Surgical RoboticsSurgical Robotics

William J. RinaldiComputer Science

Presbyterian CollegeApril 17, 2008

RoboticsRoboticso The Word “Robot” comes from the Check The Word “Robot” comes from the Check word Robata which means forced labor.word Robata which means forced labor.

o Robots have evolved remarkably over Robots have evolved remarkably over the years from their humble the years from their humble beginnings performing menial tasks, beginnings performing menial tasks, to today where they can perform very to today where they can perform very complex taskscomplex tasks

o Robots are used in research, in Robots are used in research, in computers, and in manufacturingcomputers, and in manufacturing

o only until recently did they start only until recently did they start being used for medicinebeing used for medicine

Today about 4 million procedures are Today about 4 million procedures are carried out annually around the world carried out annually around the world

Surgical RoboticsSurgical Robotics

When you refer to robots you think of When you refer to robots you think of totally autonomous machines that can totally autonomous machines that can work on their own.work on their own.

Science fiction literature Science fiction literature Screen entertainmentScreen entertainment

““Transformers”Transformers”

““Irobot”Irobot”

Scary!Scary!

Fortunately, this is not the case with Fortunately, this is not the case with robotics in surgeriesrobotics in surgeries

These machines simply assist surgeons. These machines simply assist surgeons. They still require a human surgeon to They still require a human surgeon to

operate them and input instructionsoperate them and input instructions

Surgical RoboticsSurgical Robotics

BeginningsBeginnings

The first robotic surgery was The first robotic surgery was performed in 1985 by a robot, the performed in 1985 by a robot, the PUMA 560PUMA 560• The Surgery Consisted of the robot The Surgery Consisted of the robot placing a needle into the brain for a placing a needle into the brain for a biopsy.biopsy.

The PROBOT was developed in 1988 at The PROBOT was developed in 1988 at Imperial College LondonImperial College London and was the and was the first robotic surgical unit to first robotic surgical unit to perform prostatic surgeryperform prostatic surgery

Puma 560Puma 560

PROBOTPROBOT

Military Use Military Use

The military really helped in The military really helped in the development of robotics in the development of robotics in medicine medicine

The thought was to perform The thought was to perform surgery on an injured solider surgery on an injured solider from a remote locationfrom a remote location

MASH (Mobile Advanced Surgical MASH (Mobile Advanced Surgical Hospital) Hospital)

TypesTypes

Da Vinci Surgical SystemDa Vinci Surgical System

CyberknifeCyberknife

Da Vinci Surgical System Da Vinci Surgical System Was created by Was created by

Intuitive Surgical Inc.Intuitive Surgical Inc. It is primarily used in It is primarily used in

prostatectomies cardiac prostatectomies cardiac valve repair and valve repair and gynecologic surgical gynecologic surgical procedures procedures

Approved by FDA first Approved by FDA first to be used in Americato be used in America

Cost $1,000,000Cost $1,000,000 The system is made up The system is made up

of four robotic arms. of four robotic arms. Three of those arms Three of those arms hold tools. The fourth hold tools. The fourth has a camera with two has a camera with two lenses that allow the lenses that allow the surgeon full vision.surgeon full vision.

Da Vinci Surgical SystemDa Vinci Surgical System

CyberknifeCyberknife

This machine was invented by John This machine was invented by John R. AdlerR. Adler

It is designed for radio surgeryIt is designed for radio surgery It produces radiation from a small It produces radiation from a small linear particle acceleratorlinear particle accelerator

Has a robotic arm which allows its Has a robotic arm which allows its energy to be aimed at any part of energy to be aimed at any part of the body from any directionthe body from any direction

CyberknifeCyberknife

LimitationsLimitations

These Specific machines can be These Specific machines can be very expensive to own and very expensive to own and operateoperate

Surgeons and nurses have to be Surgeons and nurses have to be specially trained to know how specially trained to know how to use themto use them

There is not much data out There is not much data out there about come proceduresthere about come procedures

BenefitsBenefits

The fatigue factor is considerably The fatigue factor is considerably reduced as the surgeon is seated and reduced as the surgeon is seated and does not have to constantly hold onto does not have to constantly hold onto the instruments. the instruments.

Robotic surgeries are minimally Robotic surgeries are minimally invasiveinvasive

Incisions are smallerIncisions are smaller Less risk of infectionLess risk of infection Hospital stays are generally shorterHospital stays are generally shorter Patients recuperate fasterPatients recuperate faster

UsesUses

Cardiac surgeryCardiac surgery Gastrointestinal surgeryGastrointestinal surgery GynecologyGynecology OrthopedicsOrthopedics PediatricsPediatrics Radio surgeryRadio surgery UrologyUrology

ConclusionConclusion

Today Robotic Surgeries are becoming Today Robotic Surgeries are becoming more and more prevalentmore and more prevalent

Hospitals and surgeons are realizing Hospitals and surgeons are realizing how amazing these machines really how amazing these machines really are and spending the money to get are and spending the money to get themthem

Eventually surgeons may not even be Eventually surgeons may not even be needed, robots will be able to do needed, robots will be able to do surgeries on their own.surgeries on their own.

ReferencesReferences

http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_Groups/Group02/GroupBI108_2004_Groups/Group02/Group%2002%20Website/history_robotic.htm%2002%20Website/history_robotic.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_surgery

http://mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/~ll106/http://mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/~ll106/Applications/Medical/main.htmlApplications/Medical/main.html

Questions?Questions?