ROCKS AND MINERALS

Chapters 2 & 3Test 2 material

Begin

Grand Canyon

RELATIVE TIME

TIME IN RELATIONSHIP WHILE COMPARING ONE ROCK LAYER WITH ANOTHER

GEOLOGIC LAWS - SUPERPOSITION

EACH LAYER OF ROCK IS OLDER THAN THE LAYER ABOVE IT AND YOUNGER THAN THE LAYER BELOW IT

GEOLOGIC LAWS - CROSS CUTTING

WHEN ROCKS CUT THROUGH OTHER ROCKS, THEY ARE ASSUMED TO BE YOUNGER THAN THE ROCKS THEY CUT THROUGH

GEOLOGIC LAW - INCLUSIONS

PIECES OF OLDER ROCK CONTAINED WITHIN A YOUNGER ROCK

TYPES OF FOSSILSPETRIFICATION - TURNED TO STONEINDIRECT EVIDENCE - TRACE OF ITS EXISTENCE (COPROLITE)ACTUAL REMAINS - SHELLIMPRINT - BIRD TRACKS OR WORM BURROWSONLY FOUND IN SEDIMENTARY ROCK

PETRIFICATION

COPROLITE - INDIRECT

SHARK TOOTH – ACTUAL

IMPRINT

OPPOSING THOUGHT - UNIFORMITARIANISM

SAME PHYSICAL PROCESSES ACTIVE TODAY HAVE BEEN OPERATING THROUGHOUT GEOLOGIC TIMEPRESENT HOLDS KEY TO PASTJAMES HUTTON - FATHER OF MODERN GEOLOGY

OPPOSING THOUGHT - CATASTROPHISM

CATASTROPHIC OR CATACLYSMIC EVENTS HAVE ALTERED DEPOSITION AND EROSION THROUGHOUT TIMESCABLANDS OF IDAHO - 100,000 YEARS OF EROSION TOOK PLACE IN A 30 DAY PERIOD

HOW ROCK DIFFERS ACROSS THE EARTH’S

CRUST

CONTINENTAL ROCK - GRANITE - SIAL WHICH IS COMPOSED OF SILICA AND ALUMINUM AND LIGHTER THAN OCEAN ROCKOCEAN ROCK - BASALT - SIMA WHICH IS HEAVIER AND COMPOSED OF SILICA AND MAGNESIUM

GEOLOGIC CONCEPT - ISOSTACY

EQUILIBRIUM STATE IN EARTH’S CRUST FORMED BY THE RELATIONSHIP OF PORTIONS OF THE LITHOSPHERE & ASTHENOSPHERELOG FLOATING IN RIVER

GEOLOGIC CYCLESHYDROLOGIC CYCLEROCK CYCLETECTONIC CYCLE

MINERALINORGANIC SOLID NATURAL COMPOUND HAVING A SPECIFIC CHEMICAL FORMULA AND POSSESSING A CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE THAT IS FIXED OR VARIES WITHIN A DEFINITE RANGE

EXAMPLES OF MINERALSTALCGYPSUMCALCITEQUARTZSULFURHALITEGRAPHITE

GALENAFLUORITEAPATITEMAGNETITEDIAMOND

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LUSTER - APPEARANCE OF LIGHT REFLECTED FROM A MINERAL - METALLIC OR NONMETALLICCOLOR - INHERENT OR EXOTICSTREAK - AFTER RUBBING MINERAL ACROSS A PORCELAIN PLATE THE LEFTOVER POWDER RESIDUE

STREAK PLATE

SPECIFIC GRAVITY - WEIGHT OF MINERAL TO EQUAL VOLUME OF WATERCLEAVAGE - ABILITY TO BREAK OR CLEAVE IN CERTAIN DIRECTIONS MORE READILY THAN OTHERSFRACTURE - DOES NOT BREAK IN CERTAIN DIRECTIONS

CLEAVAGE

FRACTURE

MAGNETISM - CAN PICK UP WITH MAGNETTASTE - HALITEFEEL - TALC (SOAPY) GRAPHITE (OILY OR GREASY)ACID TEST - WILL FIZZ OR BUBBLEHARDNESS - SCRATCHING RESISTANT

MOH’S SCALE OF HARDNESS

1 = TALC2 = GYPSUM2.5 = HUMAN FINGERNAIL3 = CALCITE4 = FLUORITE5 = APATITE5.5 = GLASS

7 = QUARTZ10 = DIAMONDIF YOU SCRATCH IT WITH YOUR FINGER NAIL = LESS THAN 2.5CAN’T SCRATCH IT AND IT WON’T SCRATCH GLASS = 2.5-5.5SCRATCHES GLASS = GREATER 5.5

MINERAL GROUPSSILICATES

OXYGEN & SILICON ATOMSSILICON-OXYGEN TETRAHEDRON [4 OXYGEN ATOMS SURROUNDING A MUCH SMALLER SILICON ATOM]FELDSPARS, QUARTZ, MICAS, HORNBLENDE, OLIVINE, AUGITE

SILICON-OXYGEN TETRAHEDRON

NON-SILICATE MINERALSCARBONATES - CALCITE & DOLOMITEHALIDES - HALITE & FLUORITENATIVE ELEMENTS - GOLD, COPPER, DIAMOND, GRAPHITE, SILVERSULFATES - GYPSUMSULFIDES - GALENA & PYRITEOXIDES - MAGNETITE & HEMATITE

USES OF NON-METALLIC MINERALS

APATITE - FERTILIZERSASBESTOS - FIBERSCALCITE - CHEMICALS, CEMENTCLAY [KAOLINITE] CHINA, KAOPECTATEFLUORITE - GLASS, CHEMICALSGRAPHITE - PENCIL LEAD

GYPSUM - PLASTER OF PARISHALITE - TABLE SALTMUSCOVITE - ELECTRICAL INSULATORSULFUR - CHEMICALSTALC - BABY POWDER, PAINTS

GEMSTONESPRECIOUS

DIAMONDEMERALD [BERYL]OPALRUBY [CORUNDUM]SAPPHIRE [CORUNDUM]

DIAMONDS

EMERALDS

GEMSTONESSEMIPRECIOUS

AMETHYST - QUARTZCAT’S EYE - QUARTZGARNETJADE - JADEITEMOONSTONE - FELDSPARTOPAZTURQUOISEZIRCON

AMETHYST

METALLIC MINERAL RESOURCES

ALUMINUM, CHROMIUM, COPPER, GOLD, IRON, LEAD, MAGNESIUM, MERCURY, NICKEL, PLATINUM, SILVER, TIN, TITANIUM, TUNGSTEN, URANIUM, ZINC

ROCK TYPESIGNEOUSSEDIMENTARYMETAMORPHIC

ROCK CYCLE

IGNEOUS ROCKSFORM WHEN MAGMA OR LAVA COOLS AND CRYSTALLIZESCOOLS RAPIDLY HAVE SMALL CRYSTALS - EXTRUSIVECOOLS SLOWLY HAVE LARGE CRYSTALS - INTRUSIVE

INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS COOL SLOWLY IN THE CRUST (MAGMA)EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS COOL RAPIDLY AT THE SURFACE (LAVA)WHICH WILL HAVE THE LARGE CRYSTAL SIZE?

CLASSIFYING IGNEOUS ROCKS

MINERAL COMPOSITIONTEXTURE - OVERALL APPEARANCE OF ROCK BASED ON SIZE & ARRANGEMENT OF CRYSTALS

FINE-GRAINEDCOARSE-GRAINEDPORPHYRITICGLASSY

GLASSY

FINE-GRAINED

COARSE-GRAINED

PORPHYRITIC

IGNEOUS ROCKSGRANITEBASALTPUMICEOBSIDIANRHYOLITE

RHYOLITE

SEDIMENTARY ROCKSBITS AND PIECES OF EXISTING ROCK ARE TRANSPORTED THEN LITHIFIED BY COMPRESSION, COMPACTION, AND CEMENTATIONLAID DOWN IN HORIZONTALLY LAYERED BEDSONLY ROCK TYPE TO CONTAIN FOSSILS

CLASSIFYING SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - ORIGINATE AS SOLID PARTICLES FROM WEATHERED ROCKSCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - SOLUBLE MATERIAL PRODUCED BY CHEMICAL WEATHERING

CLASSIFICATION BY PARTICLE SIZE - DETRITALBOULDER, COBBLE, PEBBLE = GRAVEL = CONGLOMERATE OR BRECCIASAND = SAND = SANDSTONESILT = MUD = SILTSTONECLAY = MUD = SHALE

GRAVEL-SIZED

SAND-SIZED

SILT-SIZED

CLAY-SIZED

SEDIMENTARY ROCKSCONGLOMERATESANDSTONESILTSTONESHALELIMESTONEPEAT MOSS & LIGNITE COALBITUMINOUS COAL

METAMORPHIC ROCKSTRANSFORMED FROM PRE-EXISTING ROCKS BY EITHER HEAT, PRESSURE, OR CHEMICAL ACTIONFOLIATED (BANDS OR LAYERS) AND NON-FOLIATED

FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS

SLATESCHISTSGNEISS

FOLIATED ROCK

NON-FOLIATEDMETAMORPHIC ROCKS

MARBLEQUARTZITE

NON-FOLIATED ROCK

OLD ROCK TO METAMORPHIC EQUIVALENT

GRANITE BECOMES GNEISSMICA BECOMES SCHISTSHALE BECOMES SLATELIMESTONE BECOMES MARBLESANDSTONE BECOMES QUARTZITEBITUMINOUS COAL BECOMES ANTHRACITE COAL

Yosemite Valley