul
TeatrSi. `Ralatis~ scenuri cxovreba sakmao dros moicavs. ar darCenila
saqarTvelos arc erTi profesiuli, Tu moyvarulTa dasi, rom ar esinja am
37 mumlaZe d. yvaryvare. J. `Teatri da cxovreba~, 1998. #4. gv. 20-21.
55
nawarmoebis dadgma. amitom, sazogadoeba didi interesiT eloda, Tu rogor
saxes miiRebda piesa iseTi reJisoris xelSi, rogoric sturuaa, vinaidan is
principulad uaryofda gatkepnili gzebiT siaruls, cdilobda viwro,
konkretuli epoqis farglebSi moqceuli movlenebi ganevrco da erovnuli
tipaJisTvis ufro farTo, zogadsakacobrio elferi mieniWebina. robert
sturuam amjeradac uari Tqva wlebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli
`Ralatis~ dadgmis tradiciaze. piesa zedmiwevniT Seiswavla da,
Tanadroulobis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, gaacocxla warsulis
patriotuli epizodebi.
reJisorma speqtakli Semzaravi simbolikiT daiwyo. darbazSi
gaismoda sparsul sakravTa xmebi, avanscenaze gamoCndeboda nergi, romelic
cxovrebis xis, anu maradiulobis simbolos gamoxatavda. scenis siRrmidan
modioda Sav samosSi gaxveuli qali da nergis qveS emxoboda. es iyo
saqarTvelos dedofali _ Tamari. saorkestro ormodan scenaze nel-nela
amoemarTeboda soleimani da miwaze garTxmul Tamar dedofals medidurad
gadaabijebda. misi mosasxami gadaacocdeboda Tamaris sxeuls, sudaras
gadaaclida da saqarTvelos dedofali _ zeinabad, soleimanis meuRled
gadaiqceoda mowiTalo ferebSi gadawyvetili samosiT. soleimani ki gzas
agrZelebda da maRali kibiT adioda wminda giorgis gabzaruli karedis
win dadgmul taxtze. speqtaklSi ferTa simbolikas mniSvnelovani
dramaturgiuli funqcia mieniWa. magaliTad, Tu dasawyisSi zeinabsa da
oTar-begs sisxlisferi samosi ecvaT, rogorc soleimanis msaxurebs,
speqtaklis dasrulebisas mooqrosfroTi icvleboda, rac, albaT, maT
ganaxlebul sulier mdgomareobaze mianiSnebda. `Ralats~ robert sturuam
zogadsakacobrio masStabi SesZina da globalurad warmoaCina
dampyroblisa da dapyrobilis urTierTobani, maTi fsiqologia da
cxovrebis cvalebadobis gardauvaloba.
`samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~ robert sturuam da Temur CxeiZem
erTmaneTs SeuTavses fsiqologiuri wvdomis, gardasaxvis principebi _
brextiseul `gaucxoebis efeqts~. am xerxis gamoyenebiT, distancia
msaxiobebsa da moTxrobis gmirebs Soris xan mcirdeboda, xan kvlav
56
izrdeboda. amgvari mignebiT, zustad daiWires da gadmosces daviT
kldiaSvilis moTxrobebis `suli~, romlis saSualebiTac msaxiobebi
TavianTi gmirebis cxovrebas kidec ganicdidnen da amave dros,
Semfaseblebadac gvevlinebodnen. reJisorebma da msaxiobebma miaRwies
xasiaTebisa da movlenebis arsis groteskul gadmocemas, maTdami
damokidebulebis warmoCenas. amas garda, meTodi, romelic gamoiyenes
reJisorebma, speqtaklis dasawyisidanve aZlevda maT saSualebas,
Tavisuflad gadasuliyvnen moTxrobis realuri situaciebidan pirobiTsa
da stilizebul xerxebze. esec xazs usvamda reJisorebis damokidebulebas
ama Tu im movlenisadmi _ gadasvla ironiidan da iumoridan naRvelisa da
tragizmis situaciebze. magaliTisTvis moviyvan platonis wasvlis scenas
`sacole-dedinacvlis~ saZebnelad. moTxrobis mixedviT, gzis naxevarze
mets platoni fexiT midis da cxens, am gasacodavebul sulier arsebas,
moaTrevs. es epizodi moTxrobaSi aRsavsea iumoriTa da naRveliT.
reJisorebma SemogvTavazes uCveulo sanaxaoba: wnelisagan gakeTebuli
raRac fitulis cxeni. igi sabralod da sacodavad gamoiyureboda. erTi
SexedviT SeiZleba ver mimxvdariyavi, rom es cxenia, magram uceb, platonis
_ giorgi gegeWkoris mier erTi maTraxis aqneva, cxenze mjdomis moZraoba...
da mayureblis winaSe realuri sinamdvilis iluzia iqmneboda. mayurebels
sjeroda, rom platoni, marTlac, Tavis daCaCanakebul cxens miaTrevda.
aseve pirobiT xerxSi iyo gadawyvetili platonisa da kiriles (ramaz
CxikvaZe) gamgzavrebis scena. giorgi gegeWkori da ramaz CxikvaZe iRebdnen
Cveulebriv skamebs, `gadaajdebodnen~, xelebs skamis zurgs CasWidebdnen,
cxenze mjdomi kaciviT moZraobdnen, xmiT cxenis floqvebis xmas
gamoscemdnen da mayureblis winaSe kvlav iSleboda pirobiTi da amave
dros, iumoriT savse sanaxaoba. anda bekinas da elenes tradiciuli wes-
CveulebiT dadgmuli qorwinebis scena, romelic reJisuram ironiis sagnad
aqcia. am scenis finali gadawyvetili iyo Zveli fotosuraTis pozaSi,
sadac ojaxis wevrebs kmayofilebiT aRsavse saxeebi aqvT. marTlac, TiTqos
yvelaferi kargad damTavrda. platoni da bekina kmayofilebi iyvnen
TavianTi bediT. bekinam aisrula colis SerTvis survili, xolo platonma
57
uSvilo, ornaqmarevi dedinacvali `iSovna~. mas aRar hqonda SiSi mamulze
moziaris dabadebisa, magram cxovreba umowyalo aRmoCnda. elene
dafexmZimda. bekina TiTqos damnaSavedac grZnobda Svilis winaSe Tavs,
magram amave dros, eamayeboda kidec, rom am asakSi colis dafexmZimeba
SeZlo da platonis winadadebas – elenem muceli moiSaloso,
aRSfoTebulma upasuxa: `RvTis Casaxuli kaci movkla?~
Semdgom, bavSvis dabadebis scenac pirobiTad iyo gadawyvetili.
speqtaklis yvela monawile scenaze imyofeboda, maT Soris _ elenec.
ismoda Tofis gavardnis xma. aristo qvaSaviZe amcnobda bekinas, biWi
SegeZinao. platonis natvra, gogo mainc daibadoso, ar asrulda. xalxi
modioda bekinasTan da elenesTan mosalocad. Tavis dabla daxriT xels
arTmevdnen, TiTqos usityvo solidarobas ucxadebdnen da imave dros,
usamZimrebdnen kidec. yvelafers agvirgvinebda TiTqmis tragikuli finali.
giorgi gegeWkori TandaTan `Sordeboda~ Tavis platons da kvlav wigns
iRebda xelSi. igi samuzeumo eqsponatis ukanasknel gverds furclavda da
iwyebda kiTxvasATavisi gmiris ara gakicxvis, aramed misadmi TanagrZnobis
intonaciiT. giorgi gegeWkori auwyebda mayurebels, Tu ramdeni mwuxareba
da ubedureba xvda wilad samaniSvilebis ojaxs. bavSvis gaCenam sixarulis
nacvlad, saxlSi ubedureba Semoitana. es aris adamianTa cxovrebis
tragizmi; magram ram moitana aseTi Seusabamoba?! ra Tqma unda, epoqam.
epoqam, romelmac adamianSi adamianuri suli mokla. es marTlac, satireli
da sasaciloa. da, rusTavelis Teatris speqtaklic xom tragi-komedia iyo.
ai, ras wers am speqtaklis Sesaxeb v. ivanovi: `speqtaklis Tavisebureba
imaSia, rom dramatuli siuJeti adamianis sulieri degradaciisa
xorcSesxmulia komikur fabulaSi, rig mZafrad komikur Janrobriv
scenebSi, `samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~ gmirebi egoisturad gancalkevebulni
arian, magram garegnulad isini erTmaneTs yuradRebiTa da gulisyuriT
epyrobian~.38
38 ivanovi v. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 229.
58
speqtaklis sevdanarevi iumori, naRvliani kilo iwvevda agreTve
TanagrZnobas im adamianebis mimarT, romlebic scenaze idgnen da TiTqos
Sengan (mayureblisgan) xsnas elodnen.
rogorc aRvniSne, robert sturuas reJisoruli azrovneba
miiswrafvis Tanamedrove brextiseul Teatris principebis sinTezisaken
qarTul nacionalur kulturasTan. amis magaliTia speqtakl `yvaryvares~
Seqmna. sityva Seqmna me SemTxveviT ar mixmaria, radganac `yvaryvare~
robert sturuas usazRvro reJisoruli fantaziis nayofia. misma dadgmam
Zalian saintereso rezultati mogvca. saintereso Tundac imitom, rom
warmodgenam didi kamaTi gamoiwvia aramarto Teatralur kritikosTa
Soris, aramed Teatris moyvaruli da TeatrSi mosiarule mTeli
sazogadoeba aalaparaka. zogni mTlianad uaryofdnen polikarpe kakabaZis
sturuaseul interpretacias, zogni _ piriqiT, didad uWerdnen mxars.
mowinaaRmdegeni, sxva mizezebTan erTad, robert sturuas speqtakls
uaryofdnen imis gamo, rom maTi azriT, ar SeiZleba globalur masStabebSi
warmodgeniliyo polikarpe kakabaZis wmindad qarTuli piesa; magram aq
Cndeba erTi uneburi kiTxva: Tu polikarpe kakabaZis nawarmoebTa
problematika aseTi viwro wriT, mxolod da mxolod `erovnuli niadagiT~
ifargleba, maSin ratom aris igi klasikosi, msoflio masStabis
dramaturgi? magram saqme aq sxvagvaradaa. robert sturuas yvaryvaresaTvis
`qarTuli niadagi~ ar gamouclia, reJisorma, ubralod, polikarpe kakabaZis
siRrmeebSi arsebuli `yvaryvarizmis~ zogadsakacobrio idea wina planze
wamoswia da es idea speqtaklSi Taviseburi formiT ganaxorciela. Cems
azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom robert sturuas saTeatro ena, xerxebi qarTul
niadags eyrdnoba, cnobili rusi Teatrmcodnis _ mixeil Svidkois
sityvebic adasturebs: `CemTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom sturua aris
qarTveli reJisori, romelic gamoxatavs qarTveli xalxis tkivils, vnebaTa
SeWirvebas, imeds. rasac ar unda dgamdes _ brextsa Tu Seqspirs,
romlebmac mas msoflio saxeli mouxveWes, sturua CemTvis aris ilia
59
WavWavaZisa da niko firosmanaSvilis, daviT kldiaSvilisa da polikarpe
kakabaZis Tanamemamule.~39
prologis damTavrebis Semdeg, qvemexebisa Tu tyviamfrqvevTa kakanis
fonze scenaze Semorboda Tavzardacemuli brbo da miwas erTxmoda. maT
Soris iyo SeSinebuli, saxegafiTrebuli, jariskacis formaSi gamowyobili
ltolvili, romelic erTi Tvalis gadavlebis Semdgom, isev ukan garboda,
raTa mcire xnis Semdeg maT mesiis saxiT gamoscxadeboda. `aqedan iwyeba
yvaryvares sakvirveli metamorfozebi, da misi svla cxovrebis sxvadasxva
`rkalSi~, romelic Tavis TanmimdevrobiT macxovris cxovrebas mogvagonebs,
gardatexils groteskulad, Sebrunebulad, ironiuli paradoqsalurobiT~.40
me ki, nodar gurabaniZis am citatas davumatebdi, rom reJisoris mier
yvaryvares warmoCena aseTi saxiT mis pirvelsave scenaSi xazs usvamda da
amave dros mayurebels Tavidanve amcnobda yvaryvares araCveulebriv niWs
situaciis Sefasebisa. yvaryvarem igrZno, rom swored es momenti, rodesac
xalxs, masas Tavgza abneuli aqvs da goneba dakarguli, SeeZlo
gamoeyenebina Tavisi gandidebis mizniT. es xom yvela im karieristi
adamianis Tvisebaa, romelsac TavisTavad araferi Rirebulis Seqmna ar
ZaluZs, magram raRac niRabs moirgebs da ase niRabafarebuli warmoaCens
Tavis Tavs. `am speqtaklSi igi (niRabi, m. v.) mainc mniSvnelovan komponentad
mimaCnia _ yvaryvare ar gvevlineba Tavisi namdvili saxiT, mas udidesi
niRabi aqvs afarebuli cxovrebaSi, igi mudam SeniRbulia~.41
yvaryvarem `qristes~ niRabi aifara, raTa xalxi moenusxa. ai, rogor
xsnis amas Tavad reJisori robert sturua: `me gavavle paraleli qristes
cxovrebasTan, radgan Tavisi droisaTvis igi warmomidgeba keTilis,
progresulis sawyisad. am paralelis meoxeobiT vaCvene egreTwodebuli
`antiqriste~. romelic Tavis saqmianobas sikeTis saxeliT iwyebs – qadagebs
imas, rac xalxisaTvis saWiro da misaRebia~.42
39 SoTa rusTavelis Teatris muzeumis masalebidan.
40 gurabaniZe n. reJisori robert sturua. Tb. `xelovneba~. 1997. gv.198.
41 dialogi yvaryvareze. J. `Teatraluri moambe~. #4. 1974. gv.25.
42 iqve. gv. 25.
60
imisaTvis, rom es paraleli qristesa da antiqristes Soris
mayureblisaTvis ufro naTeli da gasagebi yofiliyo, robert sturuam
ramaz CxikvaZis yvaryvares pirvel gamoCenas `qristes~ saxiT musikalur
fonad daudo qarTuli qoralis xmebi `Sobai, Seni qristeo~. reJisoris es
SesaniSnavi migneba, marTlac rom, savsebiT naTelia _ qveyanaSi rwmenas
urwmunoeba Secvlis, adamianTa idealebs _ gaqroba, gadagvarebis
saSiSroeba moelis. `am sazogadoebis mxilebis paTosi imgvaria speqtaklSi,
rom igi afarToebs warmodgenis Janruli gaazrebis struqturas da
yvaryvare mniSvnelovani axali TemebiTa da motivebiT mdidrdeba, masSi
iseTi plastebi amotivtivdeba, rom igi veRar eteva martooden groteskis
CarCoebSi da midis ekleqtizmamde, romelsac principuli mniSvneloba aqvs
dadgmaSi~.43
reJisors speqtakli gadawyvetili hqonda, rogorc sakarnavalo farsi,
xolo aseT JanrSi yovelgvari pirobiTobaa dasaSvebi. amitomac sruliad
gamarTlda ramaz CxikvaZis yvaryvares saxis warmoCena tiranis globalur
aspeqtebSi. yvaryvare _ triumfatori, xakisfer kostiumSi gamowyobili
interventi generali, bonapartizmis Tvisebebis matarebeli.
ndobaaRWurvili yvaryvare xelSi iRebda gvirgvins da Tavze idgamda.
swored am detalSi vlindeboda yvaryvares gegmis mizani _ gandideba.
xalxi, `sazogadoeba~ jer ver xvdeboda, Tu ras sCadioda yvaryvare, magram
rodesac mixvda, mainc masTan darCa, mainc misi miznebis da `ideebis~
gamtarebeli da aRmsrulebeli aRmoCnda.
robert sturua amxelda ara marto yvaryvares, aramed iseT
sazogadoebasac, romelic uSvebs da itans yvaryvares arsebobas. albaT,
swored amitom, reJisorma speqtaklSi dagvanaxa yvaryvares metamorfozebi,
misi niRbis sxvadasxvagvari imitaciebi. `niRabTa monacvleobis, maTi
imitirebis sistemaSi yvaryvarizmis sqema ikveTeba, `gaucxoebisa~ da
`moulodnelobis~ efeqtTa feierverki warmoisaxeba da gmirs kvlav axal
niRabSi vxedavT~.44
43 mumlaZe d. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv.22.
44 iqve, gv. 26.
61
yvaryvares metamorfozebi sxva reJisorul mignebebTan erTad
yvaryvares kostiumebis cvalebadobaSic gamoixata. jariskacis ubralo
formas cvlida qristes wamosasxami, Semdeg SemTxveviT icvamda yayutasa da
quCaras mier gaZarculi Turqi jariskacis formas, romelic Ziudoistis
formas mogvagonebda. pirveli moqmedebis bolos, qarTul CoxaSi
warmogvidgeboda, Semdeg, momwvano samxedro formiTa da rkinis muzaradiT
_ generali interventi, Zalauflebis zenitSi yofnis dros _
`inteligenturad Cacmuli~, xolo bolos, rodesac igi Seityobda mis
mazraSi revoluciuri armiis Semosvlis ambavs _ SiSvldeboda.
am kostiumebis cvalebadobisas, yovelTvis ucvleli rCeboda erT-
erTi detali _ ramaz CxikvaZis yvaryvare yovelTvis fexSiSveli iyo.
TiTqos reJisori da msaxiobi, am StrixiT, xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas,
rom yvaryvare Sinagani bunebiT mudam nacrismqeqav mawanwalad darCeba. ai,
ras ambobs am detalis Sesaxeb Tavad msaxiobi ramaz CxikvaZe: `es
fexSiSvloba me, rogorc msaxiobs, Sinaganad mexmareba ufro cxadad
warmovidgino mawanwala yvaryvares natura. yvaryvares frakic acvia, magram
me ar vkargav personaJis `bosiakur~ sawyiss. igi naZiralaa da wmindanad,
xalxisaTvis wamebul kacad gvaCvenebs Tavs~.45 ucvleli rCeboda agreTve
misi saxis gayinuli gamometyveleba, romlis miRma adamianis namdvili
grZnobebis amokiTxva SeuZlebeli iyo.
robert sturuam yvaryvares mkrebelobiTi saxis warmosaCenad,
principulad mimarTa ekleqtizmsa da aplikaciur meTods. speqtaklSi
erTmaneTis gverdiT arsebobdnen da erTmaneTs erwymodnen
fotoilustraciebi, amonaWrebi gazeTebidan, xalxuri, jazi, klasika da
sxva. swored am principiT iyo gamarTlebuli scenis Casma speqtaklSi,
brextis piesidan `arturo uis kariera~. zogadidan reJisorma konkretuli
magaliTi aCvena. amasTanave, bertolt brextis piesa dawerilia, rogorc
tragikuli farsi da amiTac Seerwya igi `yvaryvares~. ai, ras wers am scenis
Camatebis Sesaxeb literaturis kritikosi g. gaCeCilaZe: `aq aucilebelia
erTi momentis sagangebo gaTvaliswineba. iseve, rogorc yvaryvare, uic
45 dialogi yvaryvareze. J. `Teatraluri moambe~. 1974. #4. gv. 28.
62
karnavaluri `gmiria~, am SemTxvevaSi mis istoriul `kostiums~, romelSic
hitleri igulisxmeba, aqvs ukiduresad pirobiTi mniSvneloba. saqme isaa,
rom p. kakabaZis komediis ganzogadebis sibrtyeSi, yvaryvares adgilas
igulisxmeba istoriis nebismieri karnavaluri mefe~.46
SemTxveviTi ar iyo is faqti, rom reJisorma speqtaklis sxva
rekvizitTan erTad scenaze globusi gamoitana. am globuss simboluri
daniSnuleba mieniWa. reJisori kidev erTxel usvamda xazs misi gmiris
masStaburobas. amas garda mayurebels mianiSnebda imaze, rom yvaryvare
msoflios yvela kuTxeSi SeiZleba gaCndes, Tu amas dauSvebs da xels
Seuwyobs sazogadoeba. `misi mizani arasrulyofili sazogadoebis mxilebaa.
am sazogadoebis mxilebis paTosi imgvaria speqtaklSi, rom igi afarToebs
warmodgenis Janruli gaazrebis struqturas da yvaryvare mniSvnelovani
axali TemebiTa da motivebiT mdidrdeba, masSi iseTi plastebi
amotivtivdeba, rom igi veRar eteva martooden groteskis CarCoebSi da
midis ekleqtizmamde, romelsac principuli mniSvneloba aqvs dadgmaSi~.47 _
wers dali mumlaZe.
is faqti, rom yvaryvarem xalxis meSveobiTAmiaRwia gandidebis zenits,
kidev erTxel mtkicdeboda `SeTqmulebis~ sceniT. mtkicdeboda isic, rom
yvaryvares arseboba ubralod xels aZlevs im xalxs, radganac am
SemTxvevaSi maTac _ `ubralo mokvdavT~, SeeZloT TavianT gandidebaze
ocneba da am ocnebis realurad ganxorcieleba. yvaryvares kimono ecva.
regbisa da Ziudos ileTebis gamoyenebiTAmimdinareobda es scena. erT
mxares yvaryvare idga, meore mxares _ mowinaaRmdegeTa mTeli jgufi. isini
TavebiT awvebodnen erTmaneTs. es Serkineba mTavrdeboda imiT, rom
yvaryvare erTi naxtomiT yvelas aswrebda `savarZelSi~ Cajdomas. xolo
savarZeli ki Zalauflebis simbolos warmoadgenda. yvaryvares
mowinaaRmdegeni marcxdebodnen, magram, Cemi azriT, am scenaSi yvelaze
saintereso momenti Semdegi iyo: ramaz CxikvaZe – yvaryvare eTiSeboda
46 gaCeCilaZe g. yvaryvares metamorfozebi. J. `ciskari~ 1974. #7. gv. 154.
47 mumlaZe d. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 22
63
moqmedebis msvlelobas, `simarTlisaTvis~ mebrZol `meamboxeTa~ zedaxoras
da mayurebels cinikuri toniT mimarTavda: `simarTlis ambavi aseTia!~
sabolood, speqtaklSi yvaryvare `amxiles~. rodesac mas niRabs
Camoxsnidnen da gaaSiSvlebdnen, igi Tavisi gandidebis saboloo xriks
mimarTavda _ yvaryvares gmiruli sikvdili surda. magram mas es bolo
imedic ucruvdeboda. `golgoTis gzaze~ mimavals bolSeviki sevastis
sityvebi eweoda: _ Tavi daanebeT, niRabi Camoxsnili aqvs, Cven veRaras
gvavnebs da icxovros Tavisi namdvili saxiT. nacarqeqias saxeliT iaros
qveyanaze.
yvaryvares ar undoda jvarcmidan Camosvla, ebRauWeboda mas. magram...
jvarcmidan Camoxsnidnen, sanagve yuTSic gadauZaxebdnen da speqtakli
`parad aleTi~ mTavrdeboda. speqtaklis finalis pirveladi varianti ufro
esadageboda da amarTlebda mis mTlian reJisorul struqturas. yvaryvare
kvlav aRdgeboda sanagve yuTidan da brundeboda scenaze. `Cven speqtakls
sul sxvagvari finali hqonda. radgan qristed movlenili antiqristes saxe
mudmiv modernizebas ganicdis, logikuri da bunebrivi iqneboda misi
aRdgomis scenac. Cven es scena gvqonda kidec speqtaklSi. raSi
mdgomareobda am scenis arsi? uaryofili, gandevnili yvaryvare xelaxla
evlineboda xalxs. amiT mindoda erTxelac gamesva xazi imisaTvis, Tu
raoden fxizlad unda iyvnen adamianebi~.48
vfiqrob, sruliad gaumarTlebeli iyo amgvari finalis Secvla.
speqtaklSi, piesis aseTi cvlilebebis miuxedavad, robert sturuas
polikarpe kakabaZis dramaturgiis ZiriTadi arsi ar daurRvevia, vinaidan
TviT polikarpe kakabaZeATavisi Semoqmedebis manZilze yovelTvis amxelda
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mankier mxareebs da es SeimCneva ara marto
`yvaryvare TuTaberSi~, aramed mis mier daweril sxva komediebSic:
`kolmeurnis qorwineba~, `kaxaberis xmali~, `cxovrebis jara~ da sxva. am
komediebis gmirebi didi ostatobiT xmaroben sxvadasxva niRabs. reJisorma
swored es erT-erTi mTavari Tema wamoswia wina planze kakabaZis
Semoqmedebidan. gaaerTiana isini erT saxeSi da Seqmna mTliani, krebiTi,
48 dialogi yvaryvareze. J. `Teatraluri moambe~ 1974. #4. gv. 27
64
globaluri masStabebis Tema `yvaryvarizmisa~, swored amaSia reJisoris
mTavari da didi damsaxureba.
rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSne, robert sturuam `Ralatis~ Taviseburi
interpretacia SemogvTavaza. Cemi azriT – Tanadrouli da progresuli.
reJisorma piesis sruliad axleburi koncefcia mogvca da SeiZleba am
Tamamma nabijmac gamoiwvia sturuaseuli dadgmis kritika. magram
konkretulad ras warmoadgenda piesis wakiTxvis es axleburi varianti?
Sevecdebi am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas. pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom
speqtaklSi aRar arsebobdnen mkveTrad gayofili keTili da boroti
saxeebi. reJisors surda aexsna TiToeuli personaJis qmedebis xasiaTi, misi
arsi. soleimani aRar warmoadgenda mxolod borot dampyrobels, isic
raRaciT tragikuli adamiani iyo, vinaidan TviTonacATavisze zemdgomis
mona gaxldaT. soleimans sruliadac ar surda saqarTvelos dapyroba, mas
es daavales. soleimans sparseTSi yofna urCevnia. erTi suli aqvs, rodis
datovebs saqarTvelos da dabrundeba Tavis samSobloSi. arc misi
cxovrebaa saxarbielo, radgan isic ar aris Sinaganad Tavisufali.
reJisorma piesidan mTlianad amoiRo daTosa da gaianes mijnurobis
scenebi, radgan Tavisi koncefciis warmosaCenad es siuJeturi xazi ar
esaWiroeboda. xolo ruqaias da giorgis (igive erekles) sasiyvarulo
scenebi imdenad iyo datovebuli, ramdenadac maT siuJeturi kvanZis
Sekvrisa da Semdgom gaxsnis funqcia ekisrebodaT. Secvlili iyo agreTve
giorgis sikvdilis scena. igi reJisorma soleimanis jalaTebis xeliT
mokla da amiT misi saxe, rogorc gonebaClungi da ususuri arsebisa,
daCrdila. sul sxvagvarad iyo warmoCenili oTar-begis saxe, romelsac e.
manjgalaZe ganasaxierebda. oTar-begi gamoyvanili iyo medroved, romelsac
SeuZlia yovelTvis moergos situacias da kmayofili iyos. ra Cveni saqme
ariso omi _ Cven, qarTvelebi, omisaTvis ki ara, sicil-xarxarisTvis varT
gaCenilebio, _ ambobs oTar-begi. amgvari msoflmxedvelobiT cxovrobs
igi.Aamitom, ra gasakviria, rom robert sturuam oTar-begis aseTi xasiaTi
dagvixata? gana, cotani arian dResdReobiT amgvari qarTvelebi, romelTac
araferi da aravin awuxebTAsakuTari Tavis garda. sabolood, speqtaklSi
65
zeinabisa (z. kverenCxilaZe) da saba-beris (g. saRaraZe) meSveobiT oTar-begi
Seignebs Tavis Secdomas da Semobrundeba saqarTvelosken. robert sturuam
imisaTvis, rom ufro naTlad daenaxebina mayureblisaTvis misi dacemisa da
Semobrunebis procesi, yara-iusufis Ralatis scena bolo moqmedebidan
pirvelSi gadmoitana da oTar-begis Tanamzraxvelad aqcia. speqtaklSi
oTar-begis pirovnebis erTgvari metamorfoza iyo naCvenebi. piesasTan
SedarebiT, metad iyo datvirTuli saba-beris saxe guram saRaraZis
SesrulebiT. igi zeinabTan erTad saTaveSi edga samSoblos daxsnisTvis
brZolas. sainteresod Canda misi saubari soleimanTan, rodesac
ganumartavda, rom dampyrobelic damonebulia, raki man sxvas daado
borkili.
gogi gegeWkoris anania erT-erTi im rolTagania, romelic TiTqmis
ucvlelad iqna gadmotanili piesidan speqtaklSi. g. gegeWkori TamaSobda
patiosan, vaJkac, patriot glexs, romelic TavganwirviT ibrZvis Tavisi
mamulisa da xalxis keTildReobisTvis. zina kverenCxilaZe misTvis Cveuli
dramatuli maneriT axorcielebda zeinabis _ATamar dedoflis _ saxes. mis
TamaSSi Serwymuli iyo temperamenti daATavSekavebuloba. Zalian kargad
gamosdioda msaxiobs SvilTan Sexvedris scena, dialogi oTar-begTan da
sikvdilis finaluri scena. ai, ras wers oTar-begTan dialogis Sesaxeb
kritikosi m. kostava: `oTar-begTan dialogis scena sasaubro intonaciisa
da reCitativis sazRvarze mihyavda msaxiobs, rasac moiTxovs ambis
uCveuloba da Tavad faqti, rom saubrobs dedofali da ara ubralo
mokvdavi. saubris siTbom unda SeZras dacemuli adamiani, sindisis
cecxlad unda STaegznos skepsisiT daserili adamianis guls, magram
zedmetma mgrZnobelobam rodi unda Seasustos sityvis Zala, movaleobis
mTeli simkacriT mimaniSnebeli~.49
reJisoruli TvalsazrisiT speqtakli mTlianobaSi pirobiT formaSi
gadawyda. aseve pirobiTi iyo speqtaklis gaformebac. msaxiobTa qmedeba
Serwymulad aRiqmeboda ferTa simbolikasTan da dekoraciul
49kostava m. `Ralati~ S. rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo akademiuri Teatris scenaze. J.
`sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1975. #4. gv. 46.
66
metaforebTan, risi damamtkicebelic speqtaklis finali gaxldaT: rodesac
damarcxebuli soleimani nel-nela qreboda scenidan, kibeze wiTel
mosasxams tovebda. aseT simbolikas mravalgvari axsna SeiZleba
movuZebnoT. Cemi azriT, wiTeli mosasxamis datoveba imis mimniSnebeli iyo,
rom soleimanma, anu mterma ki datova saqarTvelo, magram sisxlis Rvra aq
kvlavac gagrZeldeba, qarTvelebi axla erTmaneTis `Wamas~ moundebian,
radganac soleimanis wasvlis Semdeg maT ar darCaT Zlieri winamZRoli
erisa, Zlieri mefe.
rogorc davinaxeT, am speqtaklSic klasikuri memkvidreoba
axleburad aris wakiTxuli.
`Temebis, motivebisa da problemebis siaxliT kacobriobas veRaravin
acvifrebs dRes. sworad amitomaa saintereso Semoqmedis axali
TvalTaxedva, is axali kuTxe, is rakursi, saidanac cnobili Temebisa da
problemebis axali mniSvneloba ixsneba~.50
robert sturua xSirad mimarTavs klasikas da es savsebiT gasagebia.
klasika xom imitomac aris klasika, rom mudam cocxalia, mudam
Tanamedrovea. igi mudam iZleva axali SemoqmedebiTi gzebis, axali
interpretaciis saSualebas. Tanamedroveoba WeSmariti xelovanisa ar
niSnavs imas, rom mis Seqmnil mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi aisaxos mxolod da
mxolod dRevandeli dRe, dRevandeli dro. rogorc brexti ambobda,
Tanadroul problemebs dRevandel cxovrebaSi ufro Znelad davinaxavT,
vidre maSin, rodesac maT gavitanT Cveni qveynisa da Cveni drois farglebs
gareT.
robert sturuasaTvis, rogorc adamianis, reJisorisa da
SemoqmedisaTvis erT-erTi mniSvenlovani problemaa brZola yovelgvari
borotebis (socialuri, moraluri, zneobrivi da sxva) winaaRmdeg. `garkveva
imisa, Tu rogor itans adamiani Cagvras, monobas, monobas fulisa, nivTisa,
50 mumlaZe d. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 31.
67
meore adamianisa. ra xdeba masSi, ratom eCveva kaci amas da ar ibrZvis
gamostacos suli am mwuxarebas~,51 _ rogorc Tavad reJisori ambobs.
robert sturuas speqtaklebSi forma da idea yovelTvis harmoniulad
aris Serwymuli erTmaneTTan. iseT dadgmaSic ki, rogoricaa `xanumaa~.
miswrafeba brextis Teatris esTetikisaken `Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi~
swored am speqtaklSi gamoCnda, xolo saboloo, Camoyalibebuli saxiT
Tavi iCina `yvaryvareSi~. robert sturua erT-erT interviuSi ityvis:
CemTvis TeatrSi mTavaria sazeimo ganwyobilebis Seqmna. swored aseTi
sazeimo ganwyobilebis apoTeozi iyo `xanuma~.
robert sturua _ reJisori, TiTqmis yvela Tavis speqtaklSi
mimarTavs grotesks. xolo groteski da gulgriloba erTmaneTTan
SeuTavsebeli cnebebia. Tu `samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~ r. sturua
adamianTa urTierTobis rTul sulier da socialur procesebs ikvlevda
da warmoaCenda, `RalatSi~ da Semdgom, ufro mZafrad, `yvaryvareSi~
politikuri Teatris principebi Cndeba, mere da mere ki `kavkasiur carcis
wreSi~, `riCardSi~ da sxva speqtaklebSi viTardeba. es speqtaklebi
TavianTi arsiT ebrZvian yovelgvar usamarTlobas. reJisori ar erideba
situaciebis gaRrmavebas da gamwvavebas, raTa ukeT warmoaCinos keTili. am
gziT afxizlebs igi Cvens gonebas da aqtiurad gangvawyobs samarTlianobis
dasacavad.
51 Teatri, Cemi siyvaruli. gaz. `axalgazrda komunisti~, 1979. 05. #7.
68
Tavi II
`gaucxoebis efeqti~ da robert sturuas saTeatro ena
yovel axal mimdinareobas Tavisi warmoSobis winapirobebi gaaCnia.
inteleqtualuri Teatris dabadebasac aqvs Tavisi wanamZRvrebi. es aris
bernard Sous, luiji pirandelos da eqspresionistebis dramaturgia.
swored Sous piesebSi gamovlinda pirvelad `gaSiSvlebul ideaTa~ Widili.
amis sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT piesa `maior barbara~. rac
Seexeba pirandelos, inteleqtualuri dramis warmomadgenlebma, kerZod,
egzistencialistebma misgan bevri ram aiRes da ganaviTares. es iqneba
adamianis Tavisuflebis, TviTdamtkicebis Tema, idea imisa, rom adamiani
Tavad unda gaxdes sakuTari Tavis avtori (`eqvsi personaJi eZebs avtors~),
individisa da sazogadoebis, anu individisa da sxvaTa dapirispireba, Tu
kidev mravali sxva motivi da Tema; eqspresionistebisagan ki
inteleqtualurma Teatrma, kerZod, brextma aiRo da ganaviTara
Teatraluri formis idea _ socialuri tipaJebis Cveneba, ideebis
gaSiSvleba, msaxiobis ruporad qceva. brextis epikuri Teatris formis
Seqmna, istoriuli da agreTve socialuri TvalsazrisiT, ganpirobebuli
iyo faSizmis damkvidrebiT germaniaSi, brextma mouwoda gonebas,
inteleqts, radganac mxolod mas SeeZlo xsna im masobrivi fsiqozisagan,
romelmac moicva mTeli germania. amas Tavad brextic aRniSnavs.
brexti _ Teoretikosi, dramaturgi da reJisori eZebda axal
Teatralur formebs, xerxebs, iseTs, romelic mayurebels meti fiqrisa da
analizis saSualebas miscemda. mokled rom vTqvaT, mas undoda mayureblis
aqtivizacia. `brextma scenaze Semoitana racionaluri da mkacrad
logikuri xelovnebis SeteviTi Zala. mayurebels gauRviva da naTlad
daanaxa simZafre da mniSvneloba socialuri problemebisa. yvelaze metad
mas surda exila Teatri ara marto rogorc sinamdvilis, realobis
Semswavleli, aramed rogorc am sinamdvilis gardamsaxveli~52.
52 Стуруа Р. Революционный преобразователь сцены. газ. «Молодёжь грузии». 1978. 14. 02.
69
brextis epikuri Teatris mTavari principia `gaarTe da ise aswavle~.
Teatri aris misTvis asaxva cocxal suraTebSi namdvili an gamogonili
ambebisa, romelTa fonzec viTardeba adamianTa urTierTobebi, asaxva,
romelic gaTvaliswinebulia gasarTobad.
brexti ilaSqrebda romantikuli Teatris winaaRmdeg. es protesti man
gamoxata Tavis meore dramaSi `Ramis dafdafebi~ _ `nu dagiWyetiaT
Tvalebi romantikulad~. brexti ilaSqrebda agreTve iluzoruli, anu
mimeturi Teatris winaaRmdegac, Tumca msaxiobis aRzrdis pirvel etapebze
ar uaryofda amgvari Teatraluri xerxebis gamoyenebas. Tu iluzoruli,
anu mimeturi Teatri iseTi Teatria, romelic iyenebs cxovrebiseuli
sinamdvilisadmi mibaZvis, mimsgavsebis meTods, cdilobs Seqmnas realuri,
namdvili cxovrebis iluzia, TiTqos scenaze mimdinare ambavi
cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis identuria, analitikuri, antimimeturi Teatri,
mis erT-erT saxesxvaobasac brextis `epikuri Teatri~ warmoadgens,
romelic iluzoruli, mimeturi Teatrisagan gansxvavebiT, miznad ar
isaxavs realuri cxovrebis, sinamdvilisadmi mibaZvas, mimsgavsebas. brextis
Teatris mizani ar aris garegnuli damajereblobis Seqmna. brextis Teatri
ukidures pirobiTobas mimarTavs. brexti cdilobs warmosaxos,
ganasaxieros da ara asaxos, areklos, rogorc es iluzorul, mimetur
TeatrSi xdeba. igi sinamdvilis arss, sazriss gadmogvcems da ara Tavad
realur sinamdviles. Tu iluzoruli, mimeturi Teatri emyareba
STagonebas, gaigivebas, mayurebels aiZulebs personaJebis grZnobebi,
gancdebi, saqcieli ganicados, maTTan erTad icinos, erTi sityviT, Tavisi
Tavi personaJTan gaaigivos da amis saSualebiT mayureblis grZnobaTa
`kaTarzisi~ moaxdinos, brextis `epikuri Teatri~ moiTxovs
mademonstrirebel–TxrobiT formas, rac mayurebels saSualebas aZlevs
miiRos sakuTari damoukidebeli gadawyvetileba da scenaze momxdari ambis
mimarT kritikuli midgomis saSualebas utovebs.
brextma Teatrs moxsna `meoTxe kedeli~, radganac, misi azriT,
mayurebels ki ar unda agrZnobino, rom igi TeatrSi imyofeba, aramed
piriqiT, xazgasmiT unda uCveno, rom scenaze TamaSdeba speqtakli da rom
swored msaxiobebi TamaSoben am speqtakls. amgvarad, igi winaaRmdegia
70
TeatrSi sinamdvilis iluziis Seqmnisa da xazs usvams Teatraluri
sanaxaobis pirobiTobas. aqedan gamomdinare, igi uaryofs msaxiobis TamaSSi
gardasaxvis meTods da mis magivrad gvTavazobs `gasxvisebis, gaucxoebis
efeqts~.
`aravis, TeatriT seriozulad dainteresebuls, ar SeuZlia gverdi
auaros brexts. brexti _ Cveni drois mTavari figuraa.
... brextisTvis Teatri, es aris Teatri, romelic arc erTi wuTiT ar
Sordeba (ar gamoeyofa) sazogadoebas, romelsac igi emsaxureba. ukve aRar
arsebobs meoTxe kedeli Semsruleblebsa da mayurebels Soris _ msaxiobis
erTaderTi amocanaa _ gamoiwvios mayureblis gansazRvruli reaqcia,
romelsac igi usazRvrod scems pativis. swored sazogadoebisadmi
pativiscemis gamo brextma wamoswia gaucxoebis idea. gaucxoeba _ es
mowodebaa SeCerebisken: gaucxoeba SeaCerebs, miaqvs sinaTlesTan, aiZulebs
axleburad Sexedvas. gaucxoeba _ es, upirveles yovlisa, mowodebaa
mayureblisadmi _ Tavad imuSaos. amis Sedegad izrdeba mayureblis
pasuxismgebloba imis mimarT, rasac xedavs, ase rom, igi miiRebs mxolod
imas, rac seriozulad daarwmunebs.53~
`gaucxoebis meTodis~ saSualebiT iqmneba distancia msaxiobisa _
rolis, xolo mayureblisa _ scenaze mimdinare ambis mimarT. misi mizania,
STaagonos mayurebels analitikuri, kritikuli damokidebuleba scenaze
mimdinare ambebis mimarT.
`Tumca, msaxiobis swrafva _ warmoadginos konkretuli saxeebi da
aCvenos maTi qceva _ ar gulisxmobs gardasaxvis saSualebebis mTlian
uaryofas. am saSualebebs igi iyenebs im xarisxiT, rogorc amas akeTebs
nebismieri sxva adamiani, romelsac ara aqvs samsaxiobo monacemebi da
msaxioburi pativmoyvareoba, gamoiyenebs am saSualebebs, raTa warmoadginos
sxva adamiani, anu misi qceva~. 54
53Брук П. Пустое пространство, секретов нет. М. «Наука». 2003. ст. 108. 54Брехт Б. Краткое описание новой техники актёрской игры, вызывающей так называемый «эффект
отчуждения» в кн. Театр. М. «Искусство». 1965. Т. 5/2. ст. 103.
71
amrigad, mayurebeliATeatrSi meTvalyuris mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba.
epikuri Teatri gamoTiSavs mayureblis grZnobebs, igi mimarTavs mis
gonebas. epikur TeatrSi msaxiobi gamoiyvans scenaze Tavis personaJs da
warudgens mas mayurebels, gamoiyvans da Tavad ar iqceva personaJad.
mayurebels unda mieces saSualeba, kritikulad Seafasos scenaze momxdari
ambavi. mayurebeli unda azrovnebdes. brextis TeatrisaTvis mTavaria,
mayurebels misces gonebrivi sazrdo. magram garTobis momentsac didi
mniSvneloba akisria. brexti Tavis Teoriul naSromebSi epikuri Teatris
Sesaxeb arasodes ar iviwyebda, piriqiT, xazs usvamda kidec imas, rom
Teatris pirveladi daniSnuleba iyo, aris da iqneba xalxis garToba.
meore mxriv, `gaucxoebis efeqti~ vrceldeba agreTve gamomsaxvelobiT
saSualebebsa da mxatvrul xerxebze, romelTa saSualebiT nacnobi
situaciebi isea Setrialebuli, rom mayurebeli maT axali TvaliT uyurebs.
maSasadame, brextis Teatri apirobebs ara Tanagancdas, aramed
Tanaazrovnebas, Tanafiqrs, davasa da kamaTs. brextis Teatris mizani is ki
ar aris, mayurebeli monusxos, moajadovos, transSi Caagdos, aramed,
gaxados igi aqtiuri, moqmedi, moazrovne, ganze mdgari Tanaavtori.
`gaucxoebis efeqti~ vrceldeba mTel moqmedebaze, enaze, mxatvrobaze,
musikaze, qoreografiaze, Cacmulobze.
`gaucxoebam SeiZleba imuSaos antiTezis principiT; parodia, imitacia,
kritika _ mas eqvemdebareba mTeli ritorikuli rigi. es aris sufTad
Teatraluri meTodi dialeqtikuri winaaRmdegobebisa. gaucxoeba dRes
CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi enaa, potenciurad iseTive mdidari, rogorc poezia.
es aris erT-erTi magaliTi dinamikuri Teatrisa cvalebad samyaroSi;
gaucxoebis saSualebiT Cven SegviZlia mivaRwioT imasve, rasac Seqspiri
aRwevda enis dinamikurobis gamoyenebisas. gaucxoeba SeiZleba iyos Zalian
ubralo (martivi), SeiZleba TavisTavad warmoadgendes mxolod fizikuri
ileTebis serias~.55
55bruki p. dasaxeebuli naSromi. gv. 109.
72
`epikur TeatrSi~ mayureblis goneba mimarTulia ara moqmedebis
bolosaken, finalisaken, aramed moqmedebis msvlelobisaken, romelic
calkeul scenebad aris dayofili. brextis mizani ar aris mayureblis
cnobismoyvareoba daZabos siuJetiT. misi piesebi Sedgeba calkeuli,
erTmaneTs miyolebuli scenebisagan, romlebic moqmedebis erTianobiT ar
aris dakavSirebuli. aq erTmaneTs enacvleba sinamdvilis sxvadasxva
fragmenti _ TeatrSi sinamdvilis iluziis gasaqrobad brexti mimarTavda
sxvadasxva saSualebas: zongebs, romlebic moqmedebas wyvetdnen da
aferxebdnen, dafebze warwerebs, romlebic mayurebels siuJets winaswar
acnobdnen, mayureblisadmi uSualo mimarTvas da sxva. brexti prologSi
romelime Temas wamoayenebs xolme da Semdeg cdilobs mis damtkicebas.
brextis mixedviT, Teatri unda Zabavdes, afiqrebdes, mosvenebas ukargavdes
mayurebels da amasTanave esTetikur siamovnebasac aniWebdes. Teatrma
msoflmxedvelobiTi Sexedulebani unda gamoumuSavos adamians, daafiqros
cxovrebis azrze, bedniereba-ubedurebis raobaze, bedze. `epikur TeatrSi~
avtori aqtiurad ereva moqmedebaSi, alag-alag wyvets moqmedebas, urTavs
komentarebs, ganixilavs, msjelobs am moqmedebaze. brextTan, iseve, rogorc
saerTod inteleqtualur dramaSi, ugulebelyofilia personaJis saqcielis
fsiqologiuri motivireba.
brextma SeimuSava agreTve axali samsaxiobo xelovnebac, romlis
mixedviTac ar aris saWiro identificireba, anu msaxiobis gaigiveba
personaJTan, ar aris saWiro gardasaxva. msaxiobma unda ganasaxieros esa
Tu is personaJi da amasTanave unda Candes misi (msaxiobis) damokidebuleba
am personaJisadmi. msaxiobis TamaSSi unda Candes pozicia. amasTanave,
msaxiobi arsad seriozulad ar unda asrulebdes Tavis rols, igi
yovelTvis unda axdendes parodirebas da xazs unda usvamdes TamaSis
moments. msaxiobma rolze muSaobisas unda Seqmnas specifikuri Jestebis,
mimikis, qcevis kompleqsi, rac mTlianobaSi mogvcems saqcielis erTianobas,
riTac igi urTierTobas amyarebs sxva adamianebTan. brexti uaryofda
msaxiobis emociur, gancdiT TamaSs. mokled rom vTqvaT, brexti moiTxovda
imas, rom msaxiobs eTamaSa Tavisi roli da am rolTan damokidebuleba.
73
saqarTveloSi brexti pirvelad daidga 1964 wels. reJisorma d.
aleqsiZem rusTavelis TeatrSi ganaxorciela bertolt brextis piesa
`samgroSiani opera~. speqtakls didi warmateba hqonda, Tumca man ver
miaRwia im srul ganzogadebas, romelsac brextis Teatraluri esTetika
da, kerZod, es piesa iTxovda. Teatrmcodne nodar gurabaniZis azriT:
`qarTveli mayurebeli pirvelad ecnoboda brextis dramaturgias da
misTvis bevri ram uCveulo iyo. mayurebeli moumzadebeli iyo brextis
`zongebis~ aRsaqmelad, misTvis ucxo iyo piesis paraboluri buneba,
dramaturgis paradoqsuli filosofia da mTlianad am piesis
`dramaturgia~. ... aq, `gaucxoebis efeqti~ aRiqmeboda, rogorc socialuri
sazogadoebrivi motivi _ yvelaze znedacemuli adamianebi umaRles
zneobriv idealebs uqadagebdnen sazogadoebas. ... magram mTlianad
speqtaklis stilistika, misi esTetika, ufro dimitri aleqsiZiseuli iyo,
vidre brextiseuli, Tumca es sruliadac ar gamoricxavda imasac, rom
`epikuri Teatris~ bevri motivi am speqtaklSic bunebrivad da organulad
aJRerebuliyo~.56 xolo Teatrmcodne eTer guguSvilma ki recenzia am
speqtaklis Sesaxeb Semdegi sityvebiT daamTavra: `Tavad aqtma brextis
piesis gamoCenisa qarTul scenaze ar SeiZleba ukvalod Caiaros~.57
es sityvebi winaswarmetyveluri aRmoCnda. brextma ara Tu kvali
datova, aramed didi da gansakuTrebuli adgili daimkvidra qarTul
TeatrSi, kerZod, robert sturuas SemoqmedebaSi.
pirveli reJisori, romelmac gabedulad gaarRvia saqarTveloSi
romantikuli Teatris, mimetur-iluzoruli Teatris wre da dasabami misca
antiiluzorul, parodiul-groteskul Teatrs, aris robert sturua. igi
nel-nela, magram amave dros daJinebiT miiwevda qarTuli TeatrisaTvis
uCveulo gzaze. mayurebels aCvevda aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi
Sesisxlxorcebuli, Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari Teatraluri stilisa da
manerisagan principulad gansxvavebuli axali Teatraluri enis gagebas.
56 gurabaniZe n. reJisori robert sturua. Tb. `xelovneba~ 1997. gv. 101-102. 57 Гугушвили Э. Первая встреча с Брехтом. газ.«Заря Востока». 1964. 26.01.
74
brextis Teatraluri esTetika principulad gansxvavdeba
stanislavskis Teatraluri sistemisagan. stanislavskis sistema, SeiZleba
iTqvas, erTaderTi muSaobis meTodi iyo rusuli, da ara marto rusuli,
sasceno xelovnebisaTvis. `brextis SemoqmedebiTi principebis aTviseba
CvenSi mxolod maSin moxerxda, roca kargad daviwyebuli axlo warsulis,
saxeldobr, meierholdisa da sxvaTa Teatraluri praqtikis gaxsenebis
SesaZlebloba Seiqmna da maTi monapovrebis Secnoba imdenadve aucilebeli,
ramdenadac safuZvlianad gvqonda aTvisebuli stanislavskis reJisoruli
gakveTilebi. roca Cveni sasceno xelovnebis Rrmad realistur bunebas
organulad daukavSirda eqscentruli Teatraluri formebi, ukiduresi
pirobiToba, ironiuloba da paradoqsuloba, roca garduvali aRmoCnda
iseTi msaxiobis aRzrda, romelic marto gardasaxvis ostatobas ki ar
flobda, aramed saSemsruleblo teqnikis sxva Taviseburebebic SeeZlo
daeZlia _ brexti warmatebiT daidga sabWoTa scenaze~.58
yoveli Tavisi axali speqtakliT: `xanuma~, `seCuaneli keTili
adamiani~, `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~, `Ralati~ da sxv. robert sturua
uaxlovdeboda brextis `kavkasiur carcis wres~, sadac ukve Tvisobrivi
naxtomis mowmeni gavxdiT. imis miuxedavad, rom CamoTvlili piesebi da
speqtaklebi gansxvavebuli Rirsebisa da mniSvnelobis iyo, yovel maTganSi
reJisori cdilobda gamoecada, Seemowmebina romelime meTodi Tu
gamomsaxveli saSualeba.
`viTarebis Sesabamisad, principulad unda Secvliliyo Teatris
sametyvelo enac rusTavelis TeatrSi. am amocanis ganxorcieleba axali
Taobis Semoqmedebma ikisres. msoflgancdis cvlileba dramaturgiuli
masalisadmi damokidebulebis, speqtaklis Seqmnis Tvisobrivad axali
esTetikuri da konceptualuri principebis SeqmnaSi gamoixata...
am procesis saTaveSi, samociani wlebis Sua periodidan, reJisori
robert sturua moeqca, romlis SemoqmedebaSi mravali, erTi SexedviT,
urTierTsapirispiro tendencia gaerTianda, rac Tanamedrove postmodernis
58 mumlaZe d. robert sturua. Jur. `sabWoTa xelovneba~ # 12. 1981. gv. 33.
75
epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sayovelTao kriticizmsa da revizionizms
asaxavda.~59
usamarTloba iqneboda imis mtkiceba, TiTqos qarTul TeatrSi
robert sturuamde ar yofila analogiuri cdebi. aseTi cdebi mravladac
iyo. sakmarisia gavixsenoT Tundac m. TumaniSvilis dadgmebi: `espaneli
mRvdeli~ an `WinWraqa~, gavixsenoT d. aleqsiZis mier ganxorcielebuli
`samgroSiani opera~. magram yvelaferi es calkeuli elementebisa da
tendenciebis doneze darCa da maT dasrulebuli, srulqmnili saxe ver
miiRes, axal TvisebriobaSi, axal xarisxSi ver gadavidnen. cxadia, robert
sturuas, arafridan, nulidan, SiSveli adgilidan ar dauwyia. mas winaprebi
da winamorbedebi hyavda. saqme is aris, rom swored robert sturuaSi
sruliqmna, Camoyalibda da dagvirgvinda, ra Tqma unda qarTul niadagze,
axali Teatraluri msoflmxedveloba da meTodi.
reJisoris mier fsiqologiuri Teatris principebze uaris Tqmas,
albaT bevri mizezi hqonda. xolo erT-erTs, mixeil baxtinis naSromebs,
TviT reJisori asaxelebs: `igi ganixilavda cxovrebas da Teatrs, rogorc
sxvadasxva stilTa sinTezs. igi miiCnevda, rom xelovneba aRwevs
mwvervalebs maSin, rodesac masSi Tanaarseboben melodrama da farsi.
`karnavaluroba~ _ es misi terminia. aseve Cems speqtaklebSi me vcdilob
warmovaCino cxovrebis mravalferadovani palitra~.60
robert sturuas saTeatro enis Camoyalibebis procesSi
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa mixeil baxtinis Teoriulma kvlevebma. man,
SeiZleba iTqvas, praqtikaSi, Tavis dadgmebSi ganaxorciela baxtinis
Teoriuli mosazrebebi. sturuas saTeatro enaSi Serwymulia brexti,
baxtini da qarTuli kulturis tradiciebi. man baxtinis parodiis,
groteskis, ironiis, karnavalurobis Teoria gadaamuSava da sakuTar
sareJisoro enaSi organulad gamoiyena.
`Suasaukuneebis karnavalis mravalsaukunovani ganviTarebis procesSi,
Semzadebuli aTswleulebis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebuli ufro Zveli
59bokuCava T. miTosi da qarTuli Teatri. sadisertacio naSromi. gv. 88.
http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/coll/0002/000038/ ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 10.02.2014. 60 Стуруа Р. Обрати театр в зрелище. газ. «Заря Востока». 1984. 17.06.
76
saseiro wes-CveulebebiT (antikur etapze saturnaliebis CaTvliT),
gamomuSavebuli iqna karnavaluri formebisa da simboloebisTvis TiTqosda
gansakuTrebuli ena, ena Zalian mdidari, xalxis erTiani, magram rTuli
karnavaluri msoflmxedvelobis gamomxatveli. es msoflmxedveloba
mtrulad iyo ganwyobili yovelive mzasa da dasrulebulisadmi,
yovelgvari pretenziisadmi mudmivobisa da uryeobisa, saWiroebda dinamikur
da cvalebad, TamaSebriv da meryev formebs Tavisi gamoxatvisTvis. paTosiT
cvlilebebisa da ganaxlebebis, gabatonebuli simarTlisadmi da
mmarTvelobisadmi mxiaruli damokidebulebis gacnobierebiT
ganmsWvalulia karnavaluri enis yvela forma da simbolo.~61
da marTlac, robert sturuas mTel Semdgom SemoqmedebaSi sxvadasxva
stilisa da Janris, sxvadasxva saSemsruleblo maneris urTierTSekavSireba
moxda da ara aRreva. `brextis SeuRlebam qarTul TeatrTan~, mdidari
karnavaluri enis gamoyenebam, marTlac rom ucnauri `hibridi mogvca~.
`inteleqtualuri ironiis dabadeba Teatralur rituals ukavSirdeba,
swored aq gadaikveTeba sturuas konceptualizmSi brexti da baxtini.
yoveldRiur cnobierebas inteleqtualuri gaucxoebis unari naklebad
Seswevs, saWiroa Teatraluri rituali, sadac gaucxoeba sakuTari
empiriuli `medan~ gamosvla da movlenaTa garedan Wvreta SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba. karnavali `Tavisuflebis sivrcea~, xolo masxara – karnavalis
protagonisti da misi sulis gansaxiereba. ... amasTan, reJisori am qmedebaSi
ukve mxolod demiurgis ki ara, mediatoris, komunikatorisa da virtualuri
Tanamonawilis rols asrulebs.~62
brextiseuli Teatris principebi _ msxvreva yovelgvari dogmebis,
qrestomaTiul WeSmaritebaTa axleburi wakiTxva, Rrma tragizmisa da
bufonadis Serwyma, axali aRmoCnda robert sturuas SemoqmedebiTi
mrwamsisaTvis.
61Бахтин М. Творчество Франсуа Рабле и народная культура средневековья и ренессанса. ст. 7.
www.philosophy.ru/library/bahtin/rable.html ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 10.02.2014. 62 bokuCava T. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 88.
77
`xanumaSi~, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, reJisorma gamoiyena `gaxsnili
xerxiT~ TamaSis specifika. es ukve gaxldaT Cvenebis da ara gancdis da
gardasaxvis warmodgena. am speqtaklSi musikas (kompozitori g. yanCeli)
didi adgili eWira, mas dramaturgiuli mniSvneloba hqonda miniWebuli.
brextic xom udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda speqtaklis musikalur
gaformebas. r. sturuam swored qarTuli klasikuri nawarmoebi aiRo
dasadgmelad da xazi gadausva mis tradiciul wakiTxvas. sruliad
axleburad waikiTxa, daanaxa mayurebels. man erovnuli klasikuri piesis
safuZvelze gaamdidra axali xerxebiT saSemsruleblo kultura da am
TamaSis axal, `brextiseul~ wess aRtacebiT Sexvda qarTveli mayurebeli.
es ar iyo SemTxveviTi faqti, rogorc Tavad reJisori ambobs, brextis
dialeqtika Zalian axloa Cvens bunebasTan, qarTveli xalxis bunebasTan.
`gaxsnili xerxiT~ TamaSis specifika robert sturuam gamoiyena
`samaniSvilis dedinacvalsa~ da `yvaryvareSic~. magram am speqtaklebiT ar
Camoyalibebula robert sturuas reJisoruli stilistika. igi jer kidev
Ziebis procesSi imyofeboda, reJisori brextis epikuri Teatris
paralelurad egzistencialuri dramis principebsac iziarebda.
1969 wels robert sturua dgams brextis piesas `seCuaneli keTili
adamiani~. speqtakli ar gamovida. mayurebeli warmodgenas gulgrilad
Sexvda, magram robert sturuasTvis mas ukvalod ar Cauvlia. speqtakls
misi SemoqmedebisaTvis mainc didi mniSvneloba hqonda. robert sturua erT-
erT interviuSi ganacxadebs, rom sakuTari Tavi 1969 wels igrZno brextis
`seCuaneli keTili adamianis~ or scenaSi: `qorwilis~ scenasa da Sen tes
zongSi, romelic man monologad aqcia.63 am faqtis SegrZneba albaT ufro
mogvianebiT moxda, rodesac man ganaxorciela `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~
T. CxeiZesTan erTad, `yvaryvare~ da `kavkasiuri carcis wris~ dadgmebi.
Teatrmcodne dali mumlaZe robert sturuas `seCuaneli keTili
adamianis~ pirveli dadgmis Sesaxeb wers: `rogorc igi Tavad aRniSnavs,
pirvelad brextis `seCuaneli keTili adamianis~ dadgmisas igrZno Tavi
iseTad, rogoric is axla aris, magram es potenciuri SesaZleblobebis
63xalisiTa da SemarTebiT. J. `Teatraluri moambe~. #6. 1980. gv. 11.
78
grZnoba ufro iyo albaT, vidre ukve Semdgari SemoqmedebiTi faqti, radgan
r. sturuas am qmnilebas Zalze emCneoda i. lubimovis mier moskovis
tagankis Teatris scenaze ganxorcielebuli amave saxelwodebis speqtaklis
zegavlena. r. sturua aq Segirds ufro hgavda, vidre ostats.~64
`seCuanel keTil adamianSi~ robert sturuam SeZlo gadmoeca azris
Tanmimdevruloba, socialuri simaxvile, magram speqtaklis formaSi,
mxatvrul saSualebebSi araviTari siaxle ar igrZnoboda.
`seCuaneli keTili adamianis~ dadgmidan cota xnis Semdeg robert
sturua rusTavelis TeatrSi dgams Jan anuis `medeas~. am speqtaklSi
franguli egzistencialuri dramis yvela principi iqna daculi. misi
polemikuri xasiaTi, gaSiSvlebul ideaTa Sejaxeba, arCevanis gakeTeba
medeas pirovnebad Camoyalibebis dros. inteleqtualuri Tanagansjis
procesSi _ mayureblis gamofxizleba da sxva. aq adgili ar hqonda
emociur Tanagancdasa Tu xasiaTisa an movlenis fsiqologiur
ganviTarebas, Cawvdomas, magram, meore mxriv, warmodgenis saSemsruleblo
done dabali aRmoCnda. mayurebelma speqtakli ar miiRo da es arc aris
gasakviri, radganac arc qarTveli msaxiobi da arc qarTveli mayurebeli
ar iyo momzadebuli amisaTvis. garda amisa, egzistencialuri dramis
principebi Sors aRmoCnda qarTveli artistis bunebisagan.
1975 wels robert sturua dgams bertolt brextis `kavkasiur carcis
wres~. es iyo reJisoris meore Sexvedra uSualod brextis
dramaturgiasTan, Tu ar CavTvliT `yvaryvareSi~ mis mier gamoyenebul
scenas `arturo uis karieridan~. cnobilia, rom brextma es piesa,
faSisturi germaniidan aSS-Si emigraciis dros dawera (1945 w.).
dramaturgiuli nawarmoebis safuZvlad ramdenime wyaro saxeldeba:
upirvels yovlisa, es aris, bibliuri mefe solomonis igavi. Semdeg, 1920-ian
wlebSi, frangulidan klabundis adaptirebuli Targmani _ `carcis wre~,
romelic me-13 saukunis imave saxelwodebis, li cinCJaos nawarmoebis
Targmani iyo. agreTve, Tavad brextis 1940-iani wlebis dasawyisSi dawerili
novela `augsburgis carcis wre~. `kavkasiuri carcis wre~ brextis erT-erT
64 mumlaZe d. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 33.
79
saukeTeso piesad aris miCneuli da 1950-iani wlebidan moyolebuli dRemde,
metnaklebi warmatebiT idgmeba msoflio Teatralur scenebze. robert
sturuas speqtakli ki aRiarebulia, rogorc erT-erTi saukeTeso,
saxelganTqmuli warmodgena (igi Setanilia wignSi `XX saukunis 100
saukeTeso evropuli speqtakli~).
`kavkasiur carcis wreze~ muSaobis dawyebisas, msaxiobebi ukve
momzadebulni iyvnen da kargadac icnobdnen brextis aqtioruli TamaSis
principebs, mis specifikas. axla yvelaferi reJisorze iyo damokidebuli.
mas ar unda daeSva is Secdoma, romelic `seCuaneli keTili adamianis~
dadgmis dros mouvida. reJisors unda moeZebna piesis ganxorcielebisaTvis
iseTi struqtura, romelic qarTveli mayureblis bunebasTan axlos
iqneboda. brexti ar iyo dogmatikosi da sxvasTan erTad Tavis sakuTar
Teoriasac ar miiCnevda dasrulebul, gardauval moZRvrebad. robert
sturuam gaiTvaliswina es garemoeba da brextis piesas iseve moeqca,
rogorc Tavad brexti akeTebda amas sxva avtorTa, TviT klasikosTa
nawarmoebebis mimarT. ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb nodar kakabaZe:
`r. sturuas speqtakli ar aris da arc unda iyos brextis Teoriisa
Tu SemoqmedebiTi praqtikis meqanikuri reproducireba. ar arRvevs ra
brextis esTetikisa da dramis Teoriis arsebiT, ZiriTad principebs,
qarTveli reJisori qmnis brextis piesis axal, miseul qarTul
interpretacias, Tavis individualobasac avlens da Tavis individualur
beWeds asvams am speqtakls. r. sturua brextis arc orTodoqsuli, arc
epigonuri da arc `muzeumuri~ interpretatoria. yoveli namdvili reJisori
dramaturgis Tanaavtori, TanaSemoqmedi da amave dros raRacnairad misi
oponenticaa. igi dramaturgiis masalaze qmnis faqtiurad axal mxatvrul
nawarmoebs, radgan piesa da speqtakli sul sxvadasxva sferoa. TviT
brextic ar iyo fetiSizaciis momxre da reJisorebsac ar avalebda brma
mimdevrobas~.65
65 kakabaZe n. kavkasiuri carcis were. J. `ciskari~. 1976. #11. gv. 130.
80
robert sturuam `kavkasiuri carcis wris~ Tavisufali montaJi
SemogvTavaza. piesis prologi mTlianad amoiRo speqtaklidan, mgosani
Secvala mTxrobliT, amoagdo musikosTa jgufi da maTi dramaturgiuli
datvirTva mTxrobels daakisra, Seamokla teqsti; magram brextis dramis
Teoriis mTavari principebi speqtaklSi daculi iqna. erT-erTi maTgani,
eposisa da dramis sinTezi, romelic speqtaklSi mTxrobels hqonda
dakisrebuli, mTxroblis mier Sesrulebuli zongebi, reCitativebi da imis
gadmocema, Tu ra ifiqra gmirma ama Tu im momentSi, mayurebels yuradRebas
umaxvilebda garkveul faqtebze. igi sul mudam scenaze imyofeboda da ar
iZleoda scenuri iluziis Seqmnis saSualebas, mayurebels uviTarebda
kritikul damokidebulebas scenaze mimdinare siuJetis mimarT da, rogorc
ukve aRvniSne, qmnida epikuri da dramatuli elementebis organul sinTezs.
speqtakli erTgvari `parad-aleTi~ iwyeboda. Cabnelebuli scenis
siRrmidan gamodiodnen mTxrobeli (J. lolaSvili) da koncertmaisteri (l.
siymaSvili). mTxrobeli avanscenis marcxena kuTxeSi gakrul rukasTan
midioda, romelzedac TeTri wre iyo Semoxazuli, xeliTAmiuTiTebda wreze
da acxadebda: brexti `kavkasiuri carcis wre~. mayurebelTa darbazSi
sinaTle qreboda. scenis moedani mTlianad naTdeboda. mTxrobeli scenis
siRrmisken miemarTeboda, WiSkridan urduls gamoiRebda da kars aRebda.
scenaze cekviT speqtaklis personaJebi SemoiWrebodnen mTxroblis
simReris TanxlebiT: `iyideT, iyideT rame~. es, faqtobrivad, speqtaklis
mxolod siuJeturi dasawyisi ar iyo, igi imTaviTve gansazRvravda
warmodgenis mxatvrul stilistikas da mayurebels uqmnida garkveul
ganwyobilebas. sturuam gansacvifreblad amaRlebuli, cocxali, faqizi
iumoriT aRsavse speqtakli Seqmna; sada da Rrma erTsa da imave dros. man
ostaturad Seuxama urTierTs groteski da realizmi. aqtioruli
Sesrulebis stereotipuli maneris parodirebiT, ritmis monacvleobiT
speqtaklSi, reJisorma msaxiobebs xeli Seuwyo mieRwiaT srulqmnilebis im
donisaTvis, roca Sesruleba Tavisufal improvizaciad miiCneva da
msaxiobebi savsebiT erwymian piesis teqsts.
81
`kavkasiur carcis wreSi~ robert sturuam ganaxorciela groteskisa
da realizmis urTierTSerwyma, mis saTeatro enaSi naTlad gamoikveTa
baxtiniseuli groteskuli realizmis arseboba. speqtaklSi brextis kidev
erTi principi iyo daculi _ sxvadasxva mimdinareobaTa erTmaneTTan
organuli Serwymis principi. am SemTxvevaSi naturalizmis, eqspresionizmisa
da simbolizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. naturalistur maneraSi iyo
gadawyvetili, magaliTad, iosebis tanis dabanis scena, efreitoris mier
gruSes gaupatiurebis scena.
brextis Teoriis Tanaxmad reJisorma erTmaneTs Seurwya poeturi da
prozauli, fantastikuri da realuri, gonebrivi da emociuri. amis erT-
erTi TvalsaCino magaliTi gaxldaT mTlianobaSi azdakis saxe. azdaki iyo
mSiSara, loTi, magram amave dros maRali, keTili, poeturi bunebis
adamiani. gavixsenoT sasamarTloSi misi pirveli mosvlis scena. am
epizodSi Tavidan igi `gmirad~ warmogvidgeboda, romelic Tavisi Tavis
dasjas moiTxovda imis gamo, rom xalxis mteri Tavadi jandieri misda
uneburad Seifara. Semdeg mas SiSis grZnoba Seepareboda da gaparva
undoda. amave scenaSi azdaki mReroda Tavis arias, romelic Zalze poeturi
da emociuri iyo. reJisoris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: `aria, romelsac igi
speqtaklSi mReris, misi evoluciis Sedegia, misi rTuli warsulis xmaa. igi
yofili inteligentia, romelic galoTda da fskerze daeSva. aria ki misi
kulturuli Semoqmedebaa~.1
mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda gruSes pirovnebad
Camoyalibebis procesi. speqtaklis generaluri xazi swored gruSes mZime
gza gaxldaT bavSvis gadasarCenad. misi tanjva-wameba, sxvadasxva
situaciaSi sxvadasxva adamianTan Sexvedra, sadac misi, rogorc adamianis,
gamocda xdeboda. sabolood am rTul pirovnebad Camoyalibebis procesSi
igi irCevda Tavisi sicocxlis mrwamss _ `Tesos sikeTe~. gruSes rolis
Semsrulebeli msaxiobis TamaSSi (i. gigoSvili), iseve, rogorc azdakisa (r.
1vergasova i. avtoportreti Teatralur interierSi. J. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1983. #12. gv. 92.
92.
82
CxikvaZe), Serwymuli iyo pirobiTi, Teatraluri manera did
gulwrfelobasTan. gavixsenoT, Tundac, scena mas Semdeg, roca gruSe
patara miSikos soflel qals utovebs. wamyvanis SekiTxvaze `maS ratoma
xar mxiaruli, patara qalo?~ saxeganaTebuli, gaxarebuli Tavisi
TavisuflebiT, gruSe upasuxebs: `xedav, pataras swyalobs ufali~. xolo
wamyvanis Semdeg kiTxvaze `maS mowyenili ratom xar, patara qalo?~, gruSe
sulisSemZvreli xmiT eubneba: `swored imitom, rom var ase Tavisufali.~
gruSes msgavsad azdakic sikeTis matarebelia da sabolood maTi sruliad
gansxvavebuli gzebi bunebrivad Seerwya erTmaneTs.
`kavkasiur carcis wreSi~, iseve rogorc `xanumaSi~, didi mniSvneloba
hqonda miniWebuli musikalur gaformebas (kompozitori g. yanCeli). mas
dramaturgiuli funqcia ekisreboda. musika amZafrebda msaxiobTa TamaSs,
aRrmavebda plastikur-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs, mayurebels uqmnida
ganwyobilebas. robert sturuas udidesi partnioria gia yanCeli, musikis
avtori. igive iTqmis speqtaklis mxatvrul gaformebazec (mxatvari g.
aleqsi-mesxiSvili). scenaze araferi ar iyo zedmeti. yvela detali
moqmedebaSi CarTuli da amave dros simbolur-metaforuli mniSvnelobis
gaxldaT. gavixsenoT, Tundac, moZravi fardebi, romlebic xan Rrublebis
rols asrulebda, xan eSveboda da TiToeuli scenisaTvis ganmsazRvrel
dramaturgias qmnida. mxatvarisa da kompozitoris namuSevrebi harmoniulad
erwymoda reJisoris Canafiqrs.
speqtakli isev `parad-aleTi~ mTavrdeboda. mxolod, am SemTxvevaSi
mas Tavisi azrobrivi datvirTva hqonda. reJisorma aq Tavisi speqtaklis
idea gaSiSvlebuli saxiT mogvawoda _ yvelaferi unda ekuTvnodeT imaT,
vinc sikeTes Tesavs. amasTanave es dasawyisi da daboloeba speqtakls erT
mTlianobaSi kravda. `kavkasiur carcis wreSi~ robert sturuam gamokveTa
brextis piesis mTavari idea: konfliqti adamianis bunebasa da socialur
pirobebs, sikeTesa da borotebas Soris.
evropasa, Tu, amerikaSi brextis `kavkasiuri carcis wris~ dadgmisas
xazs usvamdnen qarTul kolorits. qarTul dadgmaSi ki robert sturua
piruku moiqca. mis speqtaklSi ufro ganzogadebisaken swrafva SeimCneoda,
83
vidre dakonkretebisaken. piesaSi arsebuli niRbebic (esoden originaluri
qarTuli Teatraluri sanaxaobisaTvis), swored am ganzogadebis kuTxiT
gamoiyena reJisorma.
am mosazrebis dasadastureblad, evropasa Tu amerikaSi `kavkasiuri
carcis wris~ dadgmebze recenziebidan, ramdenime amonarids moviyvan. 1997
da 2007 wlebSi londonis `nacionalur TeatrSi~, frenk makginesis mier
adaptirebuli brextis piesa, sxvadasxva Teatralurma dasma orjer dadga.
1997 wels `komplisitis~ (`Complicite~ saTeatro dasi m. v.) speqtaklze
(reJisori da azdakis rolis Semsrulebeli saimon makberni) pol teilori
werda:
`morali `kavkasiuri carcis wrisa~ (rom miwebi unda gadaeceT maT,
visac yvelaze ukeT SeuZliaT misi gamoyeneba) ilustrirebulia yalbi,
zedmetad Sav-TeTri dramatuli situaciis meSveobiT. imavdroulad,
qarTuli himnebiT uxvad gajerebul dadgmaSi, `komplisiti~ kidev erTxel
qmnis Teatralur magias umartivesi saSualebebiT; magaliTad, dasartyami
instrumentebis meSveobiT iqmneba mdinaris dinebis efeqti da Semdeg,
mdinaris dineba, gadaiqceva jariskacTa SemaZrwunebel sabrZolo Subebad.
zogierTi efeqti adreuli dadgmebidan aris aRebuli~.1
Teatraluri dasis `bleqaid Teatri~ (Blackeyed theatre) 2011 w.
ganxorcielebuli warmodgenis Sesaxeb anne morlei-praistmani wers:
`tom neilis dadgma xazs usvams istoriaSi istoriis simbolur aspeqtebs.
viqtoria spearingis Txrobis ZiriTad adgils warmoadgens karis CarCo,
romlis Tavze Camokidebulia maryuJi da paltos sakidi. fiona devisis
niRbebi da kostiumebi (speqtaklSi sul 5 msaxiobi monawileobda m. v.)
xerxia (saSualebaa), rogorc swrafi cvlilebebisa, aseve sasamarTlos
epizodSi scenis xalxiT datvirTvis iluziis Seqmnisa, romelic
speqtaklis kulminaciaa. ron makalisteris dauviwyari musikaluri
1Taylor P. Caucasian Chalc Circle RNT, London: Review. Newsp.The Independent. 1997. 23.04.
http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/caucasian-chalk-circle-rnt-london-review-1268727.html
Finally had been reviewed in 10.02.2014.
84
gaformeba, romelSic uxvad JRers aRmosavleT evropis xalxTa musikis
elementebi, ufro metad ki sevdiani iberiuli, abrwyinebs moqmedebas~.2
SesaZloa, r. sturuas warmodgenaSi brextis cnobili `gaucxoebis
efeqti~ ar iyo yvelgan daculi da mayurebeli aqtiurad ebmeboda
moqmedebaSi, zogan es marTlac ase gaxldaT, magram es reJisoris minusad
ki ara, plusad unda CaiTvalos, radganac, rodesac namdvili Semoqmedi xar,
ar SeiZleba raime axali ar Tqva, raime axlisaken ar miiswrafode Sens
SemoqmedebaSi. amjeradac ase moxda. robert sturuam Tavisi axali sityva
Tqva brextis Teatraluri esTetikis gaazrebaSi. reJisorma, sworedac rom,
brexti daauRla baxtinTan, qarTul TeatrTan da `xelosnis~ msgavsad
pirdapir ar gadmoitana brextiseuli principebi qarTul TeatrSi. amas
garda, r. sturua rogorc ar unda cdiliyo, ver daZlevda qarTveli
msaxiobis bunebas, mis emociurobas, tradiciebs, rac gvsurs Tu ara, mainc
iCens Tavs yoveli niWieri Semoqmedis qmnilebaSi. amis saukeTeso magaliTi
speqtaklSi iyo ramaz CxikvaZis azdaki da iza gigoSvilis gruSe vaCnaZe.
maT TamaSSi organulad Seerwya emociuroba da brextis `gaucxoebis
efeqti~. ai, ras werda `kavkasiuri carcis wris~ Sesaxeb Teatrmcodne v.
kiknaZe:
`karga xania rusTavelis Teatris scenaze ar gvinaxavs amdeni
aqtioruli warmateba erTad. didi da patara rolebis Semsruleblebi erTi
da igive msaxiobebi sxvadasxva rolebSi, efeqturi mizanscenebi,
improvizaciebi, paraleluri moqmedebebi, replikebi, sxvadasxva ritmis
scenebi erTsa da imave dros, sxvadasxva sibrtyeze warmoCenili xasiaTebi,
dedamiwis darad moZravi scenis (viTA cxovreba) sxvadasxva rakursi,
warsuli da Tanamedroveoba, sisastike da simSvide – ras ar naxavT aq: es
aris reJisoruli fantaziis daucxromeli guluxvoba, aqtiorTa gataceba
da maRali profesionalizmi~.3
2 Morley-Priestman A. The Caucasian Chalc Circle (Tour-Norwich). WhatsOnStage. 2011. 02.02. http://www.whatsonstage.com/reviews/theatre/southeast/E8831296746746/The+Caucasian+Chalk+Circle+(tour+%96+Norwich).html Finally had been reviewed in 10.02. 2014. 3kiknaZe v. Teatri da dro. Tb. 1984. gv. 252
85
da marTlac, gavixsenoT, Tundac, g. saRaraZis mier Seqmnili sami saxe
_ efreitoris, berisa da yazbegis. aq gamovlinda g. saRaraZis, rogorc
msaxiobis mravalsaxeoba, misi niWis mdidari SesaZleblobani. i. gigoSvilis
gruSe dramatuli xazis gamtarebeli iyo speqtaklSi. swored misma TamaSma
gansazRvra warmodgenis emociuri tonaloba, emociuri tonalobis
ganmsazRvreli iyo agreTve ramaz CxikvaZis azdaki. xolo misi `simReris
scena~ gamoirCeoda eqspresiiTa da Sinagani tragizmiT. yoveli
personaJisaTvis robert sturuam ipova individualuri, plastikuri
daxasiaTeba. ama Tu im personaJis dasaxasiaTeblad reJisori xSirad
mimarTavda xolme romelime erT, magram aucileblad zustad mignebul
detals. gavixsenoT policieli Salvasa da lavrentis TiTis wverebze
siaruli, anda efreitoris pirveli Semosvla. igi jariskacis mxrebze
`amxedrebuli~ warmogvidgeboda scenaze. amiT reJisori efreitoris
egreTwodebul `saldafonobaze~ migvaniSnebda, romelSic Caqsovili iyo
idea uxeSobisa da Zalmomreobisa. anda, Tavadi yazbegis siaruli,
romelSiac naTlad gamosWvioda misi `gaumaZRari~ buneba.
robert sturuas miswrafebam publicistikisaken, poeturi sityvis,
musikis da cekvis sinTezisaken Tavisi maRalmxatvruli gamoxatuleba pova
brextis `kavkasiur carcis wreSi~, es iyo r. sturuas reJisoruli
azrovnebis namdvili gamarjveba.
`am bolo oci wlis manZilze brextis piesebi Cveni yuradRebis
centrSi moeqca. Cven vnaxeT `kavkasiuri carcis wre~ besonisa da
streleris dadgmiT, magram Tbilisis S. rusTavelis sax. akademiuri
Teatris mier warmodgenili speqtakli sruliad sxvagvari, uaRresad
originaluri, STambeWdavi da ucnauri elementebis Semcveli sanaxaobaa.
qarTvelebma saocari simkvircxle, sicocxle SesZines am piesas da
gamoamzeures brextis dramaturgiis mSveniereba. es Zalze mniSvnelovania,
radgan sul cota xnis win brexti warmogvidgines sulTamxuTav
ideologad, romlis piesebSi ver vxedavT sinaTles da silaRes. swored
amitom, brextis nawarmoebebze Seqmnili speqtaklebi gvRlida da
gvaRizianebda kidec. r. sturuam moaxerxa Taviseburad gaeazrebina brexti,
86
rac sakmaod Sors dgas dasavleT evropis reJisorTa koncefciebisagan.
mayurebeli moajadova am speqtaklis ukidegano Teatralobam da didi
dResaswaulis uSualo monawiled aqcia, TiTqos mayurebelTa darbazsa da
scenas Soris zRvari moiSala~.4
saocrad mravalplaniani aRmoCnda speqtakli `kavkasiuri carcis wre~
reJisoruli azrovnebiT, msaxiobTa SesrulebiT, mxatvris (g. mesxiSvili),
kompozitoris (g. yanCeli) namoRvawariT. simfonizmma, urTierTSerwymam
yoveli detalisa, yoveli xazisa speqtakls mianiWa sisadave da mTlianoba.
speqtakli savse iyo simsubuqiT, sinarnariT, uSualobiT, plastikurobiT,
sicocxliT, mxiarulebiT da gaocebda sinTezurobiT.
1994 wels robert sturua rusTavelis TeatrSi meored dgams brextis
`seCuanel keTil adamians~. am speqtaklSi reJisorma kvlav gausva xazi
sikeTisa da borotebis fardobiTobas, SeiZleba iTqvas, sikeTis praqtikuli
ganuxorcieleblobis Temas. am dadgmaSi reJisori sikeTis sazrisis aseT
interpretacias iZleva: sikeTis keTebisas sakuTari Tavis mimarTac keTili
unda iyo, sxva SemTxvevaSi sikeTe borotebis saTaved SeiZleba iqces.
`saerTod, siyvarulis Tema 90-ianebis erT erTi wamyvani Tema xdeba,
xolo socialur da politikur motivebs adamianis egzistenciisa da misi
individualuri arCevanis, TviTsrulyofisa Tu TviTdestruqciis motivebi
Crdilavs. reJisors sul ufro metad ainteresebs adamianis qcevis
spontanuri, intuiciuri, misi koleqtiuri arsis amsaxveli aspeqtebi.
sturuas anTropologiuri interesi ufro farTo da mravalmxrivi xdeba,
imave `seCuanelSi~, RmerTebis TiTqmis marionetuli figurebi adasturebs,
rom yofierebis ZiriTadi drama dedamiwaze xorcieldeba. aracnobieris,
fuZiseulis, iracionalurisadmi interesi reJisoris SemoqmedebaSi sul
sxvadasxvagvarad aisaxeba. amasTan aqtualuri rCeba ganvlil periodebSi
Seqmnili mxatvruli modelirebis enac~.5
am speqtaklSi robert sturuam gamoiyena `citirebis~ xerxi:
`citirebebi~ Tavisi adrindeli speqtaklebidan, erTgvari kolaJi
sxvadasxva speqtaklebis dekoraciebidan, magaliTad: `kavkasiuri carcis
4 kosinski r. rusTavelis Teatris muzeumis masalebidan, gaz. `avenire~. poloneTi. 5 bokuCava T. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 115.
87
wris~ da `riCard mesamis~. mayureblisaTvis nacnobi anturaJi, sxva
konteqstSi warmoCenili, axal sinamdviles qmnida.
reJisorma `keTili~, magram uZluri RmerTebi liftis kabiniT dauSva
scenaze da miamitur, erTgvarad infantilur personaJebadac ki aqcia. am
infantilur RmerTebs ki daupirispira areuli, orsaxovani samyaro, sadac
boroteba batonobs. aq, am samyaroSi, ar fasobs sikeTe, siyvaruli,
erTguleba, gulwrfeloba... erTaderTi adamiani, romelic sikeTis
matarebelia, aris meZavi Sen te. magram masac aiZuleben gardaiqmnas
daundobel Sui ted, radgan am qveyanaze siyvaruli da sikeTe aravis
sWirdeba. sakuTari adgilis dasamkvidreblad ki sakuTari moyvasic ki ar
unda dazogo.
robert sturuas `seCuaneli keTili adamiani~ erTgvari miTologiuri
igavia samyaros wyobaze. es ukanaskneli, adamianis mier bolomde
Seucnobelia da, albaT amitomac, yovel nabijze Ralatobs RvTaebriv
kanonebs. robert sturuam Riad datova kiTxva _ SeZlebs ki Sen te sikeTis
SenarCunebas, balaganidan, qaosidan wamodgomas, zneobriv gamarjvebas.
darCeba Tu ara igi keTil adamianad? `kavkasiuri carcis wrisgan~
gansxvavebiT, `seCuaneli keTili adamianis~ sturuaseuli brexti ufro
skeptikuria. aq, am speqtaklSi brextiseuli `gaucxoebis efeqti~ yvelaze
ufro metad aisaxa reJisorisa da drois gaucxoebaSi.
88
Tavi III
robert sturuas qrTuli Seqspiriana
`riCard III~
(1978)
klasikuri nawarmoebis dadgmisas reJisorma da msaxiobebma
aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinon, Tu maT mier amorCeuli piesa ramdenad
miesadageba Tanamedroveobas, upasuxebs Tu ara im problemebsa da kiTxvebs,
romlebic dResdReobiT awuxebT da aRelvebT adamianebs. gansazRvruli
qveynis, epoqis yofis asaxva SeiZleba warmoadgendes interess
eTnografiuli muzeumisaTvis, magram aramc da aramc Teatraluri
koleqtivisa da Teatraluri mayureblisaTvis. klasikuri nawarmoebi
yovelTvis humanur, mowinave ideebs amtkicebs. reJisoris amocana da mizani
ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom es ideebi saxeobrivad, mxatvrul formaSi
asaxos. Tanadroulad gaxsna klasikuri piesa, niSnavs masSi ipovo is didi
problemebi, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT ar gamoiwvion dRevandel mayurebelSi
vnebaTaRelva. piter bruki wignSi `carieli sivrce~ wers: `Seqspiri
CvenTvis kvlav misabaZi magaliTia. aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni muSaoba
Seqspiris scenaze gansaxorcieleblad mimarTulia iqiTken, rom mis piesebs
mivaniWoT `Tanamedrove~ JReradoba, vinaidan, mxolod maSin, rodesac
mayurebels uSualod gaaRizianebs piesis Sinaarsi, SesaZlebelia
gadailaxos dro da pirobiTobebi~.6
Seqspiris dramaturgia ekuTvnis swored iseT klasikur nawarmoebTa
ricxvs, romelic reJisorma SeiZleba miusadagos Tanamedrove problemebs,
konkretulad am SemTxvevaSi ki saubaria piesaze `riCard III~.
saqarTveloSi Seqspiri mecxramete saukunis pirveli naxevridanaa
cnobili, misi popularoba ki uSualod aris dakavSirebuli qarTuli
Teatraluri kulturis zrdasTan. qarTuli Teatri mwvaved ganicdida
6 Брук П. Пустое пространство, секретов нет. М. «Наука». 2003. стр.143.
89
erovnuli dramaturgiis naklebobas da imJamad arsebuli piesebis dabal
dones. swored amitomac qarTveli msaxiobebi eswrafodnen sazRvargareTel
dramaturgTa, maT Soris Seqspiris nawarmoebebis ganxorcielebas; iseT
dramaturgias, romlis mxatvrul-msoflmxedvelobiTi poziciebi axlo iyo
qarTveli eris kulturisaTvis. saqarTveloSi Seqspiris popularizaciaSi
didi wvlili miuZRviT ilia WavWavaZes da ivane maCabels. ai, ras wers amis
Sesaxeb profesori niko yiasaSvili: `Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra, rom ilia
WavWavaZisa da, gansakuTrebiT, ivane maCablis, rogorc ZiriTadi
mTargmnelis, roli mxolod da mxolod Seqspiris teqstis
gadmoqarTulebiT amoiwureboda. `mefe liris~, hamletis~ `otelosa~ Tu
`makbetis~ qarTuli Targmanebi, amave dros, Seqspiris Tavisebur, Rrma
interpretacias warmoadgenda. iliasa da ivane maCabels SesaniSnavad
esmodaT Seqspiris Semoqmedebis ara marto mxatvrul-esTetikuri
srulfasovnoba, aramed misi didi, Rrmad humanisturi msoflmxedvelobrivi
safuZvlebic. swored Seqspirisadmi am msoflmxedvelobriv-esTetikurma
naTesaobam Sva rogorc brwyinvale Targmanebi, iseve SesaniSnavi qarTuli
Seqspiruli Teatric~.7
swored maT saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli `mefe liris~ cocxali
suraTebis ganxorcieleba pirveli saSualo skolis (Zveli gimnaziis)
SenobaSi. ilia WavWavaZem warCinebuli ojaxebidan Sekriba Semsruleblebi,
liris rols ki Tavad asrulebda.
dResdReobiT warmoudgenelia qarTuli Teatris istoria Seqspiris
dramaturgiis gareSe. warmoudgenelia lado mesxiSvilis da uSangi CxeiZis
hamletis, uSangi CxeiZis iagos, akaki vasaZis klavdiusisa da iagos, akaki
xoravas otelos, vaso goZiaSvilis riCardis gareSe. ramdenadac
paradoqsuli unda iyos, qarTuli Teatris didi gamarjvebebi yovelTvis
dakavSirebuli iyo ara erovnuli, aramed sazRvargareTuli dramaturgiis
dadgmasTan; iyo iseTi dadgmebic (mxedvelobaSi maqvs mixeil TumaniSvilis
`zafxulis Ramis sizmari~), romlebic Tavis dros ramdenime wliT
7yiasaSvili n. `qarTuli Seqspiriana~. Tb. 1959. gv. 9.
90
uswrebdnen da amis gamo mayureblisa da kritikisagan miuRebeli da
amouxsnelni rCeboda xolme. araerTi aRfrTovanebuli fraza dawerila
qarTul Seqspirul warmodgenebze. moviyvan erT magaliTs. xoravas otelos
Sesaxeb v. i. nemiroviC-danCenko ambobda: `xoravaze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
sxva masze ukeTesi otelos rolis Semsrulebeli sabWoTa kavSirSi ar
moipoveba. me ar meSinia ganvacxado, rom otelo-xorava es Teatraluri
movlenaa, romlis Sesaxeb ginda ilaparako da wero~.8 am didi Teatraluri
moRvawis sityvebidan naTlad Cans, Tu ra warmatebiT idgmeboda qarTul
TeatrSi Seqspiri.
60-iani wlebis dasawyisidan qarTul TeatrSi, kerZod ki, rusTavelis
TeatrSi iwyeba romantikuli Teatris principebis ugulebelyofa da Ziebani
axali reJisoruli stilistikis damkvidrebisaTvis. es procesi SeqspirTan
mimarTebaSi sabWoTa kavSiris Teatraluri samyaros masStabiT
mimdinareobda. ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb rusi Teatrmcodne a. bartoSeviCi:
`v. i. nemiroviC-danCenkos TqmiT, tradiciul-romantikuli, damtkbari
Seqspiris uaryofisas, Teatrma gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT aRmoaCina
Seqspiris saxiT xelovani, romelic movlenebs gadmoscemda daundobeli
simaxviliT da Seulamazebeli simarTliT. klasikosis nawarmoebebi
gaiazreboda Tanamedrove dramis, gansakuTrebiT, brextis poziciebidan~.9
Seqspiris gaazreba Tanamedrove dramisa, brextis Teatris poziciebidan
samociani wlebis dasawyisSi rusTavelis TeatrSic SeiniSneboda.
`Seqspiriseul TeatrSi Tavisuflad Tanacxovroben brextic da beketic,
magram Tavad is (Seqspiri) erTi TaviT maRla dgas oriveze. Cveni amocanaa _
postbrextiseul epoqaSi win gavWraT gza, ufro sworad, ukan _
SeqspirTan~.10
mixeil TumaniSvilma rusTavelis Teatris scenaze Seqspiris sami
piesa ganaxorciela. `zafxulis Ramis sizmari~ (1964 w.), `mefe liri~ (1966 w.)
da `iulius keisari~ (1967 w.). am speqtaklebis gaanalizeba calke Temis
8 Беседа с В. И. Немировичем-Данченко. газ. «Заря Востока». 1941. .№290. 9 Бартошевич А. Диалоги с Шекспиром. ж. «Театр». 1976. № 6. ст. 53. 10 bruki. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 143.
91
sagania. me ki am sami dadgmidan gamovyof `zafxulis Ramis sizmars~. m.
TumaniSvilis es dadgma, dResdReobiT, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `Cavardnil
speqtaklad~ iTvleba. Tavis droze igi `kritikis qarcecxlSi~ gaatares.
mixeil TumaniSvils sayvedurobdnen novatorobas, tradiciisagan gandgomas,
sxvadasxva saSemsruleblo maneris erT speqtaklSi aRrevas, ekleqtizms,
mxatvruli poziciis meryeobas da a. S. rac mTavaria, kicxavdnen msaxiobebis
TamaSis pirobiTobas da uaryofdnen amgvari TamaSis maneras dramatul
TeatrSi. `m. TumaniSvilis reJisorul profilSi TandaTan imata
tradiciisadmi novatorulma damokidebulebam. misi speqtaklebidan TiTqos
`WinWraqas~ mfrinavi xaliCiT, ise gauCinardnen Zlieri vnebis adamianebi.
reJisori TviTneburi stilizaciiT gaumklavda qarTuli folkloris
surneliT Sepkurebul naxucriSvilis piesa-zRapars... m. TumaniSvilma
tradiciisagan gandgomac aRar ikmara da `zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~ mis
Cawixvlas Seudga~.11 ai, amgvarad akritikebdnen mixeil TumaniSvilis
Ziebebs, cdebs qarTul TeatrSi brextiseuli esTetikis SemotanisaTvis.
`Seqspiris piesebis dadgmebi umeteswilad warmoadgens sxvadasxva
Teatralur stilTa istorias, romlebic ubiZgebda msaxiobebs, reJisorebsa
da mxatvrebs gamoeZerwaT Seqspiris piesebi Taviseburad~.12 _ wers piter
bruki. SeiZleba `zafxulis Ramis sizmari~, marTlac, ar gamouvida m.
TumaniSvils, magram erTi ram udavod faqtia. sturuas mier Seqspiris
`riCard III~ axleburad wakiTxvisa da dadgmis winamZRvrebi unda veZeboT
`zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~. logikurad ar SeiZleba, rom `WinWraqasa~ da
`zafxulis Ramis sizmars~ gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad ar
emoqmeda robert sturuas reJisoruli stilistikis Camoyalibebaze,
radganac swored ekleqtizmi, romlisTvisac ase kicxavdnen TumaniSvils,
mefobs sturuas TiTqmis yvela dadgmaSi da maT Soris `riCard mesameSi~.
Seqspiris `riCard mesame~ ekuTvnis istoriuli qronikebis ricxvs. am
piesaSi dramaturgma dagvixata ara mxolod brZola ZalauflebisaTvis,
aramed adamianebi, romlebic Sepyrobilni arian Zalauflebis `xelSi
11qarTveliSvili v. fiqrebi rusTavelis Teatrze. J. `sabWoTa xelovneba~. 1964. #5, gv. 19. 22.
12 Брук П. Шекспир в наше время. Ж. «Англия». 1964. №2. стр. 8.
92
Cagdebis~ ideafiqsiT da romlebic arafris winaSe ar ixeven ukan Tavisi
miznis misaRwevad. es miswrafeba klavs adamianSi suliers, ukargavs
siyvarulis unars, yovelgvar rwmenas. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola
sabolood iqceva ra maT miznad, gansazRvravs maT xasiaTs, maT
urTierTdamokidebulebas garSemo myofi adamianebisadmi. mTavari problema
am tragediaSi aris tiraniis problema, romelic adamianis Tavisuflebis,
adamianis pirovnebad Camoyalibebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. swored
amaSi mdgomareobda Seqspiris tragediis humanuri idea. riCards, romelic
Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis ideiTaa Sepyrobili, SeuZlia gawiros yvela
da yoveli, rac ki mas win aRudgeba am miznis misaRwevad. Tavis gzaze
Zalauflebisaken igi daundobeli, Seuwynarebelia, advilad midis
yovelgvar danaSaulze. `riCard mesameSi~ Seqspirma gaaSiSvla
ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis kanonzomierebani, asaxa misi arsi, gamoamJRavna
misi araadamianuri saxe. Seqspirma gviCvena egreT wodebuli `Caketili wre~,
romelSiac moqmedebdnen riCardi da misi `Tanamzraxvelni~. swored am
viwro wreSi unda gadawydes qveynis bedi, aq xdeba SeTqmulebebi, aq
imarjveben da marcxdebian, awameben da sjian, magram sinamdvileSi aravis
ar awuxebs qveynisa da xalxis momavali, amave dros arcerTi maTgani ar
uSvebs moments xelidan, raTa warmoTqvas amaRlebuli sityvebi
samSobloze, xalxze, sazogadoebriv idealebze. magram es yvelaferi
mxolod politikuri iaraRia maT xelSi. `savsebiT cxadia, rom Seqspiri
Tavisi piesebis werisas, gulisxmobda usazRvro sivrces da ganusazRvrel
dros. rodesac aqcenti keTdeba adamianur urTierTobebze, ar SeiZleba
Tavis SeboWva droisa da adgilis erTianobiT. Cveni yuradReba
koncentrirebulia urTierTqmedebaze erTi personaJisa meoreze, amasTan
cxovrebiseuli konteqsti ki ar gamoixateba, aramed iqmneba sxva
personaJebis mier~.13
Seqspirma Tavis tragediaSi dagvixata agreTve riCardis winaaRmdeg
mebrZolnic. magaliTad, riCmondi. dramaturgma igi piesis bolos
13bruki. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 224.
93
Semoiyvana, SeabrZola riCards da daamarcxebina, e. i. sabolood keTils
gaamarjvebina borotze. robert sturuam ki riCmondic riCardis
Tanamzraxvelad gamoiyvana da SeiZleba masze ufro saSiS
borotmoqmedadac. maxsovs, bevrni ukmayofiloni iyvnen riCmondis amgvari
saxecvlilebiT _ reJisori mayurebels araviTari keTilis rwmenas aRar
utovebso; magram reJisoris aseTi gadawyveta, vfiqrob, ufro Seesabameba im
dros, roca daidga speqtakli, Tanamedrove epoqas. Tanac es ar iyo axali
movlena. ramdenime wliT adre sabWoTa kavSiris sxva TeatrebSic moxda
riCmondis saxis amgvari gadawyveta. ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb Teatrmcodne
a. bartoSeviCi: `lipeckis Teatris speqtaklSi `riCard III~ riCmondi _
axalgazrda, Zlieri mxecia, mglis lekvi, romelsac surs Serkineba, bolos
meore riCardi aRmoCndeba. TiTqmis imave sqemiT, sazogadod miRebuli
gadawyvetisgan gansxvavebulad aris dadgmuli `riCard III~ finali lvovis
TeatrSi. speqtakls amTavrebda igive macne, vinc iwyebda. igi mxned
mouTxrobda simSvidesa da keTildReobaze, bolos da bolos ingliss rom
ewvia. macnes wamoZaxilebis fonze riCmondi Cumad ebRauWeboda gvirgvins,
ixutebda mkerdze, xolo scenis centrSi TandaTan naTdeboda riCardis
najaxi _ bolo sagani, rasac xedavdnen speqtaklSi. yvelaferi Tavidan unda
daiwyos~.14
rogorc vxedavT, sabWoTa kavSiris sami sxvadasxva Teatri TiTqmis
erTdroulad, sxvadasxva mxatvruli formiT, mivida riCmondis saxis
azrobrivad erTnair gadawyvetamde. es faqti, ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rogorc zemoTAaRvniSne, igi drom da epoqam moitana. Seqspiris
sturuaseuli interpretaciiT, brZola, romelic mimarTulia riCardis
winaaRmdeg, gamomdinareobs ara moraluri da eTikuri, aramed piradi
gamorCenis, sakuTari interesebis dakmayofilebis Tvalsazrisidan. da gana
Cvens droSi swored amgvar gadagvarebamde araa misuli xalxi? robert
sturua Tavisi speqtakliT eubneboda mayurebels, xalxs, SeCerdiT,
dafiqrdiT, ras sCadixarT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tqven dakargavT
adamianur saxes, adamianur Rirsebas, yovelgvar adamianurs da gadaiqceviT
14bartoSeviCi a. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 60-61.
94
gandidebis maniiT Sepyrobil meqanizmebad. ra Tqma unda, sturuas
speqtakli mimarTulia yovelgvari tiraniis winaaRmdeg. `adamianuri
faseulobebis Skalaze Seqspiri ukan ar ixevs arc maRalis da arc dabalis
gadmocemisas. misi Teatri ar auxeSebs suliers, imisTvis, rom gaxados igi
xelmisawvdomi da ar uaryofs WuWys, simaxinjes, Zaladobas am or
ukiduresobas Soris da nabij-nabij krefs energias, aZlierebs grZnobas,
romelic mwifdeba, sanam mayureblis winaaRmdegoba ar iqneba motexili da
ar gamofxizldeba, raTa wamierad Caixedos realurobis siRrmeebSi.~15.
SeqspirTan, iseve rogorc speqtaklSi, riCardi Tavisi zraxvebis
ganxorcielebisaTvis eyrdnoba Tanamzraxvelebs, romlebic raRaciT
politikur partias mogvagoneben, maT aerTianebT mTavari politikosis,
riCardis neba da Tu vinme ver Seasrulebs Tavis `rols~, im wuTSive
aqroben. aqroben cotaodeni winaaRmdegobis gamwev, bevris mcodne,
gansazRvruli etapis Semdgom naklebad saWiro pirebs. es erTgvari TamaSia,
politikuri `TamaSi~. aq ukve adamiani da adamianuri aRaraviTar rols
aRar TamaSobs. `erT-erTi problema, romelsac Cven vawydebiT speqtaklSi
`riCard III~ aris adamianurobis araadamianurobaSi gardaqmna. SemTxveviTi
ar aris, rom dramis nebismieri monawilis daRupva CvenSi ar iwvevs
TanagrZnobas. isini, vinc CaerTnen sisxlian TamaSSi, erTmaneTze ise
nadiroben, rogorc es namdvili nadirobis dros xdeba. rodesac mtaceblis
ganadgureba _ mizania, romelic amarTlebs nebismier saSualebas. yoveli
maTgani gansakuTrebulad daundobelia, saerTod ara aqvT Secodebis
instinqti. aravin ar gansazRvravs sxvis cxovrebas, rogorc raRac
faseuls. aq fasobs mxolod Tanamoazre, isic iqamde, sanam SeuZlia
gagiwios samsaxuri~.16
SeqspirTan Zalmomreoba da cinizmi erT-erTi mTavari iaraRia
ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi. swored amas usvamda xazs Tavis speqtaklSi
robert sturua. amisaTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT, Tundac, klarensis,
ufliswulebis, hestingsis mkvlelobis scenebi. ZalmomreobiTa da cinizmiT
15bruki. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 258-259.
16Орджоникидзе Г. Прочтение Шекспира. газ. «Литературная Грузия». 1984. .№1.
95
moralurad aknineben, sakuTar me-s akargvineben adamians, laquca finiad
gadaaqceven, rogorc amas ukeTeben kenterberis arqiepiskoposs. yovelive
gancdilisa da gadatanilis Semdeg arqiepiskoposi gardaiqmneboda raRac
cxovelis msgavs, usityvo arsebad, riCardis uerTgules msaxurad, romelic
yovelgvar damcirebazea Tanaxma, oRondac is tkivili, romelic man
ganicada, meored aRar miayenon. amitomac igi sityvaSeubruneblad asrulebs
bakingemis cinikur rCevas _ xalxSi gaavrcelos riCardis interesebisTvis
hestingsis danaSaulebrivobis versia da, aqedan gamomdinare, misi dasjis
aucilebloba. gana cinizmis gamovlineba ar aris riCardis sityvebi:
`rogor miyvarda me es kaci~, mas Semdeg, roca brZanebs, hestingss Tavi
mohkveTon.
robert sturuas daintereseba Seqspiris `riCard mesameTi~ ar yofila
SemTxveviTi. tiraniis globaluri aspeqtebis Cveneba, mis winaaRmdeg
brZola, tiranul saxelmwifoSi pirovnebis nivelirebis problema
yovelTvis awuxebda da aRelvebda reJisors. gavixsenoT `yvaryvare~,
`Ralati~, `kavkasiuri carcis wre~. Tu ki `yvaryvareSi~ yvaryvare, Tavisi
namdvili, nacarqeqias saxis dasafarad, niRabs amofarebuli moqmedebs,
`riCard mesameSi~ ukve ufro saSiS `borotmoqmedTan~ gvaqvs saqme. riCardi
borotmoqmedi, magram Wkviani politikosia. erTaderTi Secdoma, romelsac
igi am TamaSis dros dauSvebs, es aris riCmondis siyvaruli, erTaderTi
adamianuri grZnoba, romelic riCards gaaCnda. robert sturuam `riCard
mesamis~ dadgmis drosac ar uRalata Tavis meTods da reJisoruli
koncefciis gamosaxatavad Seqspiris teqstsac iseve Tavisuflad moeqca,
rogorc amas sxva dramaturgTa mimarT akeTebda xolme. amisda miuxedavad,
rusTavelis Teatris `riCard mesame~ Seqspiruli speqtaklia, didi
ingliseli dramaturgis nawarmoebis sulis erTguli. `me vTvli, rom
damdgmels aqvs ufleba misces forma, daWras da gadaaadgilos, magram
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki Rrmad sjera imisa, rom stilizaciis is
xerxi, romelsac igi axorcielebs, emsaxureba Zalian mniSvnelovan, arsebiT
amocanas _ Tanamedrove auditoriisaTvis, piesis ZiriTadi masalis
96
aRorZinebasa da gacocxlebas. magram man yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswinos,
rom raime erTiani stilis dadeba gamofitavs piesas~,17 _ wers bruki.
tragediis sturuaseuli rekonstruqciiT speqtaklSi zogierTi
personaJi saerTod gaqra. gaCndnen axali gmirebi, teqsti Seamokles,
specialurad am dadgmisTvis. zurab kiknaZem Seasrula axali
prozauliATargmani, romelSiac nawilobriv Sevida ivane maCablis Targmani,
Caemata axali teqstebi, Seqspiris tragediis xuTi moqmedeba, sam aqtamde
daiyvanes. rigi scenebi, romlebic SeqspirTan Tanmimdevrulad aris
mocemuli, speqtaklSi gaerTianda polifoniur plastebSi, amiT naTlad
gamomJRavnda movlenebis is urTierTSemakavSirebeli xazi, romelic sxva
SemTxvevaSi mayureblisaTvis SeiZleba amoucnobi gamxdariyo.
magaliTisaTvis gavixsenoT hestingsTan riCardis gamefebaze
dasaTanxmeblad migzavnili Suakacebis epizodi, romelic gaerTianebulia
riCardisa da misi amalis molaparakebis scenasTan. riCardi TiTqos eswreba
hestingsTan Suakacebis dialogs, afasebs mas da iRebs garkveul
gadawyvetilebebs. Seqspirs klarensis mkvleloba ramdenime epizodSi aqvs
mocemuli. pirveli moqmedebis mesame nawilSi, riCardi mkvlelebTan
molaparakebas awarmoebs, meoTxe nawilSi, klarensi brekenbers uambobs
Tavis saSinel sizmars. mkvlelebi saSvs warudgenen brekenbers,
ukanaskneli tovebs klarenss, viTomda sasaxleSi mefisaTvis moxsenebis
gasakeTeblad. Semdgom _ mkvlelebis dialogi, sadac maTi sxvadasxvanairi
damokidebuleba mJRavndeba danaSaulisadmi anu mkvlelobisadmi. klarensi
da mkvlelebi, da bolos, mkvlelebi mkvlelobis Cadenis Semdgom. yvela am
epizods robert sturuam erT scenaSi mouyara Tavi da yvela es moqmedeba
erT droSi warmogvidgina. scena or nawilad daiyo. mayureblidan marcxniv
klarensi yveba sizmars. scenis Sua nawilSi riCardi mkvlelebTan erTad
miemarTeba avanscenisaken. riCardi TiTqos yurs ugdebs klarensisa da
brekenberis dialogs. riCardi mkvlelebs aZlevs brZanebas da ukanasknelni
ganlagdebian scenis marjvena kuTxeSi, erTmaneTSi arCeven situacias. es
yvelaferi, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTobaa, magram gamarTlebuli pirobiToba.
17 Брук П. Шекспир в наше время. ж. «Англия ». 1964. №2. стр. 16.
97
amiT reJisorma dro moigo da amave dros gviCvena riCardis
damokidebuleba, misi fiqri mxdali klarensis ukanasknel Rameze. robert
sturuas speqtaklidan mTlianad gaqra epizodebi, romelSiac mocemuli iyo
dialogi moqalaqeebisa mefe edvardis sikvdilis Semdgom, gaqra agreTve
ojaxuri scena mcirewlovani iorkis hercogis, dedofal elizabeTis,
iorkis mTavris meuRlisa da kenterberis arqiepiskoposis monawileobiT,
aqedan reJisorma gamoiyena mxolod ramdenime sarkastuli SeniSvna Tavisi
biZis riCardis Sesaxeb, xolo uelsis princis CamosvlasTan dakavSirebiT
arqiepiskoposi ambobs oficialur sityvas, romelic SeqspirTan saerTod
ar aris, sainteresoa agreTve, rom princis pasuxSi gaismis sityvebi,
romliTac Seqspiris piesaSi riCmondi amTavrebs tragedias.
`inglisi didxans WkvaSeSlilebr itanjeboda,
uwyalod Rvrida Zma Zmis sisxlsa, mama Svilisas~18 da a. S.
princis mier warmoTqmuli sityvebi, TiTqos raRaca SemTxvevisaTvis
specialurad naswavli, gazepirebuli, haerSi nasroli sityvebia. robert
sturuam speqtaklSi Secvala Seqspiris tragediis dasasruli. aRar aris
riCardisa da riCmondis brZolisaTvis mosamzadebeli scenebi. Seicvala,
gadakeTda aCrdilTa gamocxadebis scenebi. SeqspirTan isini riCardsa da
riCmonds moevlinebian brZolis win, wyevlian ra pirvelsa da amxneveben
meores. speqtaklSi lirikuli valsis TanxlebiT saorkestro ormodan
amodian xelixel Cakidebuli patara princebi, isini avanscenidan scenis
siRrmisaken miemarTebian. maTi msvleloba ramdenjerme meordeba. scenis
siRrmeSi Cndebian sxva aCrdilebic. riCardi am dros ori gvirgviniT xelSi
giJiviT daborialobs scenaze da cdilobs aCrdilebis gandevnas. am
epizodebs Soris xdeba misi Sexvedra tirelTan, dedasTan da elizabeTTan.
speqtaklidan amoRebulia riCardis mier sikvdilis win wakiTxuli
monologi da datovebulia mxolod erTi fraza: `cxeni, cxeni, erT cxenSi
vaZlev mTels Cems samefos~. aRsaniSnavia robert sturuas mier speqtaklSi
Casmuli scenebi riCardisa da riCmondis SebrZolebis win, es gakeTebulia
riCardis bolo monologis safuZvelze. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs riCardisa da
18 Seqspiri u. riCard mesame. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. 1. `xelovneba~. Tb. 1983. gv. 222.
98
margaretis, riCardisa da riCmondis dialogebi. speqtaklSi Semoyvanilia
axali personaJic, romelic Seqspiris tragediaSi ar aris. es aris masxaras
saxe. robert sturua Seqspiris tragedias tragifarsis formiT gvawvdis.
tragikulia yvelaferi is, rac scenaze xdeba, ra Tqma unda, tragediaa
adamianTa imgvari yofa, arseboba, rogoradac es Seqspiris `riCard
mesameSia~ mocemuli, magram reJisori yvelafer amas, adamianTa gaSmagebul
brZolas Zalauflebis mopovebisaTvis, ironiulad uyurebs, TiTqos
dascinis kidec maT. igi TiTqos civi gonebiT ukvirdeba, afasebs maT
Semoqmedebas da mayurebelsac uqmnis scenaze mimdinare ambis Sefasebisa da
ara gancdis saSualebas. warmodgenis amgvar xasiaTSi gadawyvetas
Seefereba rogorc speqtaklis mxatvruli (m. SveliZe), aseve musikaluri (g.
yanCeli) gadawyveta. aqve moviyvan patara nawyvets robert sturuasTan
saubrisa, romelic ufro metad mohfens naTels sturuaseul `riCard III~
interpretacias.
`m. v. _ piter bruki Tavis werilSi `Seqspiri Cvens droSi~ wers: `Cven
vxedavT, rom TeatrSi msaxiobebi, mxatvrebi da reJisorebi Tavs imtvreven,
Zalisxmevas ar iSureben scenebis aranJirebis problemis gadawyvetaze,
maTTvis damTavrebuli formis, erTiani Tanmimdevruli stilis misacemad
da ver acnobiereben, rom es problema SeiZleba sinamdvileSi arc
arsebobdes. rogorc aRmosavleli brZeni, galiidan Citis amoyvanisas, taSs
Semokravs da wamoiZaxebs `ai, isic!~, Cvenc ukuvagdebT ra aseul tomebs,
romlebSic Seqspiris mkvlevrebi daoben Seqspiris piesebis amoxsnaze,
SegviZlia SemovkraT taSi da wamoviZaxoT `ai, rogori unda iyos!~ rogoria
Tqveni damokidebuleba Seqspirisadmi da Tqveni midgoma Seqspiris piesebis
interpretaciisa, Tqveneuli koncefciis misadagebisas?
r. s. _ rasakvirvelia, vkiTxulob interpretaciebs Seqspiris Sesaxeb
Teatrmcodneebis... zogierTi raRacas mkarnaxobs. erTi ingliseli avtoris
citata mohyavda aniqsts, rom `riCard III~ es aris, yvelaze mxiaruli
tragedia. aman momca raRac garkveuli ufleba, rom damedga, rogorc Savi
komedia, samwuxarod, albaT Zalian logikurad, aq ar icinodnen, imitom
rom, is ambebi, romelic xdeba, yvelas Tavis istorias axsenebda, 1937 weli
99
da a.S., amitom ar icinodnen. londonSi, edinburgSi rom viTamaSeT,
siciliT iwyeboda speqtakli da siciliT mTavrdeboda. ramazma (ramaz
CxikvaZe m. v.) miTxra antraqtSi, _ biWo Cven mgoni komedia davdgiTo. me
vuTxari _ xo, _ mxolod Savi. Zalian kargad miiRes es Janri. jer erTi,
ingliselebi iumorTan Zalian axlos arian, meorec, maTi istoria
aranakleb sisxliania, vidre Cveni, magram Soreuli istoriaa. XIX _ XX
saukuneebSi maTi qveyana ukve demokratiisken miiswrafoda da aRar xdeboda
is saSinelebebi, rac CvenTan me-20 saukuneSi. daaxloebiT ase viqcevi. me ar
maxsovda es citata, Zalian sworad wers es kaci, yvelam Tavisi Citi unda
amoiyvanos galiidan. rac Seexeba Tqvens mier moyvanil brukis citatas, me
principSi ase vdgam ~.19
mayurebelTa darbazSi SesvlisTanave Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobda
scena, romelic bunkers mogvagonebda. Warbobda ruxi, monacrisfro, moSavo
ferebi, kedlebi alag-alag CaSavebuli. ramdenime adgilas TiTqos xvrelebi
gaCeniliyo. am xvrelebidan moevlinebodnen Semdgom riCards aCrdilebi.
moTeTro, alag-alag TiTqos amomwvari tilo faravda scenis ukana mxares.
scenis centrSi Weri Camongreuliyo da iqidan moCanda daZenZili tiloebi.
scenaze gafantuliyo sxvadasxva aqsesuarebi: zeamarTuli namglebi, celebi,
Subebi, wylis wisqvilis borbali. yvelaferi es erT mizans emsaxureboda _
Seexsenebina epoqaTa swraf monacvleobaSi Zalauflebis mopovebisaTvis
brZolis ganmeorebadoba.
robert sturuas yvela speqtaklsa da maT Soris `riCard mesameSi~
didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda musikas. umetes SemTxvevaSi igi sazRvravda
speqtaklis plastikur gadawyvetas. amis Sesaxeb robert sturua erT-erT
interviuSi ambobs: `piradad me arasdros vdgam speqtaklebs musikis gareSe
_ CemTvis igi Zalian mniSvnelovani, SeiZleba ganmsazRvreli komponentia,
maSinac ki, rodesac igi ar JRers speqtaklSi~.20
19vasaZe m. saubrebi robert sturuas saTeatro enaze. J. `saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani~,
2010. #4. gv. 20-21.
20Зейфас Н. Dramma der musica и музыка для драмы. ж. «Советская музыка». 1981. №2. ст. 92.
100
amasTan dakavSirebiT minda erTi faqti gavixseno. `riCard III~ dadgmis
procesSi robert sturua iyenebda aRmosavlur, iaponur musikas. Semdgom es
musika amoiRes speqtaklidan, magram darCa misi gavlena, rac speqtaklis
plastikur gadawyvetaSi Canda. `riCard III~-Si reJisorma da kompozitorma
stilurad Zalze gansxvavebuli musikaluri nawyvetebi Seitanes. speqtaklSi
JRerda reg-taimi, Cernis etiudi, baxi, specialurad am speqtaklisaTvis
dawerili g. yanCelis musika da yvelaferi es isev da isev speqtaklSi
dasmuli problemebis globalur, msoflio masStabebSi gaazrebis
mimniSnebeli iyo. amis mimniSnebeli gaxldaT agreTve kostiumebi, romlebic
speqtaklSi monawile msaxiobebs, `riCard mesamis~ personaJebs ecvaT. es iyo
abstraqtul-stilizebuli kostiumebi, romlebic TiTqosda yvela drois
politikosTa Cacmulobas mogvagonebda (hitleris, napoleonis da a. S.).
darbazSi ismoda reg-taimis bgerebi. saorkestro ormodan amodioda
SavebSi Semosili qali _ margareti. iRebda wigns, romelic speqtaklis
msvlelobis dros, rogorc `bedisweris~ wigni, ise TamaSdeboda da
acxadebda: `cxovreba da sikvdili mefe riCard mesamisa~. Cernis etiudis
bgerebis fonze gamodiodnen riCardi da riCmondi (speqtaklis bolo
epizodebamde riCardis erTguli mowafe, gulis mesaidumle da Tanamdevi).
scenis siRrmeSi zeaityorcneboda TeTri tilos farda. gamoCndeboda
scenis ukana kedeli, SuagulSi Savi xvreliT. mis win sacekvao moZraobebs
akeTebdnen cxoveluri JiniT Sepyrobili adamianebi (brbo, masa yovelgvar
pirovnul Tvisebebs moklebuli). maT mouwesrigebeli moZraobebi hqondaT.
es yvelaferi Senelebuli kadris tempSi mimdinareobda. maT Tvalyurs
adevnebda riCardi, romelic imave Savi xvrelidan gamodioda scenaze.
riCardi _ ramaz CxikvaZis SesrulebiT mTavari da amosavali wertili
gaxldaT speqtaklSi. masze, mis TamaSze modioda speqtaklis azrobrivi
datvirTvis erTi mesamedi. swored riCardis saxeSi iyo gamoxatuli
yvelaze ufro naTlad daundobeli araadamianuroba, Zalauflebis xelSi
Cagdebis yvelaze ufro mZafri survili. misi cxovreba TamaSia, `riskiani
TamaSi~. riCardi–CxikvaZe gulcivi, azartuli, mis garSemo myofebze ufro
Wkviani moTamaSe, imdenad iyo koWli da kuziani, ramdenadac es mas
101
sWirdeboda. ramaz CxikvaZis SesrulebaSi SeimCneoda Serwyma tragikuli
eqspresiisa brextis `gaucxoebis efeqtTan~. adamianebisadmi siZulvils,
maTdami cinikur damokidebulebas gadmoscemda r. CxikvaZis TamaSis manera,
mimika, intonacia. am mxriv, SesaniSnavad asrulebda msaxiobi parlamentis
sxdomis, hestingsisa da bakingemis sikvdiliT dasjis scenebs. ramdeni
cinizmi da ironia gamosWvioda am dros ramaz CxikvaZe-riCardSi.
groteskulad iyo gadawyvetili riCardis scena ledi anasTan. es, SeiZleba
iTqvas, ramaz CxikvaZis mier erT-erTi brwyinvaled Sesrulebuli epizodi
iyo. riCardi mekuboeTa da riCmondis TandaswrebiT uxsnida siyvaruls
ledi anas, ufro metic, aqve kubosTan imorCilebda mas. pirveli sityvebi,
riTac iwyeboda ledi anas `Semobruneba~ riCardisaken, iyo riCardis
sityvebi: `Sens loginSi unda vkvnesode~. sxeulebrivma Jinma imarjva ledi
anas gonebaze, mis inteleqtze. am dros ismoda violinoze Sesrulebuli
naTeli melodia, rac kidev ufro metad usvamda xazs scenaze
gaTamaSebulis simdables, sibilwes. am scenaSi riCards ar Wirdeboda
gulwrfeli aRelvebis TamaSi. riCardi TiTqos amasxaravebda anas da es
gamasxaraveba, abuCad agdeba grZeldeboda `mosasxamTan~ scenaSi. da bolos,
mxiarul musikaze fexis ayolebiT, wiTeli vardis xelSi SeTamaSebiT da
ironiuli intonaciiT warmoTqmuli sityvebiT: `uarSiynia vinmes qalTan ase
saocrad?~ gadioda scenidan. aq igi ukve yvelas dascinoda, visac sjera
namdvili, amaRlebuli, saukuno siyvarulisa, qalis saTnoebisa.
Seqspiris tragediaSi riCardi fizikuri naklovanebis,
arasrulyofilebis gamo aris gaborotebuli, igi Tavis pirvelive
monologSi ambobs:
`da ai esred modunebuls mSvidobis Jamsa
sxva araferi damrCenia dros gasarTobad,
Tu ara igi, rom vuyuro Cems aCrdils mzian dRes
da Cemis TvaliT ganvicado es saxiCroba.
raxan asea, arSiyoba raki ar Zal-miZs
da ver avyvebi am tkbil JamTa dros gatarebas,
maS siborotiT mainc unda viCino Tavi
102
da Cavumwaro sxvebs amao siamovneba~.21
robert sturuas speqtaklSi r. CxikvaZis riCardi ar iyo Sepyrobili
garegnuli simaxinjis gancdiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi es ar gaxldaT mTavari
momenti gandidebisaTvis mis brZolaSi Zalauflebis mosapoveblad. igi
speqtaklis dasawyisidanve gamsWvaluli iyo Tavisi upiratesobis grZnobiT
garemomcvel adamianebTan. riCardi maTze ufro Wkviani da cbieria. amitom
TiToeuli maTgani mis winaSe ususurad gamoiyureboda. riCardma icoda
TiToeulis fasi da es SeuZlebels xdida mis motyuebas. riCardis amgvari
saxis Seqmna savsebiT gamarTlebuli gaxldaT piesis reJisoruli
gadawyvetidan gamomdinare. robert sturuas speqtaklSi ar iyo arcerTi
dadebiTi personaJi. yovel maTganSi ido borotebis marcvali da
gandidebis survili. TiToeuli, pirdapir Tu iribad, riCardis zraxvebis
Tanamonawile gaxldaT. yvela isini garkveuli saxiT riCardebi iyvnen.
speqtaklSi riCardis xasiaTi, sxva personaJebTan SedarebiT ufro
mravalmxrivad iyo mocemuli. amis gamo ramaz CxikvaZis gmiri SeiZleba
momxibvlelobasac ar iyo moklebuli. mas SeeZlo moexibla ana da
elizabeTi im dros, rodesac isini glovobdnen riCardis mier moklul
maTTvis sayvarel adamianebs. ra Tqma unda, aq gvirgvinisaken swrafvis
momentebis garda moqmedebda riCardis mamakacuri momxibvlelobac.
princebTan Sexvedrisas igi iCenda bavSvis fsiqologiis araCveulebriv
codnas. zogierT SemTxvevaSi mis `msxverplT~ SeuZlebeli iyo eWvi
SehparvodaT riCardis gulwrfelobaSi, magram amave dros, ramaz CxikvaZe
`gaucxoebis efeqtis~ meSveobiT yovelTvis gulwrfeli iyo mayurebelTan,
yovelTvis avlenda maT winaSe Tavis namdvil saxes.
transformaciam, romelic ganicades robert sturuas speqtaklSi
Seqspiris tragediis gmirebma, mianiWa maT saxeebs ufro publicisturi
JReradoba. Seqspiris `riCard mesamis~ yvela gmiri ar aris aramzada.
riversma Tavis droze erTgulebis fici daudo henrix VI da aqedan
gamomdinare asrulebda Tavis vals, ebrZoda ra mis mtrebs. hestingsi
21 Seqspiri u. riCard mesame. uiliam Seqspiris tragediebi. t. I. Tb. 1953. gv. 6.
103
yovelgvari egoisturi zraxvebis gareSe, gulwrfelad uWerda mxars
uelsis princs. riCmondi, marTlac, sazogadoebrivi idealebiT Sepyrobili
ibrZoda tiraniis winaaRmdeg, speqtaklSi ki, teqstSi aqcentebis
gadaadgilebiT, replikebis amogdebiT, CasmiT, gadakeTebiT da sxva amgvari
saSualebebiT, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, yvelani aRmoCndnen pativmoyvare,
Zalauflebisaken swrafviT Sepyrobilni. riCmondi, bakingemi, stenli,
keitsbi, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, riCardis `bandidan~ iyvnen. SeqspirTan
riCmondi gmiria, romelic riCardis anu tiraniis winaaRmdeg ibrZvis.
sxvanairad Seqspirs arc SeeZlo riCmondis saxis daxatva, radganac igi iyo
tiudorebis dinastiis damamkvidrebeli. Seqspiri ki cxovrobda da
moRvaweobda tiudorebis mefobis dros. sturuas speqtaklSi riCmondi (a.
xidaSelis SesrulebiT) gvevlineboda riCardis mudam Tanamdev oreulad,
sulier Svilad, riCardis yvelaze amazrzeni borotmoqmedebebis mowmed.
riCardi yvelaferSi endoboda riCmonds da swored amaSi tyuvdeboda.
riCmondi riCardze axlgazrdaa da garegnuladac masze mimzidveli. magram
am garegnul silamazeSi borotebis iseTive marcvlebi Zevs, rogoric
riCardis maxinj sxeulSi. reJisorma riCmondisa da riCardis am garegnul
sxvaobas imitom gausva xazi, rom kidev erTxel daemtkicebina _ riCardis
boroti zraxvebi mxolod misi garegnuli simaxinjidan ar gamomdinareobs.
riCmondi fizikurad janmrTeli da lamazi, riCardis msgavsi
borotmoqmedia. gavixsenoT scena kenterberis arqiepiskoposis egreT
wodebuli `moqcevisa~. riCardis amala gars Semoexveoda muxlebze daCoqil
RvTis msaxurs. brekenberi fexebs Sua moiqcevda arqiepiskoposis Tavs da
ise uWerda fexebs, rom ukanaskneli tkivilisagan itanjeboda.
arqiepiskoposi kvlav muxlebze iyo daCoqili, rodesac mas riCmondi
ubrunebda dasjamde `gaxdil~ tansacmels, Tan misive tansacmliT urtyamda,
xolo, rodesac arqiepiskoposi gasasvlelisaken mibrundeboda, riCmondi ar
akmarebda manamde gancdils, gadatanils da panRuriTac daajildoebda. aq,
iseve, rogorc sxva scenebSi, riCmondi riCardis `bandis~ tipur
warmomadgenlad gvevlineboda da riCardis dammarcxebeli, momavali mefe
zneobriv aspeqtSi arafriT ar aRemateboda riCards. aRsaniSnavia is faqti,
104
rom rodesac riCmondi mirboda riCardis winaaRmdeg jaris mosagroveblad,
robert sturuas mier speqtaklSi Semoyvanili masxara panRuriT acilebda
mas, gamoxatavda ra amiT upativcemlobas riCmondisa da misi viTomda
keTilSobiluri misiisadmi. riCmondis pativmoyvareobis da
Zalauflebisaken miswrafebis damamtkicebeli gaxldaT speqtaklis
finaluri scena. riCardis mokvlis Semdeg xelSi Caigdebda ra gvirgvins,
udierad gadaabijebda riCardis gvams da sanatreli ocnebis gvirgvins
miSterebuli adioda Zalauflebis mwvervalisaken da idgamda gvirgvins
Tavze. `Seqspiris piesebis siZliere imaSia, rom maTSi adamiani
erTdroulad warmodgenilia yvela aspeqtSi: Cven SegviZlia masTan
identificirebac da misgan daSorebac. umartivesi situacia gvaforiaqebs
qvecnobieris meSveobiT, am dros ki inteleqti akvirdeba, akeTebs
komentarebs, filosofosobs~.22
speqtaklSi Taviseburi transformacia ganicada dedofal margaretis
saxem. mas medea Caxava asaxierebda. Seqspiris piesaSi margareti savsebiT
realuri personaJia. igi wyevlis yvelas, vinc misi gaubedurebis: Svilis da
qmris mokvlis, gvirgvinis warTmevis mizezi yofila. speqtaklSi margareti
warmoadgenda TiTqos erTgvar simbolos bediswerisa. simbolos imaTi
dasjisa, vinc ki adamianur uflebebs Telavda. mas xelSi eWira bedisweris
wigni. margareti `ibarebda~ xolme riCardis mier moklulTa sulebs. am
proceduris Sesrulebis dros mis sityvebSi erTgvari ironiac JRerda. ase
mimarTavda margareti hestingss misi sikvdiliT dasjis win.: `iCqareT
milord, riCards sadili ugviandeba~. zogierT scenaSi margareti realur
personaJadac warmoCndeboda. magaliTad, wyevlis scenaSi. magram riCardTan
misi dialogi finalur scenaSi wminda pirobiToba iyo. aq margareti
riCardis erTgvari sindisis qenjna gaxldaT. speqtaklSi margareti xSirad
Tavisuflad ereoda moqmedebis msvlelobaSi. swored igi afrTxilebda
riCmonds riCardis gamefebis Semdgom, rom man iCqaros, Torem riCardi
misTvisac moiclis.
22 bruki p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 135.
105
elizabeTis rols speqtaklSi asaxierebda salome yanCeli.
elizabeTma erTxel ukve igema Zalauflebis sitkbo da ar surda dakargva.
es momenti amosavali wertili iyo elizabeTis saxis sturuaseuli
interpretaciisa. es brwyinvaled iyo gamoxatuli riCardisa da elizabeTis
bolo dialogSi, speqtaklis mesame moqmedebaSi. riCardma elizabeTis ori
vaJi mokla da axla qaliSvilis xeli unda sTxovos mas. riCardis cinizmi
ukve yovelgvar sazRvrebs scildeba. magram amave dros riCardma kargad
icis Zalauflebisaken adamianTa Sinagani ltolvis ambavi. aqedan
gamomdinare igi arwmunebda elizabeTs, rom mefis bebiaoba aranakleb
sapatioa mefis dedobaze da Tanac am saubris dros gvirgvins utrialebda
cxvirwin. elizabeTi mojadoebuliviT ucqerda gvirgvins da aviwydeboda
Tavisi mokluli Svilebi. igi imdenad iyo aRelvebuli, rom sityvis
warmoTqmac ki ar SeeZlo. rodesac gvirgvini elizabeTis xelSi
aRmoCndeboda, misi aRfrTovaneba, udidesi swrafva Zalauflebisaken, raRac
cxovelur amoZaxilSi gamoixateboda.
ledi anas saxec (nana faCuaSvili) reJisorma sul ramdenime StrixiT
dagvixata. ana garegnulad damwuxrebuli da dadardianebuli, Sinaganad
Zalze didi temperamentis mqonea (gavixsenoT scena kubosTan). arc igi iyo
gulgrilad ganwyobili gvirgvinisadmi. speqtaklis meore moqmedebaSi,
rodesac riCardi viTomda uars ambobda gamefebaze, ana (piesisagan
gansxvavebiT) mis gverdiT imyofeboda da nerviulobda, aRelvebda riCardis
mefed kurTxevis sakiTxi.
edvard IV (a. maxaraZe) speqtaklSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze
groteskul personaJad iyo warmodgenili. reJisorma igi dagvixata iseT
mbrZaneblad, romelic mxolod da mxolod Tavisi keTildReobis,
nebismieri – adamianuri Tu araadamianuri _ survilebis asrulebisaTvis
zrunavs. Tavisive Rormucelobis msxverpli, avTo maxaraZis edvard IV ar
iyo moklebuli SarJsa da karikaturas. igi iyo adamianis msgavsi cxoveli.
swored amas gausva xazi reJisorma, rodesac edvard IV TeTri vardebis
WamaSi amohxada suli.
106
literaturul pirvelwyarosTan yvelaze ufro axlos klarensis saxe
iyo (speqtaklSi mas gogi xarabaZe asaxierebda). man srulad SeinarCuna
Tavisi xasiaTi _ araSorsmWvreteloba, gulubryviloba da simxdale. F
riCardis deda _ iorkis hercoginia (m. Tbilelis SesrulebiT)
ubeduri deda gaxldaT. garegnulad igi welSi moxrili bebruxana iyo.
rodesac mas uyurebdi, gjeroda, rom am qals SeeZlo eSva iseTi sulieri
da fizikuri simaxinje, rogoricaa riCardi. igi grZnobda da ganicdida
Tavis danaSauls qveyanaze riCardis movlinebis gamo. speqtaklSi riCardi
dedis Seuxorcebeli Wriloba iyo. dedobrivi instinqtiT dakavSirebuli
riCardTan, grZnobs mis ganwirulobas da simartoves. amave dros sxva
adamianuri ufro Rrma instinqti aiZulebda daewyevla riCardi. iorkis
hercoginiam kargad icoda, rom riCardi misi danaSaulebrivi warsulis
maxinji sarkea. speqtaklis finalSi, rodesac isini xvdebodnen
molandebebis scenebs Soris, igi TiTqmis miwis qveSidan amodioda.
molandebebisagan daRlili riCardi exveoda mas, am misTvis mZime momentSi
TiTqos Svelas iTxovda dedisagan, ukanasknelis xmaSi ki ismoda rogorc
tkivili, Secodeba, TanagrZnoba, aseve zizRi. igi wyevlida Tavis Svils da
am wyevlis sityvebiT uCinardeboda miwaSi. `SemaZrwunebeli borotebis da
Zaladobis deda _ es Tavad bunebis xmaa mimarTuli mis mierve Sobili
borotebis winaaRmdeg. bunebrivia, dedas ar SeeZlo win aRdgomoda
riCardis qveynad movlinebas da bolo moeRo misi sisxliani TamaSebisTvis.
magram, Tundac mxolod biologiur aspeqtSi, deda mainc pasuxismgebelia
yvelaferze, rac misma Svilma Caidina. da misi sinanuli, SeiZleba
erTaderTi naTeli wertilia am bneliT mocul tragediaSi~.23
speqtaklSi bakingemi (g. gegeWkori) gamoyvanili iyo yvelaze ufro
erTgulATanamzraxvelad garkveul sazRvramde. igi yvelaze ufro eSmaki da
Wkviania. misi amocnoba arc ise advilia da, albaT amitomac, margaretis
wyevlaSi mxolod da mxolod bakingemi ar ixsenieba. g. gegeWkoris bakingemi
iyo moqnili. mis saxes arasodes scildeboda Tavaziani Rimili, igi
23 orjonikiZe g. dasaxelebuli naSromi.
107
Tavaziani iyo maSinac, rodesac xalxs sikvdiliT dasjaze uSvebda.
bakingemi exmareboda riCards, magram amas akeTebda piradi gamorCenisTvis.
amas riCardi xvdeboda. amitomac bevr dapirebas aZlevda, xolo im momentSi,
rodesac bakingemi danapirebs mosTxovda, misTvis Cveuli gziT moiSorebda
Tavidan. moiSorebda ara mxolod danapirebis arasrulebis mizniT, aramed
bevris codnisaTvisac.
zemoT vTqviT, rom mesame moqmedebaSi r. sturuas Semohyavda jambazi.
mas a. maxaraZe asaxierebda. jambazi scenaze mimdinare moqmedebas ironiul,
gamosaaSkaravebel komentarebs ukeTebda. reJisorma mas mayureblis
`gaucxoebis~ funqcia daakisra. `gaucxoebam SeiZleba imuSaos antiTezis
principiT; parodia, imitacia, kritika _ mas eqvemdebareba mTeli
ritorikuli rigi. es aris Teatraluri meTodi dialeqtikuri
winaaRmdegobebisa. gaucxoeba _ dRes CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi enaa,
potenciurad iseTive mdidari, rogorc poezia. es aris erT-erTi magaliTi
dinamikuri Teatrisa cvalebad samyaroSi da gaucxoebis saSualebiT Cven
SegviZlia mivaRwioT imasve, rasac Seqspiri aRwevda enis dinamikurobis
gamoyenebisas~.24
jambazi mayurebels ironiulad esaubreboda tragediis bunebis
Sesaxeb. dascinoda scenaze moqmed personaJebs. yvelafer amas ki akeTebda
imisTvis, raTa mayurebels SesZleboda gaeanalizebina scenaze momxdari
ambis saSineli uazroba da Seegno, rom ZalauflebisaTvis, sakuTari
gandidebisaTvis brZola klavs adamianSi yovelgvar adamianurs, aqcevs mas
sisxlismsmel, ideafiqsiT Sepyrobil meqanizmad.
`riCard mesameSi~ reJisorma xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom
zneobrivad arajansaRma garemocvam xeli Seuwyo riCardis araadamianuri
zraxvebis rogorc aRmocenebas, aseve aRsrulebas.
speqtaklSi sainteresod iyo gadawyvetili riCardis sikvdilis scena.
jambazi acxadebda finaluri scenis saxelwodebas: `sikvdili mefe
riCardisa~. riCmondi fizikurad lamazi da riCardi fizikurad maxinji
miemarTebodnen inglisis rukisagan. yofdnen masSi Tavs, iRebdnen
24 bruki p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 109.
108
uzarmazar xmlebs da iwyeboda brZola. es scena musikisa da ganaTebis
meSveobiT sakmaod efeqturad iyo gakeTebuli. riCmondi imarjvebda am
orTabrZolaSi. riCardi am rukaSi gaxveuli simwriT mococavda
avanscenisaken da SeZaxili: `erT cxenSi vaZlev mTel Cems samefos~ _
misTvis sasikvdilo xrialad iqceoda. ficarnagisaken neli nabijiT samefo
gvirgviniT xelSi miemarTeboda riCmondi, aseve nela gvirgvinisagan
TvalmouSorebliv adioda yvelaze amaRlebul, mbrZaneblis adgilze da
Camoicvamda ra Tavze gvirgvins, qvavdeboda. scenaze avis momaswavebeli
dumili daisadgurebda. mefdeboda riCmondi, riCardze aranaklebi
borotmoqmedi. `Cven gvinda gavafrTxiloT mayurebeli, rom boroteba
SeiZleba dabrundes, Tu Cven ar viqnebiT dakvirvebulni da yuradRebiT...
rac ufro uaxlovdeba riCardi Zalauflebas, miT ufro Rrmad efloba igi
uzneobaSi. Cven vsaubrobT imis Sesaxeb, rom Tuki adamianis miswrafeba da
brZola ar aris aRvsili zneobrivi idealebiT _ mis saqmeebs mivyavarT
borotebasa da RvarZlTan.~25
`mefe liri~
(1987)
Seqspiris `mefe liri~ saqarTveloSi, kerZod TbilisSi, pirvelad
XIX saukuneSi ilia WavWavaZem ganaxorciela gimnaziis SenobaSi. rogorc
aRvniSneT, man warCinebuli ojaxebidan Sekriba Semsruleblebi da cocxali
suraTebi warmoadgina. mefe lirs ki Tavad asaxierebda. `mefe liris~
dadgma, Semdgom kote marjaniSvils da sandro axmetelsac hqondaT
ganzraxuli, magaram ar ganuxorcielebiaT. Semonaxulia am piesis maTi
interpretaciebi. 1948 wels `mefe liri~ akaki vasaZem dadga rusTavelis
TeatrSi, akaki xorava asrulebda mefe liris rols. akaki vasaZe Tavis
`mogonebebsa da fiqrebSi~26 am speqtakls gaumarTlebel da uazro cdas
25 Интервию с Р. Стуруа. ж. «Театральная жизнь». 1983. №4. ст. 14. 26 vasaZe ak. mogonebebi, fiqrebi. t.II, Tb. `kentavri~. 2010. gv.426.
109
uwodebs. speqtakli Cavarda. 1960-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi mixeil
TumaniSvili dgams `mefe lirs~ rusTavelis TeatrSi, liris rols sergo
zaqariaZe TamaSobda. warmateba arc am speqtakls xvda wilad. 1974 wels
giga lorTqifaniZe rusTavis dramatul TeatrSi dgams Seqspiris am piesas.
liris rols akaki vasaZe asaxierebda.
robert sturuam `mefe lirze~ muSaoba 1982 wels daiwyo. periodulad
muSaobda piesaze. rusTavelis TeatrSi remonti tardeboda da dasi
profkavSirebis sasaxleSi iyo dabinavebuli. aqve Seiqmna speqtaklis
ramdenime ZiriTadi epizodis monaxazi, romelic uCvena kidec Teatraluri
sazogadoebis viwro wres. man 5 weli moandoma Canafiqris ganxorcielebas,
premiera 1987 wels Sedga.
robert sturuam piesis axali prozauli Targmani gaakeTa (avtorebi:
g. Carkviani, r. sturua, l. fofxaZe).. mas prozauli Targmani Tavisi
koncefciis ukeT warmoCenisaTvis, axali aqcentebis gamo sWirdeboda. axali
Targmani aseve mimarTuli iyo Seqspiris tragediis deklamaciuri
warmodgenis winaaRmdeg.
`rasakvirvelia, ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom r. sturuam `mefe lirSi~
`yvelaferi daiviwya~, rac aqamde TeatrSi ukeTebia, magram Cemi azriT,
ueWvelia, rom am speqtaklma saTave daudo axal tendencias mis
SemoqmedebaSi. metic, `mefe liri~ ajamebs yovelives, rac aqamde iwodeboda
rogorc `robert sturuas~ Teatri da amave dros, Tvisobrivad aaxlebs da
afarToebs mis Tvalsawiers~.27 _ wers nodar gurabaniZe.
robert sturuam `mefe lirSi~ harmoniulad gaaerTiana sxvadasxva
Teatraluri mimdinareoba. Tavis `saTeatro enas~ axali JReradoba SesZina.
e. w. `warmosaxvis Teatrs~, pirobiTobas, `gaucxoebis efeqts~ da
distanciur damokidebulebas, Teatralobas daumata gmirTa xasiaTebis
fsiqologiuri damuSaveba. man am speqtaklSi gaaerTiana TiTqosda
urTierTgamomricxavi Teatraluri esTetika. sturuam wina planze wamoswia
Seqspiris teqstis qveteqsti. tragifarsuli, tragikomikuri Teatris
gverdiT, reJisorma Rrmad Cagvaxeda adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi, mis
27 gurabaniZe n. reJisori robert sturua. Tb. `xelovneba~, 1997. gv. 385.
110
sulSi, gviCvena pirovnuli tragedia, pirovnebis sulis rRveva da
aRorZineba. zogadi, sakacobrio problemebi sturuam pirovnebis, individis
WrilSi gardatexili warmogvidgina.
`Tavidanve xazgasasmelia, rom is saSualebebi da xerxebi, romelTac
iyenebs reJisori, upirveles yovlisa, gamiznulia scenuri qmedebis
grZnobad, emociur aRqmaze, raTa ,,SeZras“ mayurebeli. ...fxizeli TvaliT
Sexedos samyaros, SeigrZnos, rom mxolod mis aqtiur moqmedebazea
damokidebuli, samyaro uwindeburad ucvleli darCeba, Tu ara. ai,
speqtaklis ZiriTadi mizani da aq imdenad ara bertolt brexts, ramdenadac
antonen artos uaxlovdeba reJisoris fantazia, misi usazRvro
gamomgonebloba, Teatris miznisa da daniSnulebis gageba. Teatri Sokis,
Teatri sisastikis _ ,,wminda Teatri“, mowodebuli ixsnas samyaro
sisastikisagan _ ai, is sadadgmo koncefcia, romelic r. sturuas axali
nawarmoebis safuZvelSi Zevs~.28
dekoracia (mxatvari m. SveliZe) scenaze mayurebelTa darbazis
anarekls warmoadgenda. scenaze warmodgenili iyo scenis ukana
`gaSiSvlebuli~ kedeli, scenas rkalad ekra loJebi da iarusebi
(mayurebelTa darbazis imitacia), `gaSiSvlebuli~ iyo scenis ganaTebac,
sofitebi, proJeqtorebi. scenis centrSi samefo taxti_saxrCobela idga,
romlis Tavze maimuni iyo wamoskupuli. qandaraze ki Semosmuli iyo
adamianis fituli, krebiTi saxe _ mudmivad Tvalyuris madevnebeli scenaze
mimdinare movlenebisa, `cxovrebis Teatris~ moTvalTvale. usityvo mowme im
TamaSisa, romelic lirsa da mis STamomavlebs gaumarTavT. swored mis
indiferentizmSi TiTqos moiazreboda samyaros tragikuli aRsasruli.
scenis siRrmeSi `samSeneblo nagavi~ iyo mimofantuli, iqve dagebuli viwro
liandagi, zed Semdgari vagonetiT. mTeli dekoracia TeatrSi Teatris
imitacias warmoadgenda. mayureblis aRqmaSi es TeatrSi gaTamaSebuli
Teatris STabeWdilebas tovebda. `Teatri cxovrebaa~, `cxovreba ki Teatri.~
`r. sturuas interpretaciiT liris tragedia droiT SemousazRvrelia, igi
28 uruSaZe p. mefe liri qarTul scenaze. J. `Teatraluri moambe~. #5.1988. gv. 73.
111
SeiZleba momxdariyo miTiur epoqaSi da igi SeiZleba moxdes dResac. m.
SveliZis scenografiac amasve gulisxmobs~.29
robert sturua `mefe lirSi~ agrZelebs kvlevas pirovnebis, tiraniis,
saxelmwifos, diqtaturis problemebisa. speqtaklSi reJisorma wina planze
wamoswia tiranis, despotis danatovris saSineli aspeqtebi. is, Tu ra
saSinel kvals tovebs liri Tavis STamomavlebSi. despoturi mmarTvelobis
sistema qmnis naZirlebs, araadamianebs, romlebsac aranairi sikeTis,
siwmindis ar swamT. maTTvis ar arsebobs aranairi naTeli.
mayureblis yuradRebas reJisori speqtaklis dasawyisidanve ipyrobda.
scenaze liris samefo karis warmomadgenlebi midi-modian. ucbad gaismoda:
mefe mobrZandeba! da Camovardeboda molodinis gausaZlisi ugrZesi pauza.
samariseburi siCume daisadgurebda. erT-erT personaJs gulic ki misdioda
da ecemoda. mas aravin aqcevda yuradRebas, aravin eSveleboda wamodgomaSi.
am gulisSemaRonebeli pauzis Semdeg scenaze Semodioda liri _ ramaz
CxikvaZe _ Tavisi amaliT. Semodioda mxiaruli, cal xelSi galia eWira,
Sig gamomwyvdeuli CitiT. amalac mxiaruli da momRimari Canda. es
xmauriani gundi mTel scenas moedeboda. maT Soris iyo kordiliac.
aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela personaJis Cacmuloba, garda kordiliasi, TviT
mefe lirisac ki erTnairi da usaxuri iyo yvelas uxeSi jvalosagan
Sekerili nacrisferi, grZeli anafora ecva. mxolod kordilias Cacmuloba
gamoiyofoda siWreliT da feradovnebiT. reJisorma kostiumebSic gausva
xazi im faqts, rom erTaderTi adamiani, romelic liris despotizms
ewinaaRmdegeba, aris misi nabolara, sayvareli qaliSvili kordilia. misi
Cacmuloba, eqstravaganturi da mayureblisTvis TvalSi sacemi iyo. liris
da misi amalis Semosvlisas scenaze ucnauri Rmuilis xma ismoda. es
Rmuili, autanel siCumesTan monacvleobiT, ramdenjerme meordeboda. es
molodinis grZnoba ukve autaneli xdeboda, gausaZlisi. mayurebeli, moqmed
pirebTan erTad eloda liris gamoCenas. fiqrobda, vin aris igi?
mayurebels liri warmoedgina didebuli, warmosadegi garegnobis
pirovnebad. scenaze ki Semodioda TmagaTeTrebuli moxuci. mas sxvebsaviT
29 gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 389.
112
jvalos nacrisferi anafora ecva. vin aris es pirovneba? visic ase eSiniaT
da azanzarebT mis qveSevrdomebs? vin aris es damTxveuli moxuci? ai,
pirveli kiTxvebi, romelic mayurebels uCndeboda. ramaz CxikvaZis liri
puris namcecebs uyrida galiaSi iadons. TiTqos arafrad agdebda Tavis
qveSevrdomebs, romlebic gafacicebiT Sescqerodnen TvalebSi. misi qceva
TiTqos alogikuri iyo; xan icinoda, xan tiroda. erTi SexedviT es aris
damTxveuli moxuci, romelsac Tavisi saxelmwifos dayofa, danawevreba
ganuzraxavs. mayurebeli male xvdeboda, rom `ususuri~ moxuci usastikesi
mbrZanebelia, romelsac Tavisi TamaSi aqvs dawyebuli. pirveli aqti, iseve,
rogorc speqtaklis dasawyisi, gvaocebda moulodneli gadasvlebiT.
scenaze Seqmnili atmosfero qmnida STabeWdilebas, rom amgvar TamaSebs
xSirad awyobs Zlevamosili mmarTveli, mis axirebas, liris SemoTavazebul
TamaSis wesebs yvela usityvod emorCileba. arvis ZaluZs am wesebis
darRveva. yvelas kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli, Tu ra sastikad gauswordeba
liri TamaSis pirobebis damrRvevT. mxolod nabolara, mefis sayvareli
qaliSvili kordilia Sescqeroda mamis am TamaSs xalisiT. liri TamaSobs.
TamaSis piroba ki aseTia _ vinc ufro ukeT `auxsnis mamas siyvaruls~ _
danawevrebuli saxelmwifodan ufro meti Sexvdeba. pirveli gonerili (T.
doliZe) iwyebda. igi dgeboda mefis winaSe da akankalebuli xmiT
warmoTqvamda monologs. liri SeaCerebda mas. saTevzao badis tariT
mianiSnebda ukan damdgariyo. gonerili emorCileboda, mere Tavidan iwyebda
monologs, raRac momentSi, TiTqos Zala ecleboda, xmac uwydeboda, magram
mainc ganagrZobda da asrulebda mosiyvarule da uerTgulesi Svilis
aRsarebas. Semdeg riganis jeric dgeboda. misi monologi ufro isteriuli
iyo. mayureblisTvis aSkara xdeboda, rom sityvebs, romlebsac liris
qaliSvilebi warmoTqvamdnen araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda, aq mTavari
iyo liris mier SemoTavazebuli TamaSis pirobebis dacva, garegnuli
atmosferos Seqmna da SenarCuneba. liri darwmunebulia Tavis
ZalauflebaSi, darwmunebulia Tavis didebaSi, saxelmwifos dayofas igi
formalur aqtad miiCnevs. Tavis memkvidreebs igi gamocdas utarebs, amiT
kidev erTxel usvams xazs Tavis Zalas, imavdroulad miaCnia, rom
113
zeadamianur guluxvobas sCadis. ai, sad aris misi gamousworebeli Secdoma.
sakuTari Zalebis rwmenam lirs goneba daubinda. samefos ki daanawevrebs,
magram gvirgvini xom xelSeuxeblad misi iqneba. da, ai, kordilias jeric
dadga. liris `Rreobebis Tanamonawile~ kordilia, scenaze mamasTan erTad
Semodioda. kordilias ar ecva e. w. uniforma da arc liris TamaSis
monawileTa Soris jdeboda. kordilia mamis fexebTan moikalaTebda, mamis
dadgmuli speqtaklis mayurebeli. am TamaSSi igi ar iRebda monawileobas.
amitomac misTvis moulodneli iyo liris moTxovna `siyvarulis axsnisa~.
liri am moTxovnas TiTqos xumrobiT ambobda. kordilia ar gadioda e. w.
`avanscenaze~. imave pozaSi myofi, m. kaxianis kordilia, mSvidad,
zedapirulad, impulsurad upasuxebda: `arafers, Cemo batono~. Tavidan
liri usayvarlesi qaliSvilis am pasuxs did yuradRebas ar aqcevda da
sxvaTaSoris ikiTxavda: `arafers?~ r. CxikvaZis liri kordilias meored
pasuxze ucbad ifeTqebda. mayureblis winaSe ramaz CxikvaZe uecrad
gardaiqmneboda `uwyinari moxucidan~ udidesi Zalauflebis mqone
mbrZaneblad. igi aravis, TviT usayvarles Svilsac ki ar apatiebs misi
TamaSis wesebis darRvevas. CxikvaZis liri imdenad iyo ganrisxebuli, rom
SeeZlo iqve moexrCo kordilia. Semoaxevda tansacmels da miwaze
daanarcxebda. sibraze da ganrisxeba mas ara marto gonebas, aramed smenasac
uxSobda. mis gonebamde ver aRwevda kordilias warmoTqmulis
gulwrfeloba. Semdeg, TiTqos am gamZvinvarebam Zal-Rone gamoacala, liri
mowyvetili daeSveboda skamze, Tavi Camouvardeboda, TiTqos gardaicvalao.
yvela lirs miaSterdeboda. mxolod kenti gabedavda da majis cemas
umowmebda. liri saxiT mayurebelTa darbazisken ijda. saxeze sicocxlis
niSanic ki ar etyoboda. SeSinebuli kordilia mamas uyurebda. r. CxikvaZis
liri moulodnelad gaaxelda Tvals, enas gamohyofda da daimanWeboda.
kidev erTi speqtakli gaiTamaSa lirma, kidev erTxel gaacura Tavisi
qveSevrdomebi. saxelmwifo ukve danawevrebulia, yvelas Tavisi wili Sexvda.
lirs ki, TiTqos axla ukve ainteresebs misi sikvdilis Semdeg rogor
moiqcevian qveSevrdomebi.
114
robert sturuas interpretaciiT liri Tavis Seqmnil, misTvis
erTaderT misaReb samyaroSi cxovrobs. yvelaferi danarCeni, rac aq ar
Tavsdeba, misTvis miuRebelia. liri, yvela Zlevamosili tiranis msgavsad,
ver itans winaaRmdegobas. is, vinc mas ar daemorCileba, moRalatea; vinc
urCobas gamoiCens, misi samyarodan gaZevebuli iqneba. ase gaaZeva man
kordilia da kenti. igi kidev ufro gamZvinvardeba, rodesac safrangeTis
mefe TanagrZnobas gamoavlens kordilias mimarT da fexze wamoayenebs.
liri did, masiur xis magidas gadaabrunebda da garboda scenidan. `misTvis
warmoudgeneli gaxldaT is kadniereba, nebiera kordilias
daumorCileblobas rom miawerda aRSfoTebuli monarqi. da aqedan
moyolebuli iwyeboda kidec rogorc mis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo
sistemis daSla, ise Tavad liris gamofxizleba~.30
reJisor robert sturuas koncefciaSi gadmocemuli iyo liris
samyaros arsi, e. w. `liris Teatri~. ra aris es liris samyaro? es aris
mxolod erTi, Zlieri pirovnebis nebaze agebuli samyaro, sadac mxolod
erTis nebas emorCilebian sxva danarCenni, sadac erTis nebaa mTavari da
warmmarTveli. danarCenebs ki adamianuri saxeebi daukargavT da SeSinebul
monebad arian qceulni. robert sturuam Seqspiris tragedias absoluturad
Tanamedrove JReradoba SesZina. igi misTvis damaxasiaTebeli `saTeatro
enis~ meSveobiT Caswvda Seqspiris tragediis siRrmeebs, gadaamuSava is
problemebi, rac am piesaSia Cadebuli, gaaTanamedrova da ise moitana
mayurebelTan. sturuas TqmiT, reJisura es aris azrovnebis stili. am
TvalsazrisiTac speqtakli `mefe liri~ Taviseburi azrovnebis stilis,
originaluri azrovnebis nayofia. am SemTxvevaSi sturuas stili,
sareJisoro ena, Seqspiris piesis siRrmeebSi unda veZeboT. unda veZeboT
Seqspiris gmirebis rTul, dramatul gamosaxvaSi. Seqspiris poeturi,
filosofiuri sityva sturuam scenaze vizualurad gamoZerwa. ama Tu im
epizodSi movlenis arss igi Tavisebur scenur formas usadagebda.
30 mumlaZe d. ramaz CxikvaZe. werili meore. J. `Teatri da cxovreba~. 2008. #2 gv.39.
115
ai, rogor ganmartavs Seqspiris `mefe lirs~ piter bruki _
`tragediaSi Tqven ver ipoviT verc erT personaJs, romelic Tvalebs
daxuWavs samyaros sisastikeze, amisda miuxedavad, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
es aris Savi egzistencialuri piesa adamianis modgmis araraobaze, magram
aq ar aris arc gulubryvilo warmodgena imaze, rom igi aRsavsea
keTilSobilebiTa da silamaziT. aq vertikali da horizontali unda
aRviqvaT erTdroulad, Tuki Tqven gindaT da SegiZliaT amis gakeTeba~.31
liris mier gamarTuli `speqtakli~ scenidan marjvniv kulisebTan
axlos, scenaze gakeTebuli dekoratiuli loJis qveS TamaSdeboda. liris
speqtaklisaTvis dekoraciebi glosterma da edmundma moamzades. liri
xelmZRvanelobda am speqtakls da TiTqos `tkbeboda~ kidec Tavisi
SemoqmedebiT. liris speqtaklSi daugegmavi movlenebi viTardeba, rac
ganarisxebda da wyobidan gamoiyvanda e. w. `reJisors~. lirs Tavis gonebaSi
winaswar aqvs mofiqrebuli da dadgmuli es speqtakli. amitomac movlenebis
moulodnelma ganviTarebam qaosi gamoiwvia. liri TiTqos winaswar grZnobs
raRac safrTxes. am safrTxes igi ufro kentisgan moeloda, romelic karga
xania aRar yofila mis saxelmwifoSi da axlaxan dabrunda mogzaurobidan.
liri TiTiT mouxmobda kents, jer Tavze xels gadausvamda da mere beWdian
xels gauSverda amborisTvis. TiTqos amiT surs Seaxsenos kents, rom es,
misi, liris samyaroa da rom aq igi, liria erTpirovnuli mmarTveli. sxvebi
xom misi usityvo monebi arian.
liri uars ambobs samefo Zalauflebaze. iwyeba misi dacema da
imavdroulad amaRlebac. Zalauflebis mqone tiranis umaRles safexurze
mdgomi xdeba uuflebo da uTanabrdeba socialurad arafris mqoneT. igi
iseTive Ratakia, rogorc nebismieri glaxaki. imavdroulad iwyeba misi
zneobrivi amaRleba. is konfliqtebi, romelic mis garSemo xdeba, romlebic
Tavs daatydeba, liris sulsa da gonebaSi iwvevs udides tkivilebs. masSi
xdeba msoflmxedvelobis xelaxali gadafaseba, rac xels uwyobs sulier
gankurnebas.
31 Брук П. Пустое пространство, секретов нет. М. . «Наука». 2003. стр. 329.
116
robert sturua sxvadasxva xerxiT warmoaCenda liris tiraniis
nayofs, mis `erTgul STamomavlobas~. reJisori yovel personaJs
gansxvavebul qmedebebsa da qcevebs usadagebs. magaliTad, edmundi Tavis
Savbnel zraxvebsa da fiqrebs plastikur moZraobebSi gadmoscemda.
gonerils Tavisi msaxurni Zvel saberZneTsa Tu romSi arsebul pozebSi
daeyenebina da erTgvar ferwerul tilos qmnida. raRac momentSi donicetis
musikis hangebis TanxlebiT, msaxurTa xelebze dayrdnobili gonerili
TiTqos dafrinavda.
sulis SemZvreli sanaxaoba Seqmna robert sturuam e. w. maskaradis
epizodSi, romelic glosteris sasaxleSi imarTeba. Savi naWriT
Tvalebaxveuli liri aqeT iqiT darboda rigans da gonerils Soris. isini
taSis SemokvriT mouxmobdnen, aqeT-iqiT arbeninebdnen lirs. aq xdeboda
liris damcireba, misi Rirsebis Selaxva. liris `STamomavloba~
Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad iRvwis. isini, vinc usityvod
emorCilebodnen axirebuli tiranis yovel survils, axla mzad arian
samagieros gadaxdisaTvis. liris tirania, despotizmi Taviseburad, maxinji
formebiT gadasula mis STamomavlebSi. isini mzad arian ara marto liri
gaanadguron, gaacamtveron, aramed erTmaneTs daerion, erTmaneTi mospon.
maT TiTqos kidev ufro dauxvewavT is sastiki qmedebebi, rasac Tavis
droze liri sCadioda. ucnauri Rmuilis xma, romelic speqtaklis
dasawyisidanve pauzebis monacvleobiT gaismoda da mayurebelSi usiamovno
SiSis momgvrel grZnobas iwvevda, axla kidev ufro xazgasmulad
mianiSnebda mosalodnel `qariSxalze~. edmundi (a. xidaSeli) gia yanCelis
`texili~ musikis hangebze cal fexze askinkiliT moemarTeboda
avanscenisken. mas Savi grZeli fraki ecva, Tavze Savi cilindri exura da
xelSi aseve Savi feris fakiris joxi eWira. jvalos usaxuri, nacrisferi
tansacmeli, romelic mas ar ganasxvavebda sxvebisgan, reJisorma e. w.
`magis~ kostiumiT Seucvala. kostiumis gamocvlasTan erTad Seicvala misi
qcevebic: moridebuli, usaxuri axla igi erTgvar mxiarul eSmakunad
gardaisaxeboda. Jonglioris msgavsad xelSi atrialebda joxsa da
cilindrs, msubuqad Sexteboda skamze da iwyebda mayureblisTvis Tavisi
117
boroti zraxvebis gandobas. mTlianobaSi es mizanscena sanaxaobrivi
TvalsazrisiT mimzidveli da Sinaarsobrivad datvirTuli iyo. am epizodSi
liris ufrosi qaliSvilebi reJisorma scenaze datova. isini yurs
ugdebdnen edmunds, mayureblisken zurgiT idgnen da edmundis e. w.
`takimasxaraobis~ ritms TandaTanobiT ayvebodnen. maT samosi jer kidev
Zveli acviaT, jvalos perangebi, magram am mouxeSav kostiumebSic kargad
Canda maT mier Sesrulebuli moZraobebis plastika. TiTqos maT sxeulebSi,
TandaTan, didi xnis dafaruli vneba iRviZebda. edmundi Sav joxs,
romelsac xelSi mudmivad atrialebda, raRac momentSi fexebSua amoidebda
da, TiTqos falosiao, ise `SeaTamaSebda~. rigans da gonerils
erTdroulad aRmoxdebodaT vnebiani gminva. `yovelgvari `qimerisagan~
Tavisufali gmiri mayureblis Tvalwin cinikurad aSiSvlebs Tavis suls,
TiTqos tkbeba mayurebelTa TvalebSi areklili sakuTari sxeulis
gamomwvevi plastikiT, TiTqos darbazsa da scenas Soris aRmarTulia
uxilavi sarke, romlis meSveobiTac igi Tavis oinbazur ileTebs xvews.
saocari aq isaa, romEedmund _ a. xidaSels am SemTxvevaSi, surs mayurebeli
Tavis partniorad aqcios, Tavisi bneli zraxvebis Tanaziari gaxados,
CaiTrios borotebis TamaSis stiqiaSi. amas niSnavs swored mayureblisaken
mimarTuli monologi, romelic masTan dialogs gulisxmobs~.32 _ wers
nodar gurabaniZe.
liris garemocva TiTqos sulmouTmenlad eloda mis mier gadadgmul
nabijs Zalauflebis daTmobisaken. isini momentalurad icvlidnen ier-
saxes. maTTvis es erTi nabiji sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom
Tavisuflad amoesunTqaT, vinaidan didxans inaxavdnen Tavis TavSi Zlier
vnebebs. lirma ki maT misca saSualeba am vnebebis gamoTavisuflebisa. T.
doliZis gonerili, feradi tansacmliT, msubuqi, plastikuri moZraobiT,
romelSic gamosWvioda dauokebeli Jini da avxorcoba, TiTqos tkbeboda
sakuTari silamaziT da sakuTari Tavis rwmeniT aRivseboda. gonerili
daundoblad moiSorebda yvelas, vinc ki win aRudgeboda, amave dros mis
saxes Rimili ar Sordeboda.
32 gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 401-402.
118
d. xarSilaZis rigansac Wreli kostiumi ecva: gamWvirvale qsovilis
Sarvali, yviTeli, bumbulebiani mokle Jaketi, Tavze mZivebiT moqarguli
qudi. kostiumi mis sxeuls mkveTrad gamohyofda. mas uemocio saubari
hqonda, amave dros gamyinavi, gamWoli xmis tembriT. mis yovel Jestsa Tu
moZraobaSi dauokebeli seqsualuri Jini da vneba igrZnoboda. reJisoris
koncefciiT igi TavSeukavebeli da isteriuli gaxldaT. amazrzeni da
Semzaravi iyo scena, rodesac glosters gaSmagebuli amoglejda Tvals da
Semdeg, miwaze garTxmuls, TvalebSi CaaSardavda.
robert sturuam msaxiobTa kostiumebiT xazgasmuli kontrasti
gviCvena liris mier samefos dayofis pirvel scenasa da danarCen scenebs
Soris. sanam liri_tirani Zalauflebis saTaveSia, mis qveSevrdomebs
(kordilias garda) usaxuri, monacrisfro, erTnairi samosi acviaT. es
liris samyaroa, sadac reJisoris CanafiqriT aranairi pirovnuli ar unda
arsebobdes, sadac adamianebi erTmaneTis msgavsni unda iyvnen, arafriT
gamorCeulni. xolo Semdgom, maTi kostiumebi personaJebis Sinagani bunebis
gamomxatvelia, maTi Sinagani samyaros garegnulad gamomxatveli.
mayureblisTvis erTgvarad SiSis momgvrelia scenaze moqmed pirTa
sisastike, amoraloba, ampartavnoba. aq, am samyaroSi adamianebi ar eridebian
aranair uzneobas _ loTobas, haSiSis mowevas, sisxlis aRrevas, Ralats,
mkvlelobas... sxvis tanjvas da wamebas sruli simSvidiT xvdebian,
mdgomareobidan mxolod maSin gamodian, rodesac maT neba-survils raime
aRudgeba win. aq, am samyaroSi, adamianebi Zalian iolad swiraven erTmaneTs:
mama _ Svils, Svili _ mamas, Zma _ Zmas, erTmaneTis sayvarlebze nadiroben
RviZli debi. adamianebi am samyaroSi cxoveluri instinqtebiT cxovroben
da moqmedeben. yovelgvari adamianuri maTSi dakargulia. ra Tqma unda,
mayureblisTvis Zalian Znelia am samyaros yureba da aRqma. Znelia im
samyaros aRqma, sadac ar arsebobs siyvaruli, samarTlianoba,
urTierTpativiscema, axalgazrda Tu xnieri aq sisastikisa da sikvdilis
zRvarze imyofeba gamudmebiT sibinZuresa da sisxlSi amoTxvrili. am
samyaroSi boroteba mefobs. `speqtakli ise iyo agebuli, rom misi
mravalSriani simboloebiT uxvad gajerebuli reJisoruli partitura TviT
119
im scenebSic ki warmoaCenda liris pirovnebas, romelSic Tavad ramaz
CxikvaZe ar monawileobda. Cven warmogvidgendnen SvilebSi gamxelili mamis
Zalzed sainteresod damuSavebul Temas, romelic ara mxolod liris,
aramed masTan dublirebuli glosteris (a. maxaraZe) Tvisebebis amocnobaSi
exmareboda mayurebels~.33
robert sturua sxvadasxva reJisoruli xerxiT amZafrebs scenaze
warmodgenili samyaros saSinelebebs. am saSinelebebis warmoCeniT mihyavs
mayurebeli daZabulobis ukidures zRvramde. reJisori cdilobs lirTan
erTad mayurebeli Caaxedos im sastik samyaroSi, romelic savsea adamianTa
mier Cadenili danaSaulebiT. mayurebeli SeZras imis CvenebiT, Tu ramxela
sisastikis Cadena SeuZlia adamians. amas reJisori aRwevs sxvadasxva
Teatraluri saSualebis gamoyenebiT _ proJeqtorebis damabrmavebeli
efeqtis meSveobiT elvis imitaciis Seqmna, Weqa-quxilis gamayruebeli xmebis
imitacia, scenis siRrmidan wamosuli gamaognebeli Rmuilis xma da a. S.. es
yvelaferi ki mimarTulia mayureblis gamosafxizleblad. robert sturuas
mier speqtaklSi Seqmnili `atmosfero~, ara marto liris, aramed, dRes
Cvens garSemo arsebuli garemoc aris. sisastike, boroteba,
Seuwynarebloba, gautanloba, despotizmi gana Cvens samyaroSic ar aris
ase uxvad warmodgenili? sarkisebri arekvla mayurebelTa darbazisa
scenaze swored amis mimaniSnebeli gaxldaT. speqtaklSi dro da adgili
aranairad ar iyo Semofargluli. is, rac scenaze xdeboda, nebismier drosa
da sivrceSi SeiZleba ganmeordes.
liris goneba veRar uZlebs, veRar aRiqvams am borotebas da nel-nela
mas goneba ebindeba, igi giJdeba. arada, liri imkis imas, rac Tavad daTesa.
liris STamomavlebsa da qveSevrdomebs kargad aqvT aTvisebuli mis mier
Seqmnili sastiki, despoturi samyaro da misi wesebi. ufro metic,
aTvisebulic aqvT da Sesisxlxorcebulic. isini ufro Sorsac ki midian
sisastikis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT. `samyaros ucvlelobis~ cneba r.
sturuasTvis iseTive miuRebeli da arabunebrivia, rogorc am sityvebis
33 mumlaZe d. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 39.
120
avtoris bertolt brextisaTvis da Tuki r. sturua Tavis saukeTeso
speqtaklebSi daJinebiT Segvaxsenebs imas, rom istoria meordeba, rom
droSi transformirebul adamianTa mankierebani sul ufro met
sicocxlisunarianobasa da damangrevel Zalas iZenen _ es sulac ara
imitom, rom dagvarwmunos adamianTa yofierebis usaSvelobasa da
uazrobaSi~.34
robert sturuam da avTo maxaraZem glosteris saxes mianiWes Zlieri,
winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse xasiaTi. avTo maxaraZis glosteri erTgvarad
imeorebda lirs, mis istorias Sebrunebulad. wynari, mimndobi moxucis
nacvlad glosteri misTvis sanukvar ocnebas atarebs da gulis siRrmeSi
inaxavs. dasawyisSi igi warmogvidgeboda moridebul, rafinirebul,
windaxedul politikosad, romelic liris erTguli msaxuria da cota
SeSinebulic ki aris movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebiT. Semdgom, rodesac
marto rCeba, misi sxeuli TiTqos sicocxliT ivseba. adre liriviT ecva,
axla meTevzis samosi, mZime baTinkebi acvia da xelSi saTevzao bade
uWiravs. Tavze Jokeis qudi axuravs, qudis qveS ki moqsovili CaCi.
mayurebeli advilad xvdeboda lirTan mis msgavsebas, mxolod groteskuli
xerxiT gadawyvetils. igi kamfetis wuwniT iwyebda saubars, TiTqos
mayurebels Tavis gulisnadebs andobso. mis monologSi damwuxrebuli
JReradoba ismoda, xasiaTSi ki mZvinvare buneba boboqrobda. rodesac
edmundi orWofobda, igi mZlavr, mrisxane kacad gardaiqmneboda, mZlavrad
hkravda xels edmunds da skamze daanarcxebda. xolo, rodesac edmundi
Wrilobas uCvenebda `edgaris mier miyenebuls~, glosteri mZlavrad
dahkravda xels sisxlian Wrilobas. da ai, aseTi adamiani ijerebs edmundis
mier SeTiTxnil istorias edgaris Ralatis Sesaxeb. am dajerebis moments
reJisorma da msaxiobma mravali axsna mouZebnes. upirveles yovlisa _
qveyana airia da glosteri momswrea imisa, Tu ra advilad moiSora lirma
uerTgulesi kenti da usayvarlesi qaliSvili kordilia. am areul
qveyanaSi ki Ralati Cveulebriv ambad iqca. glosteri Zalian mSvidi,
sasaubro kiloTi uyveboda mayurebels, rom maT garSemo daisadgura
34 uruSaZe p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 71-72.
121
samyarom, sadac Zma Zmas aRar indobs, megobroba gaufasurda da siyvaruli
ki kvdeba, magram mis saubarSi mayurebeli erTgvar sarkastul momentebs
avlenda. es saSineli movlenebi Cveulebrivi Txrobis sagani gamxdara. ai,
swored amitomac glosters ar ukvirs edgaris Ralati da ijerebs kidec
am Ralatis SesaZleblobas. am areul qveyanaSi glosters kidev erTi
momenti amoZravebs. mas surs didi nadavlis daWera. mas kidev ufro didi
Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba surs da axla ki saukeTeso momentia amisTvis,
roca yvela erTmaneTs daeria. robert sturuam mayureblis winaSe
glosteris ocnebaTa samyaro Teatraluri maskaradis gaTamaSebiT
warmoaCina. gonerilisgan Seuracxyofili da gamogdebuli liri
glosteris sasaxleSi midis. aq mas kidev ufro meti damcireba elis. aq
lirs daxvdebian rigani da kornuoli. sasaxleSi srul siCumes
dausadgurebia. Rreobis Semdeg yvelas CasZineboda. liris mobrZanebas
sasaxlis patroni glosteri Seegebeboda. Savi qaRaldisgan damzadebuli
didi saTvale mas niRabiviT hqonda akruli saxeze. cota xanSi ki
glosteri mayureblis winaSe warsdgeboda oqrosfer mosasxamSi
gamoxveuli, Tavze maRali muyaos gvirgviniT. igi uSvelebel fars eyrdnoba
da didgvarovnis, saxelmwifos mmarTvelis pozaSi, musikis fonze iwyebda
saubars. es gazviadebulad amaRlebuli JReradoba misi saubrisa, komikur
STabeWdilebas tovebda. mTvrali kornuoli sastikad sjida glosters. igi
skamze gaaTokvinebda glosters (es is skamia, romelzec sul cota xnis win
`icxovra riganTan~) da TiTiT Tvals gamosTxrida. meore Tvals ki rigani
amougdebda. tkivilisagan gamwarebuli glosteri skamianad wamoiWreboda,
magram iqve daecemoda. rigani ki gadaalajebda da TvalebSi `CaaSardavda~.
iseve rogorc lirs SeSlilobis Semdeg ZaluZs WeSmaritebis ganWvreta da
SegrZneba, dabrmavebul glostersac Tvalebi `exileba~ sinamdvileze.
aRsaniSnavia speqtaklSi TvalebdaTxrili glosterisa da SeSlili
liris Sexvedris scena. ori gamoZevebuli, devnili, uZluri moxuci
erTmaneTs ukacriel sivrceSi xvdeboda. liris areuli goneba raRac
momentebSi naTdeboda. dauZlurebuli glosteri ki TanagrZnobas iCenda
liris mimarT. glosteri Tavad ganicdida autanel fizikur Tu sulier
122
tkivils, magaram mainc liris gamo wuxda da lamobda mis sulier
gankurnebas. es yvelaferi a. maxaraZis xmaSi gamosWvioda. igi fizikuradac,
Tavisi sxeulis siTboTi cdilobda moxuci liris qariSxalSi gayinuli
sxeulis gaTbobas. SeSlili liri ver xvdeboda glosteris am
TanagrZnobas. xolo glosterisaTvis ki dabeCavebul lirTan Sexvedra
TiTqos misi Tvalaxelis dasawyisia. lirTan Sexvedrisas mis isedac
tragikulobiT aRsavse samyaroSi, kidev ufro didi da tragikuli tkivili
SeiWra da SeZra igi. am epizods aboloebda mokveTil SvilTan ukanaskneli
Sexvedris scena.
amdeni Seuracxyofisa da damcirebis Semdeg glosteri ukve
yvelafers `xedavda~ da ase `Tvalaxelili~ gadadioda maradiul
sibneleSi. am SemTxvevaSic man liris msgavsi gza gamoiara, magram amjerad
uRrmesi dramatizmiT aRsavse. Tuki adre misi msgavseba lirTan komikur
xasiaTs atarebda, amjerad misi am qveynidan wasvla aRsavsea dramatizmiT.
igi midis am cxovrebidan yvelasgan mitovebuli, aravin miutevebs mas
misTvis sabediswero Secdomebs, codvebs, vinaidan samyaro, sadac cxovreba
ganvlo, usiyvarulo da ulmobeli samyaroa. verc SeSlilma lirma gaugo
da uTanagrZno da verc Svilma apatia maniakalurobaSi gadazrdili
eWvianoba. SeqspirTan glosteri TiTqos ar aris damnaSave masze Tavs
datexili ubedurebebis gamo. robert sturuam ki mayurebels warmoudgina
glosteri, romelmac Sva edmundi _ `suliT maxinji, ukanono Svili~.
`odesme mTeli samyaro ase daingreva _ ambobs piesaSi gonebaSeSlili
liris Semyure glosteri. liris `paraleluri“ gmiris is
winaswarmetyveleba sturuaseuli dadgmis zeamocanas warmoadgens. swored
es azri `moaqvT“ kulminaciuri momentebis ,,mecxre zvirTebs“, igi msWvalavs
speqtaklis mTel saxier wyobas da bolos, axdeba kidec finalSi
nawilebad daSlili samyaros saxiT~.35
scenaze warmodgenili samyaro sul male daingreva. amis Sesaxeb
robert sturua mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli saTeatro enis
gansxvavebuli xerxebiT amcnobda mayurebels. `scenaze warmodgenili
35 uruSaZe p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 73.
123
samyaro ki, mZimed daWrili, kvnesis, oxravs, idumali xmebis grgvinviT
auwyebs adamianebs mosalodnel katastrofas, magram isini _ sakuTar
vnebaTa oromtrialSi CarTulni, ver xvdebian bunebis gamafrTxilebeli
xmebis azrs~.36
masxaras saxe yovelTvis iyo SeqspirologTa kamaTisa da davis sagani.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobda misi gaqroba piesidan. Janri
lolaSvilis masxarac araerTgvarovani da mravalplaniani iyo. reJisorma
mis pirvelive gamoCenas scenaze garkveuli ucnaurobis elferi SesZina. igi
swrafi musikaluri ritmis TanxlebiT muxlebze daCoqili SemoiWreboda
scenaze, pirdapir lirisken midioda, miuaxlovdeboda mas da Tavs Caudebda
kalTaSi. mas grZeli Savi serTuki da daxeuli fexsacmelebi ecva. Savi
Tmebi gaCeCili hqonda. igi SeiZleboda Segedarebina cirkis jambazisTvis.
mis Savad moelvare TvalebSi usazRvro sevdac gamosWvioda. igi Tavis
brZnul, mware xumrobebs swraf-swrafad warmoTqvamda, TiTqos
sasxvaTaSorisod. mayurebels STabeWdileba rCeboda, rom masxaram winaswar
icoda, lirs simarTles mainc ver Seagnebinebda. masxara samefo taxt-
saxrCobelaze Semomxtari plastikur moZraobebze agebda Tavis monologs.
mis sityvebSi igrZnoboda groteskic. igi sxvadasxva Jestebs usadagebda
warmoTqmul `mware xumrobebs~. Tuki naTqvami `dafaruli~ iyo, maSin Jesti
pirdapir mianiSnebda da piriqiT, `Riad naTqvams~ dafaruli Jesti mosdevda.
karis masxara `mware simarTles~ ambobda da ganasaxierebda erTdroulad.
amasTan, Tavis xelobasac ki dascinoda. igi xazgasmuli TeatralobiT,
paTetikuri intonaciebiTa da JestebiT esaubreboda lirs. liri Tavidan
mxars ubamda masxaras, simpaTiiT Sescqeroda mis oinbazobas, magram raRac
momentSi Riziandeboda. Janri lolaSvilis masxara xan gulTbili, xan
mwared damcinavi, xan agresiuli da xanac cotaTi SeSinebulic iyo. igi xom
Tavisi xumrobebiT sikvdils eTamaSeboda. mayurebeli grZnobda, rom
masxara yovel gabedul, `mware xumrobas~ cotaTi Secbunebuli amTavrebda
da Tanac ise, rom ukandasaxev gzas itovebda, anu naTqvamis gadasxvaferebis
SesaZleblobas. yvelaze `mware simarTle-xumrobas~ muxlebze daCoqili
36 gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 409.
124
ambobda, TiTqos amiT Tavis morCilebas gamoxatavda. scenaze saidanRac
Toki Cndeboda. kiserze Tokgamobmuli xan masxara iyo, xan liri. es Toki
TiTqos ori gmiris _ masxaras da liris samudamod damakavSireblad
iqceoda. es Toki Zalian xazgasmiT iyo gaTamaSebuli am epizodSi. kiserze
Tokgamobmuli liri bavSviviT `cxenosnobas~ TamaSobs, daCoqil lirs win
masxara Caucucqdeboda, Toks dabla daagdebda da TiTqos moisaqmebda. am
qmedebiT masxaras, TiTqos surda lirisTvis eCvenebina, Tu ra darCeboda
misi mefobidan. raRac momentSi masxara lokokinas daiWerda da lirs
uCvenebda, riTac eubneboda am erTi bewo lokokinasac ki aqvs Tavis
sakuTari saxlio. laparakisas, liri ucabedad fexs daadgamda lokokinas
da gasresda. masxara xmamaRla wamoiyvirebda: Sen rom Cemi masxara
yofiliyavi, cemiT amogxdidi sulso. r. CxikvaZis liri ki dadardianebuli,
Cafiqrebuli gaxldaT, sul cota xnis win, ganrisxebulma sayvareli
qaliSvili moikveTa. liri skamze daRlili daeSveboda, Tavis fiqrebSi
garTuli. raRac momentSi, TiTqos ahyveboda kidec masxaras xumrobebSi,
magaram fiqri, axlaxan mokveTil qaliSvilze ar asvenebda. TandaTan
TiTqos isev brazi moereoda. masxara grZnobda mefis ganwyobas da
cdilobda Tavisi `mware xumrobebis~ Serbilebas. ramaz CxikvaZes da Janri
lolaSvils ise mihyavdaT am scenaSi Tavisi urTierTobebi, rom mayurebeli
grZnobda im siTbos da siaxloves, rac mefesa da mis erTgul masxaras
Soris SeiZleboda arsebuliyo. es gansakuTrebiT kargad gamoCnda im
epizodSi, rodesac lirs qaliSvilebi amcireben. aq Janri lolaSvilis
masxara TanaugrZnobda arafris mqone mefes, Tumca simarTles ambobda,
magram ukve Serbilebulad da ara ise `mwared~ da `mkvaxed~, rogorc amas
akeTebda xolme. `Tu aqamde r. sturuas `amaRlebuli~, tragikuli gmirebi _
tragifarsis samyaroSi amTavrebdnen sicocxles, aq man da J. lolaSvilma
masxaras groteskuli figura Rrma adamianuri tkivilebiT da gancdebiT
aavses, aqcies igi tragikul gmirad, da rogorc es tragikul gmirs
Seefereba _ misi sicocxle sikvdiliT daasrules scenaze... SeSlilobis
125
zRvramde misuli liri, mtanjveli halucinaciebis Semdeg, samgzis gauyris
mucelSi danas...~37
liri samjer gauyrida danas masxaras. pirveli dartyma moulodneli
iyo masxarasaTvis da igi gaognebisgan gaRimebuli xvdeboda am pirvel
dartymas. meore dartymaze fexis wverebze wamoiweoda, mesameze ki dabla
eSveboda, mis saxeze ki aRibeWdeboda mimtevebloba. liris gamometyveleba
ki am dros uazro, SeSlilis gamometyveleba gaxldaT. igi gauazreblad
urtyamda danas masxaras. mxolod mesamed danis gayris Semdgom, mis
Tvalebs TiTqos azri ubrundeboda da xvdeboda, rac Caidina, magram ukve
Zalze gviani iyo. masxara ukve mkvdaria. im wuTebSi liri TiTqos xvdeboda,
rom masxaras mkvlelobiT man sakuTari Tavis mkvleloba Caidina.
SeqspirTan masxara ar kvdeba. robert sturuas speqtaklSi Janri
lolaSvilis gardacvlili masxara uecrad wamoxteboda da cal fexze da
cal xelze dayrdnobili xtunviT gadioda scenidan.
liri Seirya mis garSemo datrialebuli saSinelebebis yurebiT da
gancdiliT, magram es yvelaferi misi Seqmnili da daTesili borotebis
logikuri ganviTarebaa. amaSi TviTvea damnaSave da sxvas ver daabralebs.
borotebam Tavis ganviTarebaSi iseT sazRvrebs miaRwia, rom liris gonebas
ukve aRar SeeZlo yvelafris aRqma da gaanalizeba. am borotebiT aRsavse
ukuRmarT samyaroSi, adamianuri urTierTobebi aRar arsebobs, adamianebi
TavianT instinqtebs ahyolian da mxolod am instinqtebiT cxovroben. ai, am
situaciaSi, am movlenebis ganviTarebis fonze liri cdilobda sakuTari
Tavis Secnobas. liri grZnobda da mwvavedac ganicdida sakuTar umweobas
mis garSemo arsebuli realobis winaSe. lirma mxolod Tavs datexili
ubedurebebis, sulieri tanjvis fonze SeZlo gaecnobierebina da
gaeanalizebina sxvisi gancdebi. liri TandaTan TanagrZnobas iwvevda
mayurebelSi. liris e. w. `kaTarzisi~ mayurebelSi misadmi simpaTias
aRviZebda. liris ampartavneba, siamaye, TviTdajerebuloba moryeuli da
damsxvreulia. misi qceva Tu saubari lmobieri xdeba. igi kompromiszec ki
37 gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 412.
126
midioda Tavis qaliSvilebTan urTierTobaSi, magram pasuxad kidev ufro
daxvewil siborotes da daundoblobas awydeboda.
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, saocrad efeqturad iyo gadawyvetili
speqtaklSi glosteris sasaxleSi lirisa da misi qaliSvilebis Sexvedris
scena. am scenaSi rigani da gonerili, TiTqos patara bavSvi iyos, alersiT
esaubrebodnen, uyvavebdnen `moxuc mamas~. damamcirebeli da
Seuracxmyofeli iyo, rodesac Tvalaxveul liri, Svilebs Soris taSis
xmaze darboda aqeT-iqeT. epizodis bolos, scenaze Semodiodnen SavebSi
Semosili adamianebi, Savi niRbebiT. isini nel-nela miiwevdnen lirisa da
masxarisaken. SeSinebuli masxara raRac momentSi yvirils iwyebda. liri
dabneuli da SeSinebuli uyurebda am saocar arsebebs. isini fexebSi da
xelebSi waavlebdnen lirs da ramdenjerme haerSi aisvridnen,
aaburTavebdnen. musika, yvirili, xmauri, niRbosnebi, haerSi asrolili liri
_ scenaze qaoturobisa da aRreulobis atmosferos qmnida. raRac momentSi
es yvelaferi mayurebelSi `apokalifsis~ gancdas iwvevda. saocrad
asrulebda am scenaSi ramaz CxikvaZe gaognebuli, dapataravebuli, ususuri,
odesRac Zlevamosili mefis gancdebs. `groteskul-absurdul samyaroSi
moqceuli liris Rrma adamianuri gancdebi, misi TviTironia, ase
brwyinvaled gamovlenili msaxiobisa da reJisoris mier, am speqtaklis
erT-erT umTavres Rirsebad mimaCnia. polistilistikis da mravalxmianobis
am rTul kontrapunqtSi `Casmuli~ fsiqologia Serwymuli `klasikur
absurdizmebTan~ _ zemoqmedebis did Zalas ikrebs. r. CxikvaZe
TandaTanobiT, didis ostatobiT gviCvenebs gadasvlas liris erTi
mdgomareobidan meoreSi. aq ar aris mkveTri naxtomebi, moulodneli
Semobrunebani: wveTobiT grovdeba mis arsebaSi tanjvis vnebani~,38 _ wers n.
gurabaniZe.
Zalian originalurad da sainteresod iyo gadawyvetili `qariSxlis~
scena. scenaze ucnauri gugunis xma gaismoda. scenis sigrZeze dakidebuli
rkinis relsebi irxeodnen. am epizodSi mTeli yuradReba reJisoris mier
koncentrirebuli iyo msaxiobze. erT-erT interviuSi robert sturua
38 gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 415.
127
ambobs, rom qariSxali, es liris gonebaSi datrialebuli stiqiaa, mas
qariSxali elandeba. ramaz CxikvaZis liri gauazreblad daborialobda
scenaze. mis saxeze airekleboda xan SeSlili adamianis gamometyveleba da
xan mis TvalebSi saRi azri ikveTeboda. erTxans scenaze borialis Semdeg,
miadgeboda taxt-saxrCobelas, masze Sedgeboda, CaebRauWeboda saxrCobelas
yulfs da aRmoxdeboda qariSxlis moxmoba, raTa es borotebiT aRsavse,
codvili qveyana waeleka. liri TiTqos mSviddeboda. amis Semdeg
xvdebodnen erTmaneTs liri da glosteri. ori tragikuli istoriis mqone
moxuci. liri glosters Tvalis gugebSi amousvamda TiTebs da eubneboda,
TvalebiT gicanio. isini erTmaneTs gadaexveodnen da Zirs goravdnen. liri
Tavidan iSorebda glosters da aq es ori msgavsi cxovrebis gmiri
sabolood scildeboda erTmaneTs. Semdgom scenaze siCume isadgurebda.
kordilia da liri erTmaneTs xvdebodnen. raRac momentSi igi ver cnobda
kordilias. Semdeg Seicnobda, mzerasa da xmaSi sixarulis nacvlad
Secbuneba, damorcxveba gamosWvioda. patiebas sTxovda kordilias. lirs
goneba gaunaTda, axla igi adamianuri sikeTiTa da siTboTia gamsWvaluli,
magram liris es metamorfoza Zalze dagvianebulia. scenis sxvadasxva
mxridan mococavdnen SemaZrwunebeli Savi figurebi. isini mivardebodnen
lirsa da kordilias, xelSi aiyvandnen maT da sxvadasxva mxares
gaitacebdnen. es yvelaferi saSineli xmauris fonze xdeboda. lirs da
kordilias erTmaneTisken xelebi hqondaT gaSverili, magram isini
uCinardebodnen scenis siRrmeSi, sibneleSi. am dros scenaze TiTqos
miwisZvra iwyeboda, irgvliv saSineli gugunis fonze yvelaferi iryeoda da
ingreoda. scenis siRrmidan kvamli gamodioda, am kvamls proJeqtoris sxivi
kveTda. adamianebi, romlebic scenaze idgnen, Zirs ecemodnen. irgvliv
yvelaferi ingreoda, scenaze sarkisebrad areklili parteri mTlianad
Camoiqceoda. Tavis droze liris mier Seqmnili samyaro mTlianad
nadgurdeboda. e. w. moTvalTvalisa Tu damkvirveblis fituli umweod
qanaobda haerSi. scenaze kvlav siCume isadgurebda. liri nel-nela
Semodioda scenaze da mxrebSi Tokgamobmul kordilias Zlivs moaTrevda,
Semdeg Camojdeboda avanscenaze, kordilias gulSi ikravda da
128
sasowarkveTili darbazs mimarTavda: `mkvlelebi xarT! gamyidvelebi!
SegaCvenoT ufalma yvela!~ sasowarkveTili liri sruliad marto rCeboda
am daqceul samyaroSi. aseTi iyo speqtaklis finali, Semzaravi,
erTdroulad damTrgunveli da saocrad gulisamaCuyebeli.
`kvlav gaismoda speqtaklis dasawyisSi gaJRerebuli axali
apokalifsis Zveli xmebi da ingreoda kidec is saremonto nageboba,
romelsac CvenTan erTad Sescqeroda liris Teatris kidev ori aqac
erTmaneTTan dublirebuli figura – qandaraze wamomjdari utyvi
maradiuli mayurebeli da Zelze daskupebuli maimuni. es ori
indiferentuli figura, raRa Tqma unda, mayurebelTan iyo
identificirebuli da liris Teatris Semzaravi finalic misi zneobrivi
Tu inteleqtualuri umwifrobiT gaxldaT ganpirobebuli~.39
robert sturuas `mefe lirSi~ gamoCnda reJisoris `saTeatro enis~
axali plastebi, axali Sreebi. es iyo gansxvavebuli robert sturuas
politikuri Teatrisagan. TamaSis axleburi manera, fsiqologiuri svlebi
Serwymuli mis Teatralur stilistikasTan ufro met Sinagan Zalas da
siTbos aniWebda speqtakls.
makbeti
robert sturuam Seqspiris `makbeti~ rusTavelis TeatrSi 1995 wels
dadga. es iyo reJisoris mier saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli Seqspiris
mesame tragedia. robert sturua `riCard mesameSi~ da `mefe lirSi~ wina
planze wamoswevs saukuneebis manZilze msoflioSi kacobriobis mier
Cadenil borotebas, kacobriobis uzarmazar uaryofiT energias, im
energias, romelmac msoflio katastrofamde SeiZleba miiyvanos. `makbetSi~
reJisori isev mimarTavs ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis Temas, magram am
SemTxvevaSi igi yuradRebas amaxvilebs adamianze, mis gancdebze. am
39 mumlaZe d. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 81.
129
speqtaklSi ufro mZafrad gamoikveTa samyaro adamianTa codvebiTa Tu
ubiwoebiT aRvsili. aq adamianis sulieri ngreva, gadagvareba, sikvdili
gaTanabrebulia samyaros ngrevasa da gacamtverebasTan.
`makbetSi~ dro ar aris gansazRvruli. is, rac scenaze xdeba, yovel
drosa da epoqaSi SeiZleboda momxdariyo da momavalSic moxdes. reJisoris
am Canafiqrs scenografia (mxatvari m. SveliZe) da kostiumebi mkveTrad
usvamen xazs. speqtakli TiTqos migdebul sardafSi an, SeiZleba, bunkerSi
TamaSdeba. scenaze mimofantuli nivTebi drois ganusazRvrelobas usvams
xazs. scenis Suaguli TiTqmis carielia. ufro swori iqneboda meTqva,
gacamtverebulia. scenis orive mxares CaSavebuli kedlebi omis Semdgom
gadabuguli Senobebis narCenebis STabeWdilebas toveben. adgilebSi moCans
daJangebuli, gamoCrili milebi da eleqtrosadenebi. gaugebar nagebobebze
mtvriani polieTilenis materiebia Camofarebuli. zemoT, mTeli scenis
gaswvriv celofania gadaWimuli, romelic scenaze gaTamaSebuli
movlenebis ganviTarebasTan erTad xan TiTqos moiqufreba, xan scenaze
CamoeSveba da fardis rols asrulebs da scenas orad yofs. avanscenaze
wiTeli savarZeli dgas, mis garSemo sxvadasxva nivTia mimobneuli. marjvniv
maRalzurgiani Savi savarZelia. gverdiTa loJaze miyudebulia wmindanis
fituli, wminda weriliT xelSi. TabaSirisagan damzadebuli Tavi metalis
joxzea wamocmuli. qvabSi adamianis fitulia Cakidebuli. qveviT, mTel
sigrZeze, gafenilia tyavismagvari, WuWyiani, TiTqos sisxliT gaJRenTili,
qsovili. scenis garSemo xmlebia CarWobili. cariel scenaze dgas mxolod
Savad SeRebili tabureti _ samefo taxtis komikuri analogi. scenaze
Seqmnilia usaxuri, erTferovani samyaro, sadac sicocxlisTvis adgili ar
arsebobs. swored am garemoSi TamaSdeba amazrzeni, binZuri brZola
ZalauflebisaTvis.
`am speqtaklSi adamianis sulieri gadagvareba da sikvdili aRiqmeba
aranakleb tragikul movlenad, vidre samyaros hipoTeturi ngreva da
gacamtvereba~.40 _ wers paola uruSaZe.
40 uruSaZe p. `robert sturuas makbeti~, Jur. `xelovneba~ 2001. #3-4. gv. 7.
130
speqtaklSi yvelaferi reJisoris nebas eqvemdebareba. aq, xazgasmulia
mxolod misi xedva speqtaklSi warmoCenili konfliqturi situaciebisa.
scenografia, mizanscenebi, Strixebi, msaxiobebis TamaSi reJisoris zust,
TiTqosda maTematikur gaTvlebs eqvemdebareba. aq, am speqtaklSi yvelaferi
TamaSobs: tani, xelebi, TiTebis plastika. TiToeuli moZraoba, yvelaferi
dakavSirebulia adamianis sulierebasTan, mis Sinagan ganwyobasTan.
`makbetSi~ robert sturuas sareJisoro ena Sors aris `yofiTi~ scenuri
urTierTobebisgan, cxovrebiseuli detalebisgan. aq, TiTqos, yvelaferi
ukiduresi daZabulobis zRvarze mimdinareobs. speqtakli ar aris
gadatvirTuli efeqtebiT, magram amave dros mayurebeli SeigrZnobs
reJisoris ulevi fantaziis nayofs.
speqtaklis dasawyisSi zaza papuaSvilis makbeti erTgvar nagvis
grovaSi Tvlems. mxolod viwro Suqis zoli gamoyofs mas sibnelidan. igi
gayuCebulia, TiTqos elis xelsayrel moments, raTa es momenti xelidan ar
gauSvas da samefo gvirgvins daeuflos. am natvris asaxdenad ki
xelsayreli pirobebia saWiro. speqtaklSi makbetis garSemo arsebuli
qveyana ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis morevSia Cafluli. aq yovel
avantiurists SeuZlia ibrZolos taxtisTvis. amisaTvis igi sxvebze odnav
Wkviani, moxerxebuli, sastiki da daundobeli unda iyos. aq, am samyaroSi,
aravinaa ucodveli. piesis personaJebisagan gansxvavebiT, speqtaklSi mefe
dunkanic (daviT papuaSvili) sisxliani tirania. danarCeni didebulebic,
qveynis mmarTvelobis saTaveSi myofni, masaviT TvalTmaqcni arian. yvelani
erTnairebi arian da yovelis sanukvari ocneba samefo gvirgvinia. samefo
gvirgvinisaTvis brZolaSi ki xan erTi imarjvebs, xan meore.
robert sturuas makbets samefo atributika, simboloebi saerTod ar
ainteresebs. misTvis mTavaria Zalauflebis mopoveba, rac mas saSualebas
miscems ibatonos adamianebze. sisxlis suni aTrobs da abruebs. piesaSi
makbeti SeSfoTebulia imis gamo, rom xelebidan sisxlis laqebs ver
iSorebs, speqtaklSi ki makbeti sisxlis sunis SegrZnebas ver iSorebs. mefe
dunkanis mkvlelobis Semdeg igi xSirad ynosavs Tavis xelebs.
Tavdapirvelad mas TiTqos gulisrevis SegrZneba eufleba, magram Semdgom,
131
sisxlis suni axali sisxlis daRvris survils aRuZravs. ledi makbetic
raRacnairi netarebiT Seiynosavs xolme am sisxlis suns. magaliTad,
makbetTan alersis scenaSi igi xarbad daynosavs meuRlis xelebs da mis
saxeze Rimili gakrTeba. sisxlis suni meuRleebs TiTqos simxneves matebs
da Semdgomi qmedebebis survils aRuZravs. amasTanave, makbets sindisis
qenjnac awuxebs. mas aRelvebs `imqveyniuri dasjis~ sakiTxi. zaza
papuaSvilis makbetisTvis ar aris sulerTi, Tu ra moelis mas sikvdilis
Semdeg. speqtaklSi makbetisTvis erT-erTi yvelaze sulisSemZvreli kiTxvaa:
`da me sad gameRviZeba?~ es fraza reJisoris CarTulia, rac kidev ufro
metad aRrmavebs makbetis danaSaulis da sasjelis mniSvnelobas. erTxel
Cadenili borotebis, mkvlelobis Semdeg, sindisis qenjnis miuxedavad,
makbeti jiutad agrZelebs sakuTar TavSi adamianuri grZnobebis Cakvlas.
TiTqos borotebas gemo gaugoo, veRar Cerdeba, Tumca dunkanis mkvlelobis
Semdeg igi Tavad aRar isvris sisxlSi xelebs da mkvlelebs qiraobs.
speqtaklSi zaza papuaSvilis makbeti da nino kasraZis ledi makbeti
ufro axalgazrdebi arian, vidre es piesaSia. gaaxalgazrdavebulia
speqtaklSi maTi garemocvac. isini TiTqos daavadebulni arian
mkvlelobebis Cadenis sindromiT da daufiqreblad xocaven erTmaneTs.
maTSi Cabudebuli sisastike uazro da auxsnelia. isini TiTqos gangebam
Seqmna mkvlelebad. amis xazgasasmelad robert sturuam grZneuli debis
saxeebi groteskul aspeqtSi gadawyvita. sam grZneul arsebas speqtaklSi
ufrosi Taobis msaxiobebi: giorgi gegeWkori, guram saRaraZe da jemal
RaRaniZe ganasaxierebdnen. reJisoris CanafiqriT isini idumali moCvenebebi
ki ara, aramed gaurkveveli sqesis arsebebi arian. reJisori daeyrdno
piesaSive arsebul miniSnebas _ banqo mimarTavs kudianebs: `dedakacebi unda
iyoT, magram eg wveri sxvas mowmobs~. sturuas alqajebi ufro miwierni
arian, vidre mistikurni. reJisorma da msaxiobebma ganzrax mimarTes yofiT
detalebs, raTa alqajebi ufro cocxal, miwier arsebebad eqciaT. maTi
personaJebi speqtaklSi ufro sasaciloebi Canan, vidre idumalni da
mistikurni. `jadosnobis~ adgili didi sardafia, romlis SuagulSi qvabi
daudgamT, grZneul naxarSs aTuxTuxeben da xtunva-xtunviT uvlian gars.
132
eSmakeulnic da adamianebic, reJisorisa da mxatvris CanafiqriT, erTsa da
imave garemoSi moqmedeben. es garemo jojoxeTis asociacias iwvevs.
speqtaklSi zRvari adamianebsa da grZneulebs Soris ar arsebobs.
grZneulebi gaadamianurebulebi arian da, piriqiT, adamianebi satanisebr
arsebebad gvevlinebian. amitomac aris, rom makbeti aranair gaucxoebas ar
ganicdis maT sabrZanebelSi, maTTan erTad amzadebs jadosnur naxarSs da
gemosac ki usinjavs. reJisoris interpretaciiT, makbetis beds Tavad
makbeti ganagebs da ara es grZneuli arsebebi. ritualebi, romlebsac
alqajebi asruleben, komikur xasiaTsac ki atareben. reJisoris CanafiqriT
msaxiobebi xazs usvamen im garemoebas, rom isini, swored rom, TamaSoben
grZneulebs. amitomac arian isini ufro groteskulebi da ara idumalebiT
garemoculni. makbetis moqmedeba mxolod formalurad aris dakavSirebuli
grZneulebis winaswarmetyvelebasTan. makbeti ar moqmedebs sxvisi karnaxiT,
vinaidan Tavis bedisweras Tavadve gansazRvravs. marTalia, igi meoredac
midis grZneulebTan, magram gulgrilad usmens maT darigebebs, vinaidan
mSvenivrad icis, Tu rogori iqneba misi Semdgomi nabijebi.
SeqspirTan makbets gmiruli da saxelovani warsuli aqvs. robert
sturuas interpretaciiT ki z. papuaSvilis makbetis warsuli erTgvarad
ugulebelyofilia. igi TiTqos warsulis gareSe xvdeba am samyaroSi, sadac
TviTon, brZoliTa da agresiiT, unda ipovos sakuTari Tavi.
`rogorc cnobilia, tragedia `makbeti~ gamsWvalulia arsebobis
orazrovnebis suliskveTebiT. gmiris vaJkacoba, qveloba saSinel
borotebaSi gadaizrdeba, riTac TviT es qvelobaa eWvqveS dayenebuli. r.
sturuas mixedviT, yovlismomcveli qaosi stiqiurad amoraluria da
gulgrilia yvelanairi borotebisa da sikeTis mimarT. amas ganasaxierebs
swored z. papuaSvilis makbeti. tragikuli kolizia mis SigniTaa, mis
sulSia dabudebuli, anu mas ar upirispirdeba (garkveul dromde) raime
garegani faqtori, an vinme _ antigmiri. amitom igi, Seqspiris gmirisagan
gansxvavebiT, ar aris zebunebrivi Zalebisgan _ am SemTxvevaSi grZneuli,
kudiani qalebisagan _ amaRlebuli gmiri~.41
41gurabaniZe n. reJisori robert sturua. Tb. `xelovneba~. 1997. gv. 476-477.
133
robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis, misi Teatraluri
esTetikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia dramaturgiis sapirispiro gziT siaruli.
imavdroulad igi axerxebs asaxos dramaturgiuli Canafiqri. am
SemTxvevaSic robert sturuas grZneuli qalebi formaluri mxatvruli
xerxia, metaforaa. maT gamosaxvas reJisorma Camoacila yovelgvari
tragikuli, mistikuri, idumali paTosi. aseve, Seqspiris tragikuli gmiri
makbeti speqtaklSi erTob miwieria, aranairi sidiade da gansakuTrebuloba
ar axasiaTebs z. papuaSvilis makbets.
`robert sturuas speqtaklSi bedi makbetis winaSe warsdgeba ara
`grZneuli debis~ zRapruli saxiT, aramed swored adamianuri, dakninebis
da gadagvarebis gansaxierebiT. da, amave dros, es marTlac rom ucnauri
arsebani (Weird Sisters) Cvens TvalSi ufro sasaciloni Canan, vidre SiSis
momgvrelni _ Tavisi suleluri xiTxiTiTa da CifCifiT, moulodneli
paTetikiT, mediduri pozebiTa da JestebiT, aSkarad Tavis gemoze SerCeuli
xatovani ZonZebiT~.42
zaza papuaSvilis TamaSSi wina planzea wamoweuli makbetis sulieri
dakninebis procesi. movlenebis ganviTarebasTan erTad igi TandaTan
kargavs adamianur Rirsebebs da sul ufro naklebad mogvagonebs mamac
meomars. misi arseba iJRinTeba borotebiT da siZulviliT, sakuTari
Tavisadmi pativiscemas enacvleba agresiuli TviTdamkvidrebisaken ltolva.
mis sulSi gaCenil sicarieles ki SiSis grZnoba avsebs. am SiSis grZnobis
damalvas igi jambazobiT da cinizmiT cdilobs. kudianebTan Sexvedris
Semdeg makbetis yvela qvena grZnoba gamosavals poulobs. misi erTguli
Tanamzraxveli _ ledi makbeti, romelsac nino kasraZe asaxierebs robert
sturuas speqtaklSi, momxibvleli, nazi, mimzidveli axalgazrda qalia. maT
erTmaneTisadmi Zlieri ltolva aqvT. ledi makbeti am ltolvas
ostaturad iyenebs da cdilobs qmris gaorebisa da yoymanis aRmofxvras.
speqtakli qmnis SiSis, sikvdilis, katastrofis molodinis
atmosferos. aq, am garemoSi, yvela erTmaneTs mtrobs. scenaze
damTrgunveli ganwyobilebaa gamefebuli. daviT papuaSvilis mefe dunkanic
42 uruSaZe p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 12.
134
ki daundobeli da borotebiT aris aRvsili. misi pirveli gamoCena scenaze
gia yanCelis musikis TanxlebiT erTgvar sabrZolo Tavdasxmas mogvagonebs.
igi Tavisi amaliT SemoiWreba scenaze. gaismis ucnauri xmebi, rkinis
JRaruni, kvnesa, oxvra, frinvelTa gamkivani xmebi, jariskacTa legionebis
nabijebis xmebi. dunkani da misi jariskacebi avanscenisken moabijeben.
keTili ambis mauwyebel, sasikvdilod daWril jariskacs dunkani yelSi
xels wauWers da awamebs.
mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi normaluri adamianuri
urTierTobebi TiTqmis ar xorcieldeba. qmedebebSi Warbobs damcireba,
Zalmomreoba, cinizmi, mkvleloba, gaSmagebuli seqsualuri urTierTobani.
ufro metic, speqtaklSi Cveulebrivad TiTqos arc dadian: an darbian, an
Zirs dacemulni xoxaven, an erTmaneTs ebrZvian, moWrili TavebiT
burTaoben. mravlis mimniSnebelia moRalate kavdoris mTavris sikvdilis
epizodi. urikaze moTavsebul TavmokveTil gvams Semoagoreben scenaze,
Semdeg ki saorkestro ormoSi gadauZaxeben. es epizodi makbetisTvis bevris
mimaniSnebelia. kavdoris mTavari makbetiviT warCinebuli didebulia.
makbetma misgan ara marto misi adgil-mamuli, aramed TiTqos sulic miiRo.
makbeti _ z. papuaSvili, xeliT exeba mis waWril Tavs da sisxlian xelebs
daynosavs. Tavidan zizRis grZnoba eufleba, mere ki am zizRs erTgvari
netareba cvlis, ufro Rrmad Seiynosavs sisxlis mZafr surnels. robert
sturuam am scenas sabediswero mniSvneloba mianiWa. aq gadmotanili riCard
mesames fraza _ `Cven codvilni, mxolod saxeebs vcnobT da ara gulebs~,
usazRvrod vendobodi am didebulso, _ romelsac mefe dunkani
warmoTqvams, makbets unda moxvedroda gulze. es fraza xom swored misi
misamarTiT iyo naTqvami, magram makbetis ukan daxeva SeuZlebelia, igi
ukve daadga sisxlian gzas.
speqtaklSi mkvdrebs ar asaflaveben. maT TiTqos uzarmazar
nagavsayrelze gadaisvrian xolme. Tavad mefe dunkansac qsovilSi gaxveuls
moaTreven da avanscenaze daasveneben. celofnis WuWyiani ca kulminaciisas
talRisebr moZraobas iwyebs, misi neli rxeva avismomaswavebelia. scenaze
maxvilebia mimobneuli, amdenad, dapirispirebulebs iaraRis Zebnac ki ar
135
sWirdebaT. speqtaklSi erTxel moklulebi kvlav agrZeleben sicocxles da
ara marto makbetisa da misi meuRlis `zmanebebSi~, aramed `realurad~.
isini cocxldebian piradi SurisZiebisaTvis da ara samarTlianobis
aRsadgenad. sikeTe da samarTlianoba Sors aris am adamianebisagan. Tumca,
makbetis boroteba erTxel ukve moklulebs aiZulebs mis mowinaaRmdegeTa
banakSi yofnas. makbetis kidev ufro didi borotebis winaaRmdeg mkvdrebi
da cocxlebi erTiandebian. makbetis mier mokluli dunkani, romlis
qsovilSi gaxveuli gvami avanscenaze miatoves, gainZreva, Tavs
gamoiTavisuflebs da ambobs, Tu ramdeni sazareli ambis momaswre yofila
cxovrebis manZilze, magram aseTi saSineli Rame jer ar maxsovso. es
TiTqos sakuTari mkvlelobis mxilvelis aRsarebaa da amave dros ukve
dawyebuli `saSineli Rameebis~ koSmaris gancdac. es `saSineli Rame~ mZime
tvirTad awevT speqtaklis gmirebs.
`moqmedebis adgilis da drois pirobiToba, speqtaklis irealuri
`are~ arc erTi wamiT ar arRveven gmiris saxis fsiqologiur mTlianobas,
misi scenuri ganviTarebis logikas, mis adamianur damajereblobas.
`Winkebi~ da `aCrdilebi~, speqtaklis es srulfasovani monawileni,
makbetTan Sexebisas misi, Zalauflebis wadiliT aRgznebuli gonebis, misi
dafaruli fiqrebisa da fantaziis nayofad aRiqmebian. yvelaze mkafiod
maTSi aisaxeba misi dauZleveli SiSi, qvecnobieri swrafva _ moxsnas Tavis
suls misTvis autaneli zneobrivi tvirTis mcire nawili mainc da
`gadaabralos~ igi uxilav, masze mZlavrad zemoqmed `Tanamesaqmeebs~.43
speqtaklSi ar aris mkveTrad gamijnuli boroteba da sikeTe, iseve
rogorc, waSlilia zRvari mkvdrebsa da cocxlebs Soris. aq, am
speqtaklSi idumal, mistikur Zalebs didi yuradReba ar eqceva. aq mTavaria
personaJebis urTierTobebi, gauTavebeli Ralati, SeTqmulebebi,
mkvlelobebi. piesaSi mefe dunkanis mkvlelobiT yvelani gaognebulebi
arian, speqtaklSi ki dunkanis mkvlelobas SeTqmulebis, saxelmwifo
gadatrialebis elferi aqvs. makbetma da misma meuRlem mokles mefe
dunkani, magram sakmarisia banqom da makdufma eWvi Seitanon makbetis
43 uruSaZe p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 9.
136
sityvebSi, rom myisierad SavebSi Cacmuli mebrZolebi gamocvivdebian,
alyaSi moaqceven da Tofebs miuSveren maT, vinc eWvi gamoTqva. lenoqsis
sityvebi ki _ `rogorc Cans, misma mcvelebma mohkles...~ ise JRers, rom man,
lenoqsma ki icis, vinc aris namdvili mkvleli, magram igi makbetis
mxaresaa.
makbeti da ledi makbeti mefe dunkanis mkvlelobis Semdeg erTmaneTis
alersiT cdiloben aforiaqebuli sulis damSvidebas. amazrzeni da
Semzaravia maTi erTmaneTisadmi vnebiani ltolva am sisxliT mosvril,
binZur samyaroSi.
makbetis sityvebia _ `sisxls sisxli mosdevs~ da igi iwyebs
Tanamzraxvelebis mkvlelobas, tirani mxardamWerebis mospobas iwyebs da
TandaTan ufro metad efloba sisxlSi. reJisori da msaxiobi gviCveneben
borotmoqmedad qceuli makbetis zneobriv dacemas, sulieri samyaros
rRvevas, adamianuri Rirebulebebis gaufasurebas da aqedan gamomdinare,
sulieri simSvidis dakargvas. makbeti ledi makbetTan erTad logikurad
miemarTeba aRsasrulisaken, magram am aRsasrulamde isini sazarel tanjvas
ganicdian. es aris safasuri Zalauflebisa da gvirgvinisaTvis brZolisa.
manamde ki makbets mefed akurTxeben _ hendelis hangebis fonze. brWyviala
gvirgvini, hendelis musika da is tragikuli movlenebi, romlebic am
didebis mosapoveblad ganaxorciela makbetma, speqtaklSi reJisoris mier
specialurad aris xazgasmuli, raTa ufro naTlad warmoaCinos adamianuri
dacemis siRrmeebi.
takimasxara tiranis, romelic cinikurad Telavs yvelas da
yvelafers sakuTari miznis misaRwevad, gverdiT dgas namdvili jambazi (d.
uflisaSvili).. igi ganasaxierebs morCil, laquca qveSevrdoms, romelsac
mTlianad dakarguli aqvs adamianuri Rirseba. `makbetis~ masxara
gansxvavdeba `riCard mesamis~ masxarisagan. `riCard mesameSi~ avTo maxaraZis
mier gansaxierebul personaJs ironiuli damokidebuleba hqonda scenaze
gaTamaSebuli movlenebisadmi.
mefed kurTxevis Semdeg makbeti wveulebas marTavs. am scenaSi igi
Tavs anebebs jambazobas da manWva-grexas. mas daqiravebuli mkvlelebis
137
mier mokluli banqo (l. berikaSvili) ecxadeba. im wuTebSi makbets arc
stumrebi ainteresebs da arc ledi makbeti. misTvis banqos aCrdili ufro
realuria, vidre mis garSemo arsebuli cocxali adamianebi. aq erTmaneTs
enacvleba realuri da irealuri. stumrebi da ledi makbeti _ molandebebi
arian, banqo ki realuri, xelSesaxebi da namdvilia. es situacia orjer
meordeba, rac kidev ufro aZlierebs makbetis sulier depresias, kriziss.
es `avi seni~ tanjavs da nel-nela anadgurebs makbets. stumrebi ki
SeSinebulebi arian da elian moaxloebul katastrofas, an makbetis
`TamaSis~ dasasruls. piesaSi makbetis wveuleba xalxmravali da
didebulia, speqtaklSi ki es wveuleba erTob mcirericxovania. mowveuli
stumrebi SeSinebulni arian. maT imisic ki eSiniaT, rom ledi makbetis mier
miwodebuli langridan sasmeli aiRon, radganac mowamvlis eSiniaT. swored
es SiSi da undoblobaa gamefebuli makbetis samyaroSi da ara
moaxloebuli katastrofis mistikuri niSnebi.
`rac Seexeba speqtaklis fantasmagoriul Sres, igi aq Tavisebur
filosofiur `zednaSenad~ aRiqmeba. swored masSia Caqsovili is maradi,
dRemde amouxsneli kiTxvebi, romlebzedac pasuxis gacema bolomde verc
Seqspiris drom SeZlo da verc am droze ufro xnierma da gamocdilma
dRevandelobam... kiTxvebis es korianteli uneblieT TviT makbetsac usvams
kiTxvas: kacia-adamiani?! speqtaklis mixedviT pasuxi erTniSnadia:
WeSmaritad adamiania... da mTeli ubedureba swored imaSia, rom igi
adamiania~.44
robert sturuas speqtaklSi, iseve rogorc SeqspirTan, zaza
papuaSvilis makbeti, upirveles yovlisa, adamiania, yvelanairi adamianuri
gancdebiT. igi, rogorc adamiani, sCadis borotebas da am Cadenili
borotebisTvis adamianiviT isjeba. zaza papuaSvilis makbeti yoymanobs,
itanjeba, igi gadmoscems im rTul sulier mdgomareobas, romelsac makbeti
ganicdis. yvelaze sastiki ki am sulier WidilSi aris sindisis qenjna.
makbeti, erT dros mamaci mebrZoli, moazrovne da mosiyvarule adamiani,
sastik borotmoqmedad iqca. yvelaferi es ki, swored adamianuri
44 uruSaZe p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 9.
138
ampartavnebis Sedegia. gamarjvebebma, romlebic makbetma brZolebSi moipova,
daarwmuna imaSi, rom mas SeuZlia adamianebze batonoba, adamianebis marTva.
amitomac igi mzad aris ibrZolos Zalauflebis mosapoveblad, am gzaze ki
arafris winaSe ar daixevs ukan. yvela is sikeTe, rac mas adre gaaCnda,
axla sastik da damangrevel Zalad gardaiqmneba. makbets didi warmosaxvis
da fantaziis unari aqvs. es mkafiod vlindeba mis gamZafrebul
mgrZnobelobaSi. mas SeuZlia dainaxos is, rac sxvebisTvis uxilavia.
swored es exmareba Tavisi sastiki borotmoqmedebebis ganxorcielebaSi.
banqos da makdufis ojaxis mkvlelobebi zustad gaTvlili da dagegmili
aqvs. igi yuradRebiT adevnebs Tvals Canafiqris ganxorcielebas, erT
epizodSi ki Tavad axorcielebs e. w. `Sikrikis~ rols.
speqtaklSi makbeti da ledi makbeti Zalian Cqaroben. isini yvelafers
swrafad, impulsurad, nervulad, aRgznebulad akeTeben. maTi qmedebebi
TiTqos deformirebulic ki aris. maTi sasiyvarulo scenebic ki TiTqos
ormxrivi seqsualuri Zaladobaa. swored siyvarulia maTi borotebis
yvelaze ufro sulisCamdgmeli da, imavdroulad, qmediTi Zala. Tanac
siyvaruli mTeli Tavisi arsiTa da gamovlinebebiT. robert sturuam
erTgan aRniSna, rom makbeti Seqspiris `romeo da julietas~ erTgvari
transformirebuli gagrZelebaa. ai, raSi SeiZleboda gadazrdiliyo maTi
siyvaruli, rogorebad SeiZleba qceuliyvnen romeo da julieta. boroteba
da siyvaruli aq erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTula. siyvaruli kvebavs borotebas
da piriqiT, boroteba raRac gansakuTrebul simwvaves aniWebs maT
siyvaruls. bedis ironia is aris, rom es siyvaruli borotebisaTvis
micemuli droiT Semoifargleba. swored boroteba aniWebs am siyvaruls
simwvaves da gznebas. makbeti da ledi makbeti e. w. idealuri wyvilia. isini
WeSmaritad `erT xorc da erT sul~ arian. maT usityvod esmiT erTmaneTis,
gumaniT xvdebian erTmaneTis sanukvar miswrafebebs. robert sturuam da
qoreografma gia marRaniam am wyvilis araCveulebrivi plastikuri naxazi
Seqmnes, scenaze gaacocxles maTi ucnauri da tragikuli siyvaruli.
reJisorma da qoreografma msaxiobebTan erTad SeZles SeeqmnaT mZafri,
eqspresiiT aRsavse plastikuri naxazi. maTi vneba da sulieri erTianoba
yvelaze mZafrad mefe dunkanis mkvlelobis Rames gamovlinda maTi
139
sisxliani xelebis SeerTebaSi. Semdgom am wyvils aseTi vnebiani Rame aRar
eqnebaT... finalSi am udidesi grZnobis mxolod namsxvrevebiRa rCeba. ledi
makbeti cdilobs xelebidan uxilavi sisxlis moSorebas, igi esaubreba
makbets, romelsac mxolod Tavad xedavs, ealerseba, amSvidebs da Tan
cdilobs raRac gaixsenos, raRac moZebnos. bolos aRmoaCens makbetis
werils, romelSiac igi kudianebTan Sexvedris ambavs mouTxrobs. ledi
makbeti nakuwebad aqcevs am werils. am aqtiT mas surs xazi gadausvas
yvelafers, rac moxda. mas unda yvelaferi Tavidan daiwyos, magram axla
aRar surs im borotebebis Cadena, romlebic man da misma meuRlem Caidines.
`speqtaklis namdvili gmiri ledi makbetia. igi reJisoris mier
araorazrovnad win wamoweulia.... ledi makbeti (nino kasraZe) Tavisi
pirovnuli mimzidvelobiT borotebis unazesi da umSvenieresi
gansaxierebaa. rogorc makbeti itanjeba hamletiseuli meryeobiT, aseve
ledi makbeti ofelias xvedrs iziarebs. Tu gamocdas ver gauZlo, is
SeiSleba da daasrulebs sicocxles... meoTxe jadoqrad. Tumca ara,
rogorc pirveli ledi. axali samoselic ki im sameuli jadoqrisgan
ergeba~.45
speqtaklSi sinamdvile da irealoba erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli. am
xerxiTvea dadgmuli makdufis colis (lela alibegaSvili) da Svilis
(daviT iaSvili) mkvlelobis scena. es epizodi Tavisi plastikiTa da
emociuri zegavleniT isea awyobili, rom swored am or _ realur da
irealur, sinamdvilisa da koSmaruli zmanebis mijnaze aRiqmeba. irgvliv
sibnelea. mxolod mkrTali sinaTlis Suqi gamoyofs saxeebs. maT win
saSineli Savi ormoa. teqsti `moRalate mamebis~ Sesaxeb msaxiobebis mier
meqanikurad, yovelgvari emociis gareSe warmoiTqmeba. maTi yuradReba
mipyrobilia im Semzaravi siCumisaken, romelic aseve Semzaravi Zalis
moaxloebis momaswavebelia. ukan, scenis siRrmeSi, makbetis Savi silueti
moCans lurj burusSi gaxveuli. ai, scena naTdeba, makbeti uaxlovdeba
deda-Svils da makdufis Sikrikad moaCvenebs maT Tavs. eubneba, male 45gulCenko v. makbetis gamarTleba, an suitis saqebari sityva. J.. `Teatri da cxovreba~,
1996. #5-6. gv. 66.
140
moSordnen aqaurobas da scenaze mkvlelebic gamoCndebian. mkvlelebi (l.
gafrindaSvili, t. saraliZe) reJisorma kabares mocekvaveebis stilSi
warmoaCina. kabaresaTvis damaxasiaTebeli CacmulobiT, stekiT xelSi,
sacekvao ritmSi moZraoben, saxeze ki Rimili ar scildebaT. isini
mocekvavisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli msubuqi moZraobebiT klaven banqos da
Semdgom makdufis col-Svils _ adamianis mkvleloba xom makbetis mier
dadgmul sanaxaobad aris qceuli. makdufis col-Svilis mkvleloba
reJisorma regTaimis fonze ganaxorcielebina mkvlelebs. mkvlelobebis
warmoCenam aseT, erTi SexedviT TiTqosda, msubuq, ironizirebul formaSi,
kidev ufro meti simZafre da Semzaraoba SesZina maT. aseTi scenebiT,
sxvadasxva detalebze aqcentirebiT, reJisori speqtaklSi qmnis adamianis
damTrgunvel, adamianis aRqmisTvis SemaZrwunebel atmosferos.
Teatrmcodne paola uruSaZe robert sturuas da zaza papuaSvilis
makbets uwodebs `reJisors~, romelic garedan adevnebs Tvalyurs Tavis
`dadgmebs~. `misi udidesi warmosaxvisa da fantaziis unari, poeturi
saxeebiTa da metaforebiT azrovnebis niWi, romlis badali Seqspirs arc
erTi misi gmirisTvis ar uboZebia. makbetis Sinagani bunebis es mxare
scenaze vlindeba ara marto mis gamZafrebul mgrZnobelobaSi, mis unarSi
dainaxos is, rac sxvebisTvis uxilavia, aramed imaSic, Tu rogori
STagonebiT `dgams~ igi Tavis borotmoqmedebebs~.46
reJisor robert sturuas saTeatro enas axasiaTebs erTdroulad
ramdenime moqmedebis gaSla scenaze. ase xdeba `makbetSic~. sakmarisia,
gavixsenoT epizodi, rodesac scenis erT mxares malkolmi (Temiko WiWinaZe)
da misi momxreebi makbetis winaaRmdeg, misTvis samagieros gadasaxdelad,
SeTqmulebas amzadeben, xolo scenis meore mxares SeSinebuli, sindisis
qenjniT gawamebuli ledi makbetis sasikvdilo agonia TamaSdeba.
reJisorma da mxatvarma `makbetSi~ iseTi scenuri atmosfero Seqmnes,
sadac dro gansazRvruli ar aris. zeviT ukve aRvniSne, rom scena
mogvagonebs sardafs an bunkers, Tavisi CaSavebuli kedlebiT da
gaSiSvlebuli sakomunikacio sistemebiT. alag-alag am usaxur garemocvas
46 uruSaZe p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 9-10.
141
mimobneuli sisxlisferi laqebi avsebs. swored, aq, am atmosferoSi,
SeiZleba kudianebis dabadeba. nagvis grovidan, romelzedac gamWvirvale
celofania gadafarebuli, aRmocendebian gaugebari sqesis, ucnaur samosSi
gamowyobil arsebebi. swored es ucnauri, jojo arsebebi wamosweven
makbetis idumal zraxvebs, sxva adamianebze batonobis, Zalauflebis
mopovebis usazRvro survils. alqajebTan Sexvedra makbets gaumyarebs
miznis miRwevis wadils da imavdroulad erT-erTi kudianis mier micemuli
`mezRvauris ceri~, romelsac kiserze Camoikidebs, daarwmunebs, rom igi
dausjeli darCeba. Semdgom es metafora, transformirebuli saxiT, mTel
speqtaklSi povebs gagrZelebas. laparakia moqmed pirTa e. w. `boroti
xelebis~ aqcentirebaze. zogierT scenaSi swored xelebi amxelen gmirTa
zraxvebs. magaliTad, ledi makbetisaTvis speqtaklis dasawyisSi xelebi
misi survilebis yvelaze erTguli Semsruleblebi arian, bolosken ki es
xelebi mtrebad iqcevian. swored am xelebSia ledi makbetisTvis raRac
Semzaravi. aseve, speqtaklis pirvel scenebSi makbetis mzera yvelaze
xSirad xelebisken aris mimarTuli. igi xSirad gakvirvebuli uyurebs Tavis
xelebs, TiTqos ukvirs, Tu ras sCadian misi xelebi. makbetis xelebi ki isev
da isev axorcieleben borotebas, makbetis mzeridan ki TandaTan qreba
gaoceba da SiSi, maT Soris gaugebroba aRar arsebobs.
mZime da sulis SemZvrelia `makbetis~ finali. Zalian efeqturad aris
dadgmuli makbetis `cad amaRlebis~ scena. reJisorma mokluli makbeti
savarZelSi Casva da ase savarZlianad adis igi maRla. makbeti yvelam
miatova, igi martoa. makbeti Tavdauzogavad ibrZvis. mas gars Semoexvevian
SavebSi Cacmuli mowinaaRmdegeebi. mayurebeli mxolod imas xedavs, Tu ra
gametebiT urtyams mas maxvils makdufi (m. qvriviSvili). am masidan
amovardeba makbetis mokveTili Tavi. makbetis nacvlad taxtze kanonieri
memkvidre malkolmi adis (Temiko WiWinaZe). mis mSvidobian, humanur
dapirebebs ironiuli RimiliT usmenda d. iaSvilis gmiri, romelic
speqtaklSi sam rols asaxierebda: mefe dunkanis umcros vaJs, donalbens,
banqos vaJs, fleanss da makdufis vaJs. samive personaJi garegnulad
erTnairia. am sami axlagazrdis saxiT igi mTel Taobas ganasaxierebda.
142
finalur scenamde banqo (levan berikaSvili) Tavis vaJs burTs eTamaSeboda.
mama Svils ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis sastik, sisxlian TamaSSi iTrevs. d.
iaSvilis gmiric xalisiT dgeboda karSi, raTa mamis mier dartymuli
burTi moegeriebina. ufrosebi sakuTari TamaSis wesebs sTavazoben da Tavs
axveven momaval Taobas.
finalSi scenaze gamodioda mokluli makbeti. igi patara fleanss,
alqajebma mefoba rom uwinaswarmetyveles, gamoiwvevda burTis saTamaSod.
makbeti burTis nacvlad sakuTar, butaforiul mokveTil Tavs debda Zirs
da ukan ixevda burTis dasartymelad. d. iaSvilis fleansi, azarts
ayolili, swrafad garboda da warmosaxviT karSi ikavebda adgils, mas ar
afrTxobda is, rom burTis magier mokveTili TaviT unda iTamaSon. igi
iRebs ufrosebis mier SemoTavazebuli sisxliani TamaSis pirobebs,
vinaidan Tavadac am samyaros Svilia. makbetis mokveTili Tavi, romelic
SiSis zars scemda, axla saTamaSo sagnad aris qceuli. speqtaklis
damagvirgvinebeli akordi ki makbetis mier ledi makbetis danTebuli
sanTlis sulisSeberviT Caqroba iyo, ris Semdegac scenaze ukuneTi
sibnele daisadgurebda.
`momakvdavi da mkvdreTiT aRmdgari gmiri sturuas Teatris ukve
Cveuli personaJia. aseTi gmiri an TviTon `aRsdgeba~, rogorc `meored
mosuli~ yvaryvare, an misi saqmis gamgrZelebelSi `cocxldeba~ (hitleri
`asergasis dRe~; riCardi). `makbetSi~, Slis ra zRvars sikvdilsa da
sicocxles Soris, reJisori pirvelad Tavis Seqspirul praqtikaSi,
samyaros gadarCenis imeds aRuZravs mayurebels, imeds imisa, rom kudianebis
mier danapirebi `zRvaris waSla~ SeiZleba ver Sedges...~.47
is, rom samyaros gadarCena SesaZlebelia, speqtaklis sivrceSic
SeigrZnoboda. es sivrce ar warmoadgenda mxolod usaxur bunkersa Tu
sardafs, sadac adamianebi erTmaneTis sawameblad arian movlenilni. scenis
sivrcis miRma, reJisoris CanafiqriT, uxilavi Ramea, romelic mkvdreTiT
aRmdgar mefe dunkans moajadovebs. iqvea buneba, romelsac mzeras ver
swyvetda sikvdilis win banqo. iqidanve ismoda eklesiis zarebis rekvac.
47 uruSaZe p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 13-14.
143
scenaze Camowolili celofnis Rrubelic adamianis qmedebebiT ganicdida
metamorfozas. is, rac scenaze xdeboda, TiTqos airekleboda masSi. xan
sisxliT, xan ki naRveliT iJRinTeboda. raRac momentebSi, TiTqos
moiqufreboda da mZimed daawveboda scenas, Semdgom ki Secbunebuli
ikumSeboda. masSi TiTqos Cvengan damaluli sicocxle arsebobas
ganagrZobda. aqac kidev erTxel xazgasmulia realurisa da moCvenebiTis,
sizmriseulisa da sinamdvilis erTmaneTSi aRreva. am aRreulobisagan,
realoba-irealobisagan speqtaklSi gmirebs sikvdilic ki ver ixsnis:
dunkani, banqo, ledi makbeti da TviT makbetic sikvdilis Semdegac
gaorebulni arian, raRac momentebSi isev ubrundebian saaqaos, da mainc,
romeli samyaroa am ors Soris realuri? kiTxvaze, romelic mayurebels
ebadeba, Tavad mayurebelma unda gasces pasuxi, vinaidan reJisori ar
cdilobs am kiTxvaze konkretuli pasuxis gacemas.
adamianis sulis gadarCenis an sabolood daRupvis globaluri
problemis gadawyvetaSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, `Svilebic~ monawileoben,
reJisorma am `Svilebis~ e. w krebiTi saxe Seqmna. speqtaklSi aqcentirebuli
iyo, rom es `Svilebi~ Tavidanve wigniT xelSi Cndebian. am xerxiT
reJisorma gviCvena, rom SesaZlebelia biWi Seqspiris `makbets~ kiTxulobs
da yvelaferi is, rac scenaze xdeba, misi warmosaxvis, misi fantaziis
nayofia. Teatrmcodne paola uruSaZe erTgvar asociacias xedavs Seqspiris
hamletTan.
`yvelaze mkafiod hamletis Tema ikiTxeba donalbenSi, mefe dunkanis
umcros vaJiSvilSi, istoriuli makbetis ZmiswulSi... Cveuli JestiT igi
wigns Slis, raTa mounaxos axsna ufrosTa keTilSobilebiT aRsavse
sityvebs da maT uRirs qmedebebs Soris aSkara Seusabamobas da rom ver
monaxavs, igi farad damcinav sicils moiSveliebs, SemdgomSi ki arc
masxaraobas Takilobs, arc ukmex, zogjer cinikur sicils _ yvela drois
hamletebis Tavdacvis Cveul atributikas...~.48
mamis mkvleloba donalbens wigns gverdze gadaadebinebda da xelSi
xanjals aaRebinebda, yoymanis Semdeg ki gaqcevas amjobinebda.
48 uruSaZe p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 14.
144
fleansisaTvis banqo mxolod mama ar iyo. igi iyo misi uaxloesi megobari,
simamacis da keTilSobilebis gansaxiereba. speqtaklis bolos ki
donalbeni da fleansi sivardSi erTiandebodnen. swored sivardi
aRmarTavda pirveli xels makbetze. yvela axalgazrda masSia
gaerTianebuli. TeTri perangis amaras xelSi isev wigni eWira, gulSi ki
mamis qurTuki hqonda Caxutebuli. igi avanscenaze dgeboda, xolo mis
zurgs ukan `ufrosebi~ makbets klavdnen samarTlianobis aRsadgenad.
speqtaklis finalSi donalbeni `aRmdgari~ makbetis win idga. igi
TiTqos mzad iyo makbetis mier dagegmil TamaSSi CasarTvelad. makbetis
fexebTan TeTri, burTis formis sagani ido, mokveTili Tavebis metafora,
romliTac araerTxel uTamaSiaT. donalbenic idga da mouTmenlad eloda
burTis (mokveTili Tavis) miRebas, magram mokveTili TavebiT, adamianTa
sicocxliT TamaSs Tavad makbeti asrulebda. burTi adgilze rCeboda.
reJisori aq wertils svamda. robert sturua TiTqos gveubneboda: siave,
boroteba aRar gagrZeldeba.
rogorc geneboT anu Sobis meTormete Rame
robert sturuam Seqspiris komedia `rogorc geneboT anu Sobis
meTormete Rame~ rusTavelis TeatrSi 2001 wels ganaxorciela.
Seqspirologebis azriT, es aris `hamletamde~ dawerili Seqspiris pirveli
periodis bolo mxiaruli komedia. Seqspirisdroindel inglisSi Sobis
meTormete Rame Sobis Semdgomi, zamTris dResaswaulebis dasasruli
gaxldaT, am meTormete Rames naTlobis Ramesac uwodeben. amboben, rom
Seqspirma pirvelad es piesa mayureblis winaSe swored am meTormete dRes
145
iTamaSa. es aris mxiaruli, raRac TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba, cinikuri,
`situaciebis komedia~. robert sturuas interpretaciiT komedia
rusTavelis Teatris scenaze tragifarsad iqca. warmodgena ironiiT,
sevdiT, xumrobebiT da imavdroulad udidesi sevdiT aris savse. piesa
xelaxla Targmnes robert sturuam da lili fofxaZem da speqtaklis
koncefcias moarges. garda amisa, warmodgenaSi reJisorma komediis
msvlelobaSi CarTo saxarebis siuJetebi, paraleluri scenebi, erTimeoreSi
moulodnelad gadadis. bolo periodSi dadgmul speqtaklebSi sturuas
TiTqos aRar ainteresebs adamiani-personaJebis piradi, wvrilmani
problemebi. igi adamians TiTqos ufro maRal kosmiur ganzomilebaSi
xedavs da klasikur piesebTan mimarTebiT, erTi SexedviT, sruliad
moulodnel istoriebs gadaxlarTavs xolme. ase moxda am SemTxvevaSic,
rodesac `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rames~ Caaqsova saxarebis
epizodebi. speqtakli iwyeba qristes SobiT da mTavrdeba golgoTiT,
jvarcmiT. reJisoris mier SemoTavazebuli mxatvruli xerxi _ adamianTa
codvebisaTvis jvarcmuli qristes cxovrebis Cveneba vnebebiT aRsavse
codvilTa fuWi cxovrebiseuli oromtrialis fonze _ komediis intrigas
srulebiT ar amZimebs. am xerxiT robert sturuam komediis siuJeti sul
sxva rakursiT, sxva mxridan daanaxa mayurebels.
robert sturua postmodernisti xelovania. aqedan gamomdinare, igi
sazrdoobs sxvadasxva epoqis kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mimdinareobebiT da kravs maT erT mTlianobaSi. robert sturuas
sareJisoro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva Teatraluri Janrisa Tu
mimarTulebis erT speqtaklSi gaerTianeba. gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT es
gamoCnda `meTormete RameSi~. aq, am speqtaklSi, Suasaukneebis Teatridan
dawyebuli, yvela Janrs amoicnobT: liturgikul dramas, mirakls,
misterias, farss, pastorals, `komedia delartes~ msgavs bufonadas...
reJisorisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Janruli, gamiznuli ekleqtika, SeiZleba
iTqvas, polistilistika am speqtaklSic erT mTlianobaSia Sekruli.
scenuri xelovnebis magiuri mimzidvelobis saidumloeba Zneli
amosaxsnelia. gansakuTrebiT Znelia, rodesac uyureb robert sturuas
momnusxvel, karnavalur speqtaklebs, romelTa zemoqmedeba mayurebelze
146
SeiZleba SevadaroT federiko felinis filmebs. sturuas speqtaklebi,
iseve rogorc felinis filmebi, erTdroulad aris karnavaluri,
sanaxaobiTi, mxiaruli, sevdiani, Rrma filosofiuri azriT gamsWvaluli,
romelTa miRma arsebobs uzarmazari Seucnobadi samyaro. varskvlavebiT da
angelozebiT moWedili ca `meTormete RameSi~ _ kosmosis aRmniSvneli
simbolo _ erTdroulad gizidavs da Tanac gaxsenebs, Tu ramdenad
daSorebulia Cveulebrivi mokvdavi irealur samyaros. scenaze ki TamaSdeba
adamianuri vnebebiT aRsavse tragi-komedia, codvilTa sevdis momgvreli
karnavali.
Seqspiris am komediisagan, adre, albaT, arasodes Seqmnila ase
filosofiurad gajerebuli, sasacilo da amave dros tragizmiT aRsavse
speqtakli. mayurebeli keTilganwyobili xarxariT ajildoebs malvolios
(zaza papuaSvili) yovel sabaleto pas da idiotiviT dakreWil kbilebs,
mTrTolvare grafinia olivias (lela alibegaSvili) sasiyvarulo
SeSlilobas da zigzagisebur siaruls, agreTve eqscentrulobas misi
moaxle qalisa (nanuka xuskivaZe), wiTuri takimasxarisa, patara CiraRdnisa,
romlis wiaRidan ismis kapasi wripina xma.
speqtakli, iliriis, Seyvarebuli hercog orsinos monologis
nacvlad, iwyeba Suasaukuneebis stilizebuli misteriiT _ `xarebis~
epizodiT. ufro sworad, jer mariamis `dawindvis~ scenaa. iwyeba speqtakli
da mayureblis Tvalwin ulamazesi sanaxaoba iSleba (mxatvari gogi aleqsi-
mesxiSvili). scenografia ar aris gadatvirTuli dekoraciebiT. scenaze
daqanebuli samkuTxa sibrtyea, romelzedac TeTri tiloa gadaWimuli.
scenis siRrmeSi, ukana kedelze varskvlavebiT moWedili ca moCans.
samkuTxa sibrtyis kideebSi TeTri, sakraluri kravebi da sxvadasxva feris
buStebi aris ganlagebuli. scenis SuagulSi Camokidebulia TeTri
tiloebi, romlebic ialqniani gemis da zRvis asociacias badeben
mayurebelSi. scena naxevrad Cabnelebulia, ufro sworad, mkrTalad aris
ganaTebuli. scenaze mariami da iosebi dganan. iosebi mariams dawindavs.
amis Semdeg scenis siRrmeSi sami angelozi Cndeba, romlebic amcnoben
mayurebels mariamTan mTavarangeloz gabrielis gamocxadebas, da rom,
147
masze suliwminda gadmovida da Ze RvTisa SeeZineba. zevidan nel-nela
eSveba mTavarangelozi da mariams axarebs RvTismSoblobas.
mayurebels uCndeba kiTxva, ratom gadaxlarTa reJisorma saxarebis
siuJetebi Seqspiris am komediasTan. SeiZleba es Tavad piesis saTauridan
gamomdinareobs. robert sturuas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi surda siuJetebis
ganxorcieleba saxarebidan. `meTormete Ramem~ amis saSualeba misca. Sobis
meTormete Rames sxvadasxva saxis gasarTobebs da xumrobebs igonebdnen da
gaiTamaSebdnen xolme da ratomac ar SeiZleba amas yvelafers daematos
siuJetebi saxarebidan? robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia tragedias Sexedos ironiulad, tragediis scenaze
ganxorcielebisas Caaqsovos komikuri elementebi, mis gmirebs CamoaSoros
paTeturoba da dauaxloos isini dRevandelobas. mas agreTve ZaluZs
udardeli, `situaciebis komedia~ aqcios Rrma, filosofiuri datvirTvis
mqone tragi-farsad. ase moxda am dadgmaSic, rodesac msubuqi, mxiaruli
komedia Seazava saxarebis siuJetebiT. `xarebis~ epizodis Semdeg, iqve,
kostiumebis zezeurad gamocvliT, warmarTobidan qristianobaSi da piruku
gadaxtom-gadmoxtomiT (rac saerTod damaxasiaTebelia adamianis meryevi
bunebisaTvis), gmirebi eZeben TavianT siyvaruls, bednierebas, svamen,
mRerian, imedebs ebRauWebian, gegmebs awyoben, cuRlutoben, xan cirkis
msaxiobebs emsgavsebian, xan bawarze gamobmul marionetebs. robert sturuas
`meTormete Rame~ es aris `Teatri TeatrSi~. am cxovreba = TeatrSi,
cxovreba = balaganSi, adamiani-Tojinebis, adamiani-niRbebis, adamiani-
jambazebis balaganuri amaoebis miRma naTlad Cans sxva, kerZod ki,
ganwiruli adamianis gancdebi.
`meTormete Ramis~ karnavalur-misteriuli Tu farsul-mirakluri
samyaro, sadac personaJebi xan zesknelidan gvevlinebian angelozis
uzarmazari TeTri frTebiT (am frTebs, zogjer, miwier adamianebsac
aTxoveben xolme) xan qvesknelSi eSvebian da ise qrebian, rogorc zRvis
talRa qviSaSi (lurji abreSumis priala qsovili wyaros wylis
simsubuqiT Caiwriteba da gaqreba mSvenier violasTan erTad), xan ki,
piriqiT, saswaulebrivi Zala `iqidan~ aRmoacenebs xolme TvalismomWrel,
brWyviala naZvis xes, romlis irgvliv karnavals marTaven komediis gmirebi,
148
bibliuri personaJebi da, maT Soris is saxedaric, romelmac ierusalimSi
Seiyvana macxovari~.49
robert sturuam speqtaklSi saxarebidan CarTuli siuJetebi
warmoaCina, rogorc oliviaze (lela alibegaSvili) unugeSod Seyvarebuli
hercog orsinos (levan berikaSvili) sasaxlis karze TavSesaqcevad
gaTamaSebuli speqtakli-maskaradi. personaJebi xSirad mimarTaven zecas da
warmoTqvamen sityvebs `RmerTi~, `bediswera~. emorCilebian ra zemdgom
Zalas, isini ibrZvian siyvarulisTvis, ver itanen erTmaneTs, xlarTaven
intrigebs, uxariaT, itanjebian. scenaze SigadaSig erTgvari `taxtrevani~
moZraobs zevidan qveviT da piriqiT, romliTac mogzauroben saxarebis
personaJebad gadacmuli speqtaklis gmirebi. imavdroulad zogierTi
personaJi efeqturad amoZvreba miwidan, rogorc qvesknelidan da isev
eSveba masSi.
robert sturuam `meTormete RameSi~ Seqmna daxlarTuli, sabediswero
peripetiebi, romlebic Tavis morevSi iTreven speqtaklis yvela personaJs.
am xerxiT, eqstremaluri situaciebis SeqmniT, man moqmed pirTa uxilavi
mxareebi da maTSi momxdari metamorfozebi ufro naTlad warmoaCina.
speqtaklSi ostaturad aris gadaxlarTuli saxarebis siuJetebi
sasiyvarulo intrigebTan. am yvelafers ki efeqturobasTan erTad Tavisi
azrobrivi datvirTvac aqvs. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, speqtakli iwyeba
`xarebiT~, finali ki `golgoTis gza~ da qristes jvarcmaa. saxarebis
epizodebma, codvili adamianebisaTvis jvarcmuli qristes cxovrebiseuli
gzis Cvenebam, romlebic gadaxlarTulia piesis personaJebis cxovrebiseul
peripetiebSi, moulodneli rakursi mianiWa piesis siuJets.
`nu ganikiTxavT _ naTqvamia bibliaSi da aq ar ganikiTxaven, ar
Zraxaven codvebisa da cuRlutobisaTvis, Tavqariani da daufiqrebeli
qmedebebisaTvis. aq TiTqos Sen TavTan pirispir gtoveben, gibiZgeben ra im
azrisaken, rom RmerTi ki ara (yovel SemTxvevaSi, amqveyniur cxovrebaSi),
Tavada xar Seni Tavis msajuli~.50
49 gurabaniZe n. rogorc genebos, maria! J. `Teatri da cxovreba~. 2001. #2. gv. 9. 50 SurRaia n. ara mSvidobiT, maxvilad movel! J. `Teatri da cxovreba~. 2001.#2 gv. 5.
149
mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi bibliuri personaJebi kvlav da kvlav
mogvevlinebian scenaze da saRvTo werilis kvaldakval gviyvebian iesos
ambavs, dawyebuli dabadebidan, dasrulebuli jvarze gakvriT. es epizodebi
xSirad iWreba piesis siuJetis qsovilSi. sturua TiTqos cdilobs aCvenos
ori samyaros paraleluri arseboba ara marto scenaze, aramed Tavad
adamianSi. erTi realuri, miwieri arsebobaa, realuri samyaroa, meore ki _
metafizikuri _ sadac yvelafers Tavisi WeSmariti Rirebuleba aqvs.
adamianebs imdenad iTrevs amqveyniuri amaoeba, rom isini veRar amCneven,
veRar xedaven im sxva, sulier samyaros. robert sturuam speqtaklSi
gaaerTiana es xiluli da uxilavi samyaro. mayurebels kidev erTxel
mouwoda, SeCerdes, gamoeTiSos amqveyniur amaoebaTa-amaoebas, Caixedos
sakuTar sulSi da cotaxniT mainc dafiqrdes WeSmarit Rirebulebebze.
yvelafer amas ki xels uwyobs gogi aleqsi-mesxiSvilis sada, daxvewili,
efeqturi scenografia da gia yanCelis STambeWdavi musikaluri gaformeba.
mxatvrul gaformebaSi zedmiwevniT lakonuria ferTa gama. speqtaklSi
mTeli scena aris amoqmedebuli _ scenis maRla damagrebuli Zelebis,
saorkestro ormos, scenisa da darbazis gamyofi parapetis CaTvliT. scenis
siRrmeSi, ukana kedelze xan varskvlavebiT moWedili ca moCans
angelosebis gamosaxulebebiT, xan ki es ca qreba da scenaze rCeba samyaro,
rogorc uzarmazari, TeTri udabno. robert sturuas sxva speqtaklebis
msgavsad, am dadgmaSic mxatvrobis da musikis ena harmoniulad aris
Serwymuli reJisoris saTeatro, sareJisoro enasTan, rac mTlianobaSi
qmnis, araCveulebriv, sulis amaforiaqebel da dasafiqrebel sanaxaobas.
keTili iumori, ironiuli qveteqsti, nebismieri saxis aluziebi,
triukebi, oinebi, msaxiobTa TamaSisaTvis, improvizaciisaTvis Seqmnili
Tavisufleba ki ar cvlis, aramed piriqiT, amZafrebs movlenebis arss.
yvelaferi es ki gakeTebulia sanaxaobiTobis SerwymiT Rrma filosofiur
azrTan. robert sturuas speqtaklSi adamiani iwvevs mayureblis
TanagrZnobas. adamiani Tavad qmnis mis garSemo arsebul samyaros, avsebs da
alamazebs. reJisori ganwyobas da Sinagan mdgomareobas TiTqos arafrisgan
Txzavs, minimaluri dekoraciiT, ganaTebiT da gia yanCelis musikiT,
SigadaSig qoralis gamoyenebiT.
150
sturuas sxva speqtaklebis msgavsad am dadgmaSic ostaturad da
efeqturad aris Sesrulebuli sanaxaobiTi formebi. lurji atlasis naWeri,
romelic mayurebelSi zRvis asociacias iwvevs, SeiZleba violasTan (nino
kasraZe) erTad moulodnelad gaqres scenis xvrelSi (ormoSi, lukSi), amave
ormodan, aseve moulodnelad Cndebian scenaze jambazi, an herode.
efeqturia e. w. taxtrevniT saxarebis Tu piesis personaJebis atyorcna
zecisken da miwaze daSveba. yvelaferi es ki minimaluri dekoraciis
gamoyenebiT xdeba. reJisori TiTqos xazs usvams, rom am samyaroSi araferia
mudmivi, miTumetes, sagnebi. sagnebi sxvadasxvagvaria, maTi Secvla advilad
SeiZleba, WeSmariteba ki erTia da mudmivi.
`magram roca im ironiiTa da sevdiT, xumrobebiTa da udidesi
tkiviliT gamsWvaluli warmodgenis (sadac yvela Teatraluri Janrisa da
mimarTulebisaTvis moiZebna adgili), msaxiobTa STagonebuli TamaSiTa, Tu
speqtaklis uCveulo stiliT gamowveuli aRfrTovaneba odnav mainc
dacxreba, mixvdebiT, Tu ra TamaS-TamaSiT, iolad Segvityues speqtaklis
sivrceSi, WeSmaritebisaken mimaval gzaze rom gaveyvaneT, mis miRma ki
Seulamazeblad gamoCndeba adamiani iseTi, rogoric aris~.51
robert sturuas speqtaklSi, iseve rogorc piesaSi, moqmedeba
`zRaprul~ iliriaSi viTardeba. es aris samyaro, sadac Tavi mouyriaT
mbrZaneblebsa Tu qveSevrdomebs, brZen takimasxarebsa da sulel brZenebs,
e. w. raindebs, romlebsac raindobis araferi scxiaT, loTebs, romlebic
SigadaSig `brZnul~ gamonaTqvamebs wamoisvrian xolme. aq erTmaneTi uyvarT,
sZulT, erTmaneTs amasxaraveben. aq TiTqmis yvela personaJi Tavis patar-
patara speqtakls dgams, am speqtaklebis reJisorebi da Semsruleblebi ki
Tavad arian. speqtaklSi CarTul epizodebs saxarebidan, rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, oliviaSi unugeSod Seyvarebuli hercogi orsino dgams, raTa
guli gadaayolos. olivias ki Tavis samflobeloSi Zmis daRupvis gamo
gadaWarbebulad Teatralizebuli glova aqvs gamocxadebuli. gemis
boboqar zRvaSi daRupvis Semdeg gadarCenili viola cezariod moevlineba
51 SurRaia n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 3.
151
hercog orsinos, violas moaxle maria (nanuka xuskivaZe), masxara (goga
gvelesiani), violas loTi biZa ser tobi (guram saRaraZe) da `raindi~ ser
endru malvolios (zaza papuaSvili) gasamasxaravebel speqtakls dgamen,
Tavis speqtakls dgams TviT malvolioc... mokled, speqtaklSi yvela
sakuTar patara, TavSesaqcev maskarads dgams.
`dawindvisa~ da `xarebis~ epizodis Semdeg scena TandaTan naTdeba,
Sua scenaze lurji atlasis naWeria dafenili (SemdgomSi mayurebeli
xvdeba, rom es lurji atlasi zRvis simboloa), romlis qveSidan viola
gamoZvreba. viola dabneuli da ususuria, ar icis, sad moxvda, gaocebuli
iyureba aqeT-iqiT. masTan erTad aris masze uimedod Seyvarebuli kapitani
(Temiko WiWinaZe). rodesac viola gaarkvevs, Tu sad moxvda da imasac
Seityobs, rom iliriis mmarTveli erTob momxibvleli hercogi orsinoa,
gadawyvets mis karze samsaxuris dawyebas da orsinos gulis monadirebas.
hercogis karze samsaxuris dasawyebad ki mas mouwevs kacad gardaqmna.
viola lurj qsovilze dgeba da ormoSi Casrialdeba, TiTqos zRvis
talRam STanTqa. Semdeg scenaze Cndebian olivias msaxuri maria, viTomda
masxaras mxrebze Semdgari, buStiT xelSi. mariasac masxaras kostiumi
acvia, Tavze ki adevs pariki, romelic zRarbis eklebs mogvagonebs. es ori
personaJi TiTqos Sua saukuneebis `komedia del artes~ mxiaruli
bufonadidan mogvevlinnen. isini avanscenisken moemarTebian, erTmaneTs
emasxaravebian, Semdeg mayureblebs SeamCneven, Cerdebian da mayurebels Tavs
ukraven, gvamcnoben, rom warmodgena iwyeba da misi avtorebi ki isini arian.
nel-nela uaxlovdebian ormos, romelSic viola gauCinarda, jer SigniT
iWyitebian, mere ki, TiTqos TokebiT viRacas eqaCebian, Rrmulidan amodis
cezariod gadacmuli viola da iwyeba mis mier Cafiqrebuli speqtakli.
kapitanma is hercog orsinos karze unda waradginos. isini violas
Canafiqris mixedviT yvelaferze moilaparakeben da epizodi mTavrdeba
kapitnis sityvebiT; `ki batono, Tqven cvedani xarT da me ki munji~.
cezario-viola da kapitani scenidan SeTqmuli-gamarjvebulebis nabijebiT
miabijeben da gadian scenidan. scenaze maria, masxara da ser tobi Semodian,
ser tobi gorgolaWebze damagrebul did yanws moasrialebs ise, rogorc
patara bavSvebi asrialeben xolme Tokze mobmul usayvarles saTamaSoebs.
152
mariasa da ser tobis dialogidan mayurebeli igebs, rom olivias, Zmis
daRupvis gamo glova aqvs gamocxadebuli, xolo mxiarulebisa da smis
moyvaruli ser tobi am ambiT Zalian ukmayofiloa, _ vis gaugia aseTi
zRvargadasuli glovao, _ acxadebs ser tobi, yvelafers Tavis sazRvari
aqvso. maria ki mas gamousworebel beber loTs, uwodebs, Tanac ayvedris _
Seni bralia yvelaferi...
Seqspiris piesebSi masxarebs, pampulebs, enamaxvil adamianebs Tavisi
gansakuTrebuli niSa aqvT damkvidrebuli. am masxarebs mis sxvadasxva
piesebSi gansxvavebuli datvirTva aqvT, isini brZenni, filosofosebi,
cxovrebis av-kargianobaze mofiqrali personaJebi arian, zogjer ki
mxiaruli takimasxarebi, romlebic dResaswaulebriv-karnavalur, saxaliso
ganwyobilebas qmnian scenaze. swored aseTebad warmoaCina robert sturuam
maria, masxara da, nawilobriv, ser tobi da ser endru `Sobis meTormete
RameSi~.
`Seqspirs gansakuTrebiT uyvars Tavisi masxarebi, pampulebi,
enamaxvili angalebi, gamTamaSebelni, gadacemis ostatebi, isini misi
STamagonebeli moednisa da bazrobebis Teatris personaJebi arian,
dResaswaulebriv-karnavaluri, saxaliso ganwyobilebebis Semqmnelni,
romelTac sakuTari cxovreba daukargavT da mis povnas am saxaliso
zeimebSi an sxvaTa naklovanebebis komediur gaTamaSebaSi cdiloben~.52
robert sturuas speqtaklSi personaJebi cuRlutoben, sxvadasxva
oinebs sCadian, xandaxan daufiqreblad moqmedeben, rogorc Tavqarian
adamianebs sCveviaT, magram isini ar ganikiTxaven. adamiani am dadgmaSi
TanagrZnobas iwvevs. speqtaklSi mayurebels TiTqos sakuTar TavTan
pirispir toveben, rom Cafiqrdes sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul Rirebulebebze...
speqtaklSi waSlilia zRvari realursa da irealurs Soris. aq
yvelaferi dasaSvebia. qali kacad iqceva da SavebSi Cacmuli viola-
cezario, xan frTebiTa da xan ufrTebod, naTeli da keTilSobili arseba
Tanaarsebobs kuziani masxaras, Tu wiTelTmiani, maxinji marias cinizmTan,
romelic amave dros WeSmaritebad qceuli sisulelea. aqve arian cxovrebis
52 gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 10.
153
azrdakarguli raindi ser endru (zurab Saria) da loTobaSi am cxovrebis
azris maZiebeli ser tobi (guram saRaraZe). robert sturuam speqtaklis
msvlelobisas isini raRac momentebSi gamofituli papiemaSes Tojinebad
warmogvidgina. siuJeturi realiebi dadgmisaTvis mxolod mizezia imisa,
rom warmoaCinos Cveni arsebobis sxva mxare. mayurebeli amas sabolood
finalSi xvdeba. manamde ki gafacicebiT adevnebs Tvalyurs iliriaSi
mcxovreb adamianTa amwuTier, moCvenebiT garegnul yofas.
mayureblis winaSe mSvenieri iliriaa _ varskvlavebiTa da
angelozebiT moxatuli ca. aqeT-iqiT mimobneuli amaRelvebeli saaRdgomo
kravebiT da nairferadi buStebiT. ukidegano TeTri sivrciT, romelzec
drogamoSvebiT cisferi zRva airekleba, masze moSriale romantikuli
TeTri afrebiT. sxvadasxvagvarad morTul-mokazmulia am qveynis binadarTa
lamazi samosi. maTi metyveleba da plastikac Taviseburi da uCveuloa.
amasTanave, mayureblisTvis nacnobi da axlobelia maTi survilebi, vnebebi,
intrigebi, tkivili, sixaruli... levan berikaSvilis hercog orsinos
oliviasgan uaryofili siyvarulic yvelas dasanaxad gamotanili grZnobaa.
esec TiTqos mis TavSesaqcevad gamogonili erT-erTi TamaSia. levan
berikaSvili ganasaxierebs qaliviT mgrZnobiare naz Seyvarebuls,
mozRvavebuli grZnobebisagan gulic ki SeiZleba wauvides. mas uyvars
olivia, magram amave dros izidavs cezariod gadacmuli viola. igi TiTqos
Sinaganad, gumaniT grZnobs, rom cezario sinamdvileSi qalia. erT epizodSi
orsino da cezario ealersebian kidec erTmaneTs. aseve, sxvebis dasanaxad
TamaSobs olivia daRupuli Zmis zRvargadasul glovas. lela
alibegaSvilis olivia xan melanqoliuria, xan Wirveuli, xolo rodesac
moulodneli siyvaruli daatydeba Tavs, igi am erTgvarad gaqvavebul
monotonur garegnul garss gaarRvevs da gaafTrebuli iwyebs brZolas am
siyvarulis mosapoveblad. olivia TiTqos cdilobs ZaZebSi damalos Tavisi
dauokebeli vnebebi. magram, rogorc ki viola-cezario gamoCndeba mis
cxovrebaSi, es vnebebi gaarRvevs mis garegnulad mkacr pozas, raRac
momentSi igi muSts icems gulSi, raTa siyvaruliT mZlavrad aZgerebuli
daaokos da daaSoSminos. olivias uimedo siyvaruli mayurebelSi
sibralulisa da TanagrZnobis magier sicils iwvevs, radganac es
154
siyvaruli, sinamdvileSi qalisadmi mimarTuli, absurduli da komikuria.
garegnuli da Sinagani pompezurobis magaliTia zurab Sarias ser endru, e.
w. raindi, romelic sinamdvileSi TagviviT mSiSaraa. robert sturuam
sxvebTan erTad speqtaklSi Semoitana herodes personaJi. baCi leJavas
herode _ mosulelo, nayrovanebas gadayolili, wingamogdebuli `RipiT~,
Senelebuli moZraobebiT, idiotis STabeWdilebas tovebs. reJisorma igi
adamianis da imperiis msxvrevisa da gaxrwnis simbolod warmoaCina.
bedisweram swored am samyaroSi gadmoisrola cxovrebis gzaze
axalfexSedgmuli, gamoucdeli, sufTa da gulwrfeli viola. nino kasraZis
violaSi Zlieria momavlis rwmena, amitomac mas sjera, rom misi
tyupiscali sebastiano (daTo gociriZe) gangebam masaviT gadaarCina
boboqar zRvaSi daRupvas. vinaidan nino kasraZis violas warmoudgenlad
miaCnia, rom am saocar da mSvenier samyaroSi SeiZleba arsebobdes
mwuxareba, Seityobs Tu ara kapitnisgan, rom iliriis mmarTveli
ubrwyinvalesi hercogi orsinoa, maSinve gadawyvets mis karze samsaxurs da,
Tu SeZlebs, misi gulis monadirebasac. hercogis karze samsaxuris
misaRebad ki iZulebulia mamakacis samosSi gamoewyos. nino kasraZisaTvis
pirveli ar gaxlavT aseTi saxis metamorfoza (kacad gadacmas
vgulisxmobT). aseTi gamocdileba man jer kidev sadebiuto rolSi miiRo,
rodesac iTamaSa keTili Sen te da boroti Sui ta robert sturuas
speqtaklSi `seCuaneli keTili adamiani~. misi cezario garegnuli manerebiT
da plastikiT Sui tas, xolo Sinagani bunebiT Sen tes mogvagonebs. es
Serwyma mSvenivrad gamouvida nino kasraZes. igi zedmiwevniT kargad flobs
stils, mis TamaSSi aris faqizi emociurobac. swored nino kasraZis
violaSi yvelaze metad SeigrZnoba im sxva samyaros arseboba da masTan
miaxloebis cda.
es daxlarTuli peripetiebis morevi speqtaklis danarCen gmirebsac
CaiTrevs. eqstremaluri situaciebi ki personaJTa uxilav mxareebs
gamoavlens, warmoaCens maTSi im metamorfozebs, romlebic am situaciebma
gamoiwvies.
robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia piesaSi
aqcentebis gadaadgileba. speqtaklSi _ `rogorc geneboT anu Sobis
155
meTormete Rame~ _ reJisorma aqcentebi iseTnairad Secvala, rom moqmedebis
mTavari da mamoZravebeli gmirebi: malvolio_zaza papuaSvili, maria_nanuka
xuskivaZe, masxara_goga gvelesiani da ser tobi_guram saRaraZe arian.
ser tobi belCi guram saRaraZis SesrulebiT usargeblo yofisa da
siberisagan Tavis dasaRwevad xsnas Rvinosa da sxvadasxva saxis garTobaSi
eZebs. amis xazgasasmelad reJisorma scenaze pirveli gamoCenisas igi
gorgolaWebze damagrebuli, Tokze gamobmuli yanwiT warmoaCina. es
gaxlavT renesansuli personaJi, romlisTvisac ucxo ar aris cxovrebaze
`filosofiuri~ msjelobebi, romelsac sxva araferi darCenia, garda imisa,
rom cxovreba arcTu ise uwyinari xumrobebiT gaixalisos. ser tobi
cdilobs Tavisi loToba gaamarTlos da ambobs: `es qveyana fxizelma
xalxma daangria~. igi mayureblis Tvalwin TandaTan gardaiqmneba wvrilman
gaiZverad. misi pirveli msxverpli ser endru egiuCikia, romelsac ser tobi
Tavisi diswulis, olivias, xels pirdeba, amis sanacvlod ki cdilobs, rac
SeiZleba meti fuli dascinclos zRvargadasul RreobebSi dasaxarjad.
swored igi ubiZgebs Tavis megobar-Tanameinaxeebs malvolios winaaRmdeg
`SeTqmulebis~ mowyobas. speqtaklSi ser tobi da ser endru ganuyreli
wyvilia. robert sturuam maTi arsis gamosavlenad raRac momentebSi isini
marionetebis msgavs arsebebad warmoaCina. saorkestro ormodan
amoizrdebian ser tobis da ser endrus sxeulebi da marionetebiviT,
arabunebrivad moZraoben, TiTqos maT viRac marTavs, aTamaSebs. am
epizodebSi, maTi xma firzea Cawerili. maTi dialogi filosofianarevi
absurdia. `Tu gvianobamde ar daiZine, aRar daiZino, adre adgomaSi
CageTvleba. adre adgoma ki janmrTelobis sawindaria~. anda: `Tu guliT
ginda, SeuZlebels umegobrodac SeZleb~, an, `siyvaruli gaqra, ocnebebi _
daasamares~, an kidev, `Cveni cxovrebis arsia Wama da sma, sma da Wama~. ra
SeiZleba mosTxovo am marionetebad qceul adamianebs, romelTa cxovrebis
arsi absurdamdea dayvanili.
robert sturuas da nanuka xuskivaZis maria `komedia del artes~
groteskuli personaJia. biWurad Cacmuli, wiTeli atlasis pantalonebSi
da bzinvare mosacmelSi gamowyobili, romelsac Tavs zRarbisebri pariki
umSvenebs. misi moZraobebi eqscentrikulia, musikis ritmze agebuli mkveTri,
156
xazgasmulad Teatraluri qmedebebiT, SigadaSig ucnauri wamoZaxilebiT.
erTi SexedviT, es roli TiTqos mTlianad garegnul efeqtebzea agebuli.
nanuka xuskivaZem rolis am garegnul formas adamianuri siTbo da azri
SesZina. igi ar gaxlavT komikuri Tojina _ marioneti, aramed mxiaruli,
cocxali masxaraa. maria srulebiTac ar fiqrobs, rom mis mier
gaTamaSebul intrigas aseTi Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves. `me, batono, yoveli
TiTis wverze, TiTo xumroba maqvso~ _ ambobs maria. marTlac, marias xelT
upyria intrigis Zafi. swored misi ideaa olivias msgavsi xelweriT
malvoliosaTvis sasiyvarulo werilis miwera. formis simkveTriTa da
xasiaTis cxovelmyofelobiT nanuka xuskivaZis maria bunebrivad erwymis
robert sturuas, am speqtaklSi SemoTavazebul, karnavalur stils.
reJisoris mier msaxiobisTvis SeTavazebuli farsul-groteskuli forma
nanuka xuskivaZis SesrulebiT ki ar anelebs, aramed amZafrebs efeqturobas.
swored marias mier mofiqrebuli intrigis meSveobiT xdeba malvolios
provocireba da misi ampartavneba saerTo TavSesaqcev komediad iqceva.
`sasiyvarulo werilis~ wakiTxvis Semdeg saxecvlili malvolio _ zaza
papuaSvilis yoveli gamoCena sul sxva, komikurobiT da, raRac
TvalsazrisiT, tragizmiT aRsavse atmosferos qmnis scenaze. marias muqara
_ `Tu eg qveynis sasacilo ar gavxade, maSin neba gaqvT ifiqroT, rom
loginSi gamarTulad wola ar SemZlebiao~ _ zedmiwevniT aRsrulda. aseT
Sedegs Tavad `SeTqmulebic~ ki ar elodnen. maria speqtaklSi uaRresad
mniSvnelovani funqciis matarebelia. amas kargad grZnobs msaxiobi da
reJisoris mier dasmul amocanas mSvenivrad arTmevs Tavs. intrigis
CaxlarTvaSi mas partniorobas uwevs goga gvelesianis _ brZeni, cinikuri,
bedisagan daCagruli, garegnulad kuziani _ masxara. misi `sisulele xom
mzesaviTaa da Tavs dastrialebs dedamiwas~. masxaras usmenen, endobian,
magram ar ujereben. misi Tavisufleba marionetad qceuli adamianis
Tavisuflebis tolfasia. robert sturuas masxarebi erTmaneTs avseben,
erTad moqmedeben da erTad qmnian komikur intrigas. nanuka xuskivaZis
marias Tavisi, gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba aqvs speqtaklis sxva
personaJebTan _ masxarasTan, ser tobisTan, ser endrusTan, oliviasTan da
gansakuTrebiT malvoliosTan. masxaras igi Tavis Tanaswor partniorad
157
aRiqvams. guram saRaraZis ser tobis mimarT ki moridebulobis,
gadaWarbebuli, komikurobamde misuli pativiscemis grZnoba aqvs, vinaidan
swored ser tobia am intrigis Tavi da Tavi da marias STamagonebeli. igi
kargad xedavs da aanalizebs am personaJebis `SecdomaTa komedias~.
uimedod Seyvarebuli, vnebaaSlili olivias gancdebs, ser tobis
udardelobis, TavaSvebuli Rreobis Sedegebs. maria erTgvarad tragikuli
personaJic aris, mas xom aravin aRiqvams qalad. swored SurisZieba aris
marias mamoZravebeli motivi malvolios winaaRmdeg intrigis SeTxzvisa,
radganac TviT malvolioc ki ar aRiqvams mas qalad. finalisken, roca
marias mier SeTxzuli `sasiyvarulo werilis~ Sedegebi naTeli xdeba, roca
aRmoCndeba, rom mosulelo malvoliosac gaaCnia Rirsebis grZnoba, marias
sinanulis da monaniebis gancda daeufleba. im momentSi misi sinanuli da
monanieba alalia, WeSmaritia, magram mayurebeli xvdeba, rom maria meore
wuTs isev Caidens aseTive `codvas~, radgan mas sxvanairad ar ZaluZs,
aseTia misi buneba.
adamiani, robert sturuas dadgmaSi, iwvevs TanagrZnobas.
TanagrZnobas iwvevs mosulelo, ampartavani malvolioc, romelic Tavisive
qedmaRlobis msxverpli xdeba. malvolio reJisoris CanafiqriT da zaza
papuaSvilis brwyinvale Sesrulebis, virtuozuli improvizaciebis
wyalobiT speqtaklis mTavar gmirad iqca. robert sturuam violas,
olivias, orsinos da sebastianos Tavgadasavali ki ar gadaswia ukana
planze, aramed malvolios personaJi kidev ufro gaamravalferovna.
`vinaa sxva, Tu ara maria, avtori provocirebisa, romelic malvolios
pativmoyvareobas da TviTdajerebas, saerTo TavSesaqcev komediad aqcevs,
`Segdebul~ werilze gamoabams da `moedanze~ gamoiyvans, rogorc pampulas,
romlis erTi gamoCenac ki sul sxva atmosferos qmnis?~.53
zaza papuaSvilis kudabzika malvolio TeTri marmaSebiT, ustabaSis
medalioniT, kverTxiT xelSi, TiTiswverebze, msubuqad dafarfatebs
scenaze. malvoliosTvis umTavresia, misi saTayvanebeli qalbatoni olivia
kargad grZnobdes Tavs da yoveli misi umniSvnelo survilic ki
53 gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 11.
158
dauyovnebliv iqnes aRsrulebuli. olivia, sinamdvileSi ki maria, Tavis
werilSi malvolios mosTxovs, misi gulis sabolood mosanadireblad,
daiviwyos naTesavebi, megobrebi, axloblebi da xelmeored iSvas.
ampartavani da qedmaRali malvolio mzad aris yvela gawiros _ `arc
naTesavebs daindobs, arc _ megobrebs, bolos da bolos xelmeored xom
unda iSvas~. rac mTavaria, satrfos moTxovniT mis saxeze suleluri
Rimilia mudam gamosaxuli. malvolio Seyvarebulia Tavis qalbatonSi,
magram siyvarulis garda, oliviasadmi mis swrafvaSi sxva mamoZravebeli
motivic arsebobs _ Zalauflebisaken swrafva. realurad olivia
malvoliosTvis e. w. `tramplinia~ didebisaken mimaval gzaze. sinamdvileSi
igi garSemomyofTa damonebaze da yovlis SemZle mmarTvelis statusze
ocnebobs.
araCveulebrivi saxierebiT, xatovnad, bufonadisa da farsis
elementebis gamoyenebiT ganaxorciela robert sturuam malvolios maxeSi
gabmis scena.
naxevartonebSi ganaTebul scenaze Semodian TeTr saRamurebSi
gamowyobili SeTqmulebi _ maria, masxara, ser tobi da ser endru. isini
eZeben adgils malvoliosadmi marias mier olivias saxeliT dawerili
sasiyvarulo werilis mosaTavseblad. bolos, maria am werils avanscenis
erT-erT kuTxeSi daagdebs, ise, viTom olivias es werili SemTxveviT
dauvarda. SeTqmulebi imalebian, raTa Tvalyuri adevnon malvolios
reaqcias werilis povnis Semdeg. scenaze SandliT xelSi msubuqi,
baleronis nabijebiT Semodis malvolio. iwyebs monologs: `mTavaria, ras
mimzadebs bedi, gangeba~..., romlis drosac mayurebeli misi sanukvari
ocnebebis mowme xdeba. komikuri, Rimilismomgvreli JestikulaciebiT
malvolio xmamaRla ocnebobs oliviaze da imaze, masTan SeuRlebis Semdeg
grafi rom gaxdeba. `qveSevrdomni mowiwebiT Semomcqerian~ _ es fraza
malvolios Zalauflebisaken swrafvis survils naTlad warmoaCens.
oliviaze Seyvarebuli malvolio aanalizebs misadmi olivias
damokidebulebas da imis SesaZleblobas, rom olivias is SeiZleba
uyvardes kidec. aki erTxel oliviam aseTi fraza warmoTqva _ `Tu vinmes
Seviyvareb, Sen unda ggavdes~. am monologis dros erTob xatovnad
159
ganasaxierebs malvolio ser tobis da mis urTierTobas grafad gaxdomis
Semdgom. malvolio olivias savarZelSi mokalaTebuli ser tobis pawawina
mfrinav buzad warmosaxavs. `bzzzz~ bzuis ser tobi, malvolio mas
daiWers da notacias ukiTxavs, magram manamde ra mowiwebiT esalmeba ser
tobi malvolios.
`oliviaze Seyvarebuli misi samefos gulubryvilo `mmarTveli~ (zaza
papuaSvili) ucodvelad afaxulebs Tvalebs da Tavs ityuebs, rom ser tobi
belCisa da misi amalis mier mowyobil speqtaklSi udanaSaulo msxverplis
rols TamaSobs. isini wmindanebiviT TeTr anaforebSi gamowyobilni
usafrdebian malvolios da maxes ugeben. malvolio ki TiTqosda iZulebiT
gawires am rolisaTvis. (...) sinamdvileSi olivia misTvis mxolod erTi
safexuria didebisaken mimaval gzaze, sadac igi garSemomyofTa damonebaze
da yovlisSemZleobaze ocnebobs~.54
oliviasa da Zalauflebaze meocnebe malvolio dafarfatebs scenaze
da uceb werils SeamCnevs. wamierad Seyovndeba da Semdeg gaWimuli
aRmavali intonaciiT warmosTqvams; `es ra gdia aq Cvens fexebTan?~ `me
Tqven gekiTxebiT, ra gdia aaaaq?~ maria ki Tavis samalavidan ambobs:
`yuradReba, iwyeba!~ malvolio gars uvlis werils _ `es namdvilad misi
xelia, misi stili, misi leqsika, beWedic misia~. wamieri yoymanis Semdeg
malvolio gaxsnis werils. am dros ismis ser tobis xma samalavidan _
`RmerTo, xmamaRla waakiTxe~. malvolio iwyebs werilis kiTxvas. mTeli
misi arseba Sinaganad TrTis werilis kiTxvisas. zaza papuaSvili
ostaturad gadaxlarTavs erTimeoreSi mimikas, Jestikulacias, xmis
sxvadasxva modulacias. igi TiToeuli sityvis ilustrirebas axdens.
malvolio orgvarad kiTxulobs werils, TavisTvis, ise rogorc weria da
mayureblisTvis _ Teatralizebulad, misi warmosaxvis prizmaSi
gatarebuls. ostaturad gaTamaSebul zmanebas ki amTavrebs saxeze idiotis
Rimilis niRbiT da vardiT xelSi olivias savarZelSi gaSeSebul pozaSi
mjdomi. SeTqmulebi gamoZvrebian samalavebidan, gaxalisebulebi maTi
54 wulaZe x. me is ara var, visac vTamaSob. gaz. `droni~. 2001. # 61. 08.06.
160
intrigis Sedegad malvolios mier mowyobili sanaxaobiT. werilis avtori
maria ki acxadebs _ `axla ki unda CavusafrdeT da mowmeni gavxdeT maTi
pirveli paemanisa. warmoidgineT sevdiani olivia da uazro RimiliT
gasxivosnebuli malvolio~. da ai, malvolios da olivias pirveli
Sexvedris Jamic dadga. msubuqi, sacekvao hangebis fonze sazeimod
gamowyobili malvolio narnariT, saxeze aRbeWdili uazro RimiliT,
Semodis scenaze. mas ukan maria mohyveba maluli nabijebiT. malvolios
ucnauri saqcieliT gaognebuli da Secbunebuli olivia ekiTxeba: `Tavs
rogora grZnob, malvolio~? `mSvenivrad~ _ saxeze Rimilgaqvavebuli
gamometyvelebiT upasuxebs malvolio. malvolios ucnauri saqcieliT
Sewuxebulia ara marto olivia, aramed intrigis Tavi mariac.
Jestikulaciis uxvi gamoyenebiT zaza papuaSvilis malvolio mTeli
grZnobiT sonets ukiTxavs olivias: `oRond moswondes Cems meufes, oRond
eamos, mTeli samyaro rom gadamidges _ gameRimeba~. zaza papuaSvilis
arSiyi gulis satrfosTan komikuri elementebiT uxvad aris gajerebuli,
rac mayurebelTa darbazis xarxars iwvevs. sabolood siyvarulisgan
gaTanguli iqve avanscenis parapetze wamowveba da CaTvlems. Sewuxebuli
olivia brZanebas gascems, kargad mouareTo. scenaze marto malvolio
rCeba. igi gamofxizldeba da netari saxiT mimarTavs mayurebelTa darbazs:
`gaigoneT ra Tqva? adamians mimixedeTo, malvolios ki ara, msaxurs ki ara,
adamianso!~ bednieri, netari malvolio scenis siRrmisken miemarTeba,
SeTqmulebi, maria, masxara da ser tobi ukan misdeven. erTob efeqturad
aris dadgmuli es epizodi. malvolio kverTxiT xelSi, amay pozaSi
amaRlebul adgilas gaSeSebula. viTom Sewuxebuli SeTqmulebi sxvadasxva
JestikulaciiT da mimikiT ekiTxebian malvolios: `ra dagemarTa
malvolio~? `Tavs rogora grZnob, Zvirfaso?~ _ pirvel frazas masxara
warmoTqvams, meores _ ser tobi. maria ucnaur moZraobs akeTebs da samiveni
malvoliosken miemarTebian. maTTan zurgiT mdgari malvolio
Semotrialdeba da kverTxs auqnevs, TiTqos eubneba maT: gamSordiT, Tavi
damanebeT, TqvennairebTan araferi maqvs saerTo. es, erTi da igive qmedeba
ramdenjerme meordeba. Semdeg malvolios aRmoxdeba: `me Tqven ar gicnobT~.
samive SeTqmuli SeSfoTebis gamomxatveli amoZaxiliT avanscenisken
161
gamorbis da isev imeoreben: `ra dagemarTa, malvolio~? `Tavs rogora
grZnob, Zvirfaso?~ malvolio ki abezrebisagan Tavmobezrebuli
gaRizianebuli upasuxebs: `momwydiT Tavidan, ver xedavT, rom adamiani
azrovnebs?~. avanscenaze SeTqmulebi erTmaneTs uziareben malvolios
saqcieliT gamowveul STabeWdilebebs. `es rom TeatrSi menaxa, vityodi,
rom abdaubdaa-Tqo~, _ ambobs maria. ser tobi ki amaze upasuxebs: `eh, Cemo
kargo, mTeli cxovreba abdaubdaa, da Tanac rogori~.
`malvolio _ zaza papuaSvili idiotis rols TamaSobs da
kmayofilia, yurebamde pirgaxeuli Sescinis olivias da kinovarskvlaviviT
Tavis publikas ekekluceba, xiblavs Tavisi gamogonebiT. Tavis
qveSevrdomebis winaSe ki kverTxze dayrdnobili, Cafiqrebuli dgas
hamletis pozaSi, abezari buzebiviT daifrens maT da upasuxebs: `me Tqven
ar gicnobT!~.55
ser tobi gadawyvets am abdaubdas bolo mouRos malvolios
sardafSi CaketviT. oliviac daajeres, rom malvolio gagiJda, axla ki
droa, is gakoWon da sardafSi Caagdon. olivias ki etyvian, rom gagiJebuli
malvolio sadRac gaqra. malvolio grZnobs xifaTis moaxloebas da
aRelvebuli aqeT-iqiT iwyebs siaruls Cqari, nervuli nabijebiT. es epizodi
ki mTavrdeba SeTqmulebis TavdasxmiT malvolioze, misi gakoWviT da
sardafSi gamomwyvdeviT.
malvolios saxeze Seyinuli idioturi Rimili Tavidan mayurebels
sicils hgvris, Semdeg ki Secodebis grZnobas iwvevs. olivias bolomde ar
sjera SeTqmulTa moyolili malvolios ucabedi gaqrobis ambavi. dro
dadga malvolios ganTavisuflebisa. intrigis daxlarTul qselSi gabmul
didebasa da siyvarulze meocnebe malvolios mayurebeli TanaugrZnobs
kidec. gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mas farSevangze amxedrebuls, eklis
gvirgviniT Tavze Semoagoreben SeTqmulebi scenaze. am epizodSi sicilis
da dacinvis obieqti malvolio TiTqmis tragikulobamde misul personaJad
warmogvidgeba. mayurebeli mowme xdeba im metamorfozisa, romelic am
personaJma ganicada. `miSveleT!~ _ ambobs malvolio, `damamcires, giJad
55 wulaZe x. dasaxelebuli naSromi.
162
momnaTles~ _ imdenad gulwrfelia malvolios es sulis amoZaxili, rom
mayurebeli raRac momentSi guldamZimebuli ucqers am gmiris sulier
tanjvas. isini, vinc TavianT Tavze aiRo malvolios dasja, misTvis Wkuis
swavleba da giJad Seracxa, Tavadac codvilebi arian. TeTr samoselSi,
TeTri gvirgviniT Tavze gamogvecxadeba `SeSlili~ malvolio. `me mefe var
suliT da xorciT~ _ ambobs is da gaacnobierebs imas, razec manamde arc
ki ufiqria: `aq sibnelea, mTeli samyaro bneleTma STanTqa~. reJisorma es
epizodi ise daasrula, TiTqos malvolio gardaicvleba. mis saxeze kvlav
gamoisaxeba idioturi Rimili da malvolio SeSdeba. SeTqmulebs hgoniaT,
rom igi gardaicvala. Cveulebisamebr, gardacvlil adamians Tvalebs
uxuWaven, malvolios ki cdiloben Rimili CamoaSoron saxidan da pirs
uxuraven, magram amas ver SeZleben. mis saxes aRar Sordeba es Rimili,
TiTqos saxes Rimiliani niRabi samudamod Seezarda. robert sturuam es
scena warmoaCina, rogorc malvolios golgoTis gza, rogorc simbolo
codvili, amaoebaSi gadavardnili, gamasxaravebuli mTeli kacobriobisa.
speqtaklis finalSi malvolio isev gvecxadeba. `situaciebis komediis~
kvanZi TiTqos gaxsnilia, yvelaferi garkveulia, sebastiano da olivia,
grafi orsino da viola SeuRlebas da qorwilis gadaxdas olivias
sasaxleSi apireben. goga gvelesianis masxara taSis dasakvrelad
gamzadebul mayurebels tuCebTan TiTis midebiT aCumebs, TiTqos aniSnebs,
jer yvelaferi ar damTavrebulao. scenis lukidan Tmagawewili, Camoxeul-
Camokonkili samosiT, gaubedurebuli malvolio iwyebs amosvlas. yvela
SeSinebulia, malvolio xom zogierT maTgans gardacvlili hgonia.
Secbunebuli olivia ekiTxeba: `Tavs rogora grZnob, malvolio~? razec
gamwarebuli da sasowarkveTili malvolio upasuxebs: `kmara, kmara, Tqven
me sastikad SeuracxmyaviT, kmara!~ sul male malvolio igebs, rom werili
marias dawerili yofila. igi miemarTeba TavCaRunuli, Tavisi saqcielis
SedegiT damwuxrebuli mariasaken, jer TiTqos surs muSti uTavazos TavSi,
magram iqve gadaifiqrebs da Tavze xels gadausvams. marias ekliani pariki
xels daususxavs. Semdgom igi Tavis mokvlasac cdilobs, magram bedi
TiTqos aqac dascinis, iaraRi ar gaisvris. maria da masxara cdiloben mis
damSvidebas. masxara eubneba: `Zalian gTxov, nu brazdebi, arc Sen xar
163
frTiani angelozi. asea, ase, dro yvelafers dagvanaxebs, adre Tu gvian
codvebi yvelas mogvekiTxeba~. damwuxrebuli, qancgawyvetili malvolio ki
upasuxebs: `marTali xar, Tqveni gankiTxvis dRec dadgeba, ar SegarCenT Cems
damcirebas!~ malvolio scenidan gadis. robert sturuam zaza papuaSvilis
malvolios Carli Caplinis moZraobebi Seasrulebina _ igi Carlis
gmiriviT aagdebs haerSi quds da akeTebs moZraobas, TiTqos gakvetebul
Sarvals isworebs. es Carli Caplinis cnobili Jestebia, romlebiTac
TiTqmis yvela misi moklemetraJiani filmi mTavrdeba. amiT reJisorma
pirdapiri miniSneba gagvikeTa malvolios personaJis tragi-komikurobaze.
`malvolio jvars ecva, magram ara qristes jvars. igi jer qristes
marjvniv jvarcmuli avazakia, romelic sazareli tanjvis fasad Seicnobs
umTavress (malvolio, gaigebs ra, rom es yvelaferi marias oinebia,
mimteveblobiT Tavze xels gadausvams celq qalbatons. am dros iqneb is
cotaTi qristesac uaxlovdeba?), magram bolos iesos marcxniv ikavebs
adgils~.56
robert sturuas `meTormete RameSi~ Zalauflebis simbolo
gvirgvinis nacvlad angelozis frTebia. es frTebi mTeli speqtaklis
ganmavlobaSi xelidan xelSi gadadis. xan hercogis mxrebzea mibmuli, xan
viola-cezariosi, xan masxaris, xan ki am frTebs malvolio da olivia
aTamaSeben.
speqtakli savsea robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli moulodneli svlebiT. finalis droc dadga. reJisorma
speqtakli daiwyo imiT, rac piesaSi ar aris, magram, mTavaria is, rom mis
mier SemoTavazebuli dasasruli sruliad moulodnelia mayureblisaTvis.
malvolios gamoklebiT speqtaklSi monawile yvela personaJi avanscenaze
dgas. olivia TiTqos mayurebelTa darbazs mimarTavs: `ucnaurma SiSma
Semipyro~... am dros SeSinebuli sebastianos SeZaxili gaismis, yvelani
saorkestro ormoSi iyurebian, scena nel-nela bneldeba da gia yanCelis
Semzaravi musikis fonze TeTr burusSi gaexveva. ormodan amoimarTeba
figura, romelic zurgiT moaTrevs uzarmazar xis jvars, scenis siRrmisken
56 CubiniZe m. mokle Sinaarsi. J. `arili~, 2001. #6, gv. 32.
164
miemarTeba da uCinardeba. speqtaklis gmirebi SiSiTa da ZrwoliT
mimoifantebian. gaismis CaquCis uxeSi kakunis xmebi da guldamZimebuli
mayureblis Tvalwin Cveni codvebisaTvis golgoTaze jvarze gakruli mesia
aRimarTeba.
speqtaklis finalSi golgoTis scenis gaTamaSeba, maSin rodesac
`situaciebis komedia~ kvanZis gaxsnis Semdgom TiTqos keTilad unda
dasrulebuliyo, Sokis momgvrel STabeWdilebas tovebs mayurebelze.
albaT, amitomac hercog orsinos damawynarebeli toniT naTqvami sityvebi:
`damSviddiT, gTxovT damSviddiT, udardeli dReebi gvelis, bedniereba da
sixaruli ar moakldeba Cvens qveyanas~... susti argumentia mayureblisaTvis.
amisdamiuxedavad, mayurebelTa darbazSi TiTqos amosunTqvis xma ismis.
robert sturua speqtaklSi warmoCenil codvisa da monaniebis Temas
moulodnel gamosavals usadagebs. amgvari moulodnelobebi ki, rogorc
ukve aRvniSne, damaxasiaTebelia misi sareJisoro xelwerisaTvis.
`hamleti~
Seqspiris `hamletis~ dadgmebiT erTob mdidaria qarTuli Teatri.
sakmarisia gavixsenoT, Tundac, lado aleqsi-mesxiSvilis hamleti, kote
marjaniSvilis mier 1925 wels rusTavelis TeatrSi ganxorcielebuli
`hamleti~ _ uSangi CxeiZiT mTavar rolSi. es speqtakli qarTuli Teatris
istoriaSi erT-erTi saukeTesoa.
am bolo periodSi qarTvelma mayurebelma `hamletis~ araerTi
saintereso interpretacia ixila. 2010 wels `Tbilisis saerTaSoriso
Teatralur festivalze~ naCvenebi iyo msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli
litveli reJisorebis, nekroSusis da korSunovasis ori gansxvavebuli
koncefciis `hamleti~. orive speqtaklma SeZra qarTveli mayurebeli,
gansakuTrebiT ki nekroSusis dadgmam. 2010-2011 wlis Teatralur sezonSi
Tbilisis scenebze sruliad axali TvaliT danaxuli `hamletis~
interpretaciebi vixileT. mxedvelobaSi maqvs beso kupreiSvilis `Cemi
165
hamleti~ marjaniSvilis Teatris mcire scenaze da rusTavelis Teatris
eqsperimentul scenaze axalgazrda reJisoris _ levan xviCias mier
dadgmuli `hamlet komiqsi~.
Seqspiris gmirebis problemebi Soreul warsuls ar ekuTvnis. isini
mudam cocxloben adamianis fsiqikasa da qcevis formebSi, amitomac arian
ase axlobelni yvela droisa da erovnebis mayureblisaTvis. Teatris
funqciaa am dramebis gacocxleba, rac gulisxmobs nacnob erovnul,
politikur Tu socialur konteqstSi maT gadmotanasa da asaxvas.
robert sturua `hamlets~ ramdenjerme miubrunda. pirveli dadgma
1992 wels, londonSi `riversaid studios~ scenaze ganaxorciela, alan
rikmaniT mTavar rolSi. Semdgom, 1998 wels moskovSi, Teatr `satirikonSi~
hamletis rols konstantine raikini asrulebda. rusTavelis TeatrSi
`hamletis~ premiera 2002 wels Sedga. es speqtakli didxans darCa Teatris
repertuarSi, Tumca reJisorma mas ramdenjerme gaukeTa redaqtireba,
Seicvalnen poloniusis da klavdiusis rolebis Semsruleblebic. erT-erT
mizezs `hamletis~ ramdenjerme ganxorcielebisa robert sturua Tavad
asaxelebs interviuSi, romelic 2010 wlis Semodgomaze Sedga.
`m. v. _ Tqven ramdenjerme ganaxorcieleT `hamletis~ _ Seqspiris
yvelaze filosofiuri piesis dadgma. ratom? risi Tqma gsurdaT kidev?
raSi mdgomareobda axali interpretacia? axali midgoma?
r. s. _ maxsovs, `hamlets~ roca vdgamdi britaneTSi, klavdiuss da
mamis aCrdils TamaSobda erTi da igive msaxiobi, Zalian kargi,
Sotlandieli cnobili msaxiobi. davamTavreT speqtakli, premiera
viTamaSeT, movida CemTan da meubneba: robiko, ai, axla, unda dagvewyo
Tavidan repeticiebi, axla me mivxvdi, ra mimarTulebiT da rogor unda
viTamaSo Sens speqtaklebSio. xSirad Teatrebi, sadac me manamde ar
mimuSavia, Tanac Seqspirze, ver aswreben sworad gaaanalizon is, rasac me
maT vTavazob~.57
57 vasaZe m. saubrebi robert sturuas saTeatro enaze. J. `saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa
Ziebani~. 2010. #4 (45). gv. 20-21.
166
am SemTxvevaSi ganvixilav rusTavelis TeatrSi ganxorcielebul
`hamlets~. kidev risi Tqma surda robert sturuas XXI saukunis dasawyisSi
`hamletis~ dadgmiT. rogoria dRes hamleti, kidev ra arguna mas bedma
gadasaWrelad?
robert sturuam da lili fofxaZem erTad axali Targmani
Seasrules, romelic moklebulia yovelgvar paTetikasa Tu zeamaRlebul
stils. Seqspiris gmirebi Tanamedrove eniT metyveleben. am axal TargmanSi
kidev ufro mZafrad SeigrZnoba daundobeli da sastiki mxare
Tanamedroveobisa. speqtaklSi robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli fantaziebi erTob gabedulia, magram amave dros igi
Seqspiris teqstis erTguli rCeba. misi reJisurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
dramatuloba da ironiuloba am dadgmaSic erTmaneTis gverdiT
Tanaarseboben. klasikuri da balaganuri dadgmis stili erTmaneTs
enacvleba. piesis gmirebi speqtaklSi tragikuli balaganis monawileebad
arian qceulni.
Seqspirologebi amtkiceben, rom hamletis personaJi Tavisi
msoflmxedvelobiT yvelaze metad hgavs Tavad Seqspirs. hamleti, samyaros
tragikuli msoflSegrZnebiT, yofierebis filosofiuri aRqmiT, warsulisa
da momavlis gardauvali da uwyveti kavSiris gaazrebiT, robert
sturuasTvisac erTob axlobeli da saintereso personaJia.
daaxloebiT ori wlis win baton robert sturuasTan vsaubrobdi.
Cveni dialogi sxvadasxva sakiTxs exeboda da erTob sainteresoc gamodga.
swored im periodSi, moskovSi, TeatrSi Et Cetera, TamaSobdnen robert
sturuas mier dadgmuli `qariSxlis~ sapremiero speqtaklebs. bunebrivia,
erT-erTi kiTxva am warmodgenas exeboda, dadgmis koncefciazec visaubreT.
maSin batonma robertma Tqva, rom prospero _ es aris hamleti wlebis
Semdeg da rom ar gardacvliliyo, prosperosaviT uars ityoda
SurisZiebaze.58 reJisori, SeiZleba iTqvas, gamudmebiT fiqrobs hamletis
personaJze, rogorc inteleqtualze, mravlismcodne, magram axalgazrdobis
gamo jer kidev gauwonasworebeli sulieri mdgomareobis mqone
58 vasaZe m. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv.16-25.
167
pirovnebaze, romlisTvisac SurisZiebis SegrZneba damRupveli aRmoCnda.
albaT, swored amitomac miubrunda `hamlets~ araerTgzis.
robert sturua rusTavelis Teatris dadgmaSi TiTqos ekiTxeba
hamlets: `am bolo dros, rogor brZandebiT, xelmwifis Svilo?~ bolo
dros, rodesac droTa kavSiri isev darRveulia da `guls, qvad qceuls,
glovis niRabi aRar sWirdeba~.
robert sturuas interpretaciiT, zaza papuaSvilis hamleti bedTan
TiTqos Seguebulia. misi qcevebi TiTqos ucnauria, ucnauria misi
damokidebulebac samyaroSi arsebuli borotebis, Ralatis mimarT. is aRar
kiTxulobs, wyeulma bedma rad arguna gawyvetili kavSiris Sekvra. mis
aRqmaSi es gardauvali faqtia da amitomac iRebs mas da ambobs: `droTa
kavSiri dairRva da wyeulma bedma me marguna misi Sekvra~.
`hamletSi~ dro aRreulia, gansazRvruli ar aris. robert sturuam
dagvixata samyaro, sadac realurobasa da pirobiTobas Soris arsebuli
zRvari waSlilia. es paraleluri Sreebia, romlebic erTmaneTSi
gadaxlarTula.
`moxetiale msaxiobTa mier gansaxierebul speqtaklSi gertruda da
klavdiusic erTvebian. gardacvlilTa aCrdilebi sikvdilis Semdegac
agrZeleben arsebobas, radgan adamianisaTvis, im samefoSi, sadac raRac
dalpa, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, cocxali xar Tu cocxalTa Soris aRar
iTvlebi~.59 _ wers lela oCiauri.
robert sturuasa da zaza papuaSvilis hamleti artistuli sulis
mqonea, igi mZafrad ganicdis samyaros arasrulyofilebas, uxeSi realobis
da ocnebis urTierTdapirispirebas. igi imedgacruebulia mis garSemo
arsebuli realobiT da arc aqvs imedi, rom SeZlebs gawyvetili,
darRveuli droTa kavSiris aRdgenas. droTa kavSiris rRvevasTan erTad,
misTvis kidev ufro darRveulia adamianebTan kavSiri. mamis sikvdilma da
dedis gaTxovebam biZaze mis sulSi Rrma naiarevi datova. misi idealebi
daimsxvra. mamis aCrdilis naambobi mkvlelobis istoria, rom igi sakuTarma
59 oCiauri l. gaaTrieT gvamebi!... gaz. `rezonansi~. 2001. 23.11
168
Zmam mokla, TiTqos kidev erTxel adasturebs hamletis aRmoCenas _
ramdenad amazrzeni SeiZleba iyos adamiani Tavisi arsiT.
`hamletSi~, iseve rogorc `mefe lirsa~ da `makbetSi~, scena ar aris
gadatvirTuli dekoraciebiT (mxatvari m. SveliZe). scenografia da
kostumebi kvlav ar gansazRvraven dros. is, rac scenaze xdeba, nebismier
epoqaSi SeiZleba moxdes. avanscena TiTqmis carielia, scenis siRrmeSi
moCans vitraJebi danawevrebuli gamosaxulebebiT, romlebSic SeiZleba
amovikiTxoT elisabed dedoflisa da Seqspiris portretebi sxvadasxva
adamianTa siluetebTan erTad. swored am vitraJebidan gadmodian scenaze
horacio da sxva mcvelebi, romlebic uecrad gadaawydebian mama hamletis
aCrdils. scenaze aqeT-iqiT ramdenime maRali kibe dgas, romelic
simbolurad cixesimagris anturaJis Semadgeneli nawilebia. Semdgom es
kibeebi sxvadasxva datvirTvas iZenen speqtaklis mimdinareobisas,
magaliTad, ofelias dasaflavebis epizodSi, Tu saTaguris scenaSi da a.S.
scena TandaTan naTdeba, vitraJidan gadmosuli personaJebi scenis SuaSi
mwoliare figuras gadaawydebian, romelsac Tavidan bolomde naWeri aqvs
gadafarebuli da mayurebelSi sudaris asociacias iwvevs. `ai isic~ _
warmoTqvams erT-erTi, horacio ki uaxlovdeba da sudaras gadaxdis.
Semzaravi musikis fonze (kompozitori gia yanCeli) gaismis kiTxva _ `xom
hgavs xelmwifes?~ _ da iqve pasuxi _ `rogorc wveTi wveTs~. daviT
gociriZis aCrdili fexze wamovardeba. igi raRacnairad monstrs
mogvagonebs. ZonZebiT Semosili maxinjia, romelic irgvliv myofebs
Tavzars scems, maT Soris hamletsac. igi WinkasaviT Seaskupdeba horacios
mxrebze. winaswarmetyvelebasaviT gaismis sityvebi _ `ubedurebas xom ar
gviqadis gansvenebuli mefis aCrdili~. horacio gadawyvets, hamlets
Seatyobinos es ambavi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am adamianTa moZraobebi
marionetebis moZraobasaviT texili, wyvetilia, reJisorma TiTqos Tavidanve
gausva xazi im faqts, rom am adamianebs marionetebiviT viRac marTavs. vin
aris es viRac? _ mayurebels uCndeba kiTxva: iqneb swored es monstris
msgavsi aCrdilia, ra unda, risTvis mosula?
169
horacio da sxva kariskacebi, scenis siRrmeSi vitraJebTan TiTqos
gaqvavebulebi arian. vitraJebis gaswvriv nel-nela moemarTeba TavCaRunuli
hamleti. scenaze gamodis da mayureblis win raRacnairad jambazobs. mis
garkveul moZraobebs da bgerebs es gaqvavebuli jgufi eqosebri arekvliT
imeorebs. hamleti nel-nela moemarTeba avanscenisken, Semdeg avanscenasTan
arsebul Ria ormosTan jer Camojdeba da mere wamowveba mayureblisken
zurgSeqceviT. am dros vitraJebidan klavdiusi (beso zanguri) gamodis.
robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mTelis da
nawilis, fragmentis erTianobis warmoCena. swored amgvari xerxiT aris
agebuli `hamletic~, misi scenografia, musikaluri gaformeba, kompozicia
da struqtura. amiT igi TvalsaCinos xdis Tavis saTqmels. sturuas
`hamleti~ sarkisebri fragmentuli asaxviT aris agebuli. sarkisebri
asaxvis reJisoruli xerxi mas `mefe lirSic~ aqvs gamoyenebuli. `adamiani,
rogorc potencia, adamiani, rogorc yofiereba, mxolod damsxvreuli
sarkea, mxolod kaleidoskopuri mozaikaa, romlisganac figura, mentaluri
persona unda aiwyos, romelic yofierebis scenaze sulis zeobis sulier
ZalaTa mokrefis Jams Semoabijebs~60.
zaza papuaSvilis hamleti ar aris erTiani monoliTuri figura. misi
hamleti winaaRmdegobrivia, rogorc Sinagani bunebiT, aseve garegnuladac.
igi xan jambazia, ironiiTa da cinizmiT ganmsWvaluli, xan Steria, xan
Wkviania, xan sastikia, xan wrfeli da nazia, xan mZvinvare da ficxia da
xanac _ romantikuli. misi qmedebebi Tu emociuri mdgomareoba sxvadasxva
situaciaSi sxvadasxva elfers iZens.
speqtaklSi arcerTi mniSvnelovani monologi bolomde ar aris
gadmocemuli. magaliTad, aviRoT klavdiusis aRsarebis monologi
`sazareli codva vitvirTe~, romelic aseve dausrulebelia... am TvalTmaqci
adamianis monaniebaSi reJisorma eWvis marcvlebi Seitana. mayurebels
uCndeba kiTxva _ marTla inaniebs, Tu ara, igi Tavis amazrzen saqciels.
aqve SegviZlia gavixsenoT hamletis cnobili monologi _ `rad ar meSleba
es sxeuli~, romelic speqtaklSi moulodnelad Sewydeba da sityvebis
60 bokuCava T. robert sturuas axali `hamleti~. J. `Teatri da cxovreba~. 2002. #1. gv. 25-26.
170
nacvlad musika ismis, SeiZleba ufro mravlismetyveli, vidre Tavad
sityvebi. aseve: `yofna ar yofnas~ iwyebs zaza papuaSvili, magram maleve
wyvets deklamirebas. es scena metad efeqturad aris gadawyvetili. scenis
siRrmidan vitraJebs amofarebuli msaxiobebi da hamleti avanscenisken
moemarTebian. isini naxevarwres qmnian, win xmlebia CarWobili. hamleti
dabneuli Cans. igi dgeba monologis wamkiTxvelis pozaSi. gulTan xels
miidebs, TiTqos unda daiwyos monologi, mere xmlebs daejajgureba, magram
maT amoZrobas ver SeZlebs. am dros, am naxevarwreSi Semorbis mokarnaxe-
msaxiobi da TiTqos axsenebs hamlets monologis dasawyiss: `yofna ar
yofna~... hamleti kvlav dums. danarCeni aqtiorebic vitraJebidan Tavs
gamoyofen da jgufurad karnaxoben: `yofna ar yofna~. dabneuli hamleti
iwyebs: `To be, or not to be~ da kvlav Cerdeba. aqtiori awvdis furcels, TiTqos
`Spargalkas~, magram hamleti mas cecxls ukidebs da wvavs. misi sulieri
mdgomareobis gamosaxatad sityvebi aqac zedmetia. mas TiTqos ezizReba
uazro ybedoba. SeiZleba amis mizezi imaSic veZeboT, rom am sastik
samyaroSi inteleqtualuri `yofna ar yofnis~ Sesaxeb msjelobisaTvis
adgili aRar arsebobs. garSemo yvelaferi daundobeli da mkacrad
gansazRvrulia.
ai, ras fiqrobs amis Sesaxeb Tamar bokuCava: `Tu sturuas versias
esTetikuri rakursiT SevxedavT, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom erTaderTi gza,
romelic asaxvis mTlianobas, anu egzistenciis realurobas xelmisawvdoms
xdis, xelovnebaa. yofna... aryofnis... monologic esTetikur dilemad
gadaiqceva~.61
robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tragikulisa
da komikuris Tanaarseboba. asea hamletSic. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba
gavixsenoT cnobili epizodi gertrudasTan. deda-Svilis dialogi
daZabulobis da tragikulobis zRvarze mimdinareobs. hamleti SemTxveviT
klavs poloniuss (m. qvriviSvili), vinaidan mas iq klavdiusi eguleba. am
epizodis dasasruls moklul poloniuss hamleti fexze wamoayenebs da
avanscenisaken mohyavs. poloniusi Tavs daukravs mayurebelTa darbazs,
61 bokuCava T. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 29.
171
yvavilebs, romelic manamde gertrudam gvams daado, isev gertrudas
fexebTan dadebs. man Tavisi roli ukve Seasrula da mayurebelTa
darbazisgan taSs iTxovs. `gza mSvidobisa, dido masxarav~ _ am sityvebiT
acilebs hamleti scenidan poloniuss. reJisori aseTi xerxebiT TiTqos
amosunTqvis saSualebas aZlevs mayurebels da imavdroulad xazs usvams
Tavis speqtaklSi `warmodgenis~, `warmosaxvis~ da `gancdis~ Teatris
Tanaarsebobas.
sulisSemZvrelia hamletisa da mamis aCrdilis Sexvedris epizodi. am
scenis plastikuri gadawyveta mayurebels saSualebas aZlevs SeigrZnos
mamisa da Svilis sulieri erTianoba, maTi Sinagani ganuyofeloba ufrosi
hamletis sikvdilis Semdgomac ki. maTi qmedebebi sarkisebri arekvlis
principiT aris gadawyvetili. maTi fizikuri moZraobebi identuria. isini
TiTqos ganuyofel erT mTlianobas warmoadgenen. amiT reJisors surda
xazi gaesva im faqtisTvis, rom mama hamletis daRupvas Svilis cnobierebaSi
ar SeiZleboda ar gamoewvia saSineli gancdebi, romlebic TiTqmis
katastrofis zRvramdea misuli. swored es siaxlovea imis mizezi, rom
axla hamlets aRar ZaluZs uwindeburad iazrovnos, ganicados da
imoqmedos. es tragedia masSi Zireul cvlilebebs iwvevs. hamletis da
ofelias (i. suxitaSvili) scenaSi zaza papuaSvilis TamaSSi,
araerTgvarovani grZnobebis mozRvaveba igrZnoba. mas uyvars da surs es
axalgazrda, nazi qali. imavdroulad igi acnobierebs, rom am axal
realobaSi maTi siyvaruli warmoudgenelia. igi mgznebared ixutebs
ofelias, am CaxutebaSi nazi siyvarulis garda seqsualuri ltolvac
igrZnoba. igi maleve ukuagdebs Tavisi siyvarulis obieqts, rogorc sagans,
romelic ukve aRar aris saWiro. am sastik realobaSi siyvarulisTvis dro
aRar darCenila.
`hamletSi~ sxva sakiTxebTan erTad robert sturuam isev gausva xazi
Zalauflebisken swrafvis Temas. amjerad, klavdiusi sakuTar Zmas klavs
mmarTvelobis xelSi Casagdebad. reJisorma speqtaklSi winaaRmdegobebiT
aRsavse saxe dagvixata. beso zanguris klavdiusi garegnulad warmosadegi,
pirovnulad ki TvalTmaqci adamiania. speqtaklSi robert sturuam xazi
172
gausva klavdiusisa da gertrudas (n. kasraZe) urTierTobaSi
erTmaneTisadmi mZlavr seqsualur ltolvas. maT Taflobis Tve erTob
gaugrZeldaT. klavdiusi odnav ganaTebul scenaze Semodis, igi Tavis
daqorwinebas gertrudaze qveyanaze zrunviT xsnis. gertruda scenaze
Semorbis, Tavidan avanscenaze mwoliare hamletisken gamoqandeba, Semdeg
klavdiuss SeamCnevs, SeCerdeba, gadaikiskisebs da keklucobas iwyebs
klavdiusTan. raRac momentSi klavdiusi gvirgvins adgams Tavze gertrudas,
gvirgvins, simbolos Zalauflebisa. man xom swored am gvirgvinis,
Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad Caidina kaenis codva. klavdiusi da
gertruda vnebaaRZrulni exutebian erTmaneTs. epizodis dasasruls ki
klavdiusi xelSi aitacebs gertrudas da ise gahyavs scenidan.
am epizodSi, iseve rogorc mTel speqtaklSi, mniSvnelovani roli
akisria musikas. saerTod, robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia musikas mianiWos iseTive funqcia, rogorsac aniWebs
sametyvelo enasa Tu sxeulis, plastikis, enas. speqtaklSi ramdenime
musikaluri Temaa, TiToeul maTgans Tavisi dramaturgiuli da emociuri
funqcia aqvs miniWebuli. scenaze situaciis an gmiris ganwyobilebis
Sesabamisad icvleba Temebi. magaliTad, klavdiusis scenaze pirvelad
gamoCenas Tavisi amaliT, rodesac igi paTetikurad iwyebs moyolas, Tu
rogori damwuxrebulia Zmis sikvdilis gamo, musikalur fonad mosdevs
mistikuri hangebi, romlis fonzec gertruda Semorbis scenaze. Semdgom,
rodesac igi cdilobs hamlets Caagonos, rom glova Sewyvitos, mis yalb
paTetikur intonacias erTob sevdiani musikaluri hangebi gasdevs. am
epizodis bolos, rodesac igi xelSi aitacebs gertrudas da gadis
scenidan musikis JReradoba maJoruli xdeba.
robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva
detalis aqcentireba. misi ulevi fantazia swored detalebSi vlindeba.
magaliTad, hamletisa da ofelias Sexvedris epizodSi, sxvasTan erTad,
musikasac didi datvirTva aqvs miniWebuli. am scenis musikaluri foni
erTob sevdiani da amave dros romantikuli JReradobisaa, romelic Tavisi
173
ritmuli struqturiT Txrobis efeqts qmnis. verbalur dialogs Tan
axlavs musikaluri Txroba.
nino kasraZis gertruda momxibvleli qalbatonia. igi erTdroulad
qalia da deda. mis mier Seqmnil personaJSi mZafrad SeigrZnoba Widili
dedobriv grZnobasa da Seyvarebuli qalis grZnobas Soris. igi mgrZnobiare
qalia, romelsac aucileblad sWirdeba klavdiusi, raTa moaxdinos Tavisi
qalurobis realizeba. igi tragikuli bedis adamiania, vinaidan bolos
mixvdeba Tavis udides Secdomas. misma saqcielma Svilis daRupvas Seuwyo
xeli. Tavad hamletis damokidebulebac dedisadmi araerTgvarovania. masSi
SeigrZnoba rogorc TanagrZnobanarevi zizRi, ironia, aseve sakvirveli
wvdoma axalgazrdobis dakargvis SiSiT Sepyrobili qalisa.
iamze suxitaSvilis ofelia momxibvleli, nazi, natifi, moridebuli
qaliSvilia. misi TavaSvebulobis kulminacia, ris nebasac igi Tavis Tavs
aZlevs, Wkuidan SeSlisas fexebze wiTeli windebis wamocma da scenaze
cxen-joxiT gaWenebaa, saxanZro sirenis msgavsi kiviliT. ofelia da
gertruda robert sturuas speqtaklSi, zogadad, erTi tipis qalebi arian,
Zalian mgrZnobiareni, romlebic yvelafers mZafrad ganicdian, faqizi
fsiqikis da sulis adamianebi, romlebic am sastik samyaroSi ganwirulni
arian dasaRupad. erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc hamleti ofelias monasterSi
agzavnis, SeiZleba esec iyos.
robert sturuas saTeatro enis kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania
kostiumebis ekleqtizmi. istoriuli kostiumebis gverdiT Tanamedroved
Cacmul personaJebs vxedavT. sityva `istoriulic~ erTob pirobiTia. amiT
reJisori kidev erTxel usvams xazs, rom Seqspiris gmirebi mudam
Tanamedroveni, mudam `cocxlebi~ arian. maTi problemebi warsuls ar
ekuTvnis. isini cocxloben adamianis fsiqikaSi da qcevaSi. swored amitomac
arian ase axloblebi yvela droisa Tu erovnebis mayureblisaTvis. robert
sturua yovelTvis xazs usvams Tavis, rogorc reJisoris, funqcias
Seqspiris dramebis, misi gmirebis gacocxlebisa, amitomac gadmoaqvs isini
nacnob, erovnul, politikur Tu socialur konteqstSi. zemoT ukve
aRvniSne, rom sturuas yvela gmiri scenaze vitraJebidan gamohyavs. es
174
iqneba miniatiuruli TeTri, TabaSirisgan gakeTebuli figuris msgavsi
ofelia; Tavisi vnebebis mona, ubeduri dedofali gertruda; TvalTmaqci,
Tumca garegnulad sandomiani klavdiusi; joxze dayrdnobili, qcevebiT
takimasxaras msgavsi poloniusi; TviT msoflio sevdis matarebeli hamleti,
Tu sxvebi. amiT reJisori TiTqos uCvenebs mayurebels, rom es adamianebi,
TavianTi gancdebiT arsebobdnen adre, saukuneebis win da dResac arseboben.
`hamletSi~ Seqspiris mier Cadebulia e. w. `TeatrSi Teatris~
gaTamaSebis principi. robert sturua dramaturgis mier SemoTavazebul am
xerxs iyenebs da avsebs Rrma fsiqologiuri SinaarsiT. amave dros
speqtaklSi `TeatrSi Teatris~ gamoyenebas ormagi datvirTva aqvs. hamleti
da klavdiusi erTdroulad iwyeben `speqtaklis~ dadgmas. hamlets surs
darwmundes mamis aCrdilis mier moTxrobili ambis WeSmaritebaSi _ Zmis,
klavdiusis mier misi mkvlelobis Sesaxeb. robert sturuas koncefciiT
`speqtaklis~ dadgmas iwyebs klavdiusic. cnobili `saTaguris~ scena erT-
erTi, magram mTavari, kulminaciuri epizodia, romlis Sedegadac mZafri,
fsiqologiuri dueli imarTeba. hamletis mier ganxorcielebuli
`speqtaklis~ Semsruleblebi arian moxetiale dasis msaxiobebi. klavdiusis
speqtaklis Semsruleblebi ki _ poloniusi, rozenkranci da
gildensterni. klavdiusis mizania Seityos, icis Tu ara hamletma mamis
gardacvalebis namdvili istoria. `saTaguris~ epizodi am ori gmiris
fsiqologiuri duelis asparezia. saidumlo gaxsnilia, orivem gaigo is,
risi gagebac surda. `saTaguris~ scenis reJisori hamleti cdilobs
warmodgenaSi Caabas gertruda da klavdiusi. igi ise warmarTavs moqmedebas,
rom klavdiusi erTveba TamaSSi. `fiqrebi, bneli, mklavi Zlieri~ _ iwyebs
klavdiusi da garSemomyofni mas taSs ukraven. gertruda mokarnaxis
rolSia. `maradiuli Zilis wamali, Cemi dro dadga, Ze xorcieli aravina
sCans~... klavdiusi imeorebs sityvebs da ai, igi Semzaravi xmiT yviris:
`sinaTle, Cqara sinaTle!~. am epizods mosdevs klavdiusis locvis scena,
romelsac hamleti Tvalyurs adevnebs. mas reJisorma ufro meti simZafre
SesZina. klavdiusi warmoTqvams Tavis locvas: `RmerTo maRalo, ra
saSineli codva vitvirTe, kaenis codva~... beso zanguri Tavis Sinagan
175
gancdebs garegnuladac gamoxatavs impulsuri, bnedianis msgavsi, nervuli
moZraobebiT. scena am dros Cabnelebulia. mxolod klavdiusia mkrTalad
ganaTebuli. raRac momentSi gaismis hamletis xma _ `loculobs~? igi
cotaxans yurs ugdebs klavdiuss, Semdeg mivardeba da danas Cascems
ramdenjerme. klavdiusi miwazea garTxmuli, Semdeg wamodgeba da isev
agrZelebs Tavis monologs. hamletis danis Cacema, es misi fiqrebis da
zraxvebis garegnuli gamoxatulebaa, romlebic robert sturuam
mayureblis win ramdenjerme gaameorebina hamlets. yoveli danis Cacemis win
ki hamleti kiTxvas svams: `loculobs?~. mis qmedebas fonad gasdevs
eklesiis zarebis rekva, oRond es zarebis rekva mayureblis aRqmaSi erTob
Semzaravia. robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sulis
SemZvreli epizodis Semdgom mayurebels amosunTqvis saSualeba misces.
gaismis gertrudas xma: `Svilo hamlet!~. zaza papuaSvilis hamleti
uaxlovdeba klavdiuss da TiTqos mas CasCurCulebs damjeri bavSvis
kiloTi: `unda wavide, dedaCemi mixmobs~. scenis SuagulSi klavdiusi dgas,
scenis aqeT-iqidan erTmaneTs hamleti da gertruda uaxlovdebian naxevrad
moxril pozebSi, TiTqos erTmaneTs unda Seerkinono. Semdeg erTmaneTs
exutebian da hamleti zizRnarevi, amave dros sasowarkveTili ekiTxeba
dedas: `rad Seuracxhyavi mamaCemi?~ Tavidan iSorebs gertrudas, iqve mdgar
skams wamoavlebs xels da mouqnevs klavdiuss.
robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli scenuri
Txrobis araCveulebrivi dinamikuroba am speqtaklSi sruli sicxadiT
gamovlinda. mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi mayurebeli Zlieri
STabeWdilebis qveS imyofeba. mayureblis guliscema speqtaklis pulsaciis
Tanxvedria. amas reJisori sxva xerxebTan erTad (rac misi Txrobis stilis
Tavisebureba gaxlavT) imiT aRwevs, rom mudam cdilobs mayureblisaTvis
gadasacemi informacia, mravalplaniani, `mravalxmiani~ gaxados. magaliTad,
Tu gmiri monologs kiTxulobs, es monologi sturuasTan iSviaTad aris
mxolod monologi, klasikuri gagebiT. zog SemTxvevaSi igi an dialogia,
romlis meore wevri an Cumad ismens konkretuli scenis verbalur
informacias da Tavisi iq yofniT raRac socialur garemos qmnis, rasac
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TavisTavad raRacas niSnavs da aqvs semantikuri datvirTva, an, aRwerili
epizodis msgavsad, igi ar aris ubralod pasiuri msmeneli; Tavisi
moZraobiT, sxeulis eniT igi CarTulia am monologSi da Tavis grZnobebsa
Tu fiqrebs gadmoscems. monologebis amgvarad gaazreba gansakuTrebul
aqcentirebas axdens monologis Sinaarsze da ufro metad qmediTs xdis mas.
robert sturuam `hamletSic~, iseve rogors `riCard mesameSi~, `mefe
lirsa~ da `makbetSi~ gamoiyena komikuri elementebis Serwyma tragikul
movlenebTan, e. w. `moulodnelobis efeqti~. amis erT-erT magaliTad
SeiZleba moviyvanoT hamletis mier poloniusis mokvlis Semdgomi epizodi,
rodesac klavdiusi ekiTxeba hamlets, Tu sad aris poloniusi. am scenaSi
hamleti TiTqos takimasxaras ganasaxierebs. misi plastika, metyveleba,
jambazis moZraobasa da metyvelebas mogvagonebs, xolo, raRac momentSi,
pirSi dagubebuli wylis Sesxma misken zurgiT mdgari klavdiusisTvis,
mayurebelTa darbazSi sicilsac ki iwvevs. tragikul, daZabul momentebSi
am komikuri elementebis Semotana mayurebels Svebas, amosunTqvis
saSualebas aZlevs.
`hamletSi~ robert sturuam Seqmna samyaro, savse moulodnelobebiT
da urTierTgamomricxavi gadawyvetilebebiT. hamleti aRmoCndeba im
movlenebis garemocvaSi, romelic principulad ar Seesabameba mis
pirovnul Tvisebebs. swored amitomac, igi iZulebulia iTamaSos.
darRveulia ara mxolod `droTa kavSiri~, aramed kavSiri garemosa da
pirovnebas Soris. reJisorma amis gadmosacemad tragedias Seuxama ironia,
ufro metic _ `Savi iumoric~. hamletis saqcieli, qmedeba xSirad
araadekvaturia movlenebisa. tragikul situaciebSi zaza papuaSvilis
TamaSi tragikomikuris zRvarze mimdinareobs.
`hamletSi~ ar xdeba Janrobrivi dayofa. ufro metic, Tamamad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
ekleqtizmi am speqtaklSi yvelaze naTlad gamovlinda. aq yvelafers
erTdroulad aRviqvamT _ tragedias, fsiqologiur dramas, farss, komedias
da a. S. es erTgvari siWrele msaxiobTa mier personaJTa gadmocemaSic
aisaxeba da erTgvarad amarTlebs speqtaklis Janrobriv siWreles. iamze
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suxitaSvilis ofeliaSi SeiniSneba aRmosavluri plastikisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. beso zanguris klavdiusi negatiuri energiis
matarebelia, zog SemTxvevaSi siTavxedesac avlens. nino kasraZis gertruda
erTgvari Tojinaa. rozenkrancisa da gildensternis dueti ki vesternis
parodirebas axdens. laertis saxeSic (daTo darCia) SeiniSneba komikuri
elementebi. speqtaklis gmirebi viRacis mier marTuli marionetebi arian. es
viRac, mama hamletis aCrdilia, romelsac SurisZieba surs da am
SurisZiebis survils sakuTar Svils da mTel Tavis samefos Seswiravs.
moqmedebis mTel am kontrastebs kidev ufro amZafrebs gia yanCelis musika.
musika ise zustad aris Serwymuli moqmedebasTan, speqtaklis mTavari
gmirebis bunebasTan, rom mas udidesi funqcia akisria warmodgenis
kompoziciurad SekvraSi. movlenebis arsis gadmocemis garda, igi
personaJebis qmedebis plastikur naxazsac avsebs.
`Cemi azriT, `hamleti~ swored asaxvis dramaa. amaSi TvalnaTliv
damarwmuna robert sturuas mier rusTavelis TeatrSi dadgmulma
speqtaklma. mTeli speqtakli, misi scenografia, kompozicia da struqtura
ganmsWvalulia mTelisa da nawilis, fragmentisa da erTiani figuris
urTierTmimarTebis TemiT, aCrdilisa da anareklis, mizanmimarTuli da
uneblie asaxvisa da ganmeorebis motivebiT. yovelive es mowodebulia
iqiTken, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes piris, xasiaTis qmedebis, Tavad sicocxlis,
rogorc aseTis, asaxvis meqanizmis meSveobiT TviTkonstruirebis procesi~.62
_ wers T. bokuCava.
`hamletSi~ aris scenebi, sadac sinanuli, siZulvili da siyvarulic,
es TiTqosda urTierTgamomricxavi grZnobebi, erTdroulad arseboben
scenaze. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvano hamletis mier poloniusis
mkvlelobis Semdgomi epizodi. klavdiusi gertrudasagan igebs, rom
hamletma poloniusi mokla. klavdiusi jer aRSfoTebas gamoxatavs,
poloniusis magivrad SeiZleba me vyofiliyavio, magram iqve igi icinis da
kiTxulobs, sad aris hamleti. gasaocaria, klavdiusi TiTqos gaxarebulic
ki aris hamletis mier Cadenili mkvlelobis faqtiT. amis mizezi ki
62bokuCava T. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 24-25.
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SeiZleba is iyos, rom axla ukve hamletis xelebic gasvrilia adamianis
sisxliT. am momentidan moyolebuli orives, klavdiussac da hamletsac
adamianis codva awevT kiserze, orives adamianis sisxli umZimebT sindiss.
axla ukve isini erTnairad pasuxismgebelni arian maT mier Cadenili
danaSaulis gamo. anda, magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvano cota ufro
mogvianebiT gaTamaSebuli epizodi. hamleti klavdiuss stvirs awvdis da
sTxovs, daukras. klavdiusi uarzea, man ar icis dakvra, es instrumenti
xelSic ki ar auRia arasdros. hamleti aswavlis, rogor unda stvirze
dakvra. klavdiusi iRebs stvirs, Caberavs, magram mxolod gaurkveveli
JReradoba ismis melodiis magier. garSemomyofni sicils iwyeben amis gamo.
Tavidan igi TiTqos brazdeba kidec: xom giTxari, ar vici dakvrao, mere ki
ukve mSviddeba da ise usmens hamlets, romelic wynarad, auRelveblad,
yovelgvari siZulvilis gareSe eubneba klavdiuss _ ras merCi, Cemgan ra
ginda, am patara sakravs mSvenieri JReradoba aqvs, magram verafers gaxdebi,
ver aalaparakeb. RmerTo Cemo, Tqven ggoniaT, Cems sulis simebze daukravT?
ar gamova, batonebo! Tqven SegiZliaT gamanadguroT, damamsxvrioT, magram
dakvras ver eRirsebiT. klavdiusi Cumad usmens hamlets, ar ewinaaRmdegeba,
mas TiTqos SeZravs kidec hamletis sityvebi. am momentSi orive TiTqos
grZnobs, rom ganwirulebi arian dasaRupad. moulodnelad, hamleti
warmosTqvams: `RmerTo Cemo, mgoni marTla SeviSale~. igi ambobs am
sityvebs, vinaidan acnobierebs, rom yovelgvari siZulvilis gareSe, mSvidad
cdilobs klavdiusTan saubars. Zalian efeqturad daasrula robert
sturuam es epizodi. fortisimoze SemoiWreba gia yanCelis
avismomaswavebeli musika. klavdiusi da hamleti xmlebis moqneviT, hamletis
SeZaxilze _ inglisisaken! miemarTebian scenis siRrmisken, maT danarCenebic
mihyvebian. scenaze TandaTan sibnele daisadgurebs.
robert sturuasaTvis msaxiobebi da Teatri cxovrebis matianea. es
kargad Cans hamletisa da msaxiobebis pirveli Sexvedris scenaSi. cxovreba
Teatria da Teatri cxovreba _ saukuneebis manZilze dramaturgebis erT-
erTi mniSvnelovani Temaa da kvlevis sagani. Seqspiric garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT Teatrs realuri cxovrebis anareklad miiCnevs.
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robert sturuas da zaza papuaSvilis hamleti ar warmoadgens
tradiciad qceul `keTilSobil ufliswuls~. speqtaklSi hamletis qceva,
qmedebebi moulodnelad sxvadasxvagvaria. es ar aris ganswavluli,
keTilSobili, msoflio sevdiT Sepyrobili axalgazrda kaci, romelic
filosofiur monologebs warmoTqvams (rogorc aRvniSne, speqtaklSi
reJisorma arcerTi mniSvnelovani monologi hamlets bolomde ar
warmoaTqmevina). z. papuaSvilis hamleti ufro qmediTia da mTeli misi
`filosofiac~ mis konkretul qmedebebSia gadmotanili. speqtaklSi ufro
naTlad aris gamovlenili am gmiris winaaRmdegobrivi buneba, xasiaTi da
aqedan gamomdinare misi guneba-ganwyobilebis moulodneli cvalebadoba. is
ufro spontanuri adamiania. es aris Tavisive Sinagani winaaRmdegobebisagan
gatanjuli adamiani. mas SeuZlia iyos alersiani, ficxi, sastiki, ironiuli,
mimndobi, eWviani, SeuZlia fexze gaixados da fexSiSvelam iaros
sasaxleSi, SeuZlia jambaziviT moiqces, iyos metad seriozuli. yovelive
amis gamosaxatavad hamleti `TamaSis~ sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTavs. igi xan
sulelia da xanac _ brZeni, oRond amas ise akeTebs, rom veravin mixvdes,
Tu vin aris igi sinamdvileSi. hamleti sul moZraobaSia, misi sulieri
Sinagani winaaRmdegobani sul sxvadasxva moqmedebas aiZuleben. aseTi
bunebis adamians SeuZlia is satanjveli, rac cxovrebam mas bedad arguna,
samasxaraod aqcios, Tavisi wuxili da siyvarulic garkveulwilad
`ironiiT daamdablos~. robert sturuam hamletis saxis interpretaciisas,
iseve rogorc mTlianad speqtaklSi, uxvad gamoiyena klounadisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli xerxebi. amiT reJisorma ki ar daamdabla `hamletSi~
gadmocemuli problemebis seriozuloba, aramed garkveulwilad
aqcentirebac ki moaxdina da, rac mTavaria, mayureblisaTvis ufro advilad
aRsaqmeli gaxada. swored aseT hamlets SeuZlia klavdiusTan daZabuli
monologis Semdeg, uceb patara, damjere bavSviT warmoTqvas _ `deda
mixmobs, unda wavide~. anda poloniusis mokvlis Semdeg, rodesac mas
klavdiusi ekiTxeba, gvami sad damaleo, pirSi wyali Caigubos da
jambaziviT Seasxas klavdiuss zurgSi. speqtaklis finalSi ki
moTvalTvalis skamidan amdgari personaJi, romelsac zaza papuaSvili
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ganasaxierebs, moTvalTvale, romelic fortinbrasi aRmoCndeba, msubuqi
moZraobiT moemarTeba avanscenisken, romlis moZraobaSic devs raRac
takimasxarisa _ gvamebis scenidan gaTrevis brZanebas gascems, mayurebels
ki Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs: `Tqven ki, romlebic gafiTrebuli saxeebiT
adevnebdiT Tvalyurs am sisxlian dramas, Tqveni...~
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, robert sturuam `hamleti~ warmoadgina
tragikomediad da masSi CarTo jambazuri elementebi, riTac sruliadac ar
Seamcira Tavad problemis seriozuloba, magram dabla daswia tragediis
paTosi. robert sturuam am kontrastebiT ufro cxadad warmoaCina, ufro
gaamwvava sakuTar TavSi jer isev vergarkveuli hamletis sulieri Tu
fizikuri aforiaqeba, ufro naTeli gaxada misi ganwyobilebis gadasvla
erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi, erTi polusidan meoreSi, mdabiuris Serwyma
maRalinteleqtualurTan. am speqtaklSic yoveli detali, rogorc robert
sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, maTematikuri sizustiT aris
damuSavebuli, yovel epizods, scenas, simarTle udevs safuZvlad, ris
gamoc, TiTqosda erTi SexedviT, Janruli ekleqtizmi erT mTlian
kompoziciaSia Sekruli. yvelaferi es ki reJisors aZlevs saSualebas,
Tavisi saTqmeli xan `maRali materiebiT~ gadmosces, xan ki _ sakuTari
mistikuri xilvebis meSveobiT.
mesaflavesTan hamletis Sexvedris epizodi robert sturuam
dramatulobisa da ironiulobis zRvarze warmoaCina. ismis mSvidi,
romantikuli xasiaTis musika. mesaflave (m. qvriviSvili) saflavs Txris.
Semodian hamleti da horacio (T. WiWinaZe). `saocaria, horacio, saflavs
Txris da mReris~ _ ambobs hamleti. `miCveulia~ _ upasuxebs horacio. `Tu
mieCvevi, gulgrili xdebi~ _ ambobs hamleti. isini nel-nela avanscenisken
moemarTebian, mesaflave axal saflavs Txris. maTi moZraoba da laparakis
manera seriozulisa da ironiulis Sezavebaa. iwyeba Tavis qalebis
SeTvaliereba da amocnoba, Tu vis SeiZleba ekuTvnodes esa Tu is Tavis
qala _ politikoss, romelic erT dros RmerTebs epaeqreboda, msajuls,
romelic mWevrmetyvelebiT gamoirCeoda da axla ki dums, arafris Tqma
aRar ZaluZs. erT-erT Tavis qalaze miuTiTebs hamleti mesaflaves _ vis
ekuTvnodao? _ ekiTxeba, Tan xeljoxs uwvdis, romelzedac am Tavis qalas
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wamoacmevs mesaflave. aRmoCndeba, rom es Tavis qala erT dros sasaxlis
masxaras, ioriks ekuTvnoda, romelic hamlets bavSvobaSi mxrebze Sesmuls
mTel sasaxles moatarebda xolme. hamlets saxesTan axlos miaqvs Tavis
qala, mere zizRiT iSorebs, rogor yarso _ ambobs, guli mereva. Semdeg
hamleti da horacio iwyeben imaze msjelobas, Tu rogor SeiZleba
aRmoCndes aleaqsandre makedonelis neStis nawili ludis kasris sacobSi.
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, maTi qmedeba Tu saubari seriozulobisa Tu
ironiulobis zRvarze mimdinareobs, rac ufro sanaxaobiTs da
mayureblisaTvis ufro iolad aRsaqmelad aqcevs epizods. am epizods ki
mosdevs dramatulobiT aRsavse, ofelias dasaflavebis scena. Cabnelebuli
scena naTdeba, ofelia avanscenaze, pirobiTad axlad gaTxrili saflavis
win aris dasvenebuli. dis sikvdiliT damwuxrebuli laerti warmoTqvams _
umanko ia amoizardos Cemi dis uspetakesi sxeulidano... ofelias gaTxril
saflavSi Caasveneben da damwuxrebuli gertruda, nerviuli moZraobebiT
yvavilebs ayris mis sxeuls. mas egona, rom am yvavilebiT ofeliasa da
hamletis sarecels Seamkobda. laerti saflavSi Caxteba, raTa ukanasknelad
gamoemSvidobos usayvarles das, misi godeba cas swvdeba. am dros hamleti
da horacioc Semodian, hamletic SeZrwunebulia ofelias sikvdiliT. igi
laertTan gadaeSveba saflavSi da iwyeben Cxubs. scena bneldeba da
sulisSemZvreli hangebi gaismis. scena nel-nela naTdeba, ismis hamletis
sasowarkveTili, mwuxarebiT aRvsili sulis amoZaxili _ `ofelia miyvarda,
rogorc ormocaTas Zmas erTad Sekrebils, Cemnairad ver eyvareboda!~
avanscena naTdeba. yvela, hamletis garda, saflavSia: gertruda, klavdiusi,
horacio, laerti. hamleti saflavis garSemo nerviuli nabijiT dadis da
laerts ekiTxeba, ras izamda misi gulisTvis _ `kbilebiT sxeuls
daiglejdi? iqviTinebdi? miwas SeWamdi? Sxams dalevdi? _ mec SevZleb amas~
_ Rrialebs hamleti. gamwarebul laerts bRavili aRmoxdeba. hamleti ki
eubneba, neta ras bRavixaro. mere muxlebze daCoqils sulis siRrmidan Cumi
xavili aRmoxdeba. hamletis xavili im adamianis xavils mogvagonebs,
romelsac gausaZlisi mwuxarebis dros surs xmamaRla iyviros, magram
aRebs pirs da yvirilis nacvlad mxolod susti xavili amosdis. es xma
sulisSemZvrelia. am epizodis finalSi yvela personaJi, hamletis garda,
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iRebs xelSi ficars da ofelias saflavSi agdebs, am qmedebas iseTive
efeqti aqvs, rogorc dasaflavebisas miwas rom ayrian micvalebulis
sasaxles da es miwa gruxuniT ecema kubos. am scenas, robert sturua misi
reJisurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli moulodneli gadawyvetiT asrulebs.
ofelia saflavidan wamodgeba, sevdiani musikis fonze Tavadac agdebs
saflavSi erT ficars, uaxlovdeba hamlets, TiTqos mxolod masTan surs
damSvidobeba da gadis scenidan. am epizodSi robert sturua ar iyenebs
aranair groteskul Tu ironiul elementebs. es scena aRsavsea
dramatizmiT. mwuxarebis grZnoba, romliTac aRvsilni arian hamleti da
laerti sayvareli adamianis dakargvis gamo, mayurebelTa darbazsac
moicavs. hamletis da laertis tkivili maTi tkivilic xdeba.
speqtakl `hamletis~ msvlelobis periodSi, mayurebeli SeigrZnobs,
Tu rogor Zlierdeba yvelafris wamlekavi stiqiuri Zala. finalisken _ es
Zala Tavzardamcemi siswrafiT izrdeba, kulminacias miRweuli ki Searyevs
samyaros. samyaros ryevis Semdeg samariseburi siCume isadgurebs. am
Zalebis pirispir adamiani patara da uZluria. igi sruliad martoa. ufro
sworad, Tavs mitovebulad grZnobs. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, mas
gamouvalobis grZnoba eufleba da sevda Seipyrobs, magram yvelafer amaSi
damnaSave TviT adamiania, vinaidan adamianmave aRZra es Zalebi Tavis
sawinaaRmdegod, warmoSva problemebi, romlebic Semdgom mis gareSe iwyeben
moqmedebas. adamiani xvdeba, rom CixSia moqceuli, rom misi cxovrebis
istoria dasrulda. swored am tragikuli dasasrulis SiSi ipyrobs mas
mTlianad.
iseve, rogorc robert sturuas mier dadgmuli Seqspiris yvela
tragediis finali, `hamletis~ finalic efeqturi, grandiozuli da
emociurad datvirTulia. finalSi klavdiusis mier dagegmili laertisa da
hamletis xmlebiT Serkinebis epizodi TamaSdeba. klavdiusis mzakvruli
gegmis mixedviT laertis xmals sawamlavi aqvs wasmuli. patara nakawric ki
hamletisaTvis sasikvdilo aRmoCndeba. klavdiusi amasac ar ikmarebs da
sawamlavs RviniT savse sasmisSic Caurevs, romelic hamletisaTvis aris
gankuTvnili. scenaze Semodian am droisTvis cocxlad darCenili moqmedi
pirni. gaismis musika, romelic mogvagonebs msxverplTSewirvis dros
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Sesrulebul ritualur musikas. laerti da hamleti xmals Caasoben scenis
SuagulSi, horacio ki maTi sekundantia. klavdiusi pirobas debs, rom
ramdenjerac misi Zmiswuli xmals Seaxebs Tavis metoqes, imdenjer Sesvams
daniis mefe mis sadRegrZelos. gulSematkivrebi scenis siRrmeSi
naxevarwres akeTeben laertisa da hamletis irgvliv. uSualod Serkinebis
dros scena naxevrad Cabnelebulia. hamletisa da laertis brZola isea
gakeTebuli, rom isini TiTqmis ar exebian erTmaneTs. reJisorma
gulSematkivarTa moZraobaSi gamoxata es brZola. isini xan erT mxares
gadaixrebian da xan meore mxares. amis mixedviT xvdeba mayurebeli, Tu
rogor viTardeba brZola. hamleti da laerti mkerdiT SeeCexebian
erTmaneTs. gaismis SeZaxili _ `moxvda!~ gulSematkivrebic erTxmad
imeoreben _ `moxvda!~ scena naTdeba. klavdiusi hamlets mowamluli RviniT
savse Tass miawvdis, magram hamleti Rvinis Sesmaze uars ambobs, jer
orTabrZola ar damTavrebula. scena isev naxevrad bneldeba. iwyeba
Serkinebis meore etapi. amjerad gulSematkivrebi hamletsa da laerts
wreSi moaqceven. hamleti meorejer moaxvedrebs laerts xmals.
orTabrZola kvlav SeCerdeba. gertruda xelsaxociT ofls swmends
hamlets. klavdiusi isev miawvdis sasmis hamlets, magram sasmiss gertruda
daeufleba. igi hamletis sadRegrZelos warmoTqvams. klavdiusi
Secbunebulia. eubneba gertrudas, ar Sesvas es Rvino, magram ukve gviania,
gertruda Rvinos daewafeba. hamleti da laerti iwyeben Serkinebis mesame
etaps. am dros gertruda wamoiZaxebs, rom igi kvdeba, rom Rvino
mowamlulia. laerti ki hamlets agebinebs klavdiusis mzakvruli gegmis
Sesaxeb, romelSiac igi klavdiusma SurisZiebis grZnobis gamo CaiTria. _
`hamlet, Sen kvdebi!~ _ ambobs laerti. hamleti am mowamlul xmals
ramdenjerme Seasobs klavdiuss da mowamlul Rvinosac Seasmevs. hamleti
horacios mouxmobs, momakvdavi adamianis konvulsiebSi ikrunCxeba Zirs
garTxmuli misi sxeuli. Semdeg horacios daxmarebiT fexze wamodgeba da
gahyviris _ `horacio, yvelas uTxari, Cemi ambavi, simarTle uTxari!~ Semdeg
mSviddeba da bolo sityvebs warmoTqvams: `raRa damrCenia, saukuno siCume
mxolod~. hamleti kvdeba. zaza papuaSvili msubuqi, haerovani moZraobiT
misrialebs scenis siRrmisken, scenis siRrmeSi Cerdeba da xels aRmarTavs,
184
TiTqos mayurebelTa darbazs emSvidobeba. scena bneldeba. avanscenaze
gamonaTebuli horacio pirobas debs, rom hamletis ambavs mTel qveyanas
gaagebinebs. gaismis Citebis WikWiki, iqmneba gariJraJis STabeWdileba. scenis
siRrmeSi vitraJebTan skami dgas, romelzec mTeli speqtaklis
ganmavlobaSi viRac zis, TiTqos raRacas kiTxulobs da Tan Tvals
adevnebs scenaze ganviTarebul movlenebs. es moTvalTvale fortinbrasia.
igi msubuqi moZraobiT moemarTeba avanscenisken (robert sturuam finalSi
es personaJi zaza papuaSvils ganasaxierebina), mis moZraobaSi devs raRac
takimasxarasi. igi moiTxovs, rom hamleti pativiT dakrZalon, Semdeg ki
gvamebis scenidan gaTrevis brZanebas gascems. stepis mocekvavis moZraobiT
Semotrialdeba mayureblisken da Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs: `Tqven ki,
romlebic gafiTrebuli saxeebiT adevnebdiT Tvalyurs am sisxlian TamaSs,
Tqveni...~ Semdeg horacios miutrialdeba da eubneba: `gaaTrieT gvamebi~, da
amas ambobs intonaciiT _ bolos da bolos am gvamebs moaSorebT Tu arao.
mere msubuqi moZraobiT keps moixdis da moisvris, am qmedebiT speqtaklis
msvlelobas reJisorma wertili dausva.
185
daskvna
lingvosemiotikis ganviTarebasTan erTad, XX saukunidan moyolebuli
dRemde, aqtualuria `xelovnebis enis~ kvlevis sakiTxi. xelovnebis
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi, imaze dayrdnobiT, rom yovelnairi sistema,
romelic or an ufro met adamians Soris komunikaciis saSualebaa,
SeiZleba gansazRvruli iyos rogorc ena, amtkiceben, rom xelovnebis
sxvadasxva dargs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli ena gaaCnia. vinaidan xelovneba
Seicavs komunikacias, mas aucileblad aqvs am komunikaciis
gansaxorcieleblad organizebuli sistema, anu ena. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven
SeiZleba visaubroT musikis, ferweris, Teatris, zogadad xelovnebis enaze.
saTeatro enas semiotikuri erToblioba qmnis, romelic warmoadgens
nakrebs sxvadasxva niSnebisa, kodebisa _ msaxiobTa TamaSi (sxeulis
plastika, xmis JReradoba, sivrceSi moZraoba da a. S.), dekoraciebi, Suqi,
musika (melodia, tonaloba, ritmi), dumili, siCume, pauza, metaforebi,
simboloebi da a. S. es yvelaferi qmnis saTeatro enas. yvela am niSnis
erToblioba, saTeatro ena ki, saboloo jamSi, aris Teatraloba.
Teatralobis ori koncefcia: pirveli _ mayurebelma unda daiviwyos,
rom igi TeatrSia da meore _ mayurebeli yovelTvis unda grZnobdes, rom
igi TeatrSia. es gaxlavT ama Tu im saTeatro moRvawis subieqturi midgoma,
magram swored am midgomaSi aisaxeba Semoqmedis saTeatro ena.
naSromSi istoriul-tipologiuri da struqturul-dialeqtikuri
meTodis meSveobiT gamovikvlie robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis
procesi. struqturul-dialeqtikuri meTodiT kvlevisas, robert sturuas
saTeatro enaSi arsebuli calkeuli niSnebi davukavSire msoflio
saTeatro process, davadgine maT Soris arsebuli kavSirebis da
mimarTebebis erToblioba. SemoqmedebiTi koncefciidan gamomdinare,
Seviswavle misi sareJisoro ena, rogorc teqnikuri saSualeba koncefciis
gamosaxatavad. es ori komponenti erTimeoridan gamomdinareobs. teqnika _
enaa, ena ki saSualebaa sakuTari koncefciis, msoflmxedvelobis
186
gamosaxatavad. aqedan gamomdinare ganvsazRvre iseTi fenomenis arseboba,
rogoricaa _ robert sturuas Teatri da robert sturuas saTeatro ena.
SeiZleba iTqvas, kvlevaSi sinqroniuli analizis meSveobiT naTlad
gamoikveTa msoflio saTeatro xelovnebaSi erTdroulad mimdinare
movlenebis tipologiuroba. istoriul-tipologiuri kvlevisas, qarTul da
evropul TeatrSi mimdinare procesebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, identuri aRmoCnda,
saqarTvelos geopolitikuri adgilmdebareobis miuxedavad. sxvasTan erTad,
qarTuli da msoflio Teatris saerTo tipologiur kanonzomierabad
gamoikveTa saTeatro enaSi kinomontaJis xerxis gamoyeneba. ukve XX
saukunis dasawyisidan saTeatro xelovnebaSi zogadad kinoxerxebis
gamoyeneba tipur xasiaTs atarebs.
kvlevis samecniero siaxle mdgomareobs sakiTxis dasmasa da gadaWris
gzebSi. kerZod, sakvlevi masalis SerCevasa da misi warmoCenis
Tanmimdevruli dinamikis SeqmnaSi, ramac xeli Seuwyo sakvlevi obieqtis,
robert sturuas saTeatro enis Camoyalibebis kanonzomierebis gamokveTis
Cvenebas. dadginda, rom saTeatro xelovneba flobs Tavis specifikur enas.
aqedan gamomdinare, SromaSi Sevecade gamomekveTa, Semeswavla robert
sturuas saTeatro ena da is, Tu rogor TamaSis models, sistemas
sTavazobs reJisori mayurebels.
robert sturuas `saTeatro enis~ formirebis sakiTxis kvlevisas,
aucilebeli da saWiroa Seiqna mokle istoriul-kulturuli, saxelovnebo
eqskursis Catareba. robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sawyisebis
dasadgenad, Seviswavle: qarTuli, rusuli, evropuli Teatris tradiciebi
Teoriuli da praqtikuli magaliTebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze,
romlebmac xeli Seuwyves robert sturuas saTeatro enis Ziebis procesSi.
vcade damedgina, Tu sad SeiZleba veZioT r. sturuas xelweris safuZvlebi,
konkretulad, qarTul da zogadad, msoflio Teatris masStabiT... qarTul
TeatrSi, XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, kinoxerxebs Tavis speqtaklebSi jer
kidev kote marjaniSvili iyenebda, xolo ruseTSi, 1917-18 wlebSi, vsevolod
meierholdi pirvel naSromebSi bevrs werda XX saukunis saTeatro
xelovnebaze, sadac ukve axsenebda montaJis principebs.
187
robert sturua upirvelesad muSaobs teqstze da teqstidan akeTebs
garkveul kompilacias. arsebuli teqstidan is qmnis Tavis teqsts. zogjer,
robert sturua ar dgams piesiT gansazRvrul yvela suraTs, moqmedebas.
robert sturuam, yovelgvari teqnikuri xerxebis gamoyenebis gareSe,
Tavisi saTeatro dadgmebi maqsimalurad miuaxlova kinoxelovnebis enas. aq
Cven vgulisxmobT Teatralur formebs gamomsaxvelobiTi enis
TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, saTeatro sivrceSi sxvadasxva kinoxedis
gamoyeneba, gamsxvileba, msxvili xedebi, saerTo xedebi. qarTul TeatrSi
kinoxerxebs, rogorc aRvniSne, marjaniSvilic iyenebda. am TvalsazrisiT
gavixsenoT ernst toleris `hopla, Cven vcocxlobT~, `uriel akosta~ (a.
guckovis piesis mixedviT), sadac e. w. `kinoxerxebs~: montaJs, xedebis
gamsxvilebas, sasceno sivrceSi erTdroulad sxvadasxva planze moqmedebas
mimarTavda.
robert sturua agrZelebs qarTuli Teatraluri skolis tradiciebs
(marjaniSvili, axmeteli, TumaniSvili) da Tavis speqtaklebSi simbolur,
metaforul enas iyenebs `protestis~ gamosaxatavad. es procesi Teatralur
xelovnebaSi gacilebiT adre daiwyo. rodesac formirebas iwyebs e. w.
`sareJisoro Teatri~ (XIX _ XX saukunis dasawyisi). imis Tqma gvsurs, rom
60-ian wlebSi, `simbolur-metaforuli Teatri~ _ erTgvari `rimeiqi~ iyo
saxecvlili formebiT. amis tradicia ukve arsebobda ara mxolod evropasa
da ruseTSi, aramed, saqarTveloSic.
robert sturuas sareJisoro enis Camoyalibebisas warmosaxvis
Teatris stilistikam pirvelad Tavi iCina `xanumaSi~. miRebulma Sedegma
Tavisi gamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebiT gansazRvra misi SemoqmedebiTi gzis
Semdgomi orientacia, romelsac dRes `sturuaseul ekleqtur Teatrs~
vuwodebT.
daviT kldiaSvilis `samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~ reJisorebma
(robert sturua, Temur CxeiZe) erTmaneTs SeuTavses fsiqologiuri wvdomis,
gardasaxvis principebi brextiseul `gaucxoebis efeqts~. speqtakli saxl-
muzeumSi damTvalierebelTa mosvliT iwyeboda da mTeli moqmedeba am
muzeumis erT oTaxsa da aivanze mimdinareobda. am xerxis gamoyenebiT,
distancia msaxiobebsa da moTxrobis gmirebs Soris, xan mcirdeboda da xan
188
kvlav izrdeboda. amas garda, meTodi, romelic gamoiyenes reJisorebma,
speqtaklis dasawyisidanve saSualebas aZlevda Tavisuflad gadasuliyvnen
moTxrobis realuri situaciebidan pirobiTsa da stilizebul xerxebze. es
xazs usvamda damdgmelebis damokidebulebas ama Tu im movlenisadmi _
gadasvla ironiidan da iumoridan naRvelisa da tragizmis situaciebze.
robert sturuas `yvaryvare~ qarTul Teatralur sivrceSi miCneulia
postmodernis manifestad. rusTavelis Teatris dadgmis xerxi groteski
iyo. speqtaklSi tiraniis globaluri aspeqtebi gacxadda. reJisors
speqtakli gadawyvetili hqonda, rogorc sakarnavalo farsi, xolo aseT
JanrSi yovelgvari pirobiTobaa dasaSvebi. amitomac sruliad gamarTlda
ramaz CxikvaZis yvaryvares saxis warmoCena tiranis globalur aspeqtSi.
robert sturua amxelda ara marto yvaryvares, aramed iseT
sazogadoebasac, romelic uSvebs da itans yvaryvares arsebobas. albaT,
swored amitom, reJisorma speqtaklSi dagvanaxa yvaryvares metamorfozebi,
misi niRbis sxvadasxvagvari imitaciebi.
robert sturuas speqtaklebSi ferTa simbolikas dramaturgiuli
mniSvneloba, datvirTva aqvs miniWebuli. misi adreuli speqtaklebidan
gansakuTrebuli simZafriT es `RalatSi~ gamoikveTa. magaliTad, Tuki
dasawyisSi zeinabsa da oTar-begs sisxlisferi samosi ecvaT, rogorc
soleimanis msaxurebs, speqtaklis dasrulebisas mooqrosfroTi icvleboda,
rac albaT maT ganaxlebul sulier mdgomareobaze mianiSnebda. `Ralats~
robert sturuam zogadsakacobrio masStabi SesZina da globalurad
warmoaCina dampyroblisa da dapyrobilis urTierTobani, maTi fsiqologia
da cxovrebis cvalebadobis garduvaloba.
Tu `samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~ r. sturua adamianTa urTierTobis
rTul sulier da socialur procesebs ikvlevda da warmoaCenda,
`RalatSi~ da Semdgom ufro mZafrad `yvaryvareSi~ politikuri Teatris
principebi Cndeba, rac Semdgom `kavkasiur carcis wreSi~, `riCardSi~ da
sxva speqtaklebSi viTardeba. es speqtaklebi TavianTi arsiT ebrZvian
yovelgvar usamarTlobas. reJisori ar erideboda situaciebis gaRrmavebas
da gamwvavebas, raTa ukeT warmoeCina keTili.
189
robert sturuas saTeatro enis Camoyalibebis procesSi
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa brextis Teatralurma stilistikam da mixeil
baxtinis Teoriulma kvlevebma. man, SeiZleba iTqvas, praqtikaSi, Tavis
dadgmebSi ganaxorciela baxtinis Teoriuli mosazrebebi. baxtinis
parodiis, groteskis, ironiis, karnavalurobis Teoria gadaamuSava da
sakuTar sareJisoro enaSi organulad gamoiyena. robert sturuas mTel
Semdgom SemoqmedebaSi sxvadasxva stilisa da Janris, sxvadasxva
saSemsruleblo maneris urTierSekavSireba moxda da ara aRreva.
brextis piesebidan pirveli, romelsac robert sturua dgams
`seCuaneli keTili adamiania~. `seCuanel keTil adamianSi~ reJisorma SeZlo
gadmoeca azris Tanmimdevruloba, socialuri simaxvile, magram speqtaklis
formaSi, mxatvrul saSualebebSi araviTari siaxle ar igrZnoboda.
`kavkasiuri carcis wre~ robert sturuas meore Sexvedra iyo
brextTan, sadac reJisorma piesis Tavisufali, axleburi montaJi
SemogvTavaza. prologi mTlianad amoiRo, mgosani Secvala mTxrobliT,
amoagdo musikosTa jgufi, xolo dramaturgiuli datvirTva mTxrobels
daakisra, Seamokla teqsti. brextis dramis Teoriis mTavari principebi ki
daculi iyo.
`kavkasiur carcis wreSi~ robert sturuam ganaxorciela groteskisa
da realizmis urTierTSerwyma, mis saTeatro enaSi naTlad gamoikveTa
baxtiniseuli groteskuli realizmis arseboba. speqtaklSi brextis kidev
erTi principi iyo daculi _ sxvadasxva mimdinareobaTa erTmaneTTan
organuli Serwyma. am SemTxvevaSi _ naturalizmis, eqspresionizmisa da
simbolizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. brextis Teoriis Tanaxmad,
reJisorma erTmaneTs Seurwya poeturi da prozauli, fantastikuri da
realuri, gonebrivi da emociuri. amis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTi
gaxldaT mTlianobaSi azdakis saxe.
robert sturuas miswrafebam publicistikisaken, poeturi sityvis,
musikis da cekvis sinTezisaken Tavisi maRalmxatvruli gamoxatuleba pova
bertolt brextis `kavkasiur carcis wreSi~, es iyo r. sturuas
reJisoruli azrovnebis namdvili gamarjveba.
190
1994 wels robert sturua rusTavelis TeatrSi meored dgams brextis
`seCuanel keTil adamians~. am speqtaklSi gamoiyena `citirebis~ xerxi:
`citirebebi~ Tavisi adrindeli speqtaklebidan, erTgvari kolaJi
sxvadasxva speqtaklis dekoraciebidan (`kavkasiuri carcis wre~ da `riCard
mesame~). es anturaJi Tumca nacnobi iyo mayureblisaTvis, inarCunebda Tavis
pirvandel saxes, moqceuli sxva konteqstSi axal sinamdviles qmnida.
`kavkasiuri carcis wrisgan~ gansxvavebiT, `seCuaneli keTili adamianis~
sturuaseuli brexti ufro skeptikuria. aq, am speqtaklSi brextiseuli
`gaucxoebis efeqti~ yvelaze ufro metad aisaxa reJisorisa da drois
gaucxoebaSi.
Seqspiris dramaturgia iZleva mravali, gansxvavebuli interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas. brukis TqmiT: `Seqspiris piesebis dadgmebi umeteswilad
warmoadgens sxvadasxva Teatralur stilTa istorias, romlebic ubiZgebda
msaxiobebs, reJisorebsa da mxatvrebs gamoeZerwaT Seqspiris piesebi
Taviseburad~.63
robert sturuas yovelTvis awuxebda tiranul saxelmwifoSi
pirovnebis nivelirebis problema, amitomac bunebrivi iyo, rom man mimarTa
Seqspiris piesebs. reJisorma `riCard mesames~ dadgmis SemTxvevaSic ar
uRalata Tavis meTods da reJisoruli koncefciis gamosaxatavad Seqspiris
teqstsac iseve Tavisuflad moeqca, rogorc amas sxva dramaturgTa mimarT
akeTebda. speqtaklSi zogierTi personaJi saerTod gaqra, teqsti Semoklda.
rigi scenebi, romlebic SeqspirTan Tanmimdevrulad aris mocemuli,
warmodgenaSi gaerTianda polifoniur plastebSi, amiT naTlad
gamomJRavnda movlenebis is urTierTSemakavSirebeli xazi, romelic sxva
SemTxvevaSi mayureblisaTvis SeiZleba amoucnobi gamxdariyo. speqtaklSi
Semoyvanilia axali personaJic, romelic Seqspiris tragediaSi ar aris. es
aris masxaras saxe. reJisorma mas mayureblis `gaucxoebis~ funqcia
daakisra.
robert sturua Seqspiris tragedias tragifarsis formiT gvawvdis.
tragikulia yvelaferi is, rac scenaze xdeba, ra Tqma unda, tragediaa
63 Брук П. Шекспир в наше время. ж. «Англия» , 1964. №2. стр. 8.
191
adamianTa imgvari yofa, arseboba, rogoradac es Seqspiris `riCard
mesameSia~ mocemuli, magram reJisori yvelafer amas, adamianTa gaSmagebul
brZolas Zalauflebis mopovebisaTvis, ironiulad uyurebs, TiTqos
dascinis kidec maT. igi TiTqos civi gonebiT ukvirdeba da afasebs.
warmodgenis amgvar xasiaTSi gadawyvetas Seefereba rogorc speqtaklis
mxatvroba (m. SveliZe), aseve musika (g. yanCeli). robert sturuas yvela
speqtaklsa da maT Soris `riCard mesameSi~ didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda
musikas. umetes SemTxvevaSi igi sazRvravda speqtaklis plastikur
gadawyvetas.
problemis globalur aspeqtSi warmoCenas xels uwyobda agreTve
kostiumebi, romlebic speqtaklSi monawile msaxiobebs, `riCard mesamis~
personaJebs ecvaT. es iyo abstraqtul-stilizebuli kostiumebi, romlebic
TiTqosda yvela drois politikosTa Cacmulobas mogvagonebda (hitleris,
napoleonis da a. S.).
mesame moqmedebaSi robert sturuas Semohyavda jambazi, romelic
scenaze mimdinare moqmedebas ironiul, gamosaaSkaravebel komentarebs
ukeTebda. reJisorma mas mayureblis `gaucxoebis~ funqcia daakisra. jambazi
mayurebels ironiulad esaubreboda tragediis bunebis Sesaxeb. dascinoda
scenaze moqmed personaJebs. yvelafer amas ki akeTebda imisTvis, raTa
mayurebels SesZleboda gaeanalizebina scenaze momxdari ambis saSineli
uazroba da Seegno, rom ZalauflebisaTvis, sakuTari gandidebisaTvis
brZola klavs adamianSi yovelgvar adamianurs, aqcevs mas sisxlismsmel,
ideafiqsiT Sepyrobil meqanizmad.
transformaciam, romelic ganicades robert sturuas speqtaklSi
Seqspiris tragediis gmirebma, mianiWa maT saxeebs ufro publicisturi
JReradoba. Seqspiris `riCard mesamis~ yvela gmiri ar aris aramzada.
speqtaklSi ki, teqstSi aqcentebis gadaadgilebiT, replikebis amogdebiT,
CasmiT, gadakeTebiT da sxva amgvari saSualebebiT yvelani aRmoCndnen
pativmoyvare, Zalauflebisaken swrafviT Sepyrobilni.
speqtaklSi xazgasmulia, rom riCards zneobrivad arajansaRma
garemocvam xeli Seuwyo misi araadamianuri zraxvebis aRmocenebasa da
aRsrulebaSi.
192
robert sturuam `mefe lirSi~ harmoniulad gaaerTiana sxvadasxva
Teatraluri mimdinareoba. man Tavis, ukve arsebul, `saTeatro enas~ axali
JReradoba SesZina. e. w. `warmosaxvis Teatrs~, pirobiTobas, `gaucxoebis
efeqts~ da distanciur damokidebulebas, Teatralobas daumata gmirTa
xasiaTebis fsiqologiuri damuSaveba. man am speqtaklSi wina planze
wamoswia Seqspiris teqstis qveteqsti. tragifarsuli, tragikomikuri
Teatris gverdiT Rrmad Cagvaxeda adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi, mis sulSi,
gviCvena pirovnuli tragedia, pirovnebis sulis rRveva da aRorZineba.
reJisoris Canafiqri ganxorcielda dekoraciaSic, romelic TeatrSi
Teatris imitacis qmnida.
robert sturua `mefe lirSi~ agrZelebs kvlevas pirovnebis, tiraniis,
saxelmwifos, diqtaturis problemebisa. am speqtaklSi reJisorma wina
planze wamoswia tiranis, despotis danatovris saSineli aspeqtebi.
reJisor robert sturuas koncefciaSi gadmocemuli iyo liris
msoflmxedvelobis arsi, e. w. `liris Teatri~ da tragedias absoluturad
Tanamedrove JReradoba SesZina.
Seqspiris poeturi, filosofiuri sityva sturuam scenaze
vizualurad gamoZerwa. ama Tu im epizodSi movlenis arss igi Tavisebur
scenur formas usadagebda.
robert sturua sxvadasxva reJisoruli xerxiT amZafrebs scenaze
warmodgenili samyaros saSinelebebs. am saSinelebebis warmoCeniT mihyavs
mayurebeli daZabulobis ukidures zRvramde. amas reJisori aRwevs
sxvadasxva Teatraluri saSualebis gamoyenebiT _ proJeqtorebis
damabrmavebeli efeqtis meSveobiT (elvis msgavsi), Weqa-quxilis
gamayruebeli xmebis imitaciiT, scenis siRrmidan wamosuli gamaognebeli
RmuiliT da a. S.
is samyaro, romelsac robert sturua speqtaklSi gviCvenebs, marto
liris samyaro ar aris. es dRes Cven garSemo arsebuli samyarocaa.
sarkisebri arekvla mayurebelTa darbazisa scenaze swored amis
mimaniSnebelia. speqtaklSi dro da adgili aranairad ar aris
Semofargluli. is, rac scenaze xdeba, nebismier drosa da sivrceSi
SeiZleba ganmeordes.
193
robert sturuasaTvis Seqspiris piesebSi mniSvnelovania masxaras
personaJi, rac reJisors xels uwyobs Tavisi koncefciis ukeT warmoCenaSi.
SeqspirTan `lirSi~ masxara ar kvdeba, igi ubralod qreba. robert sturuas
speqtaklSi liri klavs masxaras. Tavidan igi gauazreblad urtyamda danas
masxaras, mxolod bolo wuTebSi xvdeboda, rom masxaras mkvlelobiT man
TviTmkvleloba Caidina.
`mefe lirSi~ gamoCnda reJisoris `saTeatro enis~ axali plastebi,
axali Sreebi. es iyo gansxvavebuli robert sturuas politikuri
Teatrisagan. TamaSis axleburi manera, fsiqologiuri svlebi, Serwymuli
mis Teatralur stilistikasTan, ufro met Sinagan Zalas da siTbos
aniWebda speqtakls.
`makbetSic~ Zalauflebisa da taxtisaTvis brZolaa asaxuli.
gvirgvini, romlisTvisac daundobeli brZolaa gaCaRebuli, isev yvelaze
borots, daundobelsa da cbiers ergeba... am speqtaklSi ufro mZafrad
gamoikveTa samyaro adamianTa codvebiTa Tu ubiwoebiT aRvsili.
`makbetSi~ robert sturuas sareJisoro ena Sors aris `yofiTi~
scenuri urTierTobebidan, cxovrebiseuli detalebidan. aq, TiTqos,
yvelaferi ukiduresi daZabulobis zRvarze mimdinareobs. speqtakli ar
aris gadatvirTuli efeqtebiT, magram amave dros mayurebeli SeigrZnobs
reJisoris ulevi fantaziis nayofs.
speqtaklSi makbetis garSemo arsebuli qveyana ZalauflebisaTvis
brZolis morevSia Cafluli. aq, am samyaroSi, aravinaa ucodveli. yvelani
erTnairebi arian da yvelas sanukvari ocneba samefo gvirgvinia. samefo
gvirgvinisaTvis brZolaSi ki xan erTi imarjvebs da xan _ meore.
speqtaklSi zaza papuaSvilis makbeti da nino kasraZis ledi makbeti
ufro axalgazrdebi arian, vidre es piesaSia. gaaxalgazrdavebulia
speqtaklSi maTi garemocvac.
SeqspirTan makbets gmiruli da saxelovani warsuli aqvs. robert
sturuas interpretaciiT ki misi warsulis erTgvari nivelireba xdeba. igi
TiTqos warsulis gareSe xvdeba am samyaroSi, sadac TviTon, brZoliTa da
agresiiT unda ipovos Tavisi Tavi.
194
robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis, misi Teatraluri
esTetikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia dramaturgis sapirispiro gziT siaruli.
imavdroulad igi axerxebs dramaturgiuli Canafiqris asaxvas. am
SemTxvevaSic robert sturuas grZneuli qalebi formaluri mxatvruli
xerxia, metaforaa. maT gamosaxvas reJisorma Camoacila yovelgvari
tragikuli, mistikuri, idumali paTosi da groteskul aspeqtSi gadawyvita.
speqtaklSi ar aris mkveTrad gamijnuli boroteba da sikeTe, iseve
rogorc, waSlilia zRvari mkvdrebsa da cocxlebs Soris. `makbetSi~
mkvdrebs ar asaflaveben. maT TiTqos uzarmazar nagavsayrelze gadaisvrian
xolme. speqtaklSi erTxel moklulebi kvlav agrZeleben sicocxles da ara
marto makbetisa da misi meuRlis `zmanebebSi~, aramed `realurad~. isini
cocxldebian piradi SurisZiebisaTvis, sikeTe da samarTlianoba Sors aris
am adamianebisagan. Tumca, makbetis boroteba erTxel ukve moklulebs
aiZulebs mis mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi yofnas. makbetis kidev ufro didi
borotebis winaaRmdeg mkvdrebi da cocxlebi erTiandebian.
Seqspiris sturuaseul dadgmebSi masxarebi gansxvavebulni arian. am
SemTxvevaSi masxara morCili, laquca qveSevrdomia, romelsac mTlianad
dakarguli aqvs adamianuri Rirseba.
robert sturuam da qoreografma gia marRaniam makbetis da ledi
makbetis araCveulebrivi plastikuri naxazi Seqmnes. maT scenaze
gaacocxles am wyvilis ucnauri da tragikuli siyvaruli.
reJisor robert sturuas saTeatro enas axasiaTebs erTdroulad
ramdenime moqmedebis gaSla scenaze. ase xdeba `makbetSic. sakmarisia,
gavixsenoT epizodi, rodesac scenis erT mxares malkolmi (Temiko WiWinaZe)
da misi momxreebi makbetis winaaRmdeg, misTvis samagieros gadasaxdelad,
SeTqmulebas amzadeben, xolo scenis meore mxares SeSinebuli, sindisis
qenjniT gawamebuli ledi makbetis sasikvdilo agonia TamaSdeba.
robert sturuasaTvis niSandoblivia personaJTa qmedebis
metaforuli gaazreba. laparakia moqmed pirTa e. w. `boroti xelebis~
aqcentirebaze. zogierT scenaSi swored xelebi amxelen gmirTa zraxvebs.
195
sayuradReboa is faqti, rom speqtaklis finalSi, reJisoris mier
Semotanili metaforuli xerxi _ adamianis mokveTili TavebiT fexburTis
TamaSisa, Tavad makbets Seawyvetina. siaves, borotebas aq wertili daesva.
`hamletSi~ robert sturuas reJisurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
dramatuloba da ironiuloba erTmaneTis gverdiT Tanaarseboben.
klasikuri da balaganuri dadgmis stili erTmaneTs enacvleba. piesis
gmirebi speqtaklSi tragikuli balaganis monawileebad arian qceulni.
robert sturuam `hamletSi~ dagvixata samyaro, sadac realurobasa
da pirobiTobas Soris arsebuli zRvari waSlilia. es paraleluri
Sreebia, romlebic erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTula. erTi mdgomareobidan, erTi
ganzomilebidan meoreSi gadasvla SeumCnevlad, minimaluri Strixebis
gamoyenebiT xdeba.
`hamletSi~ scena ar aris gadatvirTuli dekoraciebiT (mxatvari m.
SveliZe). scenografia da kostiumebi kvlav ar gansazRvraven dros.
robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mTelis da
nawilis, fragmentis da erTianobis warmoCena. swored amgvari xerxiT aris
agebuli `hamletic~, misi scenografia, musikaluri gaformeba, kompozicia
da struqtura. amiT igi TvalsaCinos xdis Tavis saTqmels.
robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tragikulis
da komikuris Tanaarseboba. asea `hamletSic~.
reJisoris interpretaciiT zaza papuaSvilis hamleti ar aris erTiani
monoliTuri figura. misi hamleti winaaRmdegobrivia, rogorc Sinagani
bunebiT, aseve garegnuladac. igi xan jambazia, ironiiTa da cinizmiT
ganmsWvaluli, xan Steria, xan Wkviania, xan sastikia, xan wrfeli da nazia,
xan mZvinvare da ficxia da xanac _ romantiuli. misi qmedebebi Tu emociuri
mdgomareoba sxvadasxva situaciaSi sxvadasxva elfers iZens. zaza
papuaSvilis hamleti bedTan TiTqos Seguebulia. misi qcevebi TiTqos
ucnauria, ucnauria misi damokidebulebac samyaroSi arsebuli borotebis,
Ralatis mimarT. is aRar kiTxulobs, wyeulma bedma rad arguna gawyvetili
kavSiris Sekvra. mis aRqmaSi es gardauvali faqtia da amitomac iRebs mas
da ambobs: `droTa kavSiri dairRva da wyeulma bedma me marguna misi
Sekvra~.
196
hamletisa da mamis aCrdilis Sexvedris epizodSi reJisori
plastikuri gadawyvetis saSualebiT xazs usvams mamisa da Svilis sulier
erTianobas.
`hamletSi~ sxva sakiTxebTan erTad robert sturuam isev gausva xazi
Zalauflebisken swrafvis Temas. amjerad, klavdiusi sakuTar Zmas klavs
mmarTvelobis xelSi Casagdebad.
robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia musikas
mianiWos iseTive funqcia, rogorsac aniWebs sametyvelo enasa Tu sxeulis,
plastikis enas. speqtaklSi ramdenime musikaluri Temaa, TiToeul maTgans
Tavisi dramaturgiuli da emociuri funqcia akisria. scenaze situaciis an
gmiris ganwyobilebis Sesabamisad icvleba Temebi.
robert sturuas saTeatro enis kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa
kostiumebis ekleqtizmi. met-naklebad istoriuli kostiumebis gverdiT
Tanamedroved Cacmul personaJebs vxedavT. xelovani yovelTvis xazs usvams
Tavis, rogorc reJisoris, funqcias Seqspiris dramebis, misi gmirebis
gacocxlebisa; amitomac gadmoaqvs isini nacnob, erovnul, politikur Tu
socialur konteqstSi.
robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia scenuri
Txrobis araCveulebrivi dinamikuroba, rac am speqtaklSi sruli sicxadiT
gamovlinda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom `hamletSi~, verbaluri TvalsazrisiT, arcerTi
mniSvnelovani monologi bolomde ar aris gadmocemuli.
robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia _
sulisSemZvreli epizodis Semdgom mayurebels amosunTqvis saSualeba
misces. reJisorma `hamletSic~ gamoiyena komikuri elementebis Serwyma
tragikul movlenebTan.
`hamletSi~ ar xdeba Janrobrivi dayofa. ufro metic, Tamamad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
ekleqtizmi am speqtaklSi yvelaze naTlad gamovlinda. aq yvelafers
erTdroulad aRviqvamT _ tragedias, fsiqologiur dramas, farss, komedias
da a. S.. am dadgmaSic yoveli detali, rogorc zogadad robert sturuas
saTeatro enas axasiaTebs, maTematikuri sizustiT aris damuSavebuli,
197
yovel epizods, scenas simarTle udevs safuZvlad, ris gamoc es TiTqosda
erTi SexedviT Janruli ekleqtizmi erT mTlian kompoziciaSia Sekruli.
`rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~ mxiaruli, raRac
TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba, cinikuri, `situaciebis komedia~ robert sturuas
interpretaciiT rusTavelis Teatris scenaze tragifarsad iqca. am xerxiT
robert sturuam komediis siuJeti sul sxva rakursiT, sxva mxridan
daanaxa mayurebels.
robert sturuas sareJisoro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva
Teatraluri Janrisa Tu mimarTulebis erT speqtaklSi gaerTianeba. aq, am
speqtaklSi, Suasaukneebis Teatridan dawyebuli, yvela Janrs amoicnobT:
liturgikul dramas, mirakls, misterias, farss, pastorals, `komedia
delartesaTvis~ damaxasiaTebel bufonadas... reJisorisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Janruli, gamiznuli ekleqtika, SeiZleba iTqvas,
polistilistika am speqtaklSic erT mTlianobaSia Sekruli.
robert sturuam `meTormete RameSi~ Seqmna daxlarTuli, sabediswero
peripetiebi, romlebic Tavis morevSi iTreven speqtaklis yvela personaJs.
am xerxiT, eqstremaluri situaciebis SeqmniT, man moqmed pirTa uxilavi
mxareebi da maTSi momxdari metamorfozebi ufro naTlad warmoaCina.
sturua TiTqos cdilobs aCvenos ori samyaros paraleluri arseboba ara
marto scenaze, aramed Tavad adamianSi. erTi realuri, miwieri arsebobaa,
realuri samyaroa, meore ki _ metafizikuri, sadac yvelafers Tavisi
WeSmariti Rirebuleba aqvs. robert sturuam speqtaklSi gaaerTiana es
xiluli da uxilavi samyaroebi.
mxatvrul gaformebaSi zedmiwevniT lakoniuria ferTa gama. robert
sturuas sxva speqtaklebis msgavsad, am dadgmaSic mxatvrobis da musikis
ena harmoniulad aris Serwymuli reJisoris saTeatro, sareJisoro enasTan,
rac mTlianobaSi qmnis araCveulebriv, sulis amaforiaqebel da
dasafiqrebel sanaxaobas.
keTili iumori, ironiuli qveteqsti, nebismieri saxis iluziebi,
triukebi, oinebi, msaxiobTa TamaSisaTvis, improvizaciisaTvis Seqmnili
Tavisufleba ki ar cvlis, aramed piriqiT, amZafrebs movlenebis arss.
198
yvelaferi es gakeTebulia sanaxaobiTobis SerwymiT Rrma filosofiur
azrTan.
sturuas sxva speqtaklebis msgavsad am dadgmaSic ostaturad da
efeqturad aris Sesrulebuli sanaxaobiTi formebi, rac minimaluri
dekoraciis gamoyenebiT xdeba. reJisori TiTqos xazs usvams, rom am
samyaroSi araferia mudmivi, miTumetes, sagnebi.
speqtakli savsea robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli moulodneli svlebiT. reJisorma speqtakli daiwyo imiT,
rac piesaSi ar aris, magram, mTavaria is, rom mis mier SemoTavazebuli
dasasruli sruliad moulodnelia mayureblisaTvis. speqtaklis finalSi
golgoTis scenis gaTamaSeba, maSin rodesac `situaciebis komedia~ kvanZis
gaxsnis Semdgom TiTqos keTilad unda dasrulebuliyo, Sokis momgvrel
STabeWdilebas tovebs mayurebelze.
robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis niSandoblivia _ `teqstis~
montaJi (zogjer, robert sturua ar dgams piesiT gansazRvrul yvela
suraTs, moqmedebas); warmodgenis scenaze ganxorcielebisas `kinomontaJis~
xerxis gamoyeneba; koncefciis naTlad warmosaCenad personaJTa
transformaciis meSveobiT moqmedi pirebisaTvis publicisturi JReradobis
miniWeba; personaJTa qmedebis metaforuli gaazreba; scenuri sivrcis
maTematikuri sizustiT aTviseba da niSnobrivi gajerebuloba; scenaze
dekoraciisa da rekvizitisTvis simbolos an metaforis rolis miniWeba
(yvelaferi, rac scenazea, ganmsWvalulia damatebiTi mniSvnelobebiT);
mTelis da nawilis, fragmentis da erTianobis warmoCena; msaxiobTa
universaluroba (maT TamaSs ver mivakuTvnebT romelime erT Teatralur
stils); TamaSis axleburi manera, fsiqologiuri svlebis Serwyma sakuTar
Teatralur stilistikasTan; dramatulobisa da ironiulobis erTmaneTis
gverdiT Tanaarseboba; musikisaTvis iseTive funqciis miniWeba, rogorsac
aniWebs sametyvelo enasa Tu sxeulis, plastikis enas; speqtaklebSi
ramdenime musikaluri Temis arseboba, TiToeuli maTganisaTvis
dramaturgiuli da emociuri funqciis dakisreba; musikis meSveobiT
speqtaklis plastikuri naxazis Seqmna; speqtaklis kostiumebis ekleqtizmi,
199
kostiumebisaTvis dramaturgiuli datvirTvis miniWeba; scenuri Txrobis
araCveulebrivi dinamikuroba (magaliTad, Tu gmiri monologs kiTxulobs,
es monologi sturuasTan iSviaTad aris mxolod monologi, klasikuri
gagebiT); droTa aRreva (mis speqtaklebSi dro ar aris gansazRvruli);
realurobasa da pirobiTobas Soris zRvris ararseboba; Janrobrivi
polistilistika;
robert sturuas saTeatro enis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia: montaJis
principi, simboluroba da metaforuloba, `dekanonizireba~, `ormagi
kodirebis~ principi, ironia, Janrebis Sereva _ stiluri sinkretizmi,
karnavaluroba, imanenturoba, Teatraloba, muSaoba publikaze, auditoriis
aucilebeli gaTvaliswineba. es niSnebi, sxvasTan erTad, axasiaTebs
postmodernizms. am mimdinareobam didi roli iTamaSa reJisoris saTeatro
enis formirebis procesSi.
xelovnebis arsi da daniSnuleba cxovrebis asaxvaa, romelic
WeSmaritebasTan miaxloebis da Semecnebis erT-erTi saSualebaa. xelovnebis
nebismieri dargi da miTumetes Teatri exmareba adamians ufro mZafrad
SeigrZnos da gaiazros sxvadasxva cxovrebiseuli movlena. robert
sturuas Seqspiris dadgmebi: `riCard III~, `mefe liri~, `makbeti~, `hamleti~,
asaxavs adamianis Zalauflebisken swrafvas, ukanasknelSi ki sxvasTan
erTad im fsiqikur Tu moralur zians, romelsac Zalaufleba da misken
ltolva ayenebs adamians, ara aqvs mniSvneloba Zalauflebis subieqtia is,
Tu obieqti. aseTi svla Zalauflebis anatomiidan ( `riCard III~, `mefe
liri~, `makbeti~) sulis anatomiisken (`hamleti~) robert sturuas
SemoqmedebaSi sruliad logikuria. `meTormete Rame~ es aris `Teatri
TeatrSi~. am cxovreba-TeatrSi, cxovreba-balaganSi, adamiani-Tojinebis,
adamiani-niRbebis, adamiani-jambazebis balaganuri amaoebis miRma naTlad
Cans sxva, kerZod ki, ganwiruli adamianis gancdebi.
xelovnebis nimuSi, romelic mxolod erTgvarovani interpretaciis
saSualebas iZleva, ar SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli xelovnebis nimuSad. robert
sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia miniSnebebis gakeTeba,
200
romelTac mayurebeli sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqvams da sxvadasxva
interpretacias aZlevs. amitomac aris robert sturua didi reJisori.
qarTuli TeatrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, msoflio saTeatro
Janrebis da tendenciebis zogierTi maxasiaTeblebi, bertolt brextis
saTeatro koncefciis transformirebuli saxiT gamoyeneba, mixeil baxtinis
parodiis, groteskuli realizmis, ironiis, karnavalurobis Teoria qmnis
robert sturuas `ekleqtur~, `polistilistur~ Teatrs. msoflio
Teatraluri semiotikis Tanafardobisa Tu urTierTSerwymisas reJisorma
miagno originaluri saTeatro enis Seqmnis gzebs. robert sturuas
saTeatro enis ganmsazRvrel cnebas SeiZleba ewodos `polistilistika~.
201
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