rochdale town centre, rochdale,...touchstones, rochdale, and the archives and library held at oa...

Rochdale TownCentre,

Rochdale,

Greater Manchester

Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Oxford Archaeology North

June 2009

The Rochdale DevelopmentAgency

Issue No: 2009-10/954OA North Job No: L10144NGR: SD 89849 13536

Rochdale Town Centre, Rochdale, Greater Manchester: Desk-based Assessment 1

For the use of The Rochdale Development Agency © OA North: June 2009

CONTENTS

SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................5

1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................7

1.1 Circumstances of Project.....................................................................................7

1.2 Location, Topography and Geology....................................................................7

2. METHODOLOGY .........................................................................................................9

2.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................9

2.2 Desk-based Assessment ......................................................................................9

2.3 Site Visit............................................................................................................10

2.4 Archive..............................................................................................................10

3. BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................11

3.1 Historical and Archaeological Background ......................................................11

3.2 Development of the Study Area........................................................................16

3.3 Conservation Areas ...........................................................................................31

3.4 Previous Geotechnical Work.............................................................................31

4. GAZETTEER OF SITES ..............................................................................................33

5. SITE INSPECTION AND BUILDING ASSESSMENT......................................................79

5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................79

5.2 Buildings on Yorkshire Street ...........................................................................81

5.3 Buildings on Baillie Street ................................................................................90

5.4 The Butts and Northern Part of Town Hall Conservation Area........................94

5.5 Buildings on Smith Street .................................................................................98

5.6 Other Buildings .................................................................................................94

6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REMAINS ............................................................................101

6.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................101

6.2 Criteria.............................................................................................................101

6.3 Significance.....................................................................................................106

7. LIKELY IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................107

7.1 Impact..............................................................................................................107

7.2 Impact Assessment..........................................................................................109

8. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL M ITIGATION ................................115

8.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................115



8.2 Archaeological Mitigation ..............................................................................115

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................117

9.1 Cartographic and Primary Sources..................................................................117

9.2 Secondary Sources ..........................................................................................119

APPENDIX 1: PROJECT BRIEF ....................................................................................121

ILLUSTRATIONS ..........................................................................................................125

Figures.........................................................................................................................125



SUMMARY

In April 2009, The Rochdale Development Agency (RDA) commissioned OxfordArchaeology North (OA North) to undertake an archaeological desk-based assessmentof approximately 9ha of land on the eastern side of Rochdale town centre (centred onNGR SD 89849 13536). The aim of the desk-based assessment is to providesupporting documentation for a development brief being devised by RochdaleDevelopment Agency for a large scale redevelopment of the area. The desk-basedassessment comprised a search of both published and unpublished records held by theGreater Manchester Archaeology Unit Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) inManchester; the Local Studies Centre at Touchstones, Rochdale, and the archives andlibrary held at OA North. In addition, a site visit was carried out in order to provide amore thorough understanding of the study area, and assess the significance of the builtheritage.

The assessment identified a total of 99 sites of archaeological interest within the studyarea. This included five Grade II Listed Buildings (Sites 17, 18, 20, 38 and 91), andfour sites recorded in the SMR (Sites 03, 04, 90 and 92). The remaining 87 sites wereidentified through the consultation of historic maps. There are two ConservationAreas within the study area, Town Head, at its northern extent, and Town Hall at itswestern extent. Standing buildings within these areas include Sites 15, 20, 38 and 60-62 in the Town Head Conservation Area, and Sites 17, 27, 29-33, 80 and 82-88 in theTown Hall Conservation Area. The site visit confirmed that there are numerousbuildings of historical interest in the study area, spanning the Georgian to Edwardianperiods. The majority of these buildings lie within the two Conservation Areas, in thewestern part of the study area and along Yorkshire Street, although other buildings ofhistorical importance survive on Baillie Street and Smith Street.

There are no sites of prehistoric or Roman date within the study area, which wouldsuggest that the potential for sites of this date is low. However, this may be due to alack of previous archaeological work in Rochdale, rather than an absence of suchsites. Similarly, there are no known medieval sites within the study area, although itseems probable that The Butts would have formed part of any medieval settlementfocussed on the crossing point of the River Roch. The property divisions in this partof the study area, moreover, and the narrow thoroughfares linking Yorkshire Streetwith The Butts, are potentially of medieval origin. In addition, the Roch Bridge (Site92) dates from c 1600, and represents an old crossing point of the River Roch. Thisarea therefore has some potential for significant archaeological remains of medievaldate.

Rochdale’s urban centre is of relatively recent growth, commencing in earnest duringthe seventeenth century. An important element in the growth of Rochdale during thisperiod was an expansion of the local woollen industry, and the associated trans-Pennine trade in woollen goods. The significance of this trade is reflected in thenumerous fine eamples of Georgian merchant’s houses, warehouses and inns thatsurvive in the Yorkshire Street area, which was essentially the terminus of the traderoute across the Pennines before the inception of the canal and railway links.



By the late nineteenth century, the area behind the older thoroughfares, and thetraditional commercial area of The Butts and Yorkshire Street had been infilled withindustries and housing. To the east of The Butts the area was dominated by woollenmills owned by Kelsall and Kemp, who were based at Butts Mill (Site 01). At varioustimes Kelsall and Kemp also occupied other mills in the immediate vicinity (Sites 02-04). Much of the housing situated to the east of these mills would have been erected tohouse the large numbers of people that these mills employed. Alongside theseresidential areas were community and recreational buildings including chapels orchurches (Sites 36, 10 and 05), a Sunday school (Site 06), schools (Sites 16, 09 and34), a public baths (Site 07), a public hall (Site 11), and several inns (Sites 08, 12-15,22, 26, 27, 31 and 35), combining to form an urban industrial townscape thatcharacterised many nineteenth-century towns in Lancashire. Further industrial areaswere concentrated immediately north of the River Roch, south of Smith Street (Sites24, 25, 49, 37), and in the area of Acker Street where an iron foundry (Site 21) and aprinting works (Site 93) were established by the mid-nineteenth century.

Any future redevelopment of the area therefore has considerable potential forrevealing buried remains of the many former Industrial Period buildings across thesite, and some potential for buried remains of medieval origin. The extent of anynegative impact on these sites can only be established once the nature and depth of thesub-surface archaeological resource has been physically investigated. Anarchaeological evaluation has therefore been recommended.

Numerous standing buildings of historical interest occupy the study area, which arelikely to require archaeological mitigation should they be impacted by any futureredevelopment. The five Listed Buildings have legal protection against modificationor redevelopment, which would require Listed Building Consent from EnglishHeritage. Similarly, the buildings within the two Conservation Areas are protected bythis designation, and redevelopment within or indirectly impacting on these areas mayrequire Conservation Area Consent from Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council; itis likely these buildings would require an archaeological building survey to informdesign proposals for redevelopment. The other buildings within the study area are oflocal importance, and their alteration or demolition would require mitigation. Thescope and details of any archaeological mitigation required in advance ofredevelopment should be devised in close consultation with the Greater ManchesterPlanning Archaeologist, and the Conservation Officer with Rochdale MetropolitanBorough Council, once detailed design proposals are known.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Oxford Archaeology North (OA North) would like to thank Martin Ledson of theRochdale Development Agency for commissioning and supporting the project. OANorth is grateful to Dr Andrew Myers and Norman Redhead, of the GreaterManchester Archaeological Unit, for their support and advice, and Lesley Mitchell forproviding information from the Greater Manchester Sites and Monuments Record.Special thanks are expressed to David Morris, the Conservation Officer for RochdaleMetropolitan Borough Council, for his advice and guidance on the built heritage inthe study area. Further thanks are expressed to the staff at the Lancashire CountyRecord Office in Preston, and the staff at Touchstones, Rochdale Local StudiesCentre, for their assistance with this project. OA North is also grateful to StuartMendelsohn for sharing his extensive knowledge of the medieval development of thetown.

The historical research was carried out by Kathryn Blythe, and the build environmentwas assessed by Karl Taylor. The report was compiled by Kathryn Blythe, withcontributions from Karl Taylor and Ian Miller, and the illustrations were produced byAnne Stewardson. The report was edited by Ian Miller, who was also responsible forproject management.



1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 CIRCUMSTANCES OF PROJECT

1.1.1 In April 2009, The Rochdale Development Agency (RDA) commissionedOxford Archaeology North (OA North) to undertake an archaeological desk-based assessment of a large parcel of land in the centre of Rochdale, GreaterManchester. The assessment was intended to assess the archaeologicalsignificance of the built heritage and the potential for below-ground remains inthe study area, and to provide supporting documentation for a developmentbrief being devised by Rochdale Development Agency for a large-scaleredevelopment of this area. The assessment was carried out in accordance witha Project Brief devised by the RDA in close consultation with the GreaterManchester Archaeological Unit (GMAU), who provides archaeologicalplanning advice to Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council (Appendix 1).

1.1.2 The desk-based assessment comprised a search of both published andunpublished records held by the Greater Manchester Archaeology Unit Sitesand Monuments Record (SMR) in Manchester, the Local Studies Centre atTouchstones, Rochdale, and the archives and library held at OA North. Thisreport sets out the results of the desk-based assessment, and a statement of thearchaeological potential and significance (defined by the criteria detailed inPPG 16 (DoE 1990)), in which an assessment of the impact of the proposeddevelopment on the historic environment is taken into account. This has beencarried out in accordance with government advice in the form of PlanningPolicy Guidance notes 15 Planning and the Historic Environment (DoE/DoNH1994) and 16 Archaeology and Planning (DoE 1990).

1.2 LOCATION , TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY

1.2.1 Rochdale lies in the north-eastern part of the modern county of GreaterManchester, some 12km from the border with Yorkshire. The study area(centred on NGR SD 89849 13536) is situated in the eastern part of Rochdaletown centre, immediately north of the River Roch (Plate 1). The site isapproximately 9ha, bounded to the west by The Butts, to the north-west byYorkshire Street, to the north-east and east by John Street. East of John Street,the site is bounded to the south by the River Roch, the site boundary then turnsnorthwards up Milton Street as far as Smith Street, where the boundary followsthe approximate line of the southern edge of the Esplanade, which runs overthe River Roch.

1.2.2 The ground slopes northwards up from the river, from approximately 120mOD to 135m OD. This slope is particularly marked in the area to the immediatesouth of Yorkshire Street.



1.2.3 The underlying solid geology consists of the Pennine Lower Coal Measures(Westphalian A) and millstone grit of the Carboniferous period. Thepredominant drift geology comprises glacial sands and gravels, with somealluvium (http://www.bgs.ac.uk/geoindex/beta. html).

Plate 1: Recent aerial view of the study area



2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.1.1 The desk-based assessment was undertaken in accordance with the ProjectBrief (Appendix 1), and in accordance with the relevant IFA and EnglishHeritage guidelines (Institute of Field Archaeologists 2001, Standard andGuidance for archaeological Desk-based Assessments; English Heritage 2006,Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MoRPHE).

2.2 DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT

2.2.1 Several sources of information were consulted as part of the assessment, toprovide an understanding of the developmental history of the study area. Theprincipal sources of information consulted were historical and modern maps,although published and unpublished secondary sources were also reviewed.The study has focused on the proposed development area, whilst informationfrom the immediate environs has been summarised in order to place the resultsof the assessment into context. The results were analysed using the Secretaryof State’s criteria for the scheduling of ancient monuments, outlined in Annex4 of Planning Policy Guidance 16: Archaeology and Planning (DoE 1990).

2.2.2 Archive sources that were consulted include:

• Greater Manchester Sites and Monuments Record (SMR): the GreaterManchester Sites and Monuments Record (SMR), held in Manchester,was consulted to establish the sites of archaeological interest alreadyknown within the study area. The SMR is a Geographic InformationSystem (GIS) linked to a database of all known archaeological sites inGreater Manchester, and is maintained by the Greater ManchesterArchaeological Unit (GMAU);

• Lancashire County Record Office, Preston (LRO): before the countyboundaries were changed during the mid-1970s, Manchester lay withinthe county of Lancashire, and therefore most of the available publishedmaps of the area are held in Lancashire Record Office in Preston. Allavailable Ordnance Survey maps for the study area were examined;

• Local Studies Centre, Touchstones, Rochdale: the Local Studies Centrecatalogue was searched for information relating to the study area.Historic mapping was obtained at the Local Studies Centre and a numberof primary and secondary sources were consulted. The assessment alsomade use of the Local Studies Centre’s website (www.link4life.org);

• British Geological Survey (BGS): six borehole logs were obtained fromthe BGS for previous boreholes located in and around the study area;

• Oxford Archaeology North: OA North has an extensive archive ofsecondary sources relevant to the study area, as well as numerousunpublished client reports on work carried out in the vicinity.



2.3 SITE VISIT

2.3.1 In addition to the desk-based research, an inspection of the study area wascarried out in order to relate the past landscape and surroundings to that of thepresent. It also allowed for a rapid assessment of the built heritage and thebuildings of historical interest that were identified during the desk-basedresearch.

2.4 ARCHIVE

2.4.1 Copies of this desk-based assessment will be deposited with the GreaterManchester Sites and Monuments Record.



3. BACKGROUND

3.1 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

3.1.1 The following section presents a summary historical and archaeologicalbackground of the general area. This is presented by historical period, and hasbeen compiled in order to place the study area into a wider archaeologicalcontext.

Period Date RangePalaeolithic 30,000 – 10,000 BCMesolithic 10,000 – 3,500 BCNeolithic 3,500 – 2,200 BCBronze Age 2,200 – 700 BCIron Age 700 BC – AD 43Romano-British AD 43 – AD 410Early Medieval AD 410 – AD 1066Late Medieval AD 1066 – AD 1540Post-medieval AD 1540 – c1750Industrial Period cAD1750 – 1901Modern Post-1901

Table 1: Summary of British archaeological periods and date ranges

3.1.2 Prehistoric and Roman periods: various remains of prehistoric date have beenidentified in the general area, particularly in the upland areas (Fishwick 1889).The discovery of remains from these periods within Rochdale, however, isseverely limited, although several Roman coins have been found on theperiphery of the urban area (Lewis 1848). The sparsity of archaeologicalevidence predating the medieval period in Rochdale is likely to be due to thelevel of redevelopment of the town during the nineteenth and twentiethcenturies (Pearson et al 1985).

3.1.3 Medieval development: evidence for early medieval activity in the region as awhole is drawn largely from place-names (Newman 1996), although there islittle firm evidence for activity in Rochdale during this period. Rochdale wasrecorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086 under Recedham Manor, and washeld by Gamel, one of the 21 thegns of Salford Hundred, who was free of allcustoms except six; his holding was assessed as two hides or 12 plough-lands(Morgan 1978). It has been suggested that the parish of Rochdale at this timemay have been co-extensive with the manor of Rochdale (Lewis 1848). Thereseems to have been only one manor properly so called, and the Holts ofStubley were the principal resident family. Most of the land, however, washeld by the Abbey of Whalley, and other ecclesiastical bodies; Rochdale wasone of the largest ecclesiastical parishes in England, comprising severaltownships (Farrer and Brownbill 1911).

3.1.4 At the centre of the parish of Rochdale was the church of St Chad’s; it is ofnote that the church served an enormous parish, rather than a substantial town(Hartwell et al 2004, 585). The oldest part of the existing church of St Chad,which occupies high ground on the south side of the town overlooking the



river, dates to the thirteenth century (Hartwell et al 2004, 588). However, thereis some evidence to suggest that an earlier church occupied the same site, andfragments of Norman masonry are said to have been discovered duringrenovation in 1815 (Fishwick 1889, 12). It is certainly clear that considerableinvestment was expended in reconstructing the church during the thirteenthcentury, the present nave pillars being of that date and probably in theiroriginal position. There is some evidence to suggest, however, that thethirteenth-century chancel was not notably bigger than its predecessor (Farrerand Brownbill 1911), which may thus have been comparatively large,implying that Rochdale was a medieval settlement of regional importance.

3.1.5 By 1212, the whole manor had been assigned to the Lord of Clitheroe, andwas held by Roger de Lacy, and several under tenants. By 1251, Rochdale hadbecome important enough to have been granted a charter for a weekly market,which was held on Wednesday, and an annual fair on the feast of St Simonand St Jude in October. It was probably during this period that a borough wasalso created (Farrer and Brownbill 1911), although the town continued to begoverned through the manor court until 1825, when a Police Act was finallyobtained (Fishwick 1889).

3.1.6 The focus of the medieval activity in the area remains uncertain, and thepattern of settlement may have comprised a spread of innumerable folds,representing little clusters of agricultural and proto-industrial buildings(Hartwell et al 2004, 585). Whilst it is tempting to suggest that the centre ofthe medieval town probably lay on the south side of the river, in proximity toSt Chad’s church, firm evidence is lacking. Similarly, it seems possible thatthe ford across the River Roch, accessed on the northern side from The Butts,as depicted in historical engravings of the area (eg Plate 6), could be ofmedieval origin.

3.1.7 Post-medieval Rochdale: in 1582, Camden described Rochdale as ‘a markettown well frequented’. The regional importance of the town at this time isimplicit from the detail provided by Saxton’s map of Lancashire, which waspublished in 1577, and marks the town in bold letters (Plate 2). Manufacturingand mining industries became of increasing importance to the local economyduring this period; the confiscation of the lands that had belonged to WhalleyAbbey, and the general suppression of religious houses following theDissolution of the Monasteries, produced a new race of landlords, whosenumber was increased by the sale of Byron estates in the early part of theseventeenth century (Fishwick 1913). The town certainly began to expandsignificantly during the 1600s, indicated to some degree by the Hearth TaxReturns; in 1666, 228 hearths were recorded for Rochdale.



Plate 2: Extract from Saxton’s map of 1577, showing the main settlements in the region

3.1.8 Celia Fiennes, writing in c 1700, described Rochdale as ‘a pretty neat town,built all of stone’, whilst some 25 years later Defoe considered it ‘a goodmarket town, and of late much improved in the woollen manufacture, as arealso the villages in its neighbourhood’ (Furbank et al 1991). By the end of theeighteenth century, Rochdale had developed a formidable reputation as a centrefor the production of woollen cloth, and the town benefited from a lucrativeexport trade in woollen goods to Holland, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Russia andGermany (Aiken 1795, 248). Rochdale also became an important centre for thecross-Pennine trade in woollen cloth, represented by the numerous merchant’shouses, warehouses and inns that were established in the town during the late1700s to service this trade. An important group of these buildings survivesalong Yorkshire Street and connected streets, reflecting the position of the areaat the terminus of the Georgian trade route across the Pennines to Yorkshire.The surviving warehouses in the town centre span the 1790s to the 1850s, andwill thus incorporate the innovative design features that were adopted duringthis key period in the evolution of structural engineering.

3.1.9 The extent of the town at this time is depicted on William Yates’ map ofLancashire, which provides the earliest reliable map of the town, albeitpublished at a small scale (Plate 3); it is likely that the layout of the town asdepicted by Yates reflected the medieval street pattern. This map shows thatthe core of the eighteenth-century town was focused to the north of the parishchurch, around St Mary’s Gate and what is now Drake Street, and by the rivercrossing at The Butts, with ribbon development extending northwards alongWhitworth Road and north-eastwards along Yorkshire Street. The western partof study area, therefore, evidently formed part of the historic core of thesettlement, and is probably of medieval origin.



Plate 3: Extract from Yates’ map of Lancashire on 1786

3.1.10 Rochdale rapidly became a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, andamongst the first ever industrialised towns. The Rochdale Canal, one of themajor navigable broad canals of Great Britain, was a highway of commerceduring this time used for the haulage of cotton, wool, and coal to and from thearea. The canal was opened between Rochdale and Manchester by 1799, andwas completed as the first trans-Pennine route in 1804 (Hadfield 1994). Thegrowth of the population as Rochdale became a manufacturing centre led to theenlargement of the parish church; and the building of new ones: St Mary’s,Wardleworth, was consecrated in 1744; St James’s, Wardleworth, in 1821; StClement’s, Spotland, in 1835; and Christ Church, Healey, in 1850 (Farrer andBrownbill 1911).

3.1.11 Rochdale rose to prominence during the nineteenth century as an importantcentre for the production of cotton goods, whilst maintaining a strong woollenindustry, focusing in particular on the manufacture of flannel and baize. Newcotton mills were established along the River Roch and, with the advent ofsteam power, throughout the town along the river valleys and canal banks(Plate 4). However, the town enjoyed a ‘golden age’ during the Cotton Famineof the 1860s, when woollens became once more price-competitive with cottongoods; the population of the town increased by over 60% during this period(Williams with Farnie 1992, 43; Pigot 1822).The socio-economic changebrought by the success of Rochdale’s textile industry in the nineteenth centuryled to its rise to borough status and it remained a dominant settlement in itsregion; a charter granted to the town in 1856 made Rochdale a MunicipalBorough.



3.1.12 In the early twentieth century work began on covering the River Roch betweenThe Butts and the South Parade. The river was heavily polluted, and itspresence in the heart of the town had become a health issue. The river iscovered by seven bridges, the earliest being Rochdale Bridge c 1600 (Site 92)and the latest being Bus Station Bridge in 1924 (Plate 5). The covering of thisentire area also allowed the council to build a tramway centre (Site 41)(www.link4life.org).

Plate 4: The River Roch at Smith Street before 1924, showing Butts Mill (Site 01), and BowlingGreen Warehouse (Site 03) (photo reproduced courtesy of Touchstones Local Studies Centre)

Plate 5: Covering of the River Roch at Smith Street, 1924 (photo reproduced courtesy ofTouchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)



3.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDY AREA

3.2.1 The following section presents an overview of the development of the studyarea, based on a regression analysis of the available historical maps. This isfollowed by a more detailed history of the larger sites within the study area,which also draws on information from the historic maps, coupled withinformation from other primary and secondary sources (Section 4).

3.2.2 A flavour of the south-western part of the study area, know as The Butts, inthe early nineteenth century is provided by a print of c 1810 (Plate 6). Thisdepicts an array of building types, including small cottages, large Georgiantown houses, warehouses, public buildings and industrial premises. Ofparticular note is the ford across the River Roch, depicted in the foreground,which is likely to have been utilised as a crossing since the medieval period.

Plate 6: The Butts, c 1810 (reproduced courtesy of Touchstones Local Studies Centre)

3.2.3 Murphy, 1831 (Fig 3): this is the earliest detailed map available of the studyarea, and shows development to have been concentrated along YorkshireStreet and in The Butts, with some development along streets on the south sideof Yorkshire Street. This included The Walk, Bell Street, Acker Street andSpring Green (later named Penn Street). Town Head House (Site 20) is clearlydepicted in this area, with gardens to its south. Gardens and fields are depictedacross much of the southern and eastern portion of the study area. A bowlinggreen is marked at the eastern end of The Butts, and west of this are the ButtsMills (Site 01). Two banks are noted in The Butts, listed in the key as ‘MessrsFentons and Roby’s Bank’, and ‘Messrs Royds Bank’ (part of Site 29).

3.2.4 Ordnance Survey, First Edition 6”: 1 mile, 1851 (Fig 4): the study area isshown as densely developed on the first edition Ordnance Survey map of1851, with Baillie Street having been east/west across the area. The Town Hall(Site 11), on its north side, is the only building within the study area to belabelled on the map. The streets that were evident on the south side ofYorkshire Street on Murphy’s map are now depicted as extending southwardsto Baillie Street and some continue further south to Smith Street; a new streetrunning parallel with, and south of, Baillie Street. Alterations and additions



appear to have taken place within the Butts Mill complex (Site 01) by thistime, and further industrial buildings (Sites 03 and 04) are shown to the east,in the area of the former bowling green. To the east and north-east of thissome new areas of housing are depicted (eg Sites 53, 59, 57, 58 and 51), andpublic buildings such as the chapel (Site 10) and school (09) on Baillie Streetare shown. There are also undeveloped areas within these streets, however,particularly towards the eastern extent of the study area, where gardens arestill shown south of Town Head House (Site 20), and further south betweenBaillie Street and Smith Street. The area to the south of Smith Street remainedundeveloped at this time.

3.2.5 Ordnance Survey, 10’: 1 mile 1892 (Fig 5), and Ordnance Survey, 25”:1mile 1893 (Fig 6): development had taken place in most of the formerly openspaces by the time of this mapping. Much of the new development comprisesstreets of back-to-back, and other terraced housing (eg Sites 47, 48, 49 and 52on either side of Smith Street and Sites 55 and 56 north of Baillie Street).Some new industrial buildings are also depicted, along Slack Street (Sites 24,25 and 45), immediately north of the river, and north of Butts Mill (Site 02).New public buildings include a baths (Site 07), and a church and SundaySchool (Sites 05 and 06) on the north side of Smith Street; a chapel (Site 36)on Portland Street; and a school (Site 16) on Penn Street. Several publichouses are named including the Grapes Vaults (Site 31), the Pack Horse Inn(Site 12), the Queen’s Head (Site 26), the Blue Ball (Site 13), and theWheatsheaf (Site 14) along Yorkshire Street; the Brunswick Hotel (Site 22)north of Baillie Street, the Talbot Inn (Site 08) at the east end of Kelsall Streetand the Baths Hotel (Site 35) at the east end of Peto Street. Tramways areshown on Smith Street (Site 43) and Yorkshire Street (Site 45).

3.2.6 Ordnance Survey, 25”:1 mile 1910 (Fig 7): perhaps the most importantchange to the area at this time was the covering of the River Roch, which isevident to the south of The Butts, from Rochdale Bridge (Site 92) eastwards toWellington Bridge. A tramway centre (Site 41) with two shelters had beenbuilt in this area by 1910, named South Parade. Other developments shown onthis map include a new industrial development on the west side of MortonStreet (Site 37); a fire station on Alfred Street (Site 23) on the site of BowlingGreen Mill (Site 03); and a school on Penn Street (Site 34), which replacedsome of the housing on Blossom Place (Site 63).

3.2.7 Ordnance Survey, 25”: 1 mile 1930 (Fig 8): the River Roch was coveredfrom Wellington Bridge eastwards to Weir Street by the time of this mapping.A new building, labelled ‘Motor Repair Works’ (Site 40) is depicted to theeast of Town Head House (Site 20), in an area that was previouslyundeveloped. Site 21, an iron foundry on Acker Street, and Site 26, a greaseworks south of Slack Street, both appear to have gone out of use by this time,and buildings in these areas had been demolished.

3.2.8 Ordnance Survey, 6”: 1 mile 1928 (with additions in 1938) (Fig 9), 6”:1 mile1931, and 6”:1 mile 1931 (emergency edition of 1938: the 6”:1 mile mappingcovering the period 1928-1938 shows little change from the 1930 25”:1 mileOrdnance Survey map. Of note is the absence of the tramway (Sites 41, 43, 45and 46), and the demolition of the Duncan Street Mill (Site 04).



3.2.9 Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 1959 (Fig 10): there are some notable changes inbuilding use by the time of the 1959 Ordnance Survey map. The baths (Site07) had become a Youth Centre; the westernmost part of Butts Mills (Site 01)had been replaced by the Regal Cinema (Site 39); and Alfred Street fireStation (Site 23) was a Police Station. Some demolition of housing had takenplace including parts of Sites 51, 53 and 59. The church on Smith Street (Site05) had been demolished, as had a group of possible warehouses (Site 76) tothe north of Baillie Street. New development had taken place on Acker Streetand to the south of Yorkshire Street, towards its west end.

3.2.10 Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 1972-1978 (Fig 11): the 1970s saw massivechanges to the study area, with demolition on the north side of Smith Streetfrom the east side of the Regal Cinema (Site 39) to the west side of the SundaySchool (Site 06), to make way for the bus station. This demolition included theremainder of Butts Mill (Site 01), the former fire station (Site 23), BowlingGreen warehouse (Site 03) and housing (Sites 52 and 53). Housing was alsodemolished on the south side of Smith Street (Sites, 47-49) along withindustrial buildings (Sites 24 and 37). John Street was widened in the 1970s,which meant that sites on the east side of the study area including Sites 44, 40,58, 51, 08 and 54) were demolished. The area north of Smith Street and to therear of Yorkshire Street was cleared of all housing (eg Sites 64, 66, 59, 56, 57and 55) so that only industrial and public buildings remained.

3.2.11 Ordnance Survey, 1:1250 1990: the map from 1990 shows the newdevelopments that followed the clearance in the 1970s and 1980s. TheWheatsheaf Centre, erected in 1990 to a design by Chapman Taylor Partners,is a large shopping centre fronting Yorkshire Street, and extending across thearea that was Acker Street as far south as Baillie Street. Also north of BaillieStreet, towards the eastern extent of the study area, a health centre, an officenamed Telegraph House, and a garage had been constructed by 1990. Counciloffices and a bus station had been built on the south side of Smith Street by1990, and a new church named St Andrews had been built in the area of theformer church and Sunday School (Sites 05 and 06). A large building (nowMecca Bingo) had been constructed to the south of Smith Street.

3.2.12 Butts Mill (Site 01): Henry Kelsall first set up business in Rochdale in 1815(Rochdale Observer 20/03/2006), and is listed as a woollen manufacturer inPigot’s directory of 1822. Kelsall moved to Butts House (Site 30) in 1825. Hewas joined by his brother-in-law William Bartlemore in 1828 and the pairbought various plots of land in Rochdale, and opened their first mill in 1835and a second mill in 1848 (Rochdale Observer 20/03/2006). The OrdnanceSurvey map of 1851 shows a small building and chimney in the area that laterbecame a large complex of mill buildings (Plates 7 and 8). After Bartlemore’sdeath in 1856, Kelsall was joined by his son-in-law, George Tawke Kemp, andJoshua Heap moved in as managing partner in 1864. Heap updated the millmachinery to progress the firm, but the business took a downturn in the 1860swhen the price of wool fell and Henry Kelsall died. Following the deaths ofboth Kemp in 1877 and Heap in 1886, the firm was left to Robert Slack,Kelsall’s grandson, who ran the business with his aunt, Mrs Emily LydiaKemp (Rochdale Observer 20/03/2006).



Plate 7: Butts Mill (Site 01), 1904 (photo reproduced with the Permission of Touchstones Local StudiesCentre, Rochdale)

Plate 8: Butts Mill (Site 01), with the tramway centre (Site 41) in the foreground, c 1905 (photoreproduced with the Permission of Touchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)



Plate 9: Advert for Kelsall and Kemp, pre-1924 (Kelsall and Kemp nd, 22)

3.2.13 In the first part of the twentieth century, the business was prospering, withproducts being sold all over Britain as well as being exported under the‘Doctor’ trademark (Plate 9). During WW1 the firm manufactured cloth forboth the British and French governments. When, in the 1920s, man-madefibres became increasingly favoured over flannel, the company moved over tothe production of dress cloth, and became a leader in ladies' outerwear(Rochdale Observer 20/03/2006). Site 01 is labelled ‘Butts Mills (woollen)’on the Ordnance Survey maps of 1910 and 1930 and ‘Mills’ on the OrdnanceSurvey map of 1938, but following expansion during the 1930s, productiontook place elsewhere in Rochdale, and the Butts was then used as anadministrative centre, and warehouse. In WW2, the company produced morethan 28 million yards of shirting cloth for the armed forces (RochdaleObserver 20/03/2006). The company finally moved off The Butts in 1959, andthe 1959 Ordnance Survey map shows that the westernmost of the millbuildings had by then been replaced by the Regal Cinema (Site 39). The



remainder of the mill was demolished to make way for council offices, asshown on the Ordnance Survey map of 1978 (note on photo TouchstonesB443, of Butts Mill).

3.2.14 Woollen Mill (Site 02): an area on the north side of Baillie Street shown asundeveloped on the Ordnance Survey 1851 map, had a woollen millconstructed on it by the time of the Ordnance Survey map of 1892. Duncan’sDirectory of 1894-5 lists the owners of this mill as Littlewood and Heape. By1938 the mill was being used as warehouses and was owned by Kelsall andKemp, who ran Butts Mill (Site 01) (Rochdale County Borough Directory1938) This building is labelled ‘warehouse’ on the Ordnance Survey map of1959, and had been extended to the north by the time of the 1972 OrdnanceSurvey map. It had been demolished and replaced by the Wheatsheaf Centreby the time of the 1990 Ordnance Survey map.

3.2.15 Bowling Street Mill (Site 03): Bowling Green Mill, is referred to as ‘MrChadwick’s Mill’ in a newspaper report on a fire at the neighbouring DuncanStreet Mill in 1854 (Site 04). The mill is shown as a group buildings on thenorth side of Smith Street, between Alfred Street and Duncan Street, on theOrdnance Survey map of 1851. Following Mr Chadwick, the owners of themill were Richard and William Hurst, who also owned the Hamer Hall Millsin Rochdale. Richard retired in 1873, but William continued the business until1887 (Touchstones C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/1 nd). In 1889 there was an auction ofmachinery from the mill (Touchstones C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/4), and in 1891there was a sale of steam boilers (Touchstones C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/5). Thesesales confirm that the mill went out of use when the Hursts had both retired.The front page of the 1889 catalogue reads:

‘catalogue of excellent machinery for preparing ring and flyer throstlespinning, winding, warping and reeling cotton, loose articles, mechanics tools,office furniture and effects’

3.2.16 The mill is marked as ‘disused’ on the 1892 Ordnance Survey map, and by thetime of the 1910 map, one building, immediately north of Smith Street, islabelled ‘Bowling Green Warehouse’, and the remainder of the area formerlyoccupied by the mill is taken up with a fire station (Site 23). A planningapplication for an alteration in the toilets of this building in 1918, states thatKelsall and Kemp were the owners of the warehouse, and that it was used forwool (Touchstones LA/D/2/2a/1a/22). This single warehouse is depicted andlabelled on the Ordnance Survey 1930 mapping and is depicted (unlabelled)on the 1959 map, but had been demolished to make way for the bus station by1978.



Plate 10: Bowling Green Warehouse (Site 03) being demolished, c 1970 (photo reproducedwith the Permission of Touchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)

3.2.17 Duncan Street Mill (Site 04): Duncan Street Mill, occupying a plot of landbounded by Smith Street, Duncan Street, Baillie Street and Penn Street, waserected in c 1837, and a fireproof mill was added to the north-west corner ofthis plot in c 1852. A fire destroyed most of the mill on the 3rd January 1854,which, at the time, was owned by Henry Kelsall. A newspaper report providesdetails of the mill at this time as part of an account of the fire (RochdaleSentinel 07/01/1854):

‘The factory was four stories high, with two attics above, and a part was let offto Thomas Stott, who worked woollen in it; he had also a portion of the roompartitioned off adjoining the staircase for his "devil," and one engine over theengine house, and in this part of the mill the fire originated....It was tenwindows, or thirty yards long, and about eight windows, or twenty four yardsin width, the height being somewhere about seventeen yards...the total numberof hands employed would be from 150 to 200....The principal operationscarried out in the factory were scouring, carding, slubbing, spinning andweaving. The hands chiefly consisted of women and children, there beingcomparatively but few men employed. In the third storey there were about 34hands employed, 24 of whom worked for Mr. Stott. In the fourth room therewere about 34 hands engaged, and in the attics about 28 were employed.’

3.2.18 The fire destroyed most of the building ‘except portions of the side walls andgable ends’, and the fire proof floor saved the engine-house and enginebeneath it (ibid). The mill was rebuilt, and in 1865 it was sold to RT Heapeand JS Littlewood, however, in 1906 the mill was sold to Kelsall and Kemp,Kelsall being a descendant of the original owner (www.link4life.org). The



building was extant on the Ordnance Survey map for 1931, but was shown asdemolished by the time of the Ordnance Survey emergency edition of 1938.

3.2.19 Congregational Church (Site 05) and Sunday School (Site 06), Smith Street:a Congregational Church is shown on the corner of Smith Street and MiltonStreet, on the Ordnance Survey map of 1892, with a Sunday School to its east.The 1892 map has a note to say that the church had ‘seats for 900’. The churchbut was not extant by the time of the Ordnance Survey 1959 map, and on the1975 Ordnance Survey map, the Sunday School is marked as a church. Thispresumably was a temporary measure as by 1979 the current St Andrew’sChurch had been built on the site (noted in a photo labelled E27 Smith Street,held by Touchstones, of the church being constructed).

3.2.20 Public Baths (Site 07): the Public Baths on Smith Street, designed by ENMacDougall and built by J Parker and Son, were opened in 1868. The bathswere in an Italian style, of brick, with a stone entrance, and a facade 113 feetin length (Robertson, 1875). The baths had gone out of use by 1937, as marketstall holders used the ‘old baths building at Lea Hall on Smith Street’temporarily for stalls after the Market Hall burned down in 1936. New bathswere also opened on Entwistle Road in 1937 (www.link4life.org). On theOrdnance Survey map of 1959 the former baths building is labelled as ‘LeaHall Youth Club’, and on the Ordnance Survey map of 1975 it is labelled‘Rochdale Youth Centre’.

Plate 11: Looking north along Morton Street showing the Baths Hotel (Site 35) and the formerPublic Baths (labelled Youth Centre) (Site 07), 1977 (photo reproduced courtesy of

Touchstones Local Studies Centre)

3.2.21 Baillie Street School (Site 09): a lease was assigned to John Fenton and othersin 1837 ‘for the purpose of erecting and establishing a school for the educationof the labouring and manufacturing classes of society, of every religious



persuasion residing in Rochdale and its vicinity, upon the principles of theBritish and Foreign School Society as established in London’. The school, alsoknown as the British School, was transferred to the School Board in 1872(www.link4life.org). The school was altered in 1893, and by 1924 it had 682pupils (Kelly 1924). The school building was labelled ‘Rochdale FurtherEducation Centre’, on the Ordnance Survey mapping from 1959, and wasextant in 1972, but had been demolished by 1990.

3.2.22 Wesleyan Methodist Association Chapel, Baillie Street (Site 10): a largebrick chapel, south of Portland Street and north of Baillie Street, opened in1837 (LRO QSP/3071/38) with a five-bay pedimented front, central doorwaywith fluted Doric columns and pediment. A gallery was added in 1840,classrooms were added in 1881 (Touchstones LA/D/2/2A/1a/24) and sidedoorways were added in c 1912 (Touchstones LA/D/2/2A/1a/25). Accordingto the Ordnance Survey map for 1892, the seating capacity was 1,800. Thechapel was closed in c1965-70, and had been demolished by the time of the1972 Ordnance Survey map (SMR 11155.1.0.).

Plate 12: Baillie Street Methodist Chapel (Site 10) (n.d.) (photo reproduced with thePermission of Touchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)

3.2.23 Town Hall (Site 11): a building on the corner of Baillie Street and AckerStreet, is labelled ‘Town Hall’ on the 1851 Ordnance Survey map. However,this was replaced with the neo-Gothic Town Hall situated to the south-west ofthe study area, which was opened in 1871 (www.link4life.org). Consequently,the former town hall on Baillie Street is labelled as ‘Public Hall’ on the 1892Ordnance Survey map. The building had also been extended to the north bythis time. By 1908, it had started being used to show films, and in 1914 it wascalled ‘Andrew’s Picture Palace’ (Rochdale Times 15/01/1908;www.link4life.org). It was labelled as ‘Picture Theatre’, on the 1930 OrdnanceSurvey map. By 1959, the original hall and the extension to the north wereshown as separate buildings, the extension being labelled ‘works’. The hall



had been demolished by the time of the 1972 Ordnance Survey map, but theworks building to the north is extant and is in use as a club.

3.2.24 Penn Street School (Site 16): land was leased by John Petrie (the elder) toJohn Hoyle and others in 1861, ‘for the purposes of an infant school’(Touchstones R/MET/30/5/9). A school is shown on the west side of PennStreet on the Ordnance Survey map of 1892. This building is labelled ‘SundaySchool’ on the Ordnance Survey mapping of 1910 and 1930. In 1949 theSunday School was sold to the Rochdale Corporation (TouchstonesR/MET/30/5/12), and the building was labelled ‘clinic’ on the OrdnanceSurvey mapping of 1959. It was extant in 1972, but had been demolished tomake way for The Wheatsheaf Centre, by the time of the 1990 OrdnanceSurvey map.

Plate 13: Looking north-eastwards across Penn Street showing the school (Site 16) in theforeground and the infant school (Site 34) behind, (nd - 1970s) (photo reproduced with the

Permission of Touchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)

3.2.25 Iron Foundry, Acker Street (Site 21): a building labelled ‘Iron Foundry’ isshown on the west side of Acker Street on the Ordnance Survey map of 1910,and was possibly extant in 1851, as the Ordnance Survey map shows the areaas partially developed. Samuel Barnish is listed as an iron founder on AckerStreet in Slater’s Directory of 1869 (nb no iron foundry is listed on AckerStreet in Slater, 1861). The site is further developed, but not labelled, on the1892 Ordnance Survey map, and a tank is marked to its north. Duncan’sDirectory of 1894-5 lists this as Acker Street Foundry, with John Petrie Junioras the owner. By 1905 the foundry was named as part of River Street IronWorks (the River Street works were located to the south of the river), and theowner was still John Petrie Junior in 1918 (Kelly 1905; 1918). The buildingwas not extant by the time of the 1930 Ordnance Survey mapping.



3.2.26 Fire Engine Station, Alfred Street (Site 23): the fire engine station on AlfredStreet opened on the 8th June 1893 (nb it is not shown on the 1893 OrdnanceSurvey map), the construction of it having been overseen by Police ChiefConstable Wilkinson, as the fire service in Rochdale was then part of thepolice service (Rochdale Observer 23/08/1975; www.link4life.org). Thestation included a house for the superintendent and nine fireman’s dwellings,and a four-stalled stable at the back of the engine-house. The chimney of theformer mill on the site (Site 03) was reduced to about 20 feet and thensurmounted with a hose drying tower, above which a bell tower wasconstructed (Rochdale Observer 14/06/1893).

Plate 14: Elevation of the Alfred Street Fire Station, dated 1897 (Touchstones Fire Brigade 2:Rochdale reproduced with the Permission of Touchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)



Plate 15: Plan of the Alfred Street Fire Station, dated 1897 (Touchstones Fire Brigade 2:Rochdale, reproduced courtesy of Touchstones Local Studies Centre)

3.2.27 On the Ordnance Survey map for 1930 a water main is marked in the yard tothe rear of the fire station. The water main fed a fire tank, which was located atthe Alfred Street site. Fire tanks were large brick tanks, sunk below groundlevel, which were kept empty until they were needed by the fire brigade.Access to the tanks would have been via cast-iron manhole covers(www.link4life.org). A new fire station was built on Mclure Road in 1933 andthe Alfred Street station consequently shut. During WW2 it was used theTraffic and Licenses Department of the council, and later the Traffic andPatrol Department, it is marked as a police station on the 1959 OrdnanceSurvey map. It was finally demolished in August 1975 (Rochdale Observer23/08/1975).

3.2.28 Roach Spring Works (Site 24): Brierley and Kershaw are listed at RoachWorks on Morton Street in Worrall’s Directory of 1885. Buildings and achimney labelled ‘Roach Spring Works’ are shown on the west side of MortonStreet on the Ordnance Survey map of 1892. Kelly’s Directory of 1905 listsRoach Spring Works as still owned by Brierly and Kershaw, and describesthem as ‘doffing and cleaning plate, spring and spindle and temple makers.’The building is labelled on the 1930 Ordnance Survey mapping and is labelled



as ‘works’ on the 1959 Ordnance Survey map, but had been demolished by thetime of the 1975 Ordnance Survey map.

3.2.29 Grease Works (Site 25): William Whipp is listed as a grease refiner on MiltonStreet in Slater’s Directory of 1869, although no grease works is listed onMilton Street in Slater’s Directory for 1861. Buildings and a chimney labelled‘Milton Street Grease Works’ are shown on the north of the river bank, southof Slack Street on the Ordnance Survey map of 1892. The north-eastern half ofthis building had been demolished by the time of the 1930 Ordnance Surveymap, and the remaining building was not labelled. The remaining building wasmarked on the 1975 Ordnance Survey map, but had been demolished by thetime of the 1990 Ordnance Survey map.

3.2.30 Penn Street Infant School (Site 34): Penn Street Infant School (Plate 13) wasextant by 1873, when it was acquired by the School Board (Kelly 1924),although its location is not clear on the 1892 Ordnance Survey map, unless itwas housed within one of the buildings on the south side of Blossom Place(Site 63). A new building labelled ‘Infant School’, is marked on the 1910Ordnance Survey mapping, however, and by 1924 it had 288 pupils (Kelly1924). The school was labelled ‘Townhead County Primary School’ on the1959 Ordnance Survey map, and was marked on the 1972 Ordnance Surveymap, but by the time of the 1990 Ordnance Survey map it had been replacedby a building labelled ‘clinic’.

3.2.31 Chapel, Conway Street (Site 36): a building labelled ‘Nazareth Chapel (WelshPresbyterian) (seats for 240)’ is shown on the east side of Conway Street onthe Ordnance Survey map of 1892. The chapel was marked ‘WelshPresbyterian Church’ on the Ordnance Survey mapping of 1972, but had beendemolished by the time of the 1990 Ordnance Survey map.

3.2.32 Tramway (Sites 41, 43, 45 and 46): tramways are shown on Smith Street (Site43) and Yorkshire Street (Site 45) on the Ordnance Survey map for 1893. Atramway centre is shown on the Ordnance Survey map for 1910, located at thejunction of the tramways on Smith Street (Site 43), Drake Street and TheEsplanade. This was constructed on the area of covering over the River Roch,which had been under construction from 1903. Two buildings labelled‘Tramway Shelter’ are located in this area (www.link4life.org). The 1910Ordnance Survey map also shows a tramway on John Street (Site 46). Thetramway was no longer extant by the time of the Ordnance Survey mappingfrom 1931, but the two shelter buildings were still depicted on the OrdnanceSurvey mapping of 1938, but are not shown after this date.

3.2.33 Peto Street (Site 48): an area of both back-to-back houses and through houseson the north side of Peto Street is first shown on the 1892 Ordnance Surveymap. A document regarding the mortgage of a Thomas Woodhouse from PetoStreet in 1876 indicates that the street was extant by this date (TouchstonesF/STA). The street was marked on the Ordnance Survey map of 1959, but hadbeen demolished except for a few buildings at its the east end by the time ofthe Ordnance Survey map of 1975, and was fully demolished by the time ofthe 1990 Ordnance Survey map.



Plate 16: South side of Peto Street (Site 48), c 1970s (photo reproduced courtesy ofTouchstones Local Studies Centre)

3.2.34 Portland Street (Site 57): a row of through-houses with cellars on the northside of Portland Street is first shown on the Ordnance Survey map for 1851and was marked on the Ordnance Survey map for 1959, but had beendemolished by the time of the 1972 Ordnance Survey map.

Plate 17: North side of Portland Street (Site 57), showing houses with cellars, 1971 (photoreproduced courtesy of Touchstones Local Studies Centre)



3.2.35 Acker Street (Site 67): a group of shops, houses and larger works buildings onthe east side of Acker Street is first shown on the Ordnance Survey map for1851, and were partially developed by the time of Murphy’s map of 1831. Thenorthern extent of this area is labelled ‘Court No. 1’ on the Ordnance Surveymap for 1892. These buildings, with the exception of one, were marked on the1959 Ordnance Survey map, and two were labelled ‘works’. The buildingsfronting Acker Street were all marked on the 1972 Ordnance Survey map, butthe buildings to the rear had been demolished by this time. The whole of thisarea was demolished and replaced by the Wheatsheaf Centre before 1990.

Plate 18: East side of Acker Street (Site 67), 1970 (photo reproduced courtesy ofTouchstones Local Studies Centre)

Plate 19: East side of Acker Street (Site 67), 1970 (photo reproduced courtesy ofTouchstones Local Studies Centre, Rochdale)



3.3 CONSERVATION AREAS

3.3.1 A local planning authority may designate a section of land or buildings withspecial architectural or historic interest as a conservation area. This is designedto enhance or preserve the character or appearance of an area under section 72(I) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.Although a local designation, a conservation area may be of nationalimportance and significant developments may be referred to English Heritage.

3.3.2 Two Conservation Areas designated by Rochdale Metropolitan BoroughCouncil (RMBC) are located within the study area, Town Head to the northand Town Hall to the west (Fig 2). Town Head Conservation Area includesSites 15, 20, 38 and 60-62 and Town Hall Conservation Area includes Sites17, 27, 29-33, 80 and 82-88. Advice should be sought from the developmentcontrol officers at RMBC with regards to any proposed development in theseareas, as Conservation Area Consent may be required(www.Rochdale.gov.uk).

3.4 PREVIOUS GEOTECHNICAL WORK

3.4.1 The borehole logs for six boreholes in and adjacent to the study area wereobtained from the BGS, and the positions of the boreholes are shown on Fig 2(labelled as 1922, 14, 15, 16&A, 17 and 18).

3.4.2 A borehole from 1922 in the area of the New Market Hall, was not ofarchaeological interest as the notes in the log indicate that the borehole wasexcavated from the base of a well, which was 11.28m from the ground surfaceand therefore already into natural shale. The results from the remainingboreholes, all excavated in 1983, are summarised in Table 2 below.

Boreholeno

Depth ofmade ground

Description of made ground layers Full depthof borehole

14 1.5m Cobbles and boulders with sandy topsoil 7m

18 5.5m Black friable sandy, stony clay with brick, wood,concrete and ash fragments - becomes black andorganic at 5m

10m

16&A 3m Large cobbles and boulders with brown sandy,clayey topsoil

3m

17 3m Bituminous surfacing concrete and cut stoneswith some sandy topsoil (1.5m)

Black stony clay and topsoil with ash and brickfragments

7m

15 3.2m Cobbles with hardcore sub-base (1.5m)

Firm brown sandy-silty-clay with occasionalgravel (possible made ground)

7m

Table 2: Summary of borehole information



3.4.3 ‘Made ground’ was recorded for each of the boreholes ranging from 1.5m to5.5m in depth. These are layers which could be of archaeological interest,however the boreholes were not excavated for archaeological purposes andtherefore the nature of these layers is difficult to characterise. Nevertheless itis of interest that considerable depths of man-made deposits were recorded inthe boreholes. All of the boreholes, except for 17, were located in roads, socurrent and previous surfaces are included in these layers. Borehole 18 had thegreatest depth of made ground, and the description sounds like itpredominantly comprised modern rubble. However, organic deposits were alsorecorded in Borehole 18, and ‘peat traces’ were also described within thenatural clay in Borehole 18 at around 6.2-7m, and between 3m and 4m inBorehole 17 (see Appendix 2). This waterlogging is probably due to theproximity of the area to the river, but could mean that any buriedarchaeological deposits would be well preserved in the study area. The naturalground, reached in all the boreholes except 16&A, beneath the made groundappears to vary across the site, but is generally clay with sand and gravelinclusions. Borehole 15 encountered weathered sandstone at a depth of 4.8m.



4. GAZETTEER OF SITES

Site number 01Site name Butts Factory, The ButtsNGR SD 89762 13458Site type Factory (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation NoneSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergencyedition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; Touchstones -photo B443, of Butts Mill; Pigot 1822

Description Henry Kelsall is listed as a woollen manufacturer in Pigot’sdirectory of 1822. The area is shown as partially developed onMurphy’s 1831 map, and a small building with a chimney isdepicted on the OS map of 1851. ‘Butts Factory (woollen)’, isshown on the OS map of 1892, and two water mains and two tanksare marked within the site. The building is labelled ‘Butts Mills(woollen)’ on the OS maps of 1910 and 1930 and ‘Mills’ on the OSmaps of 1931 and 1938. On the 1959 OS map the westernmost ofthe mill buildings had been replaced by the Regal Cinema (Site 39).The remainder of the mill was demolished to make way for counciloffices, as shown on the OS map of 1978 (note on photoTouchstones B443, of Butts Mill).

Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future developmentcould have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which mayrequire mitigation prior to development. Whilst much of the site islikely to have been destroyed during the construction of the cinemaand the office block that occupy the site presently, somefragmentary elements of the mill may survive as buried remainsbeneath modern surfacing.

Site number 02Site name Woollen Mill, Baillie StreetNGR SD 89794 13514Site type Mill (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500,1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5;Rochdale County Borough Directory 1938

Description An area on the north side of Baillie Street is shown as undevelopedon the OS 1851 map, but had a woollen mill constructed on it bythe time of the OS map of 1892. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 liststhe owners of this mill as Littlewood and Heape. By 1938 the mill



was being used as warehouses and was owned by Kelsall andKemp (Rochdale County Borough Directory 1938) This building islabelled ‘warehouse’ on the OS map of 1959, and had beenextended to the north by the time of the 1972 OS map. It had beendemolished and replaced by the Wheatsheaf Centre by the time ofthe 1990 OS map.

Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likelythat the site was destroyed completely during the construction ofthe Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus havea negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 03Site name Bowling Green Mill, Smith StreetNGR SD 89837 13449Site type Mill (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No 15502.1.0Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS,1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; www.link4life.org; TouchstonesC/IND/TEX/HUR/1

Description Bowling Green Mill is referred to as ‘Mr Chadwick’s Mill’ in anewspaper report (www.link4life.org) on the fire at theneighbouring Duncan Street Mill in 1854 (Site 04). The mill isshown as a group buildings on the north side of Smith Street,between Alfred Street and Duncan Street, on the OS map of 1851.Following Mr Chadwick, the owners of the mill until 1887 wereRichard and William Hurst (Touchstones C/IND/TEX/HUR/1).Auctions of machinery and steam boilers from the mill in 1889 and1891, indicate that the mill went out of use at this time(Touchstones C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/4; C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/5). Onthe 1892 OS map the mill is labelled ‘disused’. On the 1910 mapone building, immediately north of Smith Street is labelled‘Bowling Green Warehouse’, the remainder of the area formerlyoccupied by the mill is taken up with the fire station (Site 23). Thissingle warehouse is labelled on the OS 1959 map, but had beendemolished to make way for the bus station by 1978.

Assessment Whilst much of the site is likely to have been destroyed during theconstruction of the bus station that occupies the site presently, somefragmentary elements of the mill may survive as buried remainsbeneath modern surfacing, which may require mitigation prior toany future development. In particular, any surviving elements ofthe mill’s steam-power plant would be of archaeological interest.



Site number 04Site name Duncan Street Mill, Smith StreetNGR SD 89871 13457Site type Mill (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No 15501.1.0Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938)Description Duncan Street Mill, which occupied a plot of land bounded by

Smith Street, Duncan Street, Baillie Street and Penn Street, waserected in c 1837 and is evident on the OS 1851 map as a smallbuilding and chimney. A fireproof mill was added to the north in c1852. A fire destroyed most of the mill on the 3rd January 1854,but it was rebuilt subsequently (www.link4life.org). The OS map of1892, shows it as a woollen mill and chimney. The building hadbeen demolished by the time of the OS emergency edition of 1938,and the site redeveloped subsequently as a bus station.

Assessment Whilst much of the site is likely to have been destroyed during theconstruction of the bus station that occupies the site presently, somefragmentary elements of the mill may survive as buried remainsbeneath modern surfacing, which may require mitigation prior toany future development. In particular, any surviving elements ofthe mill’s steam-power plant would be of archaeological interest.

Site number 05Site name Congregational Church, Smith StreetNGR SD 89966 13490Site type Church (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500,1959; Touchstones - photo labelled ‘E27 Smith Street’

Description A Congregational Church is shown on the corner of Smith Streetand Milton Street, on the OS map of 1892, with a note to say that ithad ‘seats for 900’. The church is marked on subsequent OSmapping up to and including 1938, but was not extant by the timeof the OS 1959 map. By 1979 the current St Andrew’s Church hadbeen built on the adjacent site (noted in a photo labelled E27 SmithStreet, held by Touchstones, of the church being constructed). Thesite is presently undeveloped.

Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future developmentcould have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which mayrequire mitigation prior to development.



Site number 06Site name Sunday School, Smith StreetNGR SD 89999 13496Site type Sunday School (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500,1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; OS, 1:1250, 1990

Description A Sunday School is shown on the north side of Smith Street onthe OS map of 1892. The building was extant but not labelled onthe 1959 OS map, and the Congregational Church (Site 05) to itswest had been demolished by this time. On the 1975 OS map theformer Sunday School building is labelled ‘CongregationalChurch’, and by 1979 the current St Andrew’s Church had beenbuilt on the site (noted in a photo labelled ‘E27 Smith Street’, heldby Touchstones, of the church being constructed).

Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likelythat the site was destroyed completely during the construction ofSt Andrew’s Church, and any future development will thus have anegligible archaeological impact.

Site number 07Site name Public Baths, Smith StreetNGR SD 90024 13500Site type Former Public BathsPeriod IndustrialStat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; OS, 1:1250,1990; Robertson, 1875; GMAU, 2006; www.link4life.org

Description The public baths, on the north side of Smith Street were opened in1868; the baths attracted 35,226 visitors during the following year.They were designed by EN MacDougall and built by J Parker andSon (Robertson 1875). There were baths for ladies on the left andgentlemen on the right. There were two large swimming baths 65feet 6 inches by 39 feet, together with Turkish baths and slipperbaths on the galleries surrounding the main baths. The baths hadgone out of use by 1937, as market stall holders used the ‘old bathsbuilding at Lea Hall on Smith Street’ temporarily for stalls after theMarket Hall burned down in 1936 (www.link4life.org). On the OSmap of 1959 the former baths building is labelled as ‘Lea HallYouth Club’, and on the OS map of 1975 it is labelled ‘RochdaleYouth Centre’. This building is still extant, and whilst it has beensubject to considerable changes to the internal lay-out, there areseveral features surviving from the original baths. The twoswimming pools are perfectly preserved under a wooden floorcovering but can be accessed by trapdoor, there are remains of



changing cubicles, the slipper baths, the original entrancewayconfiguration, and the heating arrangements (GMAU 2006).

Assessment This building lies within the study area and is an important elementof the historic environment, which should be retained in any futureredevelopment scheme. An archaeological survey of the building islikely to be required to inform any future proposals forrefurbishment or development.

Site number 08Site name Talbot Inn, John StreetNGR SD 90041 13538Site type Inn (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; Worrall 1885Description A building is shown on the OS map for 1851 on the west side of

John Street, and is labelled ‘Talbot Inn’ on the OS map of 1892.The Talbot Inn is listed in Worrall’s Directory of 1885. Thebuilding was extant on the OS map for 1959, but had beendemolished by the time of the 1975 OS map to make way for thewidening of John Street.

Assessment The site lies within the study area and has been landscaped, but notredeveloped. Any future development could have an impact onburied archaeological remains, which may require mitigation priorto development.

Site number 09Site name Baillie Street SchoolNGR SD 89954 13560Site type School (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS,1:1250, 1990; www.link4life.org; Kelly 1924

Description Baillie Street School, on the east corner of Baillie Street and MiltonStreet, was set up in 1837 and transferred to the Rochdale SchoolBoard in 1872 (www.link4life.org). The school was altered in1893, and by 1924 it had 682 pupils (Kelly 1924). The schoolbuilding was labelled ‘Rochdale Further Education Centre’, on theOS map of 1959, but was demolished between 1972 and 1990.

Assessment Most of the site is occupied presently by a modern industrial unit,although buried remains may survive in-situ. Any futuredevelopment could have an impact on buried archaeologicalremains, which may require mitigation prior to development.



Site number 10Site name Wesleyan Methodist Association Chapel, Baillie StreetNGR SD 899 135Site type Chapel (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No 11155.1.0Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS,1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; LRO QSP/3071/38; TouchstonesLA/D/2/2A/1a/24; Touchstones LA/D/2/2A/1a/25

Description A large brick chapel, south of Portland Street and north of BaillieStreet, opened in 1837 (LRO QSP/3071/38) with a five-baypedimented front, central doorway with fluted Doric columns andpediment. A gallery was added in 1840, classrooms were added in1881 (Touchstones LA/D/2/2A/1a/24) and side doorways wereadded in c 1912 (Touchstones LA/D/2/2A/1a/25). According to theOS map for 1892, the seating capacity was 1,800. The chapel wasclosed in c 1965-70, and had been demolished by the time of the1972 OS map.

Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likelythat the site was largely destroyed during the construction of themodern building that occupies the site presently, and any futuredevelopment will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 11Site name Town Hall, Baillie StreetNGR SD 89841 13533Site type Town Hall (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources Rochdale Times 15/01/1908; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS,

25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931(emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972

Description A building on the corner of Baillie Street and Acker Street islabelled ‘Town Hall’ on the 1851 OS map. The building had beenextended to the north by the time of the 1892 OS map, and theentire building was labelled ‘Public Hall’ on this and the 1910 OSmap. However, by 1908 it had started being used to show films,and in 1914 it was called ‘Andrew’s Picture Palace’ (RochdaleTimes 15/01/1908; www.link4life.org). It was labelled as ‘PictureTheatre’, on 1930 OS map. By 1959, the original hall and theextension to the north were shown as separate buildings, theextension being labelled ‘works’. The hall had been demolished bythe time of the 1972 OS map, but the works building to the north isstill extant and is in use as a club.

Assessment The site has been largely redeveloped with the erection of a multi-storey block, the construction of which is likely to have entirely



destroyed the building shown on the 1851 OS map. However, thenineteenth-century extension survives extant, and an archaeologicalsurvey of the building may required to inform any future proposalsfor refurbishment or development.

Site number 12Site name Pack Horse Inn, Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89667 13506Site type Inn (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910;

OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; Pigot 1822Description The Pack Horse Inn was extant in 1822, as it is listed in Pigot’s

Directory of that year. It is named on the OS map of 1892. Thebuilding was extant on the 1938 OS mapping, but it had beenreplaced with a larger building by the time of the OS 1959 map.

Assessment It is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during theconstruction of the modern building that occupies the site presently,and any future development will thus have a negligiblearchaeological impact.

Site number 13Site name Blue Ball Inn, Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89699 13535Site type InnPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; Pigot1822; Touchstones MW/LA/D/2/2/A/2/25

Description The Blue Ball Inn was extant in 1822, as it is listed in Pigot’sDirectory of that year. In 1891 a planning application to alter thefaçade of the building was accepted (TouchstonesMW/LA/D/2/2/A/2/25). The inn is shown on the south side ofYorkshire Street on the OS map of 1892, and labelled on the 1910and 1930 OS mapping. Used presently as retail premises.

Assessment This building lies within the study area and survives extant. Anarchaeological survey of the building is likely to be required toinform any future proposals for refurbishment or development.



Site number 14Site name Wheatsheaf Inn, Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89778 13608Site type Inn (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500,1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Pigot 1822

Description The Wheatsheaf Inn is listed in Pigot’s Directory of 1822. It isnamed on the OS map of 1892, and on the editions of 1910 and1930, but is not labelled as a public house on the OS 1959mapping. It had been demolished and replaced by the WheatsheafCentre by the time of the 1990 OS map.

Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likelythat the site was largely destroyed during the construction of theWheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have anegligible archaeological impact.

Site number 15Site name White Lion Inn, Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89803 13625Site type BuildingPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500,1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Pigot 1822

Description The White Lion Inn was extant in 1822, as it is listed in Pigot’sDirectory of that year. It is shown on the OS map of 1892, and isno 102 Yorkshire Street on the current map. It is located within theTown Head Conservation Area.

Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. Anarchaeological survey of the building is likely to be required toinform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as acondition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 16Site name School, Penn StreetNGR SD 89858 13581Site type School (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500,



1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; TouchstonesR/MET/30/5/9; Touchstones R/MET/30/5/12

Description Land was leased by John Petrie (the elder) to John Hoyle andothers in 1861, ‘for the purposes of an infant school’ (TouchstonesR/MET/30/5/9). A school is shown on the west side of Penn Streeton the OS map of 1892, in an area that was shown as undevelopedon the OS 1851 mapping. This building is labelled ‘Sunday School’on the OS mapping of 1910 and 1930. In 1949 the school was soldto the Rochdale Corporation (Touchstones R/MET/30/5/12), andthe building is labelled ‘clinic’ on the OS mapping of 1959. It wasstill extant in 1972, but was demolished subsequently for theWheatsheaf Centre development in the late twentieth century.

Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likelythat the site was destroyed entirely during the construction of theWheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have anegligible archaeological impact.

Site number 17Site name 10, 12, 14 and 16 Baillie Street (south side)NGR SD 8968 1346Site type BuildingPeriod IndustrialSMR No 11556.1.0Stat. Designation Grade II Listed Building (358856); Conservation AreaSources SMRDescription William Deacon's Manchester and Salford Bank and shops, now

shops and store. 1890 on door surround. Stone and brick with slateroof. From left to right: shop front, entrance to upper floor, shopfront, grand entrance. The whole group is cranked to accommodatethe curve of the road. The two original shop fronts are placedsymmetrically about the entrance of No 14. The main feature is theentrance to No 10 having a small open triangular pediment withscrolls to either side, surrounding the bank's coat of arms and crest,all on an open elliptical pediment supported on garland- enrichedconsoles. The doors are flanked by enriched pilasters and have alarge fanlight, semi-circular head, florid spandrel panels and afluted keystone. The first floor has two tripartite elliptical headedwindows and one circular headed, each with stone keystones andpanelling below; and one semi-circular tripartite window above theground door. Bracketed stone and brick eaves cornice. Thebuildings are located within the Town Hall Conservation Area.

Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. Anarchaeological survey of the buildings is likely to be required toinform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as acondition of Listed Building Consent and Conservation AreaConsent.



Site number 18Site name 17a Baillie Street (north side)NGR SD 8974 1350Site type BuildingPeriod IndustrialSMR No 11557.1.0Stat. Designation Grade II Listed Building (358855)Sources SMR; OS, 1: 500, 1892Description Late nineteenth-century warehouse forming the westernmost of a

block of buildings that are all first shown on the 1892 OS map (Site75).

Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. Anarchaeological survey of the building is likely to be required toinform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as acondition of Listed Building Consent.

Site number 19Site name Well, north of Portland StreetNGR SD 89928 13614Site type Well (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851Description A well shown on the OS map of 1851, but not shown on

subsequent mapping.Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future development

could have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which mayrequire mitigation prior to development.

Site number 20Site name Town Head HouseNGR SD 8990 1366Site type Office buildingsPeriod IndustrialSMR No 5573.1.0Stat. Designation Grade II Listed Building (358901); Conservation AreaSources SMR; Murphy, 1831Description Two buildings labelled ‘Union Offices’ shown on the north side of

Parish Street on Murphy’s map of 1831. The buildings are withinthe Town Head Conservation Area.

Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. Anarchaeological survey of the buildings is likely to be required toinform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as acondition of Listed Building Consent and Conservation AreaConsent.



Site number 21Site name Iron Foundry, Acker StreetNGR SD 89804 13543Site type Iron Foundry (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS

6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959;OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Slater 1861; Slater 1869;Kelly 1905, Kelly 1918; Duncan 1894-5

Description A building labelled ‘Iron Foundry’ is shown on the west side ofAcker Street on the OS map of 1910, and was possibly extant in1851, as the OS map shows the area as partially developed. SamuelBarnish is listed as an iron founder on Acker Street in Slater’sDirectory of 1869 (nb. no iron foundry is listed on Acker Street inSlater, 1861). The site is further developed, but not labelled, on the1892 OS map, and a tank is marked to its north. Duncan’sDirectory of 1894-5 lists this as Acker Street Foundry, with JohnPetrie Junior as the owner. By 1905 the foundry was named as partof River Street Iron Works (the River Street works were located tothe south of the river), and the owner was still John Petrie Junior in1918 (Kelly 1905; 1918). The building was not extant by the timeof the 1930 OS mapping. New buildings, including warehouses hadbeen built in this area by the time of the 1959 OS map, one ofwhich had been demolished by 1972 and the remainder by 1990.

Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likelythat the site was destroyed entirely during the construction of theWheatsheaf Centre that occupies the site presently, and any futuredevelopment will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 22Site name Brunswick Hotel, north side of Baillie StreetNGR SD 89823 13516Site type Hotel/Public HousePeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500,1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Worrall 1885

Description The Brunswick Hotel, on the north side of Baillie Street, is listed inWorrall’s Directory of 1885, and shown on the 1892 OS map,labelled ‘Brunswick Hotel (PH)’. The building is still a publichouse.

Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. Anarchaeological survey of the building is likely to be required toinform any future proposals for refurbishment or development.



Site number 23Site name Fire Engine Station, Alfred StreetNGR SD 89825 13476Site type Fire Station (Site of)Period ModernSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS,

1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; Rochdale Observer 23/08/1975Description The fire engine station on Alfred Street opened in 1893 (nb it is not

shown on the 1893 OS map, but Bowling Green Mill (Site 03),which it partially replaced, is labelled as ‘disused’ on the 1892 OSmap). A building labelled ‘FE Station’ is shown on the east side ofAlfred Street on the OS map of 1910. On the OS map for 1930 awater main is marked in the yard to the rear of the fire station. Thiswas located to feed a below ground fire tank at the station site(www.link4life.org). The fire station building is marked as a PoliceStation on the 1959 OS map, but it was demolished to make wayfor the bus station in 1975 (Rochdale Observer 23/08/1975).

Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future developmentcould have an impact on buried remains, which may requiremitigation prior to development. Whilst much of the site is likely tohave been destroyed during the construction of the bus station thatoccupies the site presently, some fragmentary elements of the fireengine station may survive beneath modern surfacing.

Site number 24Site name Roach Spring WorksNGR SD 90029 13436Site type Spring Works (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; Worrall 1885; Kelly 1905Description Brierley and Kershaw are listed at Roach Works on Morton Street

in Worrall’s Directory of 1885. Buildings and a chimney labelled‘Roach Spring Works’ are shown on the OS map of 1892. Kelly’sDirectory of 1905 lists Roach Spring Works as still owned byBrierley and Kershaw, and describes them as ‘doffing and cleaningplate, spring and spindle and temple makers.’ The building isshown on the 1959 OS map, labelled as ‘works’, but had beendemolished by the time of the 1975 OS map.

Assessment The site lies within the study area, and whilst the western part islikely to have been destroyed entirely by the construction of themodern building that occupies the site presently, some fragmentaryelements of the works may survive as buried remains beneathmodern surfacing. Any surviving buried remains may requiremitigation prior to development.



Site number 25Site name Milton Street Grease WorksNGR SD 90019 13378Site type Grease Works (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation -Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500,1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Slater 1869

Description William Whipp is listed as a grease refiner on Milton Street inSlater’s Directory of 1869, although the grease works is not listedon Milton Street in the directory for 1861. Buildings and a chimneylabelled ‘Milton Street Grease Works’ are shown on the north ofthe river bank, south of Slack Street on the OS map of 1892. Thenorth-eastern half of this building had been demolished by the timeof the 1930 OS map, and the remaining building was not labelled.The remaining building was still extant on the 1975 OS map, buthad been demolished by the time of the 1990 OS map.

Assessment The site lies within the study area, and is presently used as a carpark. Any future development could have an impact on buriedarchaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior todevelopment.

Site number 26Site name Queen’s Head Public House, south of Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89695 13524Site type Public House (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; Pigot1822; Touchstones MW/LA/D/2/2/A/2/24

Description The Queen’s Head is listed in Pigot’s Directory of 1822, and abuilding is shown on the south side of Yorkshire Street onMurphy’s map of 1831 and the OS maps for 1851 and 1892. Aplanning application for rebuilding the Queen’s Head was acceptedin 1890 (Touchstones MW/LA/D/2/2/A/2/24). A larger building isshown on the OS map of 1910, labelled ‘Public House’, whichreplaced the original building and extended into an earlier area ofhousing (Site 77). To the rear of this building was ‘Queen’s HeadYard’. The building was labelled on the 1930 OS mapping andbuildings were still extant in this area on the 1938 OS map, but anew building stood in its place by the time of the 1959 OS map.




Site number 27Site name Public House, nos 4-6 Baillie StreetNGR SD 89655 13453Site type Former Public HousePeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990

Description A building, possibly extant in 1831 as buildings are shown in thisarea on Murphy’s map, on the south side of Baillie Street, labelled‘Public House’ on the OS map of 1910. The building is nos 4-6Baillie Street on the current map, located within the Town HallConservation Area.


Site number 28Site name Education Offices, Baillie StreetNGR SD 89702 13468Site type Office (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990

Description A building labelled ‘School Board Offices’ is shown on the southside of Baillie Street on the OS map of 1892, and is labelled‘Education Offices’ on the OS map of 1910. It was possibly extantin 1831, as a building is shown but not labelled in this location onMurphy’s map. The building was still in 1978, but had beendemolished by 1990.

Assessment The site lies within the study area and any future developmentcould have an impact on buried archaeological remains.

Site number 29Site name Bank, no 19 Butts AvenueNGR SD 89680 13449Site type BankPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation Area



Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990

Description A building is shown on the north side of Butts Avenue onMurphy’s map of 1831, labelled ‘Messrs Royds Bank’ (no 17 onthe map). This private country bank was established in Rochdale in1819 as a branch office of John Rawson, William Rawson andChristopher Rawson & Co (est 1811), bankers of Halifax. Thebank, trading as John Rawson, William Rawson & ChristopherRawson, issued its own notes from the outset, and also becameknown as Rochdale Old Bank. In 1827 the bank was acquired byClement Royds, local woollen merchant, trading initially as Royds,Smith & Co and, by late 1828, as Clement Royds & Co. In 1881,the business was sold to the Manchester & Salford Bank. Thebuilding, labelled ‘Bank’ on the OS map of 1892, is no 19 ButtsAvenue, located within the Town Hall Conservation Area.


Site number 30Site name Bank House, Butts AvenueNGR SD 89698 13455Site type BuildingPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990

Description A building is shown on the north side of Butts Avenue onMurphy’s map of 1831, and labelled ‘Bank House’ on the OS mapfor 1892 and ‘The Butts House’ on the OS map of 1910. It is still abank, located in the Town Hall Conservation Area.


Site number 31Site name Grapes Vaults, Butts AvenueNGR SD 89651 13437Site type Former Public HousePeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation Area



Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Worrall 1885

Description An inn named Grapes is listed in Butt’s Entry in Worrall’sDirectory of 1885. A building is shown on the south side of ButtsAvenue on Murphy’s map of 1831, and labelled ‘Grapes Vaults(PH)’ on the OS map of 1892. The building is labelled on the 1930OS mapping and is located within the Town Hall ConservationArea.


Site number 32Site name Former YMCA, Butts AvenueNGR SD 89671 13434Site type ClubPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS,1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990

Description A building labelled ‘Young Men’s Christian Association’ is shownon the south side of Butts Avenue on the OS map of 1892, and waspossibly extant in 1851 as a building is shown but not labelled inthis location on the OS map. The building is labelled ‘club’ on the1910 OS mapping and is located within the Town HallConservation Area.


Site number 33Site name Bank, Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89641 13400Site type BankPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,


Description A building on the north-east side of Yorkshire Street is labelled‘Bank’ on the OS map of 1910. A smaller building is shown in thisarea on the OS mapping for 1851 and 1893, on the south side of an



alley. The 1910 building (and also a building to its east (Site 87))was built over the earlier alley and therefore either replaced theearlier building, or was an extension to it. On the 1959 OS map,this and Site 87 were shown as one building, and the building isstill in use as a bank, located within the Town Hall ConservationArea.


Site number 34Site name Infant School, Penn StreetNGR SD 89870 13624Site type School (Site of)Period ModernSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,

1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Kelly 1924Description Penn Street Infant School was extant by 1873, when it was

acquired by the School Board (Kelly 1924), although its location isnot clear on the 1892 OS map, unless it was housed within one ofthe buildings on the south side of Blossom Place (Site 63). A newbuilding labelled ‘Infant School’ is extant, however, on the 1910OS mapping and by 1924 it had 288 pupils (Kelly 1924). Theschool was labelled ‘Townhead County Primary School’ on the1959 OS map, and was extant on the 1972 OS map, but by the timeof the 1990 OS map it had been replaced by a building labelled‘clinic’.


Site number 35Site name Baths Hotel, Smith StreetNGR SD 90029 13470Site type Hotel (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;


Description A building is shown on the OS map for 1892 on the south side ofSmith Street, labelled ‘Baths Hotel (PH)’. The building was extanton the 1975 OS map, but had been demolished and replaced by thebuilding currently used by Mecca Bingo, by the time of the OS mapof 1990.



Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likelythat the site was destroyed entirely during the construction of theMecca Bingo that occupies the site presently, and any futuredevelopment will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 36Site name Nazareth Chapel, Conway StreetNGR SD 89937 13594Site type Chapel (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;


Description A building labelled ‘Nazareth Chapel (Welsh Presbyterian) (seatsfor 240)’ is shown on the east side of Conway Street on the OSmap of 1892. The chapel was marked ‘Welsh Presbyterian Church’on the OS mapping of 1972, but had been demolished by the timeof the 1990 OS map.

Assessment This site lies within the study area, and is used presently as a carpark. Any future development could have an impact on buriedarchaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior todevelopment.

Site number 37Site name Industrial buildings, John StreetNGR SD 90068 13469Site type Industrial buildings (Site of)Period ModernSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931

(emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975Description A group of large buildings and a chimney are first shown on the

west side of John Street, immediately north of the river on the OSmap of 1910, in an area that was previously undeveloped. Thebuildings are bounded to the west by Morton Street. The OS mapfor 1930 marks a tank (‘Tk’) in one of the buildings. This area ofbuildings was marked on the OS map for 1959, at which time abuilding in the south-west corner of this group was labelled‘abattoir’, but the buildings had been demolished by the time of the1975 OS map, to make way for the widening of John Street.

Assessment This site lies within the study area, and is used presently as a carpark. Any future development could have an impact on buriedarchaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior todevelopment.



Site number 38Site name 128 Yorkshire Street (south side)NGR SD 8987 1366Site type BuildingPeriod IndustrialSMR No 11601.1.0Stat. Designation Grade II Listed Building (358960); Conservation AreaSources SMRDescription House, formerly County Police Station, now offices, located within

the Town Head Conservation Area. Late eighteenth century, alteredin c 1900. Historic interest as the building in which the governmentof the town was transacted by Improvement Commissionersbetween 1825 and 1856 when the Borough was incorporated. Arare survival from an important period in the development of localgovernment in England.

Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. Anarchaeological survey of the building is likely to be required toinform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as acondition of Listed Building Consent and Conservation AreaConsent.

Site number 39Site name Regal CinemaNGR SD 89726 13453Site type Former cinemaPeriod ModernSMR No -Stat. Designation NoneSources OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Rochdale

Observer 14/05/1938Description The westernmost extent of the Butts Mill (Site 01) was sold by

Kelsall and Kemp to the Association of British Cinemas Ltd.Subsequently in 1938, The Regal Cinema was opened (RochdaleObserver 14/05/1938). This building was labelled as a cinema onthe 1990 OS map, but it is currently in use as a Wetherspoon’s pub.

Assessment This building survives extant. An archaeological survey of thebuilding may be required to inform any future proposals forrefurbishment or development.

Site number 40Site name Motor Repair Works, John StreetNGR SD 89949 13669Site type Motor Repair Works (Site of)Period ModernSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938);

OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972



Description A building labelled ‘Motor Repair Works’ is shown on the westside of John Street on the OS map of 1930, in an area that wasdepicted as largely undeveloped on earlier mapping. This buildingwas shown on the OS 1959 mapping, and labelled as a warehouseon the OS map for 1972, but was demolished as part of thewidening of John Street in the mid-1970s.


Site number 41Site name Tramway Centre, the ButtsNGR SD 89706 13395Site type Tramway Centre (Site of)Period ModernSMR No -Stat. Designation -Sources OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931Description A tramway centre is shown on the OS map for 1910, located at the

junction of the tramways on Smith Street (Site 43), Drake Streetand The Esplanade. Two buildings labelled ‘Tramway Shelter’ arelocated in this area. The tramway was not extant by the time of theOS mapping from 1931; the two shelter buildings were stilldepicted on the OS mapping of 1938, but are not shown after thisdate.


Site number 42Site name Hall, Baillie StreetNGR SD 89687 13483Site type Hall (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergencyedition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959

Description A building on the north side of Baillie Street is shown on mappingfrom 1851 onwards, and labelled on the 1930 OS map as a hall.The area of the hall was partially developed by the time ofMurphy’s map of 1831, but it is not clear if this included the hall.This building was marked on the OS 1938 mapping, but had beenreplaced by a larger building by the time of the 1959 OS map. Thesite lies partially in the Town Hall Conservation Area.




Site number 43Site name Tramway, Smith StreetNGR SD 89918 13457Site type Tramway (Site of)Period ModernSMR No -Stat. Designation -Sources OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930Description A tramway on Smith Street is shown on the OS map from 1893. On

the OS map for 1910 the tramway joins the tramway centre at thewest end of Smith Street (Site 41), and the tramway on John Street(Site 46). The tramway is not shown on the OS map of 1931.


Site number 44Site name Buildings, south of Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89927 13702Site type Buildings (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation -Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergencyedition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972

Description A square block of shops and businesses on the corner of YorkshireStreet and John Street is first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831.The buildings were marked on the OS map for 1972, but weredemolished as part of the widening of John Street that took place inthe mid-1970s.

Assessment This site lies within the study area, and any future developmentcould have an impact on buried archaeological remains, which mayrequire mitigation prior to development.

Site number 45Site name Tramway, Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89856 13678Site type Tramway (Site of)Period ModernSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930Description A tramway on Yorkshire Street is shown on the OS map from

1893. On the OS map from 1910, this tramway joins the tramwayon John Street (Site 46). The tramway was not extant by the time ofthe OS map of 1931.




Site number 46Site name Tramway, John StreetNGR SD 90018 13603Site type Tramway (Site of)Period ModernSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6”, 1931 (emergency edition

1938)Description A tramway on John Street is shown on the OS map from 1910. This

tramway joins the tramway on Yorkshire Street (Site 45), and thetramway on Smith Street (Site 43). The tramway was not extant bythe time of the OS mapping from 1931.


Site number 47Site name Back-to-back housing, Kemp StreetNGR SD 89990 13425Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500,1959; 1:1250; OS, 1:1250, 1975

Description A block of back-to-back housing on both the north and south sidesof Kemp Street is first shown on the 1892 OS map and was markedon the OS map of 1959, but had been demolished by the time of the1975 OS map.


Site number 48Site name Housing, Peto StreetNGR SD 89999 13459Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500,1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Touchstones F/STA

Description An area of both back-to-back houses and through houses on thenorth side of Peto Street is first shown on the 1892 OS map. Adocument regarding the mortgage of a Thomas Woodhouse from



Peto Street in 1876 indicates that the street was extant by this date(Touchstones F/STA). The street was marked on the OS map of1959, but had been demolished except for a few buildings at theeast end of the street by the time of the OS map of 1975, and wasfully demolished by the time of the 1990 OS map.


Site number 49Site name Industrial buildings, Slack StreetNGR SD 89999 13395Site type Buildings (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;


Description A long rectangular building fronting the south side of Slack Streetwith a small building at its east end and small buildings and a watermain to its south is first shown on the OS map for 1892. Presumedto be a warehouse, the rectangular building is shown as divided intofour by the time of the 1910 OS map, and was marked on the 1938OS map. However the smaller buildings had been demolished bythe time of the 1930 map. By the time of the 1959 OS map therewere two large buildings on the site, the eastern of which waslabelled ‘works’, it is not clear if these were new buildings or showalterations to the earlier buildings. These buildings were marked onthe OS map for 1975, but had been demolished by the time of the1990 OS map.

Assessment The site lies within the study area, and is presently used as a carpark. Any future development could have an impact on buriedarchaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior todevelopment.

Site number 50Site name Housing, Kelsall StreetNGR SD 90002 13530Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); );OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975



Description A block of housing is shown on the OS map for 1851 at the eastend of the north side of Kelsall Street. The 1892 OS map depictsthis as back-to-back housing with an inn (Site 08) at its east end.This map also shows new housing to the west of the block of back-to-backs, so that the whole of the north side of Kelsall Street hadthen been developed. This north side of Kelsall Street was markedon the OS map for 1959, and a warehouse was marked towards thewestern end of this block, however the whole street had beendemolished by the time of the 1975 OS map.

Assessment The site lies within the study area and has been landscaped, but notredeveloped. Any future development could have an impact onburied archaeological remains, which may require mitigation priorto development.

Site number 51Site name Back-to-back housing, Hopwood PlaceNGR SD 90001 13566Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS,1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972

Description A block of housing on the south side of Portland Street is shown onthe 1851 OS map. By the time of the 1892 OS map this housingblock forms the northern side of three blocks of back-to-backhousing around a rectangular courtyard, named Hopwood Place,the east side of which fronts John Street. This housing was markedon the OS map for 1959, except for the north-western area, whichhad been demolished, and the whole block had been demolished bythe time of the 1972 OS map.

Assessment The site lies within the study area and is occupied partially by amodern single-storey building, with the remainder of the site beingused for car parking. Any future development could have an impacton buried archaeological remains, which may require mitigationprior to development.

Site number 52Site name Housing, Milton StreetNGR SD 89941 13491Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500,1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975; Heape 1926, 268-9



Description Heape (1926, 268-9) records that houses were erected on MiltonStreet in 1854 following the fire at the Duncan Street Mill (Site 04),as a memorial of public regard for Henry Radcliffe and AbrahamTaylor, who saved the lives of 21 people. The 1892 OS map showsa row of housing, fronting the west side of Milton Street, whichappears to comprise terraced houses with shared yards, andpossibly a pair of back-to-backs at the south end. The street wasshown on the OS map for 1959, but had been demolished by thetime of the 1975 OS map.

Assessment The site lies within the study area and presently forms part of thebus apron. Any future development could have an impact on buriedarchaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior todevelopment.

Site number 53Site name Housing, Cromwell StreetNGR SD 89918 13488Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,


Description Housing located on the west side of Cromwell Street and the eastside of Penn Street, is first shown on the OS map of 1851. Thenorth end of this block comprised housing around a courtyard, andto the south of this were two rows of houses, named Tip Place andHarp Place, including some back-to-backs. By the time of the OS1959 map, the eastern row of buildings had been demolished andmuch of the southern half of this area had also been cleared,although a public house was marked in the south-eastern corner ofthis plot. The entire block had been demolished by the time of the1975 OS map.

Assessment Whilst much of the site is likely to have been destroyed during theconstruction of the bus station that occupies the site presently,some fragmentary elements of the houses may survive as buriedremains beneath modern surfacing, which may require mitigationprior to any future development.

Site number 54Site name Housing, Kelsall StreetNGR SD 90052 13523Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNone



Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500,1959; OS, 1:1250, 1975

Description A block of three houses and a yard is first shown on the OS map for1892 at the east end of the south side of Kelsall Street. This blockwas marked on the OS map for 1959, but had been demolished bythe time of the 1975 OS map to make way for the widening of JohnStreet.

Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likelythat the site was largely destroyed during the widening of JohnStreet, and any future development will thus have a negligiblearchaeological impact.

Site number 55Site name Housing, Hampton StreetNGR SD 89945 13617Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500,1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; Touchstones LA/D/2/2a/1a/390

Description Blocks of housing on the east side of Conway Street are first shownon the 1892 OS map. A planning application for the erection offour dwelling houses at 17-23 Portland Street (at the southernextent of this block) was accepted in 1877 (TouchstonesLA/D/2/2a/1a/390). The blocks, named Hampton Terrace, ArgyleTerrace, Harcourt Terrace and Guardian Terrace, comprised rowsof through-houses with yards and outbuildings to the rear. On theOS map for 1930 this area is named Hampton Street, and it ismarked on the OS map for 1959, but had been demolished by thetime of the 1972 OS map.

Assessment The site lies within the study area and is used presently as a carpark. Any future development could have an impact on buriedarchaeological remains, which may require mitigation prior todevelopment.

Site number 56Site name Maude TerraceNGR SD 89889 13603Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500,1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972



Description A row of back-to-back houses on the south side of Parish Street isfirst shown on the OS map for 1892, and was marked on the OSmap for 1959, but had been demolished by the time of the 1972 OSmap.


Site number 57Site name Housing, Portland StreetNGR SD 89901 13583Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,


Description A row of through-houses on the north side of Portland Street is firstshown on the OS map for 1851 and was marked on the OS map for1959, but had been demolished by the time of the 1972 OS map.


Site number 58Site name Portland YardNGR SD 89991 13604Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,


Description A block of housing on four sides of a courtyard is shown on the1851 OS map. By the time of the OS 1892 map this housing blockappears to have been altered, and comprises three sides of housingincluding back-to-backs around a roughly triangular-shapedcourtyard, bounded to its west by Hampton Street (Site 55). Thishousing was marked on the 1959 OS map, but had been demolishedby the time of the 1972 OS map.




Site number 59Site name Housing, Cleveland SquareNGR SD 89868 13538Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,


Description A short row of housing is shown on the 1851 OS map to the west ofPenn Street. By the time of the 1892 OS map this row of back-to-backs had been extended northwards as far as Clarke’s Place,where it is labelled ‘Court No. 1’, and along the south side of thisroad to Acker Street. This effectively filled the empty space northof Baillie Street between the Public Hall (Site 11) on the east sideof Acker Street, and Penn Street. Cleveland Square appears to referto a courtyard which occupied part of this area to the immediatenorth of Baillie Street. This housing was marked on the 1938 OSmap, but by the time of the 1959 OS map, the south-eastern cornerof this plot had been demolished. Larger buildings, in the north-western part of this block were labelled ‘works’ on this map. By thetime of the 1972 OS map, the majority of this plot had beendemolished, with the remainder demolished and replaced by theWheatsheaf Centre, by the time of the 1990 OS map.


Site number 60Site name Nos 132-148 Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89895 13686Site type Shops and businessesPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS,1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5

Description A group of nine terraced through-buildings on the south side ofYorkshire Road, are first shown on the 1892 OS map. On the 1851OS map the western area of these buildings appears to be taken upwith an oval garden area in front of the Union Offices (Site 20).The eastern area was shown as developed in 1851, but it is unclearif these are the same buildings that are depicted on the 1892 map.Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists businesses including a drapery,a milliner, a fruiterer, a boot maker and a hairdresser, being run



from these buildings. The buildings are now located within theTown Head Conservation Area.

Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. Anarchaeological survey of the buildings is likely to be required toinform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as acondition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 61Site name Nos 116-124 Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89848 13655Site type Shops and businessesPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergencyedition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250,1990; Duncan 1894-5

Description A group of five terraced through-buildings on the south side ofYorkshire Road, bounded to the west by Penn Street, are firstshown on the 1892 OS map. This area is depicted as partiallydeveloped on Murphy’s map of 1831 and the 1851 OS map,however the terrace appears to have replaced this earlierdevelopment. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists businessesincluding a drapery, a milliner, a butcher, a tailor and a hosier,occupying these buildings. The buildings are now located withinthe Town Head Conservation Area. No 120, is labelled ‘P.O.’ onthe OS map of 1910, and is still a post office. No 116 has ‘G LAdamson’ picked out in bricks on the upper storey of the frontelevation.


Site number 62Site name Nos 104-114 Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89821 13634Site type Shops and businessesPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,1:1250, 1975; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5

Description A group of five terraced through-buildings on the south side ofYorkshire Road, bounded to the east by Penn Street, are first shownon the 1892 OS map. This area is depicted as developed on



Murphy’s map of 1831 and the 1851 OS map, however it is unclearif this development comprises the terrace depicted on the 1892 OSmap. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists businesses including adrapers, a milliner, a grocer, a tailor and a cabinet maker, being runfrom these buildings. These buildings are now located within theTown Head Conservation Area. No 104 has a sign above, whichreads ‘Hartley Thomas and Wright Solicitor’.


Site number 63Site name Housing, Blossom PlaceNGR SD 89847 13627Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990

Description Back-to-back houses on both the north and south sides of BlossomPlace, which is bisected by Penn Street. This housing appears to bepartially extant on Murphy’s map of 1831 and the 1851 OS map.The south-western area of back-to-backs is named ‘Tulip Place’ onthe OS map of 1892. By 1910 the OS map shows that an infantschool (Site 34) had replaced the block of houses on the south sideof Blossom Place to the east of Penn Street. The remainder ofBlossom Place was marked on the 1938 OS map, but the majorityof it had been demolished by the time of the 1959 OS map. Theremaining buildings were marked on the OS map of 1972, but hadbeen demolished by the time of the 1990 OS map.

Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likelythat the site was largely destroyed during the construction of theWheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have anegligible archaeological impact. Buried elements of the site maysurvive in-situ, however, on the eastern side of Penn Street, as thatpart of the site is used presently as a car park. Any futuredevelopment of the car park may have an archaeological impact,which may require mitigation.

Site number 64Site name Courtyard Housing, Penn StreetNGR SD 89850 13602Site type Housing and shops (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -



Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS,1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; Touchstones LA/D/2/2a/1a/371

Description An area of housing and shops on the west side of Penn Street,arranged around a courtyard is named ‘Court No. 2’ on the OS mapof 1892. This area is shown as partially developed on the OS mapof 1851. A planning application was approved in 1869 for theerection of a house and shop at 26-28 Penn Street (TouchstonesLA/D/2/2a/1a/371). The development was marked on the OS mapof 1959, but had been demolished by the time of the 1972 OS map.


Site number 65Site name Housing, Clarke’s PlaceNGR SD 89827 13560Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,


Description Housing on both the north and south side of Clarke’s Place is firstshown on the OS map from 1851. All but two of these houses (onthe south side of the road) had been demolished by the time of the1930 OS map. The two remaining houses were marked on the 1938OS map, but the area had new buildings on it by the time of the OS1959 map, which were marked on the OS map for 1972, but hadbeen demolished by the time of the 1990 OS map.


Site number 66Site name Housing, Penn StreetNGR SD 89849 13588Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959



Description A group of back-to-back houses on the west side of Penn Street,north of Clarke’s Place is first shown on the OS map for 1851, andnamed ‘Court No. 3’ on the OS map of 1892. The western area ofthese buildings had been demolished by the time of the 1930 OSmap. The remaining buildings were marked on the 1938 OS map,but had been demolished by the time of the OS 1959 map.


Site number 67Site name Buildings, Acker Street (east side)NGR SD 89800 13580Site type Buildings (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990

Description A group of shops, houses and larger works buildings on the eastside of Acker Street is first shown on the OS map for 1851, andwere partially developed by the time of Murphy’s map of 1831.The northern extent of this area is labelled ‘Court No. 1’ on the OSmap for 1892. These buildings, with the exception of one, weremarked on the 1959 OS map, and two were labelled ‘works’. Thebuildings fronting Acker Street were all marked on the 1972 OSmap, but the buildings to the rear had been demolished by this time.The whole of this area was demolished and replaced by theWheatsheaf Centre before 1990.


Site number 68Site name Houses to the rear of Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89799 13603Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation -Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergencyedition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972

Description Two buildings to the rear of Yorkshire Street, to the east ofWheatsheaf Yard were first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831 and



were marked on the OS map of 1959, but had been demolished bythe time of the 1972 OS map.


Site number 69Site name Buildings on Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89789 13619Site type Shops and businesses (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894

Description A group of three through-buildings on the south side of YorkshireStreet are first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831 and were markedon the OS map of 1972, but have since been demolished andreplaced with the Wheatsheaf Centre. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists businesses including a drapers, a hairdresser, an auctioneerand a hay and straw dealer.


Site number 70Site name Buildings on Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89766 13606Site type Shops and businesses (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894

Description A group of four buildings on the south side of Yorkshire Street,bounded to the west by Acker Street are first shown on Murphy’smap of 1831. The buildings were marked on the OS map of 1972,but have since been demolished and replaced with the WheatsheafCentre. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists businesses including atailors, a confectioners, and a milliners, being run from thesebuildings.

Assessment The site lies within the study area. However, it is considered likelythat the site was largely destroyed during the construction of the



Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future development will thus have anegligible archaeological impact.

Site number 71Site name Buildings on Acker StreetNGR SD 89781 13566Site type Buildings (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS,1:2500, 1959

Description Two large buildings on the west side of Acker Street of unknownfunction first shown on the OS map of 1851, The buildings weremarked on the OS map of 1938, but had been demolished by thetime of the 1959 OS map.


Site number 72Site name New Buildings Place, Bell StreetNGR SD 89740 13538Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959Description A row of back-to-backs, north and south of ‘New Buildings Place’,

on the west side of Bell Street first shown on Murphy’s map of1831. By the time of the 1930 OS map some of these houses hadbeen demolished, the remaining buildings were marked on the OSmap of 1938, but had been replaced with the current building by thetime of the 1959 OS map.

Assessment This site may be impacted by the proposed redevelopment

Site number 73Site name Buildings, Tower PlaceNGR SD 89739 13562Site type Buildings (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNone



Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5

Description A single building, listed as a fish and game dealer’s in Duncan’sDirectory of 1894-5, is shown on the south side of Yorkshire Streeton the 1892 OS map, bounded to the west by Bell Street and to theeast by Tower Place. Several buildings of unknown function arelocated to the rear of this. The buildings are first shown onMurphy’s map of 1831, were marked on the OS map of 1930,however they appear to have been mostly demolished by the timeof the 1938 OS map, with only 68 Yorkshire Street extant by thetime of the 1972 OS map. This building has since been replaced.


Site number 74Site name Buildings, Yorkshire Street/Bell StreetNGR SD 89708 13545Site type Shops and businessesPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Duncan 1894-5

Description A group of five buildings on the west side of Bell Street, firstshown on Murphy’s map of 1831 and marked on the OS map of1938. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists them as shops and aninsurance agent. Only the four north-eastern buildings were extantby the time of the 1959 OS map, the remainder of the area beingtaken up with the current building. The remaining four buildings,nos 66-60 Yorkshire Street, are extant.

Assessment The extant buildings lie within the study area. An archaeologicalsurvey may be required to inform any future proposals forrefurbishment or development.

Site number 75Site name Buildings, Baillie Street/Bell StreetNGR SD 89761 13509Site type BuildingsPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergency edition 1938); OS, 1:2500,1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990; Worrall 1885



Description A group of five buildings fronting the north side of Baillie Streetand west of Bell Street, with additional buildings behind, are firstshown on the OS map for 1892. The western building of this block(17a Baillie Street; Site 18) is a Grade II Listed warehouse. Theadjacent two buildings to the east (nos 19 and 21 Baillie Street) areextant, but the remainder have been demolished in recent years. No19 was listed as a warehouse in Worrall’s Directory of 1885, andwas labelled ‘Inland Revenue Office’ on the 1892 OS map.

Assessment These buildings lie within the study area. An archaeological surveyof the may be required to inform any future proposals forrefurbishment or development.

Site number 76Site name Buildings, North side of Baillie StreetNGR SD 89711 13495Site type Buildings (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergencyedition 1938); ); OS, 1:2500, 1959

Description A group of four buildings fronting the north side of Baillie Street,with additional buildings behind, located to the east of the alleynamed ‘The Bank’. The buildings, possibly warehouses, were firstshown on Murphy’s map of 1831, and were marked on the OS mapof 1938, but had been demolished by the time of the 1959 OS map.


Site number 77Site name Housing behind Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89714 13519Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959Description Two rows of small houses behind Yorkshire Street are first shown

on the OS map for 1851. By 1910, the houses had been partiallydemolished and replaced by the Queen’s Head Inn frontingYorkshire Street (Site 26) and a yard to its rear named the Queen’sHead Yard. The remaining houses were marked on the OS map of1938, but had been replaced with a larger building by the time ofthe 1959 OS map.




Site number 78Site name Buildings, south side of Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89687 13515Site type Buildings (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,1:1250, 1972; Duncan 1894-5

Description A group of three buildings fronting the south side of YorkshireStreet, with additional buildings behind, situated on the east side ofthe alley named ‘The Bank’. The buildings were at least partiallyextant by the time of Murphy’s map of 1831, and were marked onthe OS 1938 map. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5, lists the buildingson Yorkshire Street as occupied by a tailors and a drapers. The1959 OS map marks both the buildings to the rear of YorkshireStreet within this plot as ‘ruin’, and by 1972 the whole block hadbeen demolished and replaced with a large building (now Marksand Spencer).


Site number 79Site name Building, south side of Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89674 13507Site type Building (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; Duncan 1894-5Description A building fronting the south side of Yorkshire Street and situated

on the west side of the alley ‘The Bank’ is shown on the OS map of1851. The building was marked on the OS map of 1938, but it hadbeen replaced with a larger building by the time of the OS 1959map. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists the site as a tea dealers.




Site number 80Site name Buildings on Baillie Street and Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89654 13483Site type BuildingsPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergencyedition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; ; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250,1990; Duncan 1894-5

Description A roughly triangular plot at the junction on the south side ofYorkshire Street and the north side of Baillie Street, bounded to theeast by Pack Horse Yard. This area had been partially developed bythe time of Murphy’s map of 1831, and the 1892 OS map depicts anumber of small buildings fronting Baillie Street and YorkshireStreet, including one labelled ‘Bank’. Other businesses occupyingthese buildings in 1894-5, were a butchers, a drapers, an ironmonger and a rubber merchant (Duncan, 1894-5). These buildingsare located within the Town Hall Conservation Area.


Site number 81Site name Buildings on Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89745 13586Site type Buildings (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,


Description A group of seven buildings fronting Yorkshire Street, on the westside of Acker Street, first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831, andmarked on the OS map for 1972. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5lists these buildings as being occupied by a grocers, a tailors, atobacconist, a smallware dealer and a chemist. The north-easternmost three of these buildings (nos. 82-78) are extant, but theremaining buildings were demolished and replaced with theWheatsheaf Centre by 1990.




Site number 82Site name No 8 Baillie StreetNGR SD 89670 13456Site type BuildingPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergencyedition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250,1990

Description A square building of unknown function fronting the south side ofBaillie Street, which appears to be extant on Murphy’s map of1831, and is the current no. 8 Baillie Street, located within theTown Hall Conservation Area.


Site number 83Site name No 2 Baillie StreetNGR SD 89643 13453Site type BuildingPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,


Description A building, roughly triangular in plan and of unknown functionfronting the south side of Baillie Street, which appears to be extantby the time of Murphy’s map of 1831, and was extant, though sub-divided, on the OS map for 1959. This is the current no. 2, BaillieStreet, located within the Town Hall Conservation Area.


Site number 84Site name Nos 16-24 Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89635 13436Site type BuildingsPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation Area



Sources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS 6” 1931 (emergencyedition 1938); OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250,1990; Duncan 1894-5

Description A group of five buildings fronting Yorkshire Street, between TheWalk to the south-west, and Butts Avenue to the north-east.Buildings are shown in this area on Murphy’s map of 1831 and theOS map of 1851, however an alley (later named Stationers Entry) isalso depicted on these maps, leading from Yorkshire Street into theButts in the approximate area of the middle of this group of fivebuildings (possibly no. 20?). Therefore it is not certain if thebuildings depicted on the 1892 OS map were a group of newbuildings built since 1851 or were an extant group which had beenadded to by 1892. Duncan’s Directory of 1894-5 lists thesebuildings as being occupied by a grocers, a hatter, a bootmanufacturer, a clothers and a chemist. These buildings are thecurrent nos. 16-24 Yorkshire Street, located within the Town HallConservation Area.


Site number 85Site name Buildings on The WalkNGR SD 89648 13416Site type BuildingsPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,


Description Two rows of small buildings fronting the north-west and south-eastsides of The Walk, off Yorkshire Street. The buildings were extantby the time of Murphy’s map of 1831 and are now located withinthe Town Hall Conservation Area.


Site number 86Site name Nos 2-14 Yorkshire StreetNGR SD 89625 13406Site type BuildingsPeriod Industrial



SMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,


Description A group of buildings fronting Yorkshire Street, at its southernextent, located within the Town Hall Conservation Area. Thesebuildings are first shown on Murphy’s map of 1831, with a buildingat the west end labelled ‘Messrs Fentons and Roby’s Bank’ (no. 16on map). The northernmost of these buildings was labelled ‘CentralConservative Club’ on the OS map for 1892. Duncan’s Directory of1894-5 lists the other buildings as being occupied by a tailor,prudential assurance, a coffee house and a painter.


Site number 87Site name Buildings on The ButtsNGR SD 89650 13401Site type BuildingPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,


Description A building shown fronting The Butts on the OS map of 1910. Asmaller building is shown in this area on Murphy’s map of 1831and the OS mapping for 1851 and 1892, on the south side of analley. The 1910 building (and also a building to its west (Site 33))is built over the alley and therefore is either a replacement of theearlier building, or shows an extension to it. On the 1959 OS map,this and Site 33 to its west were shown as one building, labelled asa bank, and the building is still in use as a bank, located within theTown Hall Conservation Area.




Site number 88Site name Building on Butts AvenueNGR SD 89662 13437Site type BuildingPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources Murphy, 1831; OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS,

25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930; OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS,1:1250, 1978; OS, 1:1250, 1990

Description A building, which fronts the south side of Butts Avenue, is shownon Murphy’s map of 1831.


Site number 89Site name Housing, Smith Street and Duncan StreetNGR SD 89832 13496Site type Housing (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation -Sources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893Description A small group of houses, extant on the south side of Smith Street,

north of Bowling Green Mill (Site 03), on the OS on maps of 1851and 1892. In 1893 the Alfred Street Fire Station (Site 23) wasconstructed on this site, replacing these earlier houses.

Assessment Whilst much of the site is likely to have been destroyed during theconstruction of the fire station and subsequently the bus station thatoccupies the site presently, some fragmentary elements maysurvive as buried remains beneath modern surfacing, which mayrequire mitigation prior to any future development.

Site number 90Site name Amen Corner (site of)NGR SD 8970 1343Site type House (site of)Period IndustrialSMR No 2644.1.0Stat. Designation -Sources SMR; Pigot 1834Description Also known as the ‘Great House’, said to date back to 1565. In the

seventeenth century it was a two-storey building, surrounded by alarge garden. In 1692, it was owned by a Mr. Charles Linney. In1750, the verger at St Chad's Church converted the building into analehouse with the name ‘Amen Corner’. During services the inn



would close and only one pint of ale per man was served. However,it degenerated into an unruly and dubious travellers' rest. It wasdemolished in 1910 as it was in a bad state of repair.Pigot’s Directory of 1834 lists a tavern named Amen Corner atLower Gates. This would suggest that this site is outwith the studyarea.

Assessment This site is unlikely to be impacted by the proposed redevelopment

Site number 91Site name 21 Butts Avenue (Bank Chambers) Staircase blockNGR SD 8968 1344Site type BuildingPeriod IndustrialSMR No 11554.1.0Stat. Designation Grade II Listed Building (358865); Conservation AreaSources SMRDescription Building only houses a staircase which gives access to the upper

floor of Williams & Glyn's Bank, c 1800. Brick with stonedressings and slate roof. Narrow frontage with central door, innerdoor and three-flight staircase, apparently part of a former building.The two-storey building has an Ionic doorcase with attachedcolumns, open modillioned pediment, semicircular enrichedfanlight, a six-panel door, and rises from a flight of bowed steps.The upper floor has a sash window with gauged brick head and amodillioned timber eaves cornice. The inner doorcase has anenriched plaster cornice and architrave. The openstring staircasehas iron balustrading and a timber handrail. The listing does notapply to the Bank Chambers themselves nor to the stone built bankbuilding to the left.

Assessment This building lies within the study area, and survives extant. Anarchaeological survey of the building is likely to be required toinform any future proposals for refurbishment or development as acondition of Listed Building Consent and Conservation AreaConsent.

Site number 92Site name Rochdale Bridge, RochdaleNGR SD 89662 13383Site type BridgePeriod IndustrialSMR No 13733.1.0Stat. Designation Conservation AreaSources SMRDescription On the 6th of June 1903, the Rochdale Observer reported the

Borough Surveyor's proposals for the covering of the River Rochbetween The Butts and South Parade. This was on the site of atraditional fording point of the River Roch. The bridge is an earlyexample of a ferro-concrete construction (six-inch thick ferro-



concrete slabs lie beneath the road surface). The covering of theRoch began in July 1904 and the final stretch was completed in c1924. This engineering feat gave Rochdale the claim to have thewidest bridge in the world. Repairs were carried out in 1995.

Assessment These buildings lie within the study area, and survive extant. Anarchaeological survey of the buildings may be required to informany future proposals for refurbishment or development as acondition of Conservation Area Consent.

Site number 93Site name Atlas Printing Works, Acker StreetNGR SD 89766 13577Site type Printing Works (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 6”, 1851; OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS,

25”, 1930; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972; OS, 1:1250, 1990;Rochdale County Borough Directory 1938; Worrall 1885

Description Buildings on the west side of Acker Street are first shown on theOS map of 1851. E Wrigley and Sons are listed as running theAtlas Stream Printing Works in Worrall’s Directory of 1885, andthe printing works is labelled on the OS map for 1892. E Wrigleyand Sons were still listed as printers and stationers at this locationin the Rochdale County Borough Directory of 1938. The buildingwas labelled ‘works’ on the OS map of 1972, but had beendemolished and replaced by the Wheatsheaf Centre by the time ofthe 1990 OS map.


Site number 94Site name Borough Carriage Works, Clarke’s PlaceNGR SD 89837 13574Site type Works (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959; OS, 1:1250, 1972Description Two buildings north of Clarke’s Place are first shown on the OS

map for 1892, labelled ‘Borough Carriage Works’. The northern ofthese buildings had been demolished by the time of the 1930 OSmap. The remaining building was labelled ‘works’ on the 1959 OSmap, but had been demolished by the time of the OS 1972 map.



Assessment It is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during theconstruction of the Wheatsheaf Centre, and any future developmentwill thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 95Site name School of Chemistry, south of Blossom PlaceNGR SD 89871 13627Site type School (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. Designation -Sources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910Description A long building labelled ‘School of Chemistry’ was first shown on

the OS map for 1892. An infant school (Site 34) had replaced thesebuildings by the time of the 1910 OS map.

Assessment It is considered likely that the site was largely destroyed during theconstruction of the infant school (Site 34), and any futuredevelopment will thus have a negligible archaeological impact.

Site number 96Site name Mission Room, Blossom PlaceNGR SD 89861 13647Site type Building (Site of)Period IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892; OS, 25”, 1893; OS, 25”, 1910; OS, 25”, 1930;

OS 6” 1931; OS, 1:2500, 1959Description A building labelled ‘Mission Room’ was first shown on the OS

map for 1892 at the eastern end of the north side of Blossom Place.The building was marked on the 1938 OS map, but had beendemolished by the time of the 1959 OS map.

Assessment The site lies within the study area and is used presently as a carpark. Any future development could have an impact on buriedarchaeological remains.

Site number 97Site name Industrial Building, New Buildings PlaceNGR SD 89861 13647Site type BuildingPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1:2500, 1959Description A small brick-built structure labelled ‘Works’ on the OS map of

1959 at the northern end of New Buildings Place.



Assessment The site lies within the study area and is extant, but derelict. Anarchaeological survey of the building may be required prior todevelopment of the site.

Site number 98Site name Steps on north side of Baillie StreetNGR SD 89694 13486Site type StepsPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892Description A flight of stone steps leading from the north side of Baillie Street

to a passage named ‘The Bank’ on the OS map of 1892.Assessment The site lies within the study area and is extant.

Site number 99Site name Steps, New Buildings PlaceNGR SD 89730 13518Site type StepsPeriod IndustrialSMR No -Stat. DesignationNoneSources OS, 1: 500, 1892Description A flight of stone steps leading from the south corner of New

Buildings Place to Baillie Street, as shown on the OS map of 1892.Assessment The site lies within the study area and is extant.



5. SITE INSPECTION AND BUILDING ASSESSMENT

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.1.1 A general inspection of the study area and the upstanding buildings wascarried out to enhance the results obtained from the desk-based research. Theinspection of the standing buildings concentrated on establishing whether thevisible fabric retained evidence for age, phasing and development, andallowed a photographic record to be compiled. The site inspection alsoconfirmed that an element of the built heritage and sub-surface archaeologicalresource of the study area has been destroyed by late twentieth-centurydevelopment. In particular, the construction of the large Wheatsheaf Centrewill have had a major negative impact on the archaeological resource in thecentral part of the study area. Similarly, the construction of the bus station onSmith Street will have had a major impact on the built heritage, includingalterations to the nineteenth-century layout of streets. However,notwithstanding several large service trenches inside the bus station, and themulti-storey block and a pedestrian subway that runs underneath ConstantineRoad immediately to the west, the potential for buried archaeological remainsof the former textile mills (Sites 03 and 04) to survive in-situ beneath theconcourse cannot be discounted.

5.1.2 Further to the east, the construction of the Mecca Bingo necessitated someground-reduction works that are likely to have destroyed the buried remains offormer workers’ housing (Sites 47 and 48) in this area. Conversely, whilstthere is little physical above-ground evidence of the former industrialbuildings (Sites 25, 37 and 49) and associated surfacing to the south and eastof Mecca Bingo, there does not appear to have been any ground-reductionworks in this area, offering some potential for buried remains to survive in-situbeneath the modern car-parking areas.

5.1.3 Tarmac surfacing also characterises much of the eastern edge of the studyarea, although in some cases this may have been associated with landscapingworks. The former workers’ housing (Site 50) on Kelsall Street, for instance,has been demolished and the ground level appears to have been raised by c1.5m as part of a landscaping scheme (Plate 20). No visible remains of formerhousing or associated surfacing survive to the north (Sites 51, 55 and 58), onthe north side of Baille Street, which is occupied presently by a Vauxhalldealership garage. Elements of this area have been landscape, although thisappears to have largely involved the raising of ground levels, offering somepotential for buried remains to survive in-situ; the northern boundary of thegarage site, however, may have been terraced into the natural slope.

5.1.4 Historic surfacing in the form of stone setts survives in several places acrossthe study area, including a short section in front of 128 Yorkshire Street (Site38), and Bull Brow, Stationers Entry, and Butts Avenue in the Town HallConservation Area. Further east, adjacent to 17a Baillie Street (Site 18), NewBuildings Place retains historic surfacing that leads to a derelict industrial



building (Site 97) and a set of stone steps (Site 99) up to Bell Street; publicaccess to these steps is currently prohibited (Plate 21). A similar set of stepssurvives a short distance to the west (Site 98), on the north side of BaillieStreet. These steps for an important part of the historic townscape, and shouldbe retained as part of any future scheme of redevelopment.

Plate 20: Looking west across the site of former houses on Kelsall Street (Site 50)

Plate 21: New Buildings Place, showing historic surfacing and Site 97



5.2 BUILDINGS ON YORKSHIRE STREET

5.2.1 Yorkshire Street is a long road extending north-eastwards for nearly 1km fromthe historic centre of Rochdale, near the crossing point of the River Roch, upthe valley slope and continuing towards Littleborough. In the northern part ofthe study area, between Cheetham Street and John Street, Yorkshire Streetforms the principal route through the part of the town centre designated as theTown Head Conservation Area, in recognition of its important late Georgianstreetscape (RMBC 2008); the buildings that line Yorkshire Street in this areainclude merchant town houses, shops, historic pubs and warehouses, andinclude two Grade II Listed Buildings. The area was developed in the mid- tolate Georgian period on land that was previously undeveloped, and was largelyall in place by 1830 with only slight alterations subsequently (RMBC 2008).In contrast, the south-western end of Yorkshire Street, forming part of theTown Hall Conservation Area, is a product of an earlier street plan.

5.2.2 16-24 Yorkshire Street (Site 84): a block of buildings situated between TheWalk and Baille Street at the south-eastern end of Yorkshire Street (Plate 22).No 16 is a very plain painted brick building of three storeys with an apparentlyflat roof. The ground floor on both the visible front and side elevationsconsists of a late twentieth-century shop front, and is occupied currently by aphotographic processing business. The upper floors are devoid of anydecorative elements and the fenestration comprises mid- to late twentieth-century timber casements. The building is of a single phase, probably dating tothe mid-twentieth century.

Plate 22: General view north-east of 16-24 Yorkshire Street (Site 84)



5.2.3 No 18 is a narrow three-storey painted brick structure with a modern pitchedslate roof. The ground floor comprises a late twentieth-century shop front,occupied currently by an optician. There are two windows on each of theupper floors, the second floor windows each having two-over-two sliding sashwindows (without horns) with visible sash boxes. There is a projecting band-course between the first and second floors. It appears to be of a single phase,and may date to the eighteenth century. There is a rear extension of anuncertain date.

5.2.4 Nos 20 and 22 comprise a substantial three-storey brick building, the groundfloor of which incorporates a shop front of early twentieth-century appearance,together with a narrow passageway called Stationer’s Entry. The building isoccupied currently as an amusement arcade. The two upper floors are of mid-twentieth-century appearance, and comprise four bays each with a tall windowreveal with plain sandstone surrounds. There is a plain sandstone cornice witha parapet exhibiting simple fluting behind, and the roof is of hippedconstruction. It appears that the ground floor formed part of an earlier structureand that the upper floors were added, resulting in the widening of the buildingand the roofing over of the previously open Stationer’s Entry. The buildingextends back to an open courtyard.

5.2.5 No 24 is of three bays and three-storeys, the ground floor consisting partly of ashop front of similar appearance to that seen on Nos 20 and 22 YorkshireStreet, being occupied by the same amusement arcade business. The shop fronthas canted windows leading to the doorway, and probably dates to the earlytwentieth century. The other part of the ground floor comprises The ButtsAvenue covered alleyway, which passes below the upper floors. The uppertwo stories are of brick construction, each floor having three windows, whichhouse PVCu window frames. There is a band-course at lintel level of the firstfloor and a moulded cornice. A single, circular tie rod end is visible at the leftside of the first floor. The roof is of hipped construction.

5.2.6 30-42 Yorkshire Street (Site 80): a block of buildings situated between BaillieStreet and the entrance to Pack Horse Yard from Yorkshire Street. No 30 is atwo and a half-storey plain brick building with a late twentieth-century shopfront currently housing a shoe/accessories shop. There is a single, centralwindow on each of the upper floors, both of which have twentieth-centurytimber casement window frames. There is a sandstone sill-band on each of theupper floors, and a plain moulded cornice on the top floor. The roof is pitchedand the building probably dates to the nineteenth century.

5.2.7 No 32 Yorkshire Street is of three stories with a pitched roof. It is rendered,but probably of brick construction. There are two brick chimneystacks visible,which are flush with the north gable wall (which projects above the adjacentproperty). The building is occupied currently by a mobile phone retailer, andthe shop front appears to be of twentieth-century date. The upper floors bothhave two window apertures, each of which containing sliding sash windows.The first floor windows have six-over-one frames (possible replacements),whilst the top floor have six-over-six frames. All of the sash frames arewithout horns. A sill-band is present on the top floor, and the eaves project.The building probably dates to the early nineteenth century.



5.2.8 No 34 Yorkshire Street is a single-storey brick structure of mid- to latenineteenth-century appearance. The ground floor contains a late twentieth-century shop front occupied currently by a bakery. The upper floor is of brickconstruction, and is quite decorative with two, two-framed, timber mullionwindows with segmentally arched sandstone heads. There is a mouldedsandstone sill-band running the length of the elevation. The window framesare timber sliding one-over-one sashes with horns. The mullions have carvedbrackets. The roof appears to be of slate, pitched construction and a woodenogee gutter is visible.

5.2.9 No 36 Yorkshire Street is a very decorative, three-storey building housing twobusinesses, a tobacconist on the ground floor, and a beauty salon on the uppertwo floors. The ground floor has a modern shop front together with a doorallowing access to the upper floors. The upper floors are of brick constructionand contain identical fenestration, which consists three central stone mullion-and-transome windows with segmental heads with interlocking voussiors.Two flanking windows of the same construction are present. There aremoulded sandstone sill-bands and moulded brick band-courses together withmoulded brick engaged columns. There is a decorative terracotta friezebetween the first and second floors. The top of the elevation comprises acentral gable with an oculus containing a multi-light window. The columnsrun to the full height of the elevation and terminate in pyramidal sandstonepinnacles.

5.2.10 No 38 Yorkshire Street comprises a brick, three-storey structure, quite plain inappearance, with a late twentieth-century shop front, occupied by a sportswearretailer. The first floor is distinctive in that the whole front elevation consistsof seven large plate glass windows, together with wooden brackets at eitherend. The top floor is plain, painted brick with two, one-over-one sliding sashwindows. The building probably dates to the late nineteenth or early twentiethcentury.

5.2.11 No 40 Yorkshire Street is of plain brick construction, again with a latetwentieth-century shop front, occupied currently by a cosmetics retailer. Theupper two floors each have two windows with sandstone lintels and slightlyprojecting sandstone sills. The window frames are of PVCu manufacture. Thefront elevation appears to have been rebuilt in the twentieth century.

5.2.12 No 42 Yorkshire Street is a distinctive building, probably of brickconstruction, which has been rendered to mimic rusticated ashlar. The groundfloor houses a late twentieth-century shop front, occupied currently by amobile phone retailer. To the right of the shop front, a covered walkway leadsto a small courtyard. The fenestration is distinctive and consists of, on the rightside of the elevation, two Wyatt windows with some leaded panes are present.The right side of the elevation houses two plain windows (higher than theothers) of unequal size, each with simple semi-circular arched frames. Theroof is pitched and there are two chimney stacks visible. It is apparent that thebuilding is of two phases, and may date to the late eighteenth or earlynineteenth century.



5.2.13 44-46 Yorkshire Street (Sites 12 and 79): a two-storey building occupiedcurrently by two separate businesses, a fast food restaurant and a fashionretailer, which take up the whole of the ground floor. The upper floorcomprises three bays, the wide central recessed bay having a high parapet. Theelevation appears to be of stone ashlar construction, which has been painted.The fenestration comprises a wide central row of windows divided by plainand fluted ‘mullions’. The two projecting flanking bays have single multi-lightwindows. All of the frames are metal. Decoration is limited to vertical flutingon the parapet with half-round mouldings on the flanking bays. The cornicesare plain moulded. The rear part of the building appears to have been rebuiltand is of brick construction with a long flat roof. The front elevation appearsto be of a mid-twentieth-century date. No 48 is a twentieth-century, two-storeybuilding, used presently as a telephone shop; it is of little historical interest.No 50-58 is occupied by Marks & Spencers, and is also of a probable mid-twentieth-century date.

Plate 23: View of 44-46 Yorkshire Street

5.2.14 60 Yorkshire Street (Site 26): a plain three-storey brick building occupied bya chocolate retailer. The ground floor comprises a late twentieth-century shopfront, the upper floors of plain brick. There is a single window on each of theupper floors, which contain multi-light metal-framed windows. The roof ispitched and iron rainwater goods are visible. The building appears to date tothe early to mid-twentieth century.

5.2.15 62 Yorkshire Street (Site 13): of similar dimensions to No 60 YorkshireStreet, the upper floors of this building have been pebble dashed. The groundfloor comprises a late twentieth-century shop front housing a mobile phonebusiness. The fenestration comprises two wide windows on each of the firstand second floors, with twentieth-century timber casement windows. The roof



appears to be of pitched construction. The building probably dates to the mid-twentieth century.

5.2.16 64-66 Yorkshire Street (Site 74): No 64 Yorkshire Street is the same height asNos 60 and 62 Yorkshire Street, and is of three-storey brick construction. Incommon with most of the buildings on Yorkshire Street, the ground floor isgiven over to retail use and has a late twentieth-century shop front. The uppertwo floors each contain two tall windows, each containing one-over-onesliding sash frames (with horns). They have plain lintels and slightlyprojecting sills. The roof is slate. This building probably dates to the earlytwentieth century.

5.2.17 No 66 Yorkshire Street occupies a corner plot, is of brick construction, and isoccupied currently by sandwich/pie shop. It is of two stories and has an ‘L-shaped’ pitched slate roof. Decoration details comprise projecting imitationquoins at the corners, and dentils below the eaves. The fenestration comprisesa single Wyatt-type window on the front elevation, and three timber casementwindows on the north elevation. All the windows have brick heads. There is afurther blocked window at the left side of the north elevation. The buildingappears to date from the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.

5.2.18 The White Lion, Yorkshire Street (Site 15): this three-storey, brick-builtpublic house is of a Georgian date, and is a designated Grade II ListedBuilding. The ground floor is asymmetrical and consists of two projecting,canted, bay windows of stone construction with flat roofs (Plate 24); these baywindows represent Edwardian modification to the original structure. Theground floor fenestration comprises timber casements. The main door issimilarly of an Edwardian date, and has a decorative sandstone surroundconsisting of fluted pilasters with a drip mould supported on brackets.‘WHITE LION HOTEL’ is inscribed on a tablet above this. The upper floorsare quite plain by comparison and each has two mullioned windows. Those onthe first floor have French-arched heads with sandstone keystones. The roof isof pitched slate construction and there are two chimney stacks present.



Plate 24: North-west-facing elevation of the White Lion Inn

5.2.19 116-124 Yorkshire Street (Site 61): this is a large Victorian block, whichappears to be the product of multiple phases, although it retains the plaincharacter of Georgian buildings. No 116 is substantial brick building with anarrow frontage on Yorkshire Street (Plate 25). It is of three stories, andextends rearward to some seven bays. The ground floor of the front elevationcomprises a shop front of late twentieth-century appearance, occupiedcurrently by a pawnbrokers. The fenestration of the front elevation consists ofplain window apertures, which have late twentieth-century PVCu frames. Thefront elevation exhibits a painted sign below the sill-band ‘G. L. ADAMSON’(Plate 25). The fenestration continues around to the south elevation, which aresmaller but of similar style. There is a partially blocked doorway located onthe south elevation, which has a distinctive rusticated ashlar surround. Abovethis is a further blocked, probable loading door with a similar surround, andabove this, is a plain blocked aperture. To the rear of these, the buildingcontinues with similar fenestration and numerous blocked apertures. The roofis of pitched slate construction with a short stone parapet.

5.2.20 No 118 is of similar appearance to No 116 Yorkshire Street, and is probably ofa contemporary date. The ground floor is occupied currently by an estateagent, the shop front of which is late twentieth century. The upper floors areidentical to those on No 116, although the windows differ. The first floorwindows are of multi-light construction with opening casements and may beof early date. The top floor windows are PVCu. The rear was not visible.



Plate 25: Looking north-east across 116-124 Yorkshire Street

5.2.21 No 120 is used currently as a post office. The front elevation has been rebuilt,probably in the late twentieth century. The front elevation of No 122Yorkshire Street has been rebuilt, probably in the mid-twentieth century.

5.2.22 No 124 is occupied by an estate agent. The front elevation steps out in amanner similar to No 116. The ground floor comprises a late twentieth-centuryshop front. The fenestration consists of a single large window on the first floorwhich has a segmental brick French-arched head. The frame appears to be oftwentieth-century origin. The top floor has two small windows with similarheads to the others in this row. There two tie-rod ends visible. The buildingappears contemporary with nos 120-122.

5.2.23 128 Yorkshire Street (Site 38): built originally as a house in the lateeighteenth century, 128 Yorkshire Street became the ImprovementCommissioners Officers and the town’s early police headquarters. It isdesignated as a Grade II Listed Building, and lies within the Town HeadConservation Area. Used presently as a solicitor’s office, it represents a raresurvival from an important period in the development of local government inEngland (RMBC 2008). Front elevation of the building is in brick, with thoseto the side and rear comprising coursed sandstone with stone slate roof (Plate26). Two bays, two storeys, gable stacks and stone quoins. Canted oriel toright first floor otherwise replacement tripartite sashes. Central doorcase witharchitrave frame, plain frieze and cornice.



Plate 26: North-west-facing elevation of 128 Yorkshire Street

5.2.24 132-148 Yorkshire Street (Site 60): a large Victorian block, which similarlyretains the plain character of Georgian buildings displayed in nos 116-124Yorkshire Street (Section 5.2.19 above). The whole block is of three-storiesand is of brick construction, with a pitched slate roof and a stone cornice (Plate27). All of the ground floors are given over to late twentieth-century shopfronts. Various businesses occupy the properties including: estate agent at 132;an employment agency at 134; charity shop at 136; solicitors at 138: estateagent at 140; and bureau de change at 142. The first floor fenestrationcomprises a single, wide window within each property with segmental archedhead and sandstone keystone. The window frames are of various dates andtypes, but originally appeared to be of timber mullioned, one-over-one slidingsash (with horns) as exhibited in 134. The top floors of some of the propertieshave twin one-over-one sliding sashes. All the sills are of sandstone. There aretwo chimney stacks present. The whole row was probably constructed in asingle phase.



Plate 27: View south-west across 132-148 Yorkshire Street

5.2.25 Nos 144 and 146 Yorkshire Street are two, two-storey terraced buildings thatare probably of the same phase of construction, and share the same generalfeatures. No 144 is occupied by a hairdresser, and No 146 by a general stores.The buildings are of brick construction with late twentieth-century shop fronts.The upper floors each have a single window aperture with stone head and sill.No 144 has a late twentieth-century tiled roof, whilst No 146 has a slate roof,both are pitched, and there is a single chimney stack present. A timber gutter isvisible. The buildings probably date to the late nineteenth century. No 148 isof late twentieth-century appearance, and is occupied currently by arecruitment agency.

5.2.26 Town Head House, Yorkshire Street (Site 20): originally a merchant’s housewith a large garden to the rear, is is shown as two buildings labelled ‘UnionOffices’ on Murphy’s map of 1831. The buildings are within the Town HeadConservation Area, and date to the early nineteenth century (Plate 28). Brickwith stone dressings and twentieth-century roof covering. Two rooms wide bythree rooms deep with central entrance and staircase. Three-bay elevation withbracketed gable. Two storeys plus attic storey. Door has attached Doriccolumns, cast-iron fanlight and open pediment. Stone plinth and first floorbanding course which runs around the entire building. Windows have stonesills and lintels which may be replacements for flat brick arches and stonekeystones which are still to be found on the side elevations. Tall central firstfloor window has stone architrave, consoles cornice and marginal glazing bars.Rebuilt two-storey canted bay window to left elevation and large five-sided,two-storey bay to right, with pyramidical roof and small gablet.



Plate 28: North-eastern end of Town Head House

5.3 BUILDINGS ON BAILLIE STREET

5.3.1 1 Baillie Street: a narrow building, which occupies the corner plot betweenYorkshire Street and Baillie Street. It is of three-stories and is constructedfrom fine-grained, grey, sandstone ashlar, the ground floor having a latetwentieth-century shop front, currently housing a pawnbrokers. The first floorfenestration comprises three-centred arched windows with a sill band, whilstthose on the top floor have flat arches above which is a plain cornice and shortparapet. All the windows are of PVCu. The roof is of slate, hippedconstruction. The building probably dates to the early twentieth century.

5.3.2 2-8 Baillie Street (Sites 27 and 82): substantial four-storey brick structures onthe south side of Baillie Street (Plate 29). They appear to have been partlyrebuilt and most of the fenestration is of late twentieth-century appearance.However, most of the reveals appear original and are fairly simple with stoneheads and lintels. There are three tall apertures (partly boarded), one of whichhas a small gablet, which appear to have served as loading doors. All of theground floors contain shop fronts of varying dates, some of which, appear tobe of early twentieth-century origin. There is a covered alleyway allowingaccess to Butts Avenue, which has a distinctive rusticated ashlar surround.These buildings may all date to the early nineteenth century.

5.3.3 10 Baillie Street (Site 17): Grade II Listed Building. William Deacon'sManchester and Salford Bank and shops, now shops and store (Plate 29). 1890on door surround. Stone and brick with slate roof. From left to right: shopfront, entrance to upper floor, shop front, grand entrance. The whole group iscranked to accommodate the curve of the road. The two original shop frontsare placed symmetrically about the entrance of No 14. The main feature is theentrance to No 10 having a small open triangular pediment with scrolls toeither side, surrounding the bank's coat of arms and crest, all on an openelliptical pediment supported on garland- enriched consoles. The doors areflanked by enriched pilasters and have a large fanlight, semi-circular head,



florid spandrel panels and a fluted keystone. The first floor has two tripartiteelliptical headed windows and one circular headed, each with stone keystonesand panelling below; and one semi-circular tripartite window above theground door. Bracketed stone and brick eaves cornice.

Plate 29: View south-west across 2-10 Baillie Street

5.3.4 17a Baillie Street (Site 18): A late nineteenth-century Grade II Listedwarehouse, shown on the1892 OS map. Brick withstone dressings and slate roof.The building has three bays toBaillie Street with centralentrance, by five bays withcentral loading doors to eachof three floors. Two giantpilasters to either side of theground floor support the firstfloor sill band. Windows arebrick arched with stonekeystone and sill, and have arebated surround on theground floor. The segmental-headed doorway hasrusticated pilasters, keystone,entablatures and modillioncornice. The warehouse is oneexample of such a buildingwith an important centrallocation. Plate 30: West elevation of 17a Baille Street



5.3.5 19 Baillie Street: No 19 Baillie Street (Site 75) is a two-storey building withan ashlar ground floor exhibiting for rusticated pilasters dividing the threebays. It is occupied currently by a restaurant, the doorway being situated at theright side of the elevation. This has a segmental arched head with solid timberdoor (probably original). The fenestration on the ground floor comprises twolate twentieth-century windows set with reveals with segmental arched headsand single keystones. An architrave is present between the ground and firstfloor which contains modillions. The upper floor is of brick with four brickpilasters and three windows, each of the flanking windows exhibitingsegmental arched, stone surrounds. The central window has a round-headedsurround. Above this is a triangular gablet. There is a stone cornice withmodillions and half-round decoration. This building probably dates to the latenineteenth century.

Plate 31: No 19 Baillie Street Plate 32: No 21 Baillie Street

5.3.6 21 Baillie Street: No 21 Baillie Street is a quite plain, two-storey stonebuilding with a stone plinth (Plate 32). The right gable wall is of brickconstruction and appears to be of late twentieth-century origin. The groundfloor comprises two window apertures with round-headed stone surrounds,each of which has a single keystone. The plate glass glazing is of latetwentieth-century origin. The door surround is of similar appearance. Theupper floor has three windows set within plain reveals. There are two planeband courses and the roof is of pitched construction. This building probablydates to the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.

5.3.7 Nos 17a, 19 and 21 Baillie Street form a small detached group of historicbuildings on the north side of Baillie Street. The former buildings (Site 76) tothe east were demolished in the mid-twentieth century and the site redevelopedas the Wheatsheaf Centre. Nos 23 and 25 Baillie Street, situated on the cornerof Baille Street and Bell Street, were demolished recently, and the site remainsundeveloped. Historic structures on the east side of Bell Street (Site 02) weresimilarly demolished in the late twentieth century, and the site redeveloped aspart of the Wheatsheaf Centre. The adjacent building, No 37 Baillie Street, hassurvived extant. This two-storey, brick building was erected in the second halfof the nineteenth century as the Brunswick Hotel (Plate 33).



Plate 33: South elevation of the Brunswick Hotel on Baillie Street (Site 22)

5.3.8 The Brunswick Hotel lies on the corner of Baillie Street and Hunters Lane(formerly Acker Street), which is used by service vehicles accessing theWheatsheaf Centre. The only historic building surviving on Hunters Lane isthe late nineteenth-century extension to the public hall (Site 11) shown onhistorical mapping (Plate 34).

5.3.9 The modern bus station lies opposite the Brunswick Hotel and Hunters Lane.Other modern buildings occupy both sides of Baillie Street to the east, with novisible remains of historic fabric.

Plate 34: Late nineteenth-century addition to the public hall (Site 11)



5.4 THE BUTTS AND NORTHERN PART OF TOWN HALL CONSERVATION AREA

5.4.1 The Butts and the small thoroughfares leading north-westwards to YorkshireStreet, and northwards to Baillie Street, form part of the Town HallConservation Area, reflecting the concentration of historic buildings in thearea. The date at which the thoroughfares between The Butts and YorkshireStreet were established, including The Walk, Butts Avenue and StationersEntry, is uncertain, although they may potentially be of medieval origin, anddeveloped in response to increased commercial activity around the rivercrossing to the south-east. Similarly, the character of the streets, and thenarrow building plots, are in contrast to the Georgian street character thattypifies the north-eastern end of Yorkshire Street. Both of these areas,however, have high historic townscape qualities, and the visual impact of anynew buildings that are erected in the area needs to be considered carefully.

Plate 35: Recent aerial view of The Butts and buildings in the Town Hall Conservation Area

5.4.2 The buildings on the south side of The Walk (Site 85), adjacent to HSBCbank, comprise a collection of small, two-storey structures, occupied currentlyby various small businesses with a single elevation to The Butts and most toThe Walk. They are of brick construction and have pitched roofs of latetwentieth-century tiles. Some of the front elevations appear to have beenrebuilt. Some of the fenestration comprises multi-light sliding sash windows(without horns). Most of the properties appear to date to the late eighteenthcentury.

5.4.3 The buildings on the north side (Site 85) are of similar appearance to those onthe south side, and may be of a similar date. Most are of brick construction,one of which exhibits stucco render. The construction of these building may ofseveral phases, although most appear to be either late eighteenth- or earlynineteenth-century date.



5.4.4 At the eastern end of Site 85 is a substantial three-storey building with acurving elevation facing The Butts. It is occupied currently by the AbbeyBank, and is of Art Deco style. The front elevation is five-bays wide, thecentral bay projecting, with tall windows on the first and second floors. Thewindows are all metal-framed casements. There are decorative friezes withcircular motifs separating the windows between the upper floors and a seriesof pilasters divide the bays. The capitals are decorative and there is a deepentablature with prominent central parapet exhibiting Art Deco-style shellmotif. The building probably dates to the 1930s.

5.4.5 The former YMCA (Site 32) on Butts Avenue comprises a three-storey C-shaped brick building with the main elevation facing The Butts (Plate 36). Itnow appears divided and is occupied by multiple businesses, including a fishand chip shop and a betting shop. It is seven-bays wide, the central, projectingbay being the most distinctive and housing the original entrance. The groundfloors now contain late twentieth-century shop fronts. The main entrance,although partially obscured, has a high semi-circular arched doorway withsingle keystone and modillioned entablature. Above this, on both the first andsecond floors are decorative aediculated mullion windows with compositecolumns the remainder of the fenestration comprises tripartite sliding sashwindows (without horns) set within simple plain reveals with plain heads andsills. The side elevations house similarly plain windows. The roof is of latetwentieth-century tiles and is partly hipped, modillions are visible on the frontelevation. This building probably dates to the early nineteenth century.

Plate 36: East-facing elevation of the former YMCA building (Site 32)



5.4.6 No 21 Butts Avenue (Site 91) is a Grade II Listed Building. It only houses astaircase which gives access to the upper floor of Williams & Glyn's Bank, c1800. Brick with stone dressings and slate roof. Narrow frontage with centraldoor, inner door and three-flight staircase, apparently part of a formerbuilding. The two-storey building has an Ionic doorcase with attachedcolumns, open modillioned pediment, semicircular enriched fanlight, a six-panel door, and rises from a flight of bowed steps. The upper floor has a sashwindow with gauged brick head and a modillioned timber eaves cornice. Theinner doorcase has an enriched plaster cornice and architrave. The open stringstaircase has iron balustrading and a timber handrail. The listing does notapply to the Bank Chambers themselves nor to the stone built bank building tothe left.

5.4.7 At the south-eastern end of Butts Avenue, facing The Butts, is a classical-stylebuilding constructed from grey ashlar (Site 30). It is of three stories, five-bayswide and has a central, projecting, semi-circular portico supported upon fourionic columns, accessed via steps (Plate 37). The ground floor has four multi-light windows (with top opening casements) set within plain architraves withtripartite keystones. The upper fenestration comprises four similar windowsset within plain reveals with triangular pediments supported upon simplebrackets. The central window, set with the recessed central bay, exhibitsadditional decoration. Above this is festoon decoration. There is a sill bandexhibiting guilloche decoration. There is a central triangular pediment, whichhas a two-headed eagle attached to the tympanum. The roof is of hippedconstruction. The current building appears to date to the early twentiethcentury, and is an example of Edwardian Neo-classical revival.

Plate 37: South-facing elevation of Bank House (Site 30)



5.4.8 Other buildings on Butts Avenue include a large, three-storey building of brickconstruction with distinctive fenestration with stone surrounds (Site 31), lyingto the rear of No 24 Yorkshire Street. The ground floor is plain and has beenrendered. There is a corbelled cornice. The building probably dates to thenineteenth century. To the left of this building is a plain brick, three-storeybuilding with simple fenestration (Site 81), which may be of eighteenth-century origin.

5.4.9 The south-eastern corner of The Butts is occupied by the former Regal Cinema(Site 39), which dates to 1939 and is an impressive example of 1930s cinemaarchitecture with exterior Art Deco features surviving (Plate 38). Nowconverted in to a public house. There is a central recessed bay, which containsa distinctive white construction with tall windows. The flanking bays are plainbrick with three small windows on each side. The outer two bays have curvedcorners and contain tall windows with white surrounds. The ground floor nowcontains the entrance to the public house. The rear of the building is plain buthouses the rear entrance to the pub.

Plate 38: South elevation of the former Regal Cinema

5.4.10 The south-western part of The Butts is formed by the HSBC Bank (Site 33).This large Palladian, ashlar building occupying a curving, corner plot withthree central projecting bays of three-storeys with a semi-circular entrance atthe top of curved steps with railings (Plate 39). The flanking bays are of twostoreys (three-bays wide on the left, four on the right), the whole of the groundfloor being rusticated with a rock-faced plinth. The upper floors exhibitbanded rustication. Tuscan pilasters separate the ground floor windows, whichare semi-circular. The central three bays contain engaged columns of Tuscanappearance. All of the first floor windows are aediculated and have scrollconsoles. The second floor windows of the central part are semi-circular withrusticated heads and scroll consoles. The fenestration consists of timbercasement windows which appear to be contemporary with the date ofconstruction. A balustrade tops the central part whiles the flanking bays aretopped by a plain parapet. The entablatures are plain with dentils. The rearelevations were not immediately visible but appear to be fairly plain.



Originally apparently called Williams Deacon’s Bank of 1913 date, but basedon an 1803 predecessor (Pevsner 2002, 378).

Plate 39: The HSBC bank on The Butts (Site 33)

5.5 BUILDINGS ON SMITH STREET

5.5.1 Smith Street was established during the second quarter of the nineteenthcentury, and is shown on the Ordnance Survey map of 1851 to have beenlargely developed (Fig 4). By the end of the nineteenth century, the mixture oftextile mills, workers’ housing and public buildings along Smith Street willhave formed an urban streetscape that characterised many industrialisingLancashire towns. The majority of the buildings, however, have since beendemolished and were replaced by structures such as the bus station, whichignored historic reference to plots and streets, and resulted in a reduction in thetownscape quality of the area.

5.5.2 The only building of historical interest on the north side of Smith Street is theformer public baths (Site 07). The structure has a brick built Italianate façade133 feet long, of two storeys, with the main entrance of stone with plainmoulded heads (Plate 40). The boiler house that heated the baths survives tothe rear of the building (Plate 41), providing an interesting an unusual featureto the streetscape. This comprises a single-storey brick structure with adouble-pitched roof, and a square brick chimney.



Plate 40: The former public baths on Smith Street (Site 07), looking north-west

Plate 41: The former public baths on Smith Street (Site 07), looking north-west

5.6 OTHER BUILDINGS

5.6.1 There are few extant historic buildings on Penn Street as it climbs the slopefrom Smith Street to Yorkshire Street, although elements of historic fabric dosurvive. These include the walls of the former school (Site 34), the footprint ofwhich is used currently as a car park.

5.6.2 An interesting former industrial building survives at the northern end of whatwas Acker Street, but is now an access route for the Wheatsheaf Centre. Thearchitecture of the building is reminiscent of a textile mill (Plate 42), althoughit is not named as such on any of the available historical maps. The windows



along the former Acker Street frontage have all been infilled, together with aarchaed entrance, and the whole façade has been rendered, obscuring historicfabric. It is possible that the building was actually used a warehouse, althoughthis awaits confirmation.

Plate 42: Former industrial building at the northern end of Acker Street



6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REMAINS

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.1.1 The assessment has identified a total of 99 sites of archaeological interestwithin the study area (Fig 2). This included five Grade II Listed Buildings(Sites 17, 18, 20, 38 and 91), and four sites recorded in the SMR (Sites 03, 04,90 and 92). The remaining 90 sites were identified through the consultation ofhistoric maps. There are two Conservation Areas within the study area, TownHead, at its northern extent, and Town Hall at its western extent. Standingbuildings within these areas include Sites 15, 20, 38 and 60-62 in the TownHead Conservation Area, and Sites 17, 27, 29-33, 80 and 82-88 in the TownHall Conservation Area.

6.2 CRITERIA

6.2.1 There are several different methodologies used to assess the archaeologicalsignificance or importance of sites; that to be used here is the ‘Secretary ofState’s criteria for scheduling ancient monuments’ which is included as Annex4 of PPG 16 (DoE 1990). The sites listed in Section 4 were each consideredusing the criteria, with the results below.

6.2.2 Period: the gazetteer sites are dated predominantly to the Industrial Period,which comprises the Georgian and Victorian eras. Earlier exceptions to thisare the possible site of a sixteenth-century house (Site 90) and the RochdaleBridge (Site 92), which dates from the early seventeenth century. In addition,sites such as the Regal Cinema (Site 39) and a motor works (Site 40), date tothe twentieth century. The Georgian period is very well represented bynumerous standing buildings, which contribute a high value to the historictownscape. The range of buildings includes merchants’ houses, warehouses,and inns, representing an important group of Georgian buildings, albeitdispersed across the study area. It is important to note that the importance ofthis group is increased by the presence of other Georgian buildings thatsurvive in the town centre, but outside the boundary of the present study area.

6.2.3 The Industrial Period sites are probably best represented towards the end ofthis period on the 1892 Ordnance Survey map. This shows the area behind theolder thoroughfare, and traditionally commercial area, of The Butts andYorkshire Street as having been infilled with industries and housing. To theeast of The Butts, the area is dominated by the Kelsall and Kemp woollenmills, which were based at Butts Mill (Site 01), but also, at various times,occupied Bowling Green warehouse (Site 03), Duncan Street Mill (Site 04)and a woollen mill, later a warehouse, on the north side of Baillie Street (Site02). Much of the housing, which can be seen to the east of these mills on the1892 Ordnance Survey map would have been erected to house the largenumbers of people that these mills employed. The names of the streets, KempStreet (Site 47) and Kelsall Street (Site 50), reflect the influence that these millowners had over this area. Milton Street (Site 52) was set up to commemoratetwo men who saved a number of lives in the Duncan Street Mill fire of 1854.



Alongside these residential areas were the necessary community buildingsincluding chapels or churches (Sites 36, 10 and 05), a Sunday school (Site 06),and schools (Sites 16, 09 and later, Site 34), whilst public baths (Site 07), apublic hall, used to show films by the early twentieth century (Site 11), and anumber of inns (Sites 08, 12-15, 22, 26, 27, 31 and 35) provided recreationalspaces in this area.

6.2.4 Further industrial areas were concentrated immediately north of the RiverRoch, south of Smith Street (Sites 24, 25, 49, and later Site 37), and in the areaof Acker Street where an iron foundry (Site 21) and a printing works (Site 93)were established on the west side of the road by the mid-nineteenth century,and surrounded by numerous smaller warehouses and works buildings (Sites67, 76, 18, 75, 21, 93, 94 and 71).

6.2.5 This area was therefore in the heart of Rochdale in the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries, and as such is significant to this period of Rochdale’shistory.

6.2.6 Rarity: the remains are predominantly Industrial Period buildings, and as suchare not significant due to rarity. The possible exception to this is back-to-backhousing, which was largely cleared during the twentieth century, so that extantexamples are rare. The last of the back-to-back housing within the study areawas cleared in the 1970s, so there are no surviving examples, although anyareas of possible well-preserved buried remains of these buildings could beconsidered to be significant due to their rarity. The public baths on SmithStreet is also considered to be rare, as it survives virtually intact. Similarly, therange of Georgian buildings that survive in the study area and its immediateenvirons is also considered to have a high rarity value. This is particularly thecase with respect to the surviving Georgian warehouses.

6.2.7 Documentation: the historical development of the study area from the lateeighteenth century can be traced reasonably well from cartographic sources.Further documentary research may furnish additional evidence, includingmore precise dating of the construction and details of the appearance of thebuildings across the study area, although this is unlikely to alter the outlinepresented in this assessment. Some of the occupants of the properties may beidentified from the available commercial directories, census returns and otherprimary documents. A search of photographs held by the Local Studies Centrein Rochdale, a selection of which have been included within this assessment,proved particularly useful in providing information on some of the buildingswithin the study area, and it is possible that further useful photographs wouldcome to light during additional searches.

6.2.8 Group value: the gazetteer sites can be grouped into broad categories, Sites86, 33, 87, 85, 84, 31, 88, 32, 83, 27, 82, 17, 28, 29 and 30 represent thecommercial buildings on The Butts, all of which (except Site 28) are extant.Sites 80, 12, 78, 26, 13, 74, 73, 81, 70, 14, 69, 15, 62, 61, 38, 60 and 44 are thecommercial buildings which fronted Yorkshire Street, some of which areextant. Sites 76, 18, 75, 71, 21, 93, 94 and 67 are the sites of former industrialbuildings to the rear of Yorkshire Street, in the area of Acker Street, which,except Sites 18 and 75, have been demolished. Sites 24, 25, 49, and 37 are thesites of former industrial buildings concentrated immediately north of the



River Roch, south of Smith Street. Sites 01, 02, 03 and 04 are the sites ofwoollen mills and warehouse that flanked Baillie Street, which prospered fromthe mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. Sites 77, 72, 64, 66, 56, 57,55, 58, 51, 50, 53, 52, 48, 63, 59 and 47 were the areas of housing, much of itback-to-backs, erected in the second half of the nineteenth century across thestudy area and since demolished. Sites 36, 10 and 05 are the sites of chapels orchurches; and Sites 16, 09, 34 and 06 were schools or Sunday schools. Sites41, 43, 45 and 46 are elements of the former tramway.

6.2.9 Some of the gazetteer sites can be considered to be of significance due to theirinclusion in one of these groups. This predominantly applies to thecommercial and industrial buildings. The standing buildings on YorkshireStreet and The Butts, for instance, form areas of visual historic value of thisarea of Rochdale. This is reflected by the designation of two ConservationAreas, Town Head and Town Hall, which are, in effect, already recognisedgroups identifying important areas of historic Rochdale. Within these groupsare Sites 15, 20, 38 and 60-62 in the Town Head Conservation Area, and Sites17, 27, 29-33, 80 and 82-88 in the Town Hall Conservation Area. The groupof former woollen mills and a warehouse is also significant gas these siteswere all at one time part of the Kelsall and Kemp business, which was soimportant to Rochdale’s prosperity during the nineteenth and early twentiethcentury. The other industrial areas on Acker Street and south of Slack Streetare less significant as groups as they represent a number of different industriesand did not have a common owner or function.

6.2.10 To some extent the housing is significant due to its group value, for instancewhen it is part of worker’s housing associated with the mills. However, thechurches, schools and tramway are not considered to be significant due to theirgroup value.

6.2.11 Survival/Condition: the extent to which any buried archaeological remainssurvive beneath the modern ground surface is unknown. The redevelopment ofthe study area in the 1970s and 1980s would have impacted on the belowground remains of the gazetteer sites, although the extent of this impact willdepend on the construction methods employed at the time and also on factorssuch as whether the twentieth-century buildings have basements. Althoughthere are some large constructions on the site where it is possible that there hasbeen heavy truncation of underlying archaeological remains, there are alsonumerous areas of car parks and other open spaces. These areas, whichpossibly only saw the demolition of buildings and some levelling, haveconsiderable potential for the survival of underlying deposits.

6.2.12 Fragility: there are 30 sites of potential buried remains within the study area(Sites 01, 03-05, 08-09, 13, 19, 23-25, 28, 34, 36-37, 40-42, 44, 49-52, 55-56,58, 72, 79, 89 and 95-6), associated with known buildings identified onhistoric mapping. Depending on the nature and location of the proposedredevelopment these sites could be substantially impacted throughgroundworks such as the excavation of buried deposits or piling.

6.2.13 In total, 34 sites (Sites 90, 02, 06, 10, 12, 14, 16, 21, 26, 35, 43, 45-48, 53-54,57, 59, 63-71, 73, 76-78, 81 and 93-94) are considered less likely to beimpacted by the proposed development. Site 90 is the putative site of asixteenth-century building, which appears likely to have been situated outwith



the study area. Sites 43, 45 and 46 are the locations of the former tramway onSmith Street, Yorkshire Street and John Street, which are unlikely to haveassociated buried remains. The other sites are likely to have been destroyedentirely by modern development.

6.2.14 There are also 31 areas of standing buildings (ranging from single structures togroups of buildings) within the study area (Sites 07, 11, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 27,29-33, 38, 39, 60-62, 74, 75, 80, 82-88, 91 and 92), five of which are Grade IIlisted Buildings (Sites 17, 18, 20, 38 and 91). Demolition of these buildingswould obviously require consideration on a building by building basis, notonly for the listed buildings, but also for the unlisted standing structures.Proposed modifications to any of the standing buildings could also causeconsiderable impact, and again this would be examined in detail once anyredevelopment plans are put forward. Standing buildings which are notproposed to be demolished or modified, could still be indirectly affected byredevelopment through factors such as vibration during construction worksand visual impact by the proposed redevelopment.

6.2.15 The study area includes two Conservation Areas designated by RMBC, TownHead Conservation Area includes Sites 15, 20, 38 and 60-62 and Town HallConservation Area includes Sites 17, 27, 29-33, 80 and 82-88. Any proposeddevelopment in or adjacent to these areas, which would change the characterof the area would therefore considered to be particularly sensitive.

6.2.16 Diversity: the remains relate mainly to the Industrial Period development ofRochdale. They range from industrial buildings, such as mills and warehouses,to commercial buildings, public buildings and housing. These sites are notdiverse in themselves, and are not significantly diverse as a group.

6.2.17 Potential: there are no sites of prehistoric or Roman date within the studyarea, which would suggest that the potential for sites of this date is low. This,however, may be due to a lack of previous archaeological work in Rochdale,so that the opportunity for making such discoveries has not arisen.

6.2.18 There are no known medieval sites within the study area, although it seemsprobable that The Butts would have formed part of the medieval settlement.Similarly, the property divisions in the eastern part of the study area, and thenarrow passages linking Yorkshire Street with The Butts are potentially ofmedieval origin. In addition, the Roch Bridge (Site 92) dates from c 1600, andrepresents an old crossing point of the River Roch. Yorkshire Street, whichheads northwards and then north-eastwards from this crossing is therefore oneof the older thoroughfares through Rochdale. Yates’ map of 1786 showsdevelopment in The Butts, immediately north of the river, east of the crossingand along Yorkshire Street. This area therefore has some potential formedieval and post-medieval archaeological remains.

6.2.19 The Industrial Period sites within the study area are well documented andevident on mapping from 1831 (Murphy) onwards. The redevelopment of thearea therefore has considerable potential for revealing buried remains of themany former buildings across the site. Excavation and recording of these siteswould add considerably to the archaeological record in Rochdale, which hasseen very little archaeological investigation previously. The standing



buildings, too, have considerable potential to add information to ourunderstanding of buildings from this period.

6.2.20 A limited amount of information from previous geotechnical work wasgathered from the environs of the study area. Five borehole logs wereconsulted which all recorded made ground between 1.5m and 5.5m in depthbeneath the ground surface. In addition, two of the boreholes recorded tracesof peat within the made ground and the natural clay deposits. This indicatesthat there is potential for good preservation of any buried archaeologicaldeposits.

6.2.21 Other Considerations: the study area contains the sites of threechurches/chapels (Sites 05, 10 and 36). The Congregational Church (Site 05)on the corner of Smith Street and Milton Street was extant by the 1890s, andwas demolished between 1938 and 1959. By 1979, it had been replaced by thenew church of St Andrew’s. A large chapel (Site 10), opened in 1837,occupied a site south of Portland Street and north of Baillie Street. The chapelwas closed in c 1965-70, and had been demolished by 1972. The NazarethChapel (Site 36) is shown on the east side of Conway Street on the OrdnanceSurvey map of 1892. The chapel had been demolished by 1990.

6.2.22 In the case of religious buildings it is always necessary to consider thepossibility of burials on the site, which might be disturbed or exposed duringany future groundworks; burials would require a licence for removal. Nodocumentary evidence has been found to suggest that there were burials withinthe church or chapels in the study area, which has been confirmed throughconsultation with present church secretaries. Nevertheless, the possibility thatsome burials do exist cannot be discounted entirely.



6.3 SIGNIFICANCE

6.3.1 Table 3 shows the sensitivity of the site scaled in accordance with its relativeimportance using the following terms for the cultural heritage and archaeologyissues, with guideline recommendations for a mitigation strategy.

Importance Examples of Site Type Mitigation

National Scheduled Monuments (SMs), Grade I and II*Listed Buildings

To be avoided

Regional/County Conservation Areas, Registered Parks and Gardens(Statutory Designated Sites), Grade II ListedBuildings

Sites and Monuments Record/HistoricEnvironment Record

Avoidancerecommended

Local/Borough Sites with a local or borough value or interest forcultural appreciation

Sites that are so badly damaged that too littleremains to justify inclusion into a higher grade

Avoidance notenvisaged

Low Local Sites with a low local value or interest for culturalappreciation

Sites that are so badly damaged that too littleremains to justify inclusion into a higher grade

Avoidance notenvisaged

Negligible Sites or features with no significant value orinterest

Avoidanceunnecessary

Table 3: Criteria used to determine Importance of Sites

6.3.2 There are no sites of National Importance within the study area. Twenty-ninesites are considered to be of Regional/County importance, due to their locationwithin a Conservation Area, Grade II Listed Building status, or inclusionwithin the SMR (Sites 01, 03-04, 07, 15, 17-18, 20, 27, 29, 30-33, 38, 60-62,80, 82-88 and 90-2). Sixty-five sites are considered to be of Local/Boroughimportance (Sites 02, 05-06, 08-14, 16, 21-26, 28, 34-37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47-59, 63-79, 81, 89 and 93-99), and five sites are considered to be of Low Localimportance (Sites 19, 40, 43 and 45-46).

6.3.3 The above conclusions are based on the current state of knowledge and thesubsequent discovery of additional features or evidence relating to these sitescould alter their assessed levels of significance.



7. LIKELY IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT

7.1 IMPACT

7.1.1 In its Planning Policy Guidance Note 16, the Department of the Environment(DoE) advises that archaeological remains are a continually diminishingresource and ‘should be seen as finite, and non-renewable resource, in manycases, highly fragile and vulnerable to destruction. Appropriate management istherefore essential to ensure that they survive in good condition. In particular,care must be taken to ensure that archaeological remains are not needlessly orthoughtlessly destroyed’. It has been the intention of this study to identify thearchaeological potential of the study area, and assess the impact ofredevelopment, thus allowing the advice of the DoE to be enacted upon.Assessment of impact has been achieved by the following method:

• assessing any potential impact and the significance of the effects arisingfrom redevelopment;

• reviewing the evidence for past impacts that may have affected thearchaeological sites;

• outlining suitable mitigation measures, where possible at this stage, toavoid, reduce or remedy adverse archaeological impacts.

7.1.2 The impact is assessed in terms of the sensitivity or importance of the site tothe magnitude of change or potential scale of impact during futureredevelopment scheme. The magnitude, or scale of an impact is often difficultto define, but will be termed as substantial, moderate slight, or negligible, asshown in Table 4.

Scale of Impact Description

Substantial Significant change in environmental factors;

Complete destruction of the site or feature;

Change to the site or feature resulting in a fundamental change inability to understand and appreciate the resource and its culturalheritage or archaeological value/historical context and setting.

Moderate Significant change in environmental factors;

Change to the site or feature resulting in an appreciable change inability to understand and appreciate the resource and its culturalheritage or archaeological value/historical context and setting.

Slight Change to the site or feature resulting in a small change in our abilityto understand and appreciate the resource and its cultural heritage orarchaeological value/historical context and setting.

Negligible Negligible change or no material changes to the site or feature. No realchange in our ability to understand and appreciate the resource and itscultural heritage or archaeological value/historical context and setting.

Table 4: Criteria used to determine Scale of Impact



7.1.3 The interaction of the scale of impact (Table 4) and the importance of thearchaeological site (Table 3) produce the impact significance. This may becalculated by using the matrix shown in Table 5:

Scale of Impact Upon Archaeological SiteResource Value(Importance)

Substantial Moderate Slight Negligible

National Major Major Intermediate/Minor

Neutral

Regional/County Major Major/Intermediate

Minor Neutral

Local/Borough Intermediate Intermediate Minor Neutral

Local (low) Intermediate/ Minor

Minor Minor/Neutral

Neutral

Negligible Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral

Table 5: Impact Significance Matrix

7.1.4 The extent of any previous disturbance to buried archaeological levels is animportant factor is assessing the potential impact of the development scheme.This is largely unattested, although it seems probable that the intensivenineteenth-century development will have had a substantial impact on anyburied archaeological remains of earlier periods, and their potential istherefore considered to be low. Similarly, the late twentieth-centuryredevelopment of the site will have impacted on the buried remains of theIndustrial Period buildings. The level of this impact is dependent on factorssuch as the building methodology employed for the buildings, and alsowhether basements were included in any of these buildings. Some impact onthe Industrial Period buildings is inevitable, however there are a number ofareas across the site, which appear to have not been redeveloped following thedemolition of earlier buildings, and therefore there is considerable potential forsignificant archaeological remains of the Industrial Period to survive.



7.2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

7.2.1 Following on from the above considerations, the significance of effects hasbeen determined based on an assumption that the extant buildings will bedemolished, and that the buried remains will be substantially impacted bygroundworks. The results are summarised in Table 6, although will requirereview once detailed design proposals are known.

SiteNumber

Nature ofImpact

Importance Impact Significance ofImpact

01 Disturbance ofburied remains

Regional/County Moderate Intermediate


Local/Borough Negligible Neutral






Local/Borough Substantial Intermediate



07 Demolition ofstandingbuilding

Regional/County Substantial Major























SiteNumber

Nature ofImpact





Low Local Substantial Minor








Local/Borough Moderate Intermediate





























SiteNumber

Nature ofImpact









Low Local Substantial Intermediate/Minor





43 Disturbance ofpossible buriedremains






























SiteNumber

Nature ofImpact








60 Demolition ofstandingbuildings




































SiteNumber

Nature ofImpact








































SiteNumber

Nature ofImpact








98 Demolition ofstandingstructure


99 Demolition ofstandingstructure


Table 6: Assessment of the impact significance on each site during development



8. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL MITIGATION

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.1.1 Current legislation draws a distinction between archaeological remains ofnational importance and other remains considered to be of lesser significance.Those perceived to be of national importance may require preservation in-situ,whilst those of lesser significance may undergo preservation by record, wherehigh local or regional significance can be demonstrated.

8.1.2 Buried remains: no sites have been identified within the proposeddevelopment area that may be considered as being of national importance andtherefore merit preservation in-situ. However, the study area has the potentialto contain in-situ buried remains of Regional/County and Local/Boroughimportance, which may be directly negatively impacted by groundworksassociated with the proposed redevelopment. The extent of any negativeimpact can only be established once the nature and depth of the sub-surfacearchaeological resource has been physically investigated.

8.1.3 Standing Buildings: there are numerous standing buildings of historicalinterest in the study area, and will require archaeological mitigation shouldthey be directly impacted by any future scheme of development. In addition,those buildings of Regional/County importance not directly impacted by thedevelopment should be assessed for in-direct impact, which may also requiremitigation.

8.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL M ITIGATION

8.2.1 The scope and details of any archaeological mitigation required in advance ofredevelopment would be devised in close consultation with the PlanningArchaeologist with the Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit, and theConservation Officer for Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council, oncedetailed design proposals are known.

8.2.2 Buried remains: the presence, character, date, and extent of buried remainsacross the study area., which would require preservation by record should theybe directly affected by future development proposals, should be investigatedvia an appropriate programme of archaeological work in order to providesufficient information to fully mitigate the impact of the redevelopment. Thiscould be achieved through the excavation of targeted evaluation trenches inadvance of any proposed development, or as a watching brief duringdevelopment in the case of remains deemed to be of lesser importance.Depending upon the results of evaluation trenching, further recommendationsfor mitigation may be forthcoming, should the design proposals forredevelopment necessitate the destruction of significant archaeologicalremains. This may constitute an open-area excavation, or a watching briefduring groundworks. The need for any further work would be discussed withthe Planning Archaeologist following the evaluation.



8.2.3 Standing Buildings: there are five Grade II Listed Buildings within the studyarea (Sites 17, 18, 20, 38 and 91), which therefore have legal protectionagainst modification or redevelopment. Advice should be sought from EnglishHeritage with regards to any proposed plans for these buildings.

8.2.4 Two Conservation Areas are located within the study area, Town Head to thenorth and Town Hall to the west. Town Head Conservation Area includesSites 15, 20, 38 and 60-62 and Town Hall Conservation Area includes Sites17, 27, 29-33, 80 and 82-88. Advice should be sought from the developmentcontrol officers at RMBC with regards to any proposed development in theseareas, as Conservation Area Consent may be required.

8.2.5 Sites 07 and 90 are considered to be of Regional/County importance, not leastdue to their inclusion in the SMR, and Sites 11, 22, 39, 74, 75, 81 and 92 areconsidered to be of Local/Borough importance. Although these sites do nothave legal protection against modification or redevelopment, they are of localimportance and their demolition would require mitigation. The scope anddetail of this mitigation should be devised in consultation with the PlanningArchaeologist with the Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit, and theConservation Officer for Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council, although itis envisaged that an English Heritage Level 2/3-type building survey would berequired to inform proposals for refurbishment or demolition. The surveysshould aim to provide a detailed archaeological record of the buildings so thatappropriate design proposals can be formulated, and also to afford dueconsideration of the visual impact of any new build on the Conservation Areasand other historic fabric in the town centre.



9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

9.1 CARTOGRAPHIC AND PRIMARY SOURCES

Maps:

Murphy, W, 1831 Plan of Rochdale from actual survey (scale approx. 1”:6 chains)

Saxton, 1577 Map of the County of Lancashire

Yates, 1786 Survey of the County Palatine of Lancashire

Ordnance Survey, 1851, 1:10560, Lancashire Map, First Edition Series, Sheet 89

Ordnance Survey, 1892, 1: 500, Lancashire Sheets 89.1.11, 89.1.12, 89.1.17

Ordnance Survey, 1893, 1:2500, Lancashire Map, Second Edition, Sheet 89.1

Ordnance Survey, 1910, 1:2500, Lancashire Map, Third Edition, Sheet 89.1

Ordnance Survey, 1930, 1:2500, Lancashire Map, Fourth Edition, Sheet 89.1

Ordnance Survey, 1928 (with additions in 1938), 1:10560, Lancashire Map,Sheet 89 NW

Ordnance Survey, 1931, 1:10560, Lancashire Map, Sheet 89 NW

Ordnance Survey, 1931 (emergency edition, 1938), 1:10560, Lancashire Map,Sheet 89 NW

Ordnance Survey, 1959 1:2500 Plan SD 8813/ SD 8913 and Plan SD8813/8913

Ordnance Survey, 1972 1:1250 Plan SD 8913 NE

Ordnance Survey, 1975 1:1250 Plan SD 9013 NW and Plan SD 9013 SW

Ordnance Survey, 1978 1:1250 Plan SD 8913 SE

Ordnance Survey, 1990 1:1250 Plan SD 8913 SE and Plan SD 8913 NE

Touchstones Local Studies Centre:

C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/1 - (nd) inventory and valuation of Bowling Green Mill,including some notes on Richard and William Hurst

C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/4 - (1889) sales catalogue of machinery – for sale byauction from Bowling Green Mill

C/IND/TEX/HUR/1/5 – (1891) catalogue of steam boilers etc



Fire Brigade 2: Rochdale (folder of documents) - includes plan and elevationof the Alfred Street Fire Station dated 1897

F/STA – 1876 mortgage documents regarding a Thomas Woodhouse of PetoStreet

Kelsall and Kemp, (nd) The “Doctor” Flannel, Manchester

LA/D/2/2a/1a/22 - 1918 planning application for an alteration in the toilets ofBowling Green Warehouse

LA/D/2/2A/1a/24 - 1881 planning application for additional classrooms toBaillie Street Methodist Chapel

LA/D/2/2A/1a/25 - 1912 planning application for alterations to Baillie StreetMethodist Chapel

LA/D/2/2a/1a/371 - 1869 planning application for the erection of a house andshop at 26-28 Penn Street

LA/D/2/2a/1a/390 - 1877 planning application for the erection of fourdwelling houses at 17-23 Portland Street

MW/LA/D/2/2/A/2/24 - 1890 planning application for rebuilding the Queen’sHead

MW/LA/D/2/2/A/2/25 - 1891 planning application to alter the façade of theBlue Ball Inn

Photographic collection – ordered by street or building no unique referencenumbers (Plates 4-8, 10-13, 16-19)

R/MET/30/5/9 – 1861 lease of land by John Petrie (the elder) to John Hoyleand others ‘for the purposes of an infant school’

R/MET/30/5/12 - 1949 sale of the Penn Street Sunday School to the RochdaleCorporation

Rochdale Observer 14/06/1893 - description of the Alfred Street Fire Station

Rochdale Observer 14/05/1938 - reporting the forthcoming opening of theRegal Cinema

Rochdale Observer 23/08/1975 - reports the demolition of the Alfred StreetFire Station

Rochdale Observer 20/03/2006 – History of Kelsall and Kemp

Rochdale Sentinel 07/01/1854 pg.8 - account of the Duncan Street Mill fire

Rochdale Times 15/01/1908 - regarding the use of the hall on Baillie Street asa Picture Theatre



Lancashire Record Office:

QSP/3071/38 – 25th August 1837 – request of George Ashworth of RochdaleEsq. for the registration of the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel in Baillie Street

Trade Directories

Anon, Rochdale County Borough Directory, 1938, Leeds

Duncan, 1894-5 Directory of Rochdale, Rochdale

Kelly, 1905 Directory of Lancashire, London



Pigot, J, 1822, Directory of Lancashire, Manchester

Slater, I, 1861 Directory of Lancashire, Manchester

Slater, I, 1869 Directory of Lancashire, Manchester

Worrall, J, 1885 Commercial Directory of Rochdale, Manchester

9.2 SECONDARY SOURCES

Aiken, J, 1795 A Description of the County from Thirty to Forty Miles RoundManchester, London

Defoe, D, 1971 A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724-6),Harmondsworth

Department of the Environment (DoE), 1990 Planning Policy Guidance Note16, London

Department of the Environment (DoE), 1994 Planning Policy Guidance Note15, London

English Heritage, 2006 Management of Research Projects in the HistoricEnvironment, London

Farrer, W, and Brownbill, J, 1911 A History of the County of Lancaster, 5,London

Fishwick, H, 1889 The History of the Parish of Rochdale, London

Fishwick, H (ed.), 1913 The Survey of the Manor of Rochdale, 1626, ChethamSociety, new series, 7, 1

Furbank, PN, Owens, WR, and Coulson, AJ, (eds) 1991 Daniel Defoe: A TourThrough the Whole Island of Great Britain, London



GMAU, 2006 Brief for Archaeological Survey of the former Rochdale PublicBaths, now the Broadwater Centre, Smtih Street, Rochdale, unpubl doc

Hadfield, C, 1994 British Canals: The Inland Waterways of Britain andIreland, 8th edn, Stroud

Hartwell, C, Hyde, M, and Pevsner, N, 2004 Lancashire: Manchester and theSouth-East, London

Heape, R, 1926 Inscribed and Dated Stones and Sundials in and adjoining theAncient Parish of Rochdale, Cambridge

Institute of Field Archaeologists, 2001 Standard and Guidance forarchaeological Desk-based Assessments, Reading

Lewis, S, 1848 A Topographical Dictionary of England, London

Morgan, P (ed), 1978 Domesday Book: Cheshire, Chichester

Newman, RM, 1996 Medieval Rural Settlement, in R Newman (ed) TheArchaeology of Lancashire: Present State and Future Priorities, Lancaster,109-124

Pearson, B, Price, J, Tanner, V, and Walker, J, 1985 The Rochdale BoroughSurvey, Greater Manchester Archaeological Journal, 1, 103-13

Robertson, W, 1875 The History of Rochdale Past and Present, Rochdale

Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council (RMBC), 2008 Town Head,Rochdale, Townscape Heritage Initiative First Round Bid, unpubl doc

Williams, M, with Farnie, DA, 1992 Cotton Mills in Greater Manchester,Preston

Websites

www.bgs.ac.uk/geoindex/beta.html

www.link4life.org - website for Rochdale Local Studies Centre at Touchstones

www.rochdale.gov.uk



APPENDIX 1: PROJECT BRIEF

BRIEF - ROCHDALE TOWN CENTRE RETAIL-LED REGENERATIONSCHEME

1.0 Context

1.1 Rochdale town centre is to be transformed with millions of pounds of proposedinvestment. Developments include a new £11.5m transport interchange, a £30m newsixth form college, investment in improving the Hopwood Hall College campuses,and a £60m new Municipal Offices building. It is anticipated that all thesedevelopments are will be completed in the next 5 years and will provide a revitalisedtown centre for the people of Rochdale.

1.2 Along side these developments is a circa £200m retail-led mixed-use regenerationscheme to redevelop the Eastern part of the town centre. A development brief isbeing put together by Rochdale Development Agency that will be retail led but willinclude other leisure, office and residential uses. Rochdale Development Agency(RDA) is the main delivery agent for this scheme, acting on behalf of the widerpartnership including Rochdale Council (RMBC) and the Homes and CommunitiesAgency (HCA) (formally English Partnerships). HCA are supporting the regenerationof Rochdale town centre by providing funding assistance with land assembly,advising of the developer selection process and aiding the delivery of the re-development programme.

2

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BAILLIE STREET EAST

STREET

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BM 122.65 m

SM ITH STREET

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691.1.1691.1.1691.1.1691.1.1691.1.1691.1.1691.1.1691.1.1691.1.1

731.1.0731.1.0731.1.0731.1.0731.1.0731.1.0731.1.0731.1.0731.1.0

10416.1.010416.1.010416.1.010416.1.010416.1.010416.1.010416.1.010416.1.010416.1.0

11155.1.011155.1.011155.1.011155.1.011155.1.011155.1.011155.1.011155.1.011155.1.0

11156.1.011156.1.011156.1.011156.1.011156.1.011156.1.011156.1.011156.1.011156.1.0

2644.1.02644.1.02644.1.02644.1.02644.1.02644.1.02644.1.02644.1.02644.1.0

5133.1.05133.1.05133.1.05133.1.05133.1.05133.1.05133.1.05133.1.05133.1.0

5573.1.05573.1.05573.1.05573.1.05573.1.05573.1.05573.1.05573.1.05573.1.0

11553.1.011553.1.011553.1.011553.1.011553.1.011553.1.011553.1.011553.1.011553.1.0

11555.1.011555.1.011555.1.011555.1.011555.1.011555.1.011555.1.011555.1.011555.1.0

11556.1.011556.1.011556.1.011556.1.011556.1.011556.1.011556.1.011556.1.011556.1.0

11557.1.011557.1.011557.1.011557.1.011557.1.011557.1.011557.1.011557.1.011557.1.0

11590.1.011590.1.011590.1.011590.1.011590.1.011590.1.011590.1.011590.1.011590.1.0

11591.1.011591.1.011591.1.011591.1.011591.1.011591.1.011591.1.011591.1.011591.1.0

11592.1.011592.1.011592.1.011592.1.011592.1.011592.1.011592.1.011592.1.011592.1.011595.1.011595.1.011595.1.011595.1.011595.1.011595.1.011595.1.011595.1.011595.1.0

11601.1.011601.1.011601.1.011601.1.011601.1.011601.1.011601.1.011601.1.011601.1.0

11962.1.011962.1.011962.1.011962.1.011962.1.011962.1.011962.1.011962.1.011962.1.0

11964.1.011964.1.011964.1.011964.1.011964.1.011964.1.011964.1.011964.1.011964.1.013404.1.013404.1.013404.1.013404.1.013404.1.013404.1.013404.1.013404.1.013404.1.0

13404.1.113404.1.113404.1.113404.1.113404.1.113404.1.113404.1.113404.1.113404.1.1

15497.1.015497.1.015497.1.015497.1.015497.1.015497.1.015497.1.015497.1.015497.1.0

15498.1.015498.1.015498.1.015498.1.015498.1.015498.1.015498.1.015498.1.015498.1.0

15499.1.015499.1.015499.1.015499.1.015499.1.015499.1.015499.1.015499.1.015499.1.0

15501.1.015501.1.015501.1.015501.1.015501.1.015501.1.015501.1.015501.1.015501.1.015502.1.015502.1.015502.1.015502.1.015502.1.015502.1.015502.1.015502.1.015502.1.011554.1.011554.1.011554.1.011554.1.011554.1.011554.1.011554.1.011554.1.011554.1.0

13733.1.013733.1.013733.1.013733.1.013733.1.013733.1.013733.1.013733.1.013733.1.0

Fig 1: The Development Brief site (red boundary), listed buildings (blue stars), unlistedbuildings on the HER (green triangles), other HER entries (red circles) and conservationareas (yellow cross hatch).



1.3 A desk-based archaeological and building assessment report is to be prepared assupporting documentation. The site area is approximately 9ha centred on grid reference SD89849 13536.

2.0 Purpose

2.1 The ultimate objective of the archaeological and building assessment would be to provideRochdale MBC with sufficient information to arrive at informed decisions in response to anyplanning application submitted within the area covered by the development brief regarding 1)the significance of the upstanding buildings and buried archaeology on the site and 2) thelikely impact of the proposed development upon such buildings or any buried archaeologicalremains.

2.2 The significance of the upstanding buildings and buried archaeological remains will beassessed using the Secretary of State’s criteria as set-out in Annex 4 of Planning and PolicyGuidance note 16 (1990).

2.3 Where the assessment concludes that further information may be required before aninformed planning decision could be taken then this should be clearly stated as arecommendation of the report.

2.4 Where the assessment concludes that there is sufficient information for an informedplanning recommendation to be made then this should be clearly stated along withrecommendations regarding the need or otherwise for appropriate mitigation strategies.

2.5 The report should also consider if the redevelopment of the area offers opportunities forachieving a public legacy through commemorating and/ or celebrating aspects of the historicpast (activities/ groups/ people).

2.6 From this brief a written scheme of investigation (WSI) will be produced by the appointedarchaeological contractor. The WSI will be submitted for comment/ approval by the CountyArchaeologist or Assistant County Archaeologist.

3.0 Background

3.1 Within the proposed redevelopment site’s boundary (fig. 1) are several records on theGreater Manchester HER. Some of these relate to listed buildings (11601.1.0, 11556.1.0,11557.1.0, 11554.1.0, 5573.1.0) whilst others refer to the sites of former buildings, structuresor places (13733.1.0, 2644.1.0, 15502.1.0, 15501.1.0, 11155.1.0). There are no scheduledmonuments or registered historic parks and gardens within the site boundary. The south-west corner of the proposed redevelopment area falls within the designated Town Hallconservation area.

3.2 Cursory examination of available historic mapping confirms that the proposedredevelopment site has seen profound changes in the nature of buildings and street layoutsince the nineteenth century. By way of example, the 25” Ordnance Survey 1892 (fig. 2)clearly shows the range of mills, factories, chapels and worker’s housing that characterisedthis area. Entire streets have been lost. Peto Street, Kemp Street, Slack Street and MortonStreet have all disappeared along with their associated housing. Whole areas of back-to-back housing organised in rows and courts have disappeared.

3.3 Apart from surveys undertaken in connection with the listings or the designation of theconservation area the Assistant County Archaeologist is unaware of any archaeologicalfieldwork or survey previously undertaken on this site.



Fig. 2: 25” Ordnance Survey 1892

4.0 Method

4.1 The assessment will include a desk-based study, a general site inspection and aninspection of the upstanding buildings.

4.2 The desk-based study will include an examination of all available cartographic, historicaldocuments and additional records that relate to the site. The following documentary sourcesshould certainly be consulted and included:

i) Geotechnical Data (if available) from within or immediately adjacent to the site.

ii) Published and unpublished documentary, cartographic and photographic sources.

iii) Greater Manchester Historic Environment Record (HER) held by Greater ManchesterArchaeological Unit.

iv) Relevant archives and collections including business, industrial, family and estatepapers held by Rochdale Local Studies Centre

4.3 The analysis and discussion of the cartographic evidence should include a mappedchronological regression of footprint development for larger industrial, religious, public anddomestic buildings on the site. For smaller buildings, including worker’s housing, the analysiscan focus on discussing the development and character of housing for individual streets andcourts.

4.4 The general site inspection should record in plan, supported as appropriate byphotography, of any surface evidence indicative of former standing structures and possiblebelow ground archaeological evidence, including former street surfaces.

4.5 Evidence for recent activity that may have significantly damaged the archaeologicalpotential of areas of the site (basements/ cellars/ terracing/ buried tanks/ service and drainruns/ etc) should also be identified, discussed and mapped.

4.6 The inspection of the upstanding building fabric should concentrate on establishingevidence for age, phasing and development. Descriptions of such evidence should be



presented as part of a basic architectural description of building form and materials. Externaland, where possible, internal inspections should be undertaken. External descriptions shouldattempt to cover as many elevations as is possible. Observations should be related, asappropriate, to a site plan and sketched elevations supported by photography.

4.7 A series of general, contextual photographs of the buildings, streets and their surroundingcontext for the whole site should be included suitably annotated.

4.8 The interrelationship of the buildings and their associated spaces is deemed of interestand essential to understanding the nature of activity on the site.

4.9 Where information obtained through oral accounts or discussions is to be used tointerpret the development of site, transcripts of such accounts or discussions should beincluded in the report.

5.0 Output

5.1 The survey information shall be supplied in Adobe PDF format on CD together with 6 no.paper copies.

5.2 The report will describe the work undertaken and the results obtained. It should include:• A Non-technical summary• Introduction• Method statement• Discussion of sources used• Geological and topographical setting• Discussion of archaeological and historical background• Gazetteer of relevant sites/ designations/ areas of archaeological importance• Account of the site and building inspection• Formal assessment of building significance• Formal assessment of below ground archaeological potential• Likely development impact• Conclusions• Recommendations• Sources• Plan(s) showing relevant sites/ designations/ areas of archaeological importance• Historic maps showing development of the site• Mapped regressions of building footprints/ phasing• Illustrations and photographs• Copy of this brief

5.3 The report illustrations should include: a location map at not less than 1:25000 and a siteplan at not less than 1:500; copies of all historic map extracts consulted (where possible),with the boundary of the site clearly depicted; a plan indicating positions of photographstaken cross-referenced to the image in the report and the digital archive; mapped buildingregressions (see 3.3).

5.4 All illustrations need to be suitably labelled or captioned.

5.5 All photographic images included in the report should be of laser print quality andreproduced at c. 5 x 4”.

5.6 The survey information shall be supplied in Adobe PDF format on CD together with 6 no.paper copies.

5.7 A printed copy and a CD with a PDF of the report should be supplied to the HER.



ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURES

Figure 1: Site location map

Figure 2: Gazetteer of Sites

Figure 3: Extract from Murphy’s Plan of Rochdale, 1831

Figure 4: Extract from Ordnance Survey First Edition 6” to 1 mile, 1851

Figure 5: Extract from Ordnance Survey 10’ to 1 mile, 1892

Figure 6: Extract from Ordnance Survey 25” to 1 mile, 1893



Figure 9: Extract from Ordnance Survey 6” to 1 mile, 1928 (with additions in1938)

Figure 10: Extract from Ordnance Survey 1:2500, 1959

Figure 11: Extract from Ordnance Survey 1:1250, 1972-1978

rochdale town centre, rochdale,...touchstones, rochdale, and the archives and library held at oa...

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