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- 8 -

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- 9 -

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- 10 -

s o r g fä l t ig s t e r Auswahl un ter den H e ilm itte ln . Uoer Nachtwird e r nachd^nken und ihnen geben, waa n ö t ig i^ t . Wahr da-r a ^ i s t , da ls Ren6 ihnen u ngeföh rli§he M it te l verabreichenw i l l , aber d ie wird e r s ich e r s i aus der Umgebung susammen-12suohen. Sie werden ze rr ieb en , unkenntliclji^gemacht, so dass d ie Schwarzen glauben ü o lleh , es s e i etwas ganz ßesond

1«ganz besonderes,

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- I I -

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- 12 -

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CCblüM HA JDWEPATyPy

A.P.Jjpanfl. OcHOBHHe npoöJieMH HefipamHTBHCTHKH, - M.: Ilan- ~BO M T , 1975. - 253 o.

r.B.êpHOB, Ochobh CHHxpoHHoro nepeBcaia. - M .: Bucinaa niKoaia, 1988. - 256 c .

ÜHTHpyeMaa jiHTepaTypa

P .S ch ü tt. Ab nach S ib ir ie n , - Dortmund: W e ltk re is , 1977. A.Adatnov. Ein Uhr nachts.. - B örlin t Volk und W elt, 1983.A.AflaMOB. Be’qepHEä Kpyr, - M .; BoeraiajiaT, 1982.

B .S eeger. Herbstrauchz/Roman-Zeitung, JJ 175 (1/64 ),B .3eerep . OceHHHä x m . - M .: P a jy ra , 1985.

W.L^g&re. Ich war in Tim buk tu . - B e r lin : A ltb e r l in e r V e r l. Lucie G rösser, 1955.

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- 14 -

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R0OTMHÄ T0KCT, BHpaX0HHHÄ MeäUiy CTPOK, HaBJIeKaeMHÄ H3 COT nyT6M

cynepraHeapHoro aH£UEH3a. 3 ia HH$opMamiH oosâeTCH Ha ochobb ckph- topo accoixHaTHBHoro mhurbheh aBTopa h peueiraeHTa, a TaK»8 ÖJiaro-

flapa chocoÖhocth 0ähhhq TeKCTa npHpamuBaTt cmhcjih bo B3aHM0ßeÄCT-

BHH ÄEJT c spyroM.Coaep*aT0Jn.Ho-KOHi.;enTyaJiiHaH HHjopMaipiH He B ceraa BHpaaceHa

BepöaJEbHo, h jyra ee aKTyam sam m nacTO HeoölOOTMO cnemiajiBHoe hc- cJieôBaHiie.

CoaepacaTeJEbHo-noaTeKCTOBaH nH$opManHH B cerâ HMiumuHTHa h

npHcyTOTByeT He bo b c s i acaHpax. CaMoe HeöoJttinoe eo KamraecTBO m ie - eTCH b HajniHHX t s k c t b i , r fle coaep.iaHHe aojixho öhtl BHpaxeHO c n p e-

ÄftttHOfl TOTHOCTMD, HdUHHaiXIiet BCJÖCjrB ÄByCMHCJleHHOCTL, a CaMOC

öo®bmoe: - b xyaoxecTBeiiHoit jiHTeparype h noasjrn.

OpnrnHaja>HHe h nepeBOÄHHe HpoHSBoaeraw MoryT coaepacaTB on pe-

ÄBJieHHHä "a a so p " Meawy hmtuihuhthoS CKH h C M , h ueJün HacToame#

CTaTiH HBJIH6T0H H3y^0HH0. CnOCOÖOB aH0KBaTHOfl HepeÄaHH HMIUIHEtHTHOC—

TH B COOTHOCHMHX T6KCT8X.

HccJi9ÄOBaHH8 npoBOOTTCH Ha ypoBHe aBTopcKoro coêpsarow , o o -

TaBJMfl & CTopoHe accouHaTHBHyr noÄTSKCTOByi) HH$opManja>, CBH3aHHyr

C JDTIHHM H OdmeCTBehHHM OIIHTOM ÜOJlyHaTeJM H C e ro $OHOBUMU 3H8HH—

hmh, HsyneHiDB noiyieKHT CHTyaTHBHaa CIIH [ i . C .4 5 j, KOTopaa boshh-

K80T B CBH3H C $aKTÖMH H COÖHTHHMH, OIJHCaHHHMH paHee, a TaKXB Ta

qacTt c0flep*aTean>H0-K0HHenTyajibH0ft HH$opMamiH, KOTopan He Bupaxe-

Ha 3KCHJIHIXJITH0. IIpeOTeTOM H3yqeHHH HBJIfleTCH "CKpUTafl HH$OpMaiCHfl” ,

HMenflan onopy b BepdaibHOM TeKCTe h oöpanymnafl cbob cncTeMy, HaJia--

ranoyBCfl Ha COT CBoeo<5pa3HHM KOHTpanyHKTOM, a MaTepnaJioM nccJie.no-

h coflepztaTeÄbHo-noOTeKCTO-

- 15 -

Baiuw cJ iyxar xyxoxecTBeH H ue vi HayHHue TeKCTH, KOTOpue hbjihbtch

OCHOBOÄ SAU CpaBHeHMfl.

O nepa ipw c nn$opMaTHBHhiM coflepK araeM äojukhh Ö aaupoBaTtcfl Ha

aHaJiHse ochobhu x KOMMyHHKaTHBHHx eÄHHitu, KOTopne co^ ep saT 3aKOH—

qeH H yr miicjib h KOTOpue M oryT paBHHTtcfl u m ö h tb tio jau ie n p em ioxe -

HHH-, KaK nepB O fl H3 JtHHTBHCTHHeCKHX ßaHHOCTeil, OÖJlSJtarailHX BO3M0X-

HOCTB» CaMOCTOHTeJIMOrO HCn0JI£30BaHHH B peHH [ 2 , 0 . 1 4 l ] . AHaJM3

jiH TepaTypu n o K a sm a eT , h to no iiOBOjy 9 th x eÄumtu cynecTsyioT 3Ha-

HHTeJiiHue pa3HorJiacaflt.

3a eflHHHiQr anaJiH3a cMucJioBoro cosepataHna TeKCTa npuHHMaetch

"KOMMyHHKaTHBHUÄ ÖJIOK" [ 3 ] , aÖ3aü, [ 4 ] CBepX$pa30B0ß eAHHCTBojjtj ,

c jio *H oe cHHTaKcrraecKoe iteJioe 5 J , KOMiioneHT t ö k c t b [_6 J , n po3 aa -

necK afl c T p o $ a [ ? ] H t . ju

IIpHBJieKaeT BHHMaHHe pacnjiHBHaTOCTb onpeÄeJieHHÖ ochobhoä e ß z -

Himi! HH$OpM8THBHOrO COÄepXaHHH, HTO 3aTpyÄHH6T e e H30JIHUHD npa

H3yHeHHH CMUCJlOBOrO HaHOJIHeHHH TeKCTa,

BH3UBaeT BospajKeHHe h B iw e-aem e to a b k o o äh o ä ejXHHHmi, bhö 3 a -

B2CHM0CTH OT BEWOBO® npHHajyieJKHOCTH HCCJleityCMOrO npOH3BeÄ6HHH.

Anajiii3npyH pasane TeKCTOBHe oöpasiru, mojcho cAöJiaTi. bubo# 0 tom, hto b HaynHoft ii xyÄOjfcecTBeHHoä JuiTepaType ityauio BtwejmTt pa3 - HHe KOMMyiüIKaTHBHHe eÄHHHUU, HTO OÖMCIlfieTCfl paSIIHUefl B OÖteKTaX

HayHHoro w xyaoatecTBeHHoro buckesUBamiH h pa3JuiHH0Ü MeTOOTKofl hx

H3yHeHMH.

KaK H3Be0TH0, odteKTOM paCCMOTpeHHH HayKH HBJlfieTOH npHpoâ,

BKJuoHaH 'leJioBeKa, KOTopufl iic c jie jiy e 'rcH "cnapyra" , KaK ee n a c T t , a MeTo.noM aiiajin3a - BiccnepHMeHT. OdteKTOM xyu oK ecT B em ioro npoH3Be- Äeraifl npejicTaBJiHeTCH HeJioBeK, HsynaeMHÄ "H3HyTpH", omtcHBaeMtifi

UyTeM co3;iaHHii 0Öpa30B, KOTOpue CJiyxaT hsukom xymoacecTBeHHoft j ih -

TepaTypu. Pa3H im a b oö teK T a x BHCKa3HBaHM 11 MeTOOTKe OTpasemiH p e -

aJIBHOCTK B HayHHHX H xyÄOSeCTB6HHHX TeKCTaX BH3t!BaeT HeOÖXJMH-

moctb BüaeJieHHH pasHtix hx e,unmm,MeTOÄHKa H30JUJp0BaKHH CTpoeBUX 3JieMgHT0B CMHCJia TeKCTa OIIH-

CHBaeTCH b jnnccepTaim n Jl.A.êpiwxoBCKoJJ [_8J . KpMTepneM BHUeêHna

cTaitaapTHoS TeKCTOBofl ejusHimu aBTop CHHTaeT oToyTCTBHe b npeÄejrax

BnueJieHHoro T eK cro B o ro 0Tpe3Ka H oßoro .noMmmpyianero hmshh, domhmo

HMeHH OToßpascaeMoro b hbm cerM eH Ta peaJiBHocTH h HweH "irpe^MeTOB"

- 16 -

jioantHocTH, BHCTynanma: b pojm HHôpManHOHHHX napaMeTpc® OTOÖpa-

KMflMOrO B 3TOM OTpeSKe. BTOpHM KpHTepHeM OrpaHHMeHKH TeKCTOBOrO

oTpesKa, BHfleJweMoro KaK cTaiwapTHaa ywiosHeHHaH cMucJioBan eAHHH-

tta (yCE) TeKCTa, HBJiaeTCfl cTadmn>HocTi> npocTpaHCTBeHHux, BpeMeH—

Hin h MOfla^bHux napaMeTpoB cooTHOmerow npeAMeTHoro HMera c o t o ö -

paaaeMHM "npeweTOM " peantHocTH. MaMeHeHHe xo th du coworo U3 n a -

paMQTpoB cBJweTeJU-CTByeT o HaâJie hoboä CTaünapTHo2 YCE (jB. C . I 8 -

19].IIpHMeHeHHe yKaaaHHHX KpHTepaeB npa aHajm3e Hay^Hicc TeKCTOB1

noKaaaso, h to cTaimapTHoÄ CMuoJioBoft eÄHHuuefl b m x h b jih c tc ä adaa ij

H H6TK08 Ä8JI0HH8 Hfl &Ö38IJH OÖJlOrHöOx ÖUCTp06 H T0HH08 HSBJIG^CHHö

HH(|)opMaixHH, Hcm im aixaee ÄBycMucJiöHHocTL iiohjimöhelh, npoTHBonoita— saHHoe ÄaHHOMy cthjdo.

Ad sau KaK ueHTpeJüHan KOMMyHHKaTHBHaH eÄHMma Hay^Horo bu—

CKÄ3HB8KHH OÖHHHO Onp6Ä6JIH6TCÄ K&K "rp y n ila npejyiOÄGHHfl, B KOTO—

pra odcywaeTCH oähb eAHHCTBeHHaa mkcjü" [ 4 . C .20] . UeHTpaJüHoe

npejuioxeHH6 aÖ3aixa äojdkho mötko BupaxaTi» 3Ty mhcjib, ocTaJH>HH0 npe— ÄJioxeHHH CJiyKaT jjjir ee oö*bHCH6HHflf £0Ka3aTeJEbCTBa h noBTopemta ÄpyTHMH cJioBaMH t htoöh oöJier^HTB aanoMMHaHHe.

AÖ3au[ cKpenJiaeTca TQMaTH'iecKKM cjiobom” , KOTopoe oöosH aâeT

HpöÄMöT BUCKaSUBaHHÜ* Oötf^HO KM HBJLfleTCH CyUjeCTBHTeJlLH08 iTJTlf

e r o aKBMBaneHT b Baue cJioB-aawecTHTeJiefl, chhoh hm ob , C00TB8TCTByB— mux cjiobocohexaHHÄ h* .hsjkö npnn&Tqhhux npöjyioÄCHiifl.

npoaHaraaiipjeM ad3au ns k h h t« n.JImm "^Hxafixe ducTpo h toh h o "

L ^ J H BW eJm i b aeu HandoJtee Ba*Hne K0MI10 H6HTH: TeMaxiraecKoe w io - bo h npeAnoxeHHe, Bupaxazxaee ochobho# cmhcji.

' - U t a . drone base through th . polyphony o f a ch an t, th ro u g h -

out •▼ •ry P a rag rap h one f io m i . p r.dom inant. Upon th ia rmun the

paragrap h weavaa thought V a r i a t i o n 0f in t r i c a t e d e a ign . T h ia ma- ^ o r a a a a w» may o o n s id e r aa r . p w . , n t in g the th ln g whlch the

CTaTUl " , HaUHCaHH&H g y " , v . 2 1 .

4^, CTBTiH

- 17 -

paragraph d iscu sses . Thla th in g may b« aa tu n «Ib l. oa houses o r land, o r aa tenuous as lo v e o r in f in i t y o r tha phantnamagorial w avering o f thought i t s e l f . But however the ldaaa may u h lft and shimmer, a t the dead cen ter o f every paragraph la a noun. I t ifl th la which ie the substance and the heart o f th « c en tra l, or main, thought. In fa c t , the whole cen tra l id ea ia but a complete a s s e r t io n , a m p lified and e lab ora ted , made by the paragraph I t s e l f about th is p o la r noun" (P .Leedy , 116).

TeMSTireecKHM cjiobom b aehhom aöaaqe fm/aercn cjnuecTBHTeJtbHoe "noun",p e ro nepBoe npeîoxem e BHpa*aeT iviaBHy» mhcjü.'

OcHOBHan eÄHHuua xyôxecTBeHHoro cm ra He CBH3HHa c rpaHH-uaMH aö3aua h BwteJiHeTca c noMotm>» cnemreuitHoro aHanH3a,no KpH-TepHHM JI.A.êpKHioBCKo#. Mh HasHBaeM ee "BHCKa3HBaiüteM b xyao-«ecTBeHHOM TeKCTe" ( BXT ) •

* TripoBeêmioe HcwieôBame noKasaiof mto b BXT, Hapany c êT-

KO BHUeJWeMHM TeMaTineCKHM HJIH ÄOMHHZpyKdlHM HMeHeM H npeAJroxe- HHeM, BupaataiKiHM ocHOBHyi) MucJtb, oMem. HacTO npiicyTCTByeT h

"cKpHTaH" naoTB HKftopMauKH, cocTonmafl aa HeBepÖajmaoBaHHoft mojix CKH h Bcero oöi>eMa CIIH.

CKpuTaH, KOHTpanyHKTHaH cTpyKTypa BXT, hmsöt cboo ooöoTBeH- Hoe CTpoeHKe - cBoe TeMaTireecKoe cjiobo, cbod coöCTBeHHy» rJaBHynMHCJEb.

IIpoaHajra3irpyeM nepByn rJiaBy BTopoft *iacTii pouaHa Ä.roJicyopcii "CjiaeTCfl b HaeM" no MeTOÄHKe JI.A.'JepHHXOBCKO#. KaK ynoMHHaJiocB Bume, ochoboüI BuneJieHaH BXT cJiyxaT HSMeHeraw jjoMKHHpyjaqero tme- HH VLm IipOCTpaHCTB6HHHX, BpeMeHHHX H MOJiaJ&HHX napaMÖTpOB COOTH6- ceHna npeAMeTHoro vmem c OTOÖpaataeMKM $aKTOM peanBHOCTH.

H c io a h H3 yKa3aHH0Ä npoue^ypa, rJiasy, KOTopyn aBTop Ha3B8Ji

"MaTB h c if fl" , moxho pasaeJiHTB Ha 12 MacTeö, rpamniH KOTopux o’ieHL

m bcto HaiOÄHTCH BHyTpH aÖ3aneB. H ccjie^yeM oaho na BmueJieHHHx BXT, b Bepöara3HpoBaHHofl CTpyKType KO Toporo ormcHBaeTGH rrocemeHHe M y-

aeH Ilpano Ha oöpaTHOM nyra HpaH h JbcoHa hs HcnaHrai ( c . 9 9 -1 0 0 ).

AHaJiH3 iipyeMoe BXT aa^nHaeTCfl co c jiob "oondemned by Spaniah Provi- dence. . . " 0 KOOTaeTCfl npeÄroxeHHeM "thua did he f i r s t learn

I HccjieÄOBaHHe npoBojouiocB aa MaTepnaJie poMaHa jl.roJicyopcH "Cara o G’opcaflTax" ( "CaaeTCH b HaeM").

- 18 -

how much b e t t e r than men women p la y a w a it in g gam e".B "oTitpuTol CTpyKtype" aToro BXT ÄOMMHHpymuHMH cjioBaMH ä b jih -

DTCfl* HM6H8 COÖCTB6HHHe - Hp8H H Ä*OH, & T8KX6 HX 3aM6CTHTeJ0l. 00 - HOBHafl mucjo> BupaxeHa b nocJieAHeM npeAnoxemui.

"C xpuTafl HH$opMaxtaH" HMeeT flpyroe TeMaTunecKoe c jiob o - c y - mecTBHTeJiiHoe " s u b t l e t y " . XapaKTepH3yn HpaH c noMouo>B 8 T o ro a n o -

Ba, KOTOpOe nepeBOOTTCH KaK "TOHKOCTB, yT0HH8HH0CTI>, JIOBKOCTi,

HpOHHUaTeJObHOCTB, XHTpOCTB, KOBapCTBO", BBTOp BHpSUSaeT H BTOpyll

rJiaBHy» mkcjh> »Toro BXT, npej(OTaBJieHHy» b ero HeBepöajiH30BaHHo#

CTpyKType - nyTemecTsyH bm octb c äkohom, HpaH BeêT ceöH oêmXHTpO H KOBapHO, EHT8ÄCB OTBJieHi CHHH OT MHCJiefl O ®Jlep.

JleJian nepeBOA xysozecTBeHHux tokctob , HeoöxoÄHMo chmum Tua- TeJCbHUM odpasoM BuneJiHTi TeMaTinecKHe cJiOBa hcbhähmoS HH$opMawni, aaeKBaTHufi nepeBoa kotopux nosBOJweT cosähtb npaBHJn>Hyi> jiorajucy oö ochobho# mucjo HeBepdaJtbHoro cosepxaHUH.

KaK * e BHÄMHDTCH STH TeMaTOTeCKHO CJI0B3?

OOotho AOMHHHpynuee cjiobo KOHTpanyHKTa TeKCTa hobtophotch ae

tojilko b OTAejüHofl ero eÄHHime, ho h b uojiom paae cocTaBJwnmoc,

cKpenaaH CKpuTyn HH$opMamn> Bcero OTpesKa npon3Be,U8HJiH, h HaTan- khbbh Ha nocTraemie rjiaBHoft mhcjih.

Ho oJtoBa, b öojamHHCTBe cJQmaeB, MHoro3 hhhhh, h ahh npaBJun.-

Horo nepeB ana T e w a m e c K H i KounoHeHTOB hsoOxoahmo a iiam airpoB aT i.

xx ynoTpeöJieHHe b cocTaBe o ta o jib h u x bäh m m . CTOJiKHOBeHMe p a 3 J M -

hux cm hcjiob T eM aT in ecK oro CJiOBa nosBOJweT aB Topy BupaaiiTB rJiaBH y»

aueio B c e r o TfiKCTa c H60<3xoähmo8 iio jih o to # .

B w iaB e I BTopoft nacTH kh k th ToJicyopcH noBTopflDTCfl ynoMHHy-

T oe Bume cymecTBHTeJ&Hoe " s u b t l e t y " , a T a x x e 0ÄH0K0pehhoo n p n -

jiaraTeJttH oe " a u b t l e " . A b to p ynoTpedJw eT h x , onncHBaH oTHomeHm

ochobhux n epcoH axefl - Hpaa h M o n a .

K o r jia n p im ara ieJ iLH oe " a u b t le " ynoTpeÖ Jw eTca b cocT aB e n e p -

Boro BXT, Kom anm erocH CJioBaMH "w ish in g to do s o " , oho xapaxTe- p aayeT M o m , u nepeBOÄHTB e r o KaK "KOBapHwfl" hot hhkhkhx o c h o - EaHKS, KHK H6T OCHOBaHH# ynOTpedJIHTB CJiOBa "yTOlIHeHHHÄ, npOHKUa-

TeJüHHÄ". B nepeBoê H.Boja.naH * npefljio*eHHe "th e f e l lo w wae

I CM.JH.roJicyopcH "Cara 0 *opcaftTax".

- 19 -

a u b t le b e s id e s b e in g n a iv e " ( " . . . B Heu yacHBanacB 0 R8HBB0CIBU XHS-

p o c iB "-ron cy op cn ,5 )n ep eaaH O coBepuieHHo npaBHjiBHo.raKofl- nepeBoa BupajicaeT ocHOBHyH) mhcjib ck ph to ü nH$opMaiym - 3amnmaa cbok JnodoBB, äkoh BnepBiie jie flcTB yeT HcncwrimiKa.

B cocTase TpeTBe# ejximmtu, HatmHa»meitcH co cjiob " in th ia

I s o l a t i o n . . . " , cjiobo » s u b t le t y " xapaKTepn3yeT HpaH. JIkoh ’iyBCT- ByeT ceÖH BMHOBaTUM, noTOMy hto cKpuBaeT ot Hee t t o - to o’ieHB

Ba*Hoe h 3to 3acTaBJweT e ro no-HOBOMy BocxmuaTBcn KpacoToft MaTe- pH z cnocoÖHocTBB ee TaK tohko e ro iiohhm&tb • üoaTOMy nepeßoa n pe-

jyiOXeHKH "he a p p re c ia te d , to o , aa n ever b e fo r e , h is m o th e r 's sub

t l e t y o f i n s t in o t " , b kotopom cymecTBHTeJtBHoe " s u b t le t y " n ep e-

, aaHO khk " h yt k o c tb " ( .H.roJicyopcH, 6 ) , Bncume aaeKBaTeH.

ECJIH Xe MH paCCMOTpHM CJIOBO " s u b t le t y " B COCTaBe ejWHHUH,

he'thHaJcojeSch cJioBaMH "condemned by Span ish P ro v id e n c e ", mh y d e -

ahmch, ^to nepeBOÄ H.Bojibühh - "ho oh ahhihh3 pa3 ydeffluicfl, hto

aaJieKO ycTynaeT eil b caMoodJianaHHH n ^ tkocth " ( Ä .roJ icyopcz, 17)

- He npaBOMepeH, t b k KaK HpsH 3£ecB npeÄCTaBJiena b bhäb KaKoro- - to oxoTHHKa b 3acaiie Ha codcTBeHHoro cuHa, ona des T p y ja pacmn^-

poBHBaeT Bce e r o HaueamH, CTpaxa h xanaHHH, ho He co'jyBCTsyeT hm

h c jierKocTBio BeaeT BHaomaTeJiBHyio z r p y . CyuiecTBHTeJiBHoe " s u b t - ■ l e t y " cJieayeT nepeBecTH xoth du KaK "ck p h th o c tb ", eojm HeJr&aa

ynoTpedzTB cjiobo "K0BapcTB0", odJiaâBmee cjikukom doJa>moS smoqho-

HaJIBHOft HaCHmeHHOCTBB, HeCMOTpH Ha TO, HTO WM H0CHT6JW HSUKa 3TO

aHaêrae dojiee mm MeHee o’ieBUHHO. Ecjih teko4 nepeBojat He aueKBa- T6H, TO (npa OTCyTCTBHH JieKCHHeCKOrO C00TB6TCTBHH) npHXOOTTCH

pacnni$poBHBaTB TeMaTOTecKoe cjiobo c noMoou>D tojocobsher«

HenpaBHJiBHHft negeBOfl onopnoro KOMnoHeHia ne n03B0JweT bckph tb

KOHTpanyHKT cooTBeTCTByjoqefl ejoiHHHH, a Tarace B cero TeKCTa, e ro

To^Ha« n epeaaâ aaeT b o 3Moxhoctb âTaTeJDo yjioBKTB rJiaBHyu mhcjib

HeBepdajn>Hoft im$opMauHH, coaflaBaa paBHOueHHyn hmqjdopithoctb opu—

ruHaJia z nepeBO.ua c HeKOToptw KpeHOM b doJDbmy» bkchjekiihthoctb npn

OTCyTCTBHH cooTBeTCTByxxqero cJioBa Ha H3HK6 nepeitanz.

AjeKBaTHHÄ n epeB o j cjiob " s u b t l e " h " s u b t le t y " b nepBOfl rjiaB e BTopoft nacTH poMaHa "CnaeTCfl b HaeM" b cocTaBe pasjnnmcc .

ejuiHHn noMoraeT hbm o co sh stb , Kax aBTop onzoHBaeT dopBdy äkohb

npoTHB HpaH aa CBoe m ybctbo, npoTHBonocTaBJWH HaHBHyn xh tpoctb

- 20 -

ibicoHa, 3to opyrae cjiadux, ,iyTK0CTH h kob&pctby MaTepn, h sto npHBOflKT Hac k noHKMELHun T oro , hto ü* oh oöpeneH na nopaxeHKe.

TohhuA nepeBOÄ TeMaTiraecKHx cjiob KOHTpanyHKTa, bxoähuucc b

cocTaB eamnm BepöaJtiHoro np0H3BeaeHHH z CKpanJiramni ero cyÖJm- neapHyn nH$opManmo, aaeT bosmoxhoctb pacKpuTt ochobhoc coaepaa- Hüe aTofi HH$opMaujiH KaK Ha ypoBHe Bcero tskctb , TaK h Ha ypoBHe

ero cocTaBJUDouiHZ.

CCHflKH HA JMTEPATypy

1. H-P.rajgJieDKH. Tokot KaK oöieKT jiHHrBHCTireecKoro HCCJieao- BaHHH. - M .: Hayna, 1981. - 139 c.

2. JLC.EaranraapoB. CTpyKTypa npocToro npejyioKeHHH coBpeMeH- Horo aHTJiHÄcKoro H3UKa. - M .: Bucmafl nmojia, 1966. - 200 c .

3. fl.M.Kamen. TeopeTinecKoe odocHOBamie nocJieaoBaTeJiiHOCTH OÖyqeHHH ITHCLMeHHOMy BlipaxeHHD MHCJiefl Ha HHOCTpaHHOM H3HK6 - £LHT—

jntÄcraift A3hk, h3hkobo0 Bys : ABTope$. ähc.» jtaHU.neÄ.HayK / MTHHHfl HM.M.Tope3a,- M., 1975. - 240 c.

4. P.Leedy. Read wlth Speed and Freolslon. - New-Yorki McGraw - N i l l Book Company, 1963. - 402 p.

5. A.M.nemKOBCKKft. PyCCKHÄ CKHTaKCHC B HayiHOM OCBemeHHH. -M .: y^nearHs, 1956. - 511 c .

6 . H.A.flgnrDOBOKgft. CTpyKTypa TeKCTa npoHSBeaeimfl h oöyneHHe

mKOJ&HHKOB 3JI6M6HT8M CTpyKTypH HHCbMOHHUX paöOT! ABTOpe$.OTC. . . .a -p a nea.HayK./MQlIH HM.H.K.KpyncKofl. - M., 1957. - 43 c .

7. r.fl.CojraHHK. CiiHTaKciroecKafl CTJuntCTHKa. CJioxHoe chht8k-

cmecKoe ueJioe. - M .: Bucmaa nucojia, 1973. - 214 o.8. JLA.^ePHgXQBCKaH. HH$OpMBHHOHHHfl HHBapEaHT CMHCJ» TBKCTa

h BapnaTHBHOCTB ero hsukoboto BHpaxeinw: ABTope$.ÄHC. . . . a -p a

(Jhjioji. HayK/ MTIIMHH EU.M.Topesa,- M., 1983. - 34 C.

ÜHTHpyeuaH JorrepaTypa

J.Galaworthy. To Let. - M.» Progress Publlshers, 1975.ü.roiicyopcH. Cara o ®opcaflTax. CoOp.cov. b 8 t . - M.: IlpaB-

a a , 1983.

- 21 -

T.B.JörOTHa

CTHMCTIWBCKHE TPAHCMPMAUHH TEKCTA ÜPH ÜEPEBOflE

Mucja o tom, m o Teopiw nepeBOAa HBaaexoa Kotmenmie# u ex - ÄHcmnuniHapHoS, nawwytt, He TpedyeT ocoöhx ÄOKaaaTeJttOTB. Jfoöoe

accJieaoBaHHe no nepeBoay no onpeflejisraro ocHOBUBaeTca Ha npHBJme- HHH ÄaHHiCf TaKHX JfflHTBMCTH^eCKHX TOOpHÄ, KHK ^OHOJIOIHH ( WO! rp a - (Jonoriu^ Mop$ckHoriw, ohhtbkchc , -aeKCHKanoriw, ceuaHTHxa, juthtbhc- THKa TeKCTa H T.n. OAHaKO KOMNQTHHKaTHBHaH papHffljeHHOOTi, ( a HMeHHO. 9TO HBJweTC« ueJttD MexM3UK0B0r0 odqem w )L lj nacTO 38bhcht

He ot $aKTopoB, HenocpeACTBeHHo CBHsaHHux c odecne'ieHHeM aneit- BäTHoft nepejwm cMHOJia TeKcra tcmh hau hhumh JieKCHKO-rpaiaiaTine- CKHMH H CTpyKTypHO-KOMnOSlOQIOHHUMK CP6ACTB8MH, a o t öojtee odojax, HaQTeKCTOBUX, aaKOHOMepHOOTel.

H xoTfl Ha nepBuft Bsrjuu julkhoo imojceHHe He npemcTaBSflercaHR HOBUM, HH OpHTHHSÜQiHHM, OHO Hepe^KO He y^HTHBaeTCÄ B COBpeMeH- Hoft Teopm nepeBOtna h nepeBanecKoft npaxTHxe.

CpeAH OCHOBHHX npilHHH ÖUTyM«eÄ HftHOOUeHKH HaKTBKCTOBUZ $ßR- topob npH nepeBOAe cJiexyeT H asBan npxaHaHHe, AeitnapHpyeMoe l 2 j HJM KMOJUHUHTHOe, npKM8T8 CBMaHTHHeCKOS SKBHBSUieHTHOOTH, HeCMOTpjI Ha MHaro'nicJieHHHe paöoTU o bsxhocth nparMarjnecKHX, cm racT inp - cxkx, coaKOJtHHTBHCTnecKHX h jtpyrux $aKTopoB np« BUÖOpe Tex W B

hhhx sKBHBaJieHTHHX BapHaHTOB, y *e caua Taxaa nocTaHOBxa Bonpooa

npeOTOJsaraeT saBHCHMy», to octb nojmHeHHy» cewaHTHKe, poja> bcox

8thx acneKTOB, npeACTaaraeMHX KaK "aonoJDürreJtbHHe" h "BTopmiue •"Tajaoi oöpasoM, a Ha npaicTrace, h b Teopsu, nepeBOA oeroAHfl -

»to npewe Boero aseKBaTHaa nepeja'ia oojtepxaHHA rexoTa opsrHH&ia' Ha Aaioce nepeBoja, c doJtuneft u h MeH&meS OTeneHUD oroBopoK y p a s - hhx QBTopoB, um c öojo>meft m * MeHtmel ( xax npaBHJio, MeHBniett )

TepnHMocTiD KOHTpoJDbHux p&naxropoB K TOMy, ’ITO B HajUaTOJQjCTBÄX npm- hhto HasuBaTi "bojibhocthmh" nepeBOOTHKOB.

Bosmozho, tbkoA noaxoa a h« BuairaaeT ocoöhx Bospaxemfi b Tex oiyianx, rjue neamy HopMofi ffl k Iffl hb cynecTByeT ceptesHux pac— xomchhä b miaHe Btrpaxemw. A ecJB Tanne pacxoweraw e e n , Hanps— Mep Mejwy cnumcTiraecKoft HopMoi pyccKoro i aHTJmftoKorö hshkob?

- 22 -

HacKOJttKO b TaKOM cjiynae coodpaxemw h yneT HopMaTHBHHX HecooTBeT- ctbhS Moi*yT h aoakhu nomaTHyTB npuMaT oeMaHTHMecKoro KOMnoneHra KOMMyHHKaxpii! Me*ny ÄByMH HsuKaMH, j®yMH KyjttTypaMH? A noniaTHyr ohh ero HenpeMeHHO, ocoöeHHo b nacra c0JwpaaTeJiBH0-K0HueiiTyaJn>- ho8 HH$opMamra (CKH), to ecTb hmtuihuhtho BtrpaxeHHofl oömeft to-

HaJiBHocTH TeKCTa, ero "coflepaaTeJEbHofi aHTepnpeTaniffl" [3 .C .2 8 ] Bnoome oêBiWHo, hto Bonpoc stot mueeT Baamoe TeopetcraecKoe h

npaKTinecKoe 3HaêHRe.OjiHoß H3 HaaöoJiee nonyjinpHux pa3H0BauH0CTeÄ t c k c t o b , nepeBO-

ÄHM1DC Ha aHTJlHÄCKHft H3UK, HBJWBTCfl T6KCTH nyÖJIEUHCTOTeCKHe, 8

KM6HH0 KypHaJEbHHe CTBTiH, IlOJEHTIPieCKOrO H TaK Ha3imaeMoro "oönw- nyöJiHmicTHHecKoro" xapaKTepa. AKTyaJUHocTi. HccJieÄOBaHiw s th x t o k -

c to b onpeêJmeTCH He to jt& ko KOJQnecTBeHHHMS coodpaxeraiHMH hx pac- np0CTpaHeHH0CTH. IlyöJiKujiCTHKa, coneTanmas b c e ö e $yhkuhh BOsaeÄOT-

BHH H HH$OpMHpOBaHHH, HBJIfleTCH OJIHHM H3 OCHOBHUX KaHaJLOB MeÄHHUH—

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HapoÄaMH, pacnpocTpaHeHKH HH$opMaipiH Äpyr o apyre, h , b kohb^hom

c 'ie T e , ynpeiuiemw AOBepnH a p y r k x p y r y . Hmchho noaroMy sKBKB&neH-

th o c tb nepeBojoa nydJnmHCTHXH npeÄCTaBJiaeTCÄ ocoöeHHo Baamofi npoö- jieMoft.

ConocTaBHTeJa,hhü aHajm3 nyöJDmHCTireecKiix tb k c tob Ha pyccKOM

H aHTJDdlCKOM HSHKaJT OÖHapyXHBaeT pan SHa'fflTeJQ.HHX CTHJIHCTineCKHI pasjnraril b hx Tpammnax. CJieaoBaTe^tHO, ÄocTinceHHe KOMMyrancaTHB-

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mx "$yHKHH0HartbH0e, $opMaJU>Hoe h cmhcjiobo6 oToawecTBJteHHe KOMMy-

HHKaHTaMH" [ i . C. 8 ] b wihhom cJiyâe, Koraa to k c tu npejwa3Ha’ ieHH a m aHTJroHsiriHot ayO Tropm , " BocnzTaHHoß" Ha hhoä CTaracnraecKO#

HopMe, Tpeöyer cymecTBeRHHx npeoöpa30Bamc8 b iuiaHe BupaateratH, k o -

Topne Hea3ÖeatHo oKaxyr BJmHHue h u p m e ^ T k moah$hksiihh w arn co - ÄepataHHÄ. Hhhmh cjiobsmh, np» nepeBOÄe nyO jnaw cTm ecw x MaTepna- jiob c pyccK oro H3itKa na aHTJinftcfuifl, b cany ocoöeHHocTefl aHTJmflcKoB

I . B paöore HocjieaoBa®ici> TeKCTH odmenyöJnniHCTinecKoro xapaKTepa H3 KypHaaa "CoBeTCioifi C o»3", npe,ziHa3Ha'ieHHHe a m nepeBO.ua Ha eh t - jmficifflÄ H3HK,H anaJiorH'iHHe n o cTHJieBoä oTHeceHHocTH opHTHHaJiBHHe MaTepaaUH Ha aravniftcKOM H3inte H3 xypHaJioB "KocMonojnrraH", "Kom- naHH1*, "JtacHep? "CaHiai TaflMc M a ra s ra ", "Xapnepc 3Hä KyHH h T.n . - no 10 *ypHaaoB Ha KaawoM H3buce.

- 23 -

CTMHCTOTeCKOÄ TpftUHHHH, COOÖpaxeHHH CeMaHTHHeCKOft SKBEB&neHTHOC- th jjoJntHH, no Teop ira, ycTynaTB nepBeHCTBO coodpaacemiHM c th jo ic th -

’iecKoft aaeKBaTHoeTH co B cera BUTeKajommra OTcyjia nooneflCTBUHMH.Ba*Heftuo!M cboöctbom nocTpoeraw nyÖÄmrHCTtraecKoro tc k c tb b

oöohx A3HKax flBJmeTCH hx ÄHflJiorjrmocTi, KOTopaH "oöecne^HBaeT H6- noppeÄCTBeHHOCTb 'iHtaTeJCBCKoro bochphäthh" l_4. C .I8 IJ , a , cJie.no-BaT6JQ>H0 , HpJIHeTCH MOUIHKM Cp&HCTBOM peaHHSailHH OCHOBHO# $yHKUKIl AaHHOfl C$epH OÖmeHHH - $yHKUHH B03Ae#CTBJM. ConOCTaBHTeJIBHitB aH a-

MaTepuaJia, oaheko, noKa3iroaeT, h to s to oömee cboöctbo nyöjm -

ifflCTBKH pearasyeTOH b jwyx H3HKax jaJieKO He aHanorHTOHMH cpew iTBa- kb, 'ito BJieêT s a coöoft pacxoxueHne b CTpyKType, qjieHeHHH, $opnax

C0AeF*aTeJn.H0-$aKTyaniH0li hh$opm8uhh (C®M) a KanecTBe CKH, z

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B pyccKofi TpaamiHH AHanorireHocTi. tbkctö b nyöJmmjcTinte oöec- ne'iHBaeTCfl npenMymecTBeHHO Ha $0pMajn>H0M ypoBHe, 3a c 'ie t BHeamett opraHHsamra ochobhoö hscth TexcTa. IIpH 3tom b tokct, ( kbk npaBH- jk>, nocjie sa'tHHa—BCTymieHHH ) bboahtch koht6Kctho—BapHaTHBHHe $op- mu Tyjtofl pe'iH - ÄHanor, mrrauHH^ h oôpmtojotch b Bime OTAejamcc C4E H aösaueB.

TiminHuS npmiep tbkoto nocTpoeraw nydJnmucTireecKoro TöKCTa

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HHTepBLn, r fle , no MHeraoo HcoJieAOBaTöJieft "cama AHanorHêcKaa ftoni»( BllHeJieHO H8MH - TX ) CT&HOBHTCfl CpeACTBOM 0IX6HKX H HHTBpnpeTaQKB conocTaBJieHHHX acnexTOB tomh, tohok spemw, nosHmdt ynacTHHKOB jfflajiora" £ 4 . C. 168] . TenneHUM k n0Ä0dH0My AH&norineoKony nootpo- ohhd TeKCTa HacTOJO>KO CBJtbHa, 'ito npeftiaraeTca paccuaTpHBaTi» ähb- aor KaK "oooöhH xyflOKecTBeHHo-nydjamHCTiriecicitÄ aaHp" [ 4 , C. 168]. _•

HeTpyaHO saMeTXTB, OAHaxo, hto t6Kcth—hhtspbld, tbk ze icax1 TeKCTu, Bwawanmie «HTamra, aa HCKJDraeHHeM hx BHenuel Hecxojnico

"OTaJIOrH3Kp0BaHH0fl" fopMH, B H3HK0B0M H KOMQTHHXaTHBHOM OTHOOeHn

uajio Heil oTÄjraajoTCfl ot TpammaoHHoro noBecTBymero M0H0Ji0ra ( no

B.B.BiHorpaAOBy) 2. B ciuy "xpaihiel HepaaHOMepHOCTi ynacTaa roBopa- n n b AHanore" [6 . C.5l] 3 , npeo&naAaion HeAHanorinecKXX kohtbkotäo^

“ X----------------------------B pafioTe nrwwrra wiaccH$HMgHH KOHTexoTHo-BapHaTsama $opn,

npeASoxeHHcui R.P.raJtbnepHHHM [3<. C 52] «2 Cm. , Hanpmiep [5 . C 42J -3 B oooTHooeHU 1:10, I ; I 5 no «caieAOBaHHCHiy MaTepaaayo

24 -

BapHQTHBHUX $OpM H Hepa3rOBOpHHX H3HK0BHX Cpe^CTB, OKU no CyTH HH

B K0Mn03HQH0HUC>—pd^eBQM, HH B KOMMyHHKaTHBHOM OTHOffleHHH He OÖHfipy-

KHBaJOT TOft OÖpameHHOCTH K ^HTETeJH), KOTOpaH COCTaBJIHeT OCHOBy ÄH—

anormHocTH TeKCTa b aHrjmÄcKofl nydJumHCTHKe.

Ba*Hefcnyio pcuo. npH stom Tawse H rpanr JiHKrBOCTHJaicTiPiecKHe

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sa^HH, HBJiffiomuftcH "cHJtbHoö" no3ni(net! TeKCTa, OKa3HBaeT öcun.nioe

BXüMHHe Ha $opMHpoBaHHe »iHTaTeJiJbCKoro BocnpHHTna, oöpa3a aBTopa,.

nparMaTHKH tö k c t b h e r o CKH. B pyccK oli nyö-raiyicTHKe ÄHaJiorHHHOCTi

3araHa HHoraa cosÄ aeT ca 3a c h o t BonpocoB b noBecTBOBaHHH ( 20?

t8 k c to b ) . B ocTaJttHHX cJQniafix 3aHHHH ÄHOnoririHocTbio He oÖJiauaur.

OÖpaa aBTopa - He HHÄHBHÄyara3HpoBaH. Hanöcwiee tidihhhhmh cJiynaHMH

h b jih b tcä :

I ) "Ce^Jig^Hue" QiiHcaTeJLbHo-rioBecTBOBaT&JbHHe 3a*iHHü. HanpuMep:

lOpufl BJiacoB - JiereaaapHHlt coBeTCKKÄ uiTaHTHCT, HeojiHoKpaTHirä

nodejOTTeJa mhpobhx nepBeHCTB, oöJiauaTeJü 31 MHpoBoro peKopma.

T^häh Ha 3Toro cTpoÄ H oro , noÄBHKHoro aTJieTa, Äodpoft, o tk p h to ä

yaiÖKofl oTBe^aiomero Ha Bocropm 3pnTeJieft, Tpyjwo ötuio n oB e-

Phtb, hto nepeÄ bhmh caMiift ch jilhhü neJioBeK iuianeTH. Bjiacos- diopTCMeH nopaxaJi CBoeft ueJieycTpeiiUieHHOcr&D, KoppeKTHocTtn b

oömeHHH, rJiyöHHoö cyxneHnfi, cBitÄeTeJii.cTByicmKx <j pa3HocTopoH- Heö KyjiBType . . . ( CobctckhH C0103 £5, 7 4 ) .

2 ) onHcaTeJtbHo-noBecTBOBaTeJtHHe saTOHH. HanpKMep c aBTopcKHM"Mn!

aeT Ha CBeTe xemuHHn, KOTOpaH He xoTe-ia öh xopomo ofleBaTtcn. yBH, B BSK, Korfla npOH3BOÄCTBO 0Ä6XÄH npeBpaTKJIOCB B OTpaCJIB HHayCTpHH, HenpOCTO OÖpeCTH CBOfi CTHJIb, COXpEHHTL HKUHBHÄy*- aJiBHOCTt, nyBCTBO MepH, He noftuaTbCH ooöJia3H3M peiwaMH. CTpa-

MHCb BHeCTH IIOIipaBKH B HOTOHHOO H3rOTOBJleHH6 OHeWU, MeHUHHH

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oöteKTHBHoe MHeHHe nocTopoH H ero HeJiOBeica . . . ( CoBeTCKHft Cods

J66. ' 77 ) .3 ) onHcaTeJg>HQ-noBecTBQBaTeJg>HHft 3aHHH c bohpocom b noBecTBOBa-

hhh. HanpKMep:tpH HaTDpMOpTa $PaHUy3CKKX MaCTepOB pa3HHX snox xhbohhch . . .

Hto oäi.ejHHHJio mc Ha sthx OTPammax? ( IloOTepimyTO aBTopoM-XJL).

- 25 -

Bce ohb ms KOJueKtadl cobötckhx »qrseeB. Koraa ncwiTopa rosa Hasan b MocKBe cöeJXH b ejumyiD BucTaBKy jjjrqmHe oöpaaitu stoto xaa- pa, xpaHHnmecfl b Hamme uyseset, ct&so ocoöeHHo HarJWÄHO, xaxa- MH COKpOBBmaMH mh BJianeeM . . . (CfoBeTCKHÄ COD3, A5, 6 7 ).

HüTopecHa cneumjHKa aBTopcxoro "mh" m h pyeexoft Tpammra, icoTopoe, KQTaTH, HaCTO HadJUWaeTCH B B IXHTaiXlIU, TO eOTL npn BOCnpOHSB&KA—

h u BHCxa3HBaHHH QTJeJgiHoro jnma ( ! ) . Cyn> oöpasa aBTopa, Tax xe

xax h oöpa3a «lUTaTeJW b pyccxoM Hanne - hx oöoömeHHoert. B to

.BpeMH xax aBTop nyöJnnmcTinecKoro TexcTa BocnpHHJoiaeTCH xax ”oöo6- meHHoe jom o, ynanHOMOHeHHoe rocywpcTBOM BucxaanBaTi. mhbkhh,ouoh—

xh" [ 4 . C.5f] , anpecaT b nydJmmicTHxe - Taxoe xe ododmeHHoe,"He- onpaneJieHHoe mhchkoctbo Jawefl" [ 4 . C.5IJ .

B ownnHe ot $opMajn>Hoft ÄHajiormHocTH, coHeTanqeftcH c odoö- msHHUMB oöpaaaMH aBTopa u ajupecaTa TexcTa, Tm urana m h pyccxo#

nydJEHUHCTHKH, aHTJinflcxaH nyöJmuHCTHxa ownrqaeTCH .HHanorjniHocTi»

BHyTpeHHeft, HHrepeHTHofl, xoTopan coneTaeTCH c HHÄHBanyarasamie#

odpaaoB aBTopa h aapecaTa. ÄHanorH3amw cossaeTca BBeseHiieM b c a - My TKaHfc texcTa pasjun iua anneJWTHBHHX opejWTB - $opM mmepaTH- Ba, npHMoro odpamerawk 'nn'arejno, pac*uieH*HHHx BonpoooB T.n. , iHTerpannea $opi aBTopcxo# h nyxoft penn b öoJiee paBHOMepHHX, eo - toctbbhhux m h ÄH&nora, nponopuHHX, npeoöjiauajomeft TeHnemjHe# x aBTopcxoMy "fl". Taxxe npHHmmu nocTpoamw xapaxTepHH m h pasjon*-

hux td io b nyöJDnoiomecxHX tb x c to b - o t npodJieMHHX h pesaxuEOHHux CTBTeft MO KHTepBBD H peUOHSHel, H HBJUDOTCH BaXHeftmHM OpeSCTBOM

$OpMHpOBaHHfl C®H, CKM M nparMBTHKH T6KCT0B.

TminiHHMH 3aHHHaMH b aHTJodtcxofl nyöJumjicTHxe äbjudotoh:1) aaHHH-jHaaor c aBTOPexm "h"

Do you want to know soawthlng?I d o n 't .

W a ll , a l l r i g h t , I want to Imow aome th ln g a , but on th «

whole I*m t r y ln g to eu t out a l l su rp lu a fa o t a and d r a a t l -

o a l ly reduoa my In fo rm ation in tak e . . . ( KocMOnomtTaH, 1988, #3, 55 ) ,

2) BatHH-flHanor c nianaai odpameroiaM x HHTaTejqo g aB^npoggu "g "

I f I a a « a t r a i l a r f o r y a t an oth er f i lm about Am erican ad o - la ao an ta go ln g to p a r t y -p a r t ia a , I a h a l l acream . Hay« you

-26 -

been to the oinema reo en tly ? Hm the happy thought ooourred

to you that a r l s i t to the f l i o k s m ight b « a p le aaan t way to

p a s s an evening? W e l l , i f y o u 're o ve r 20 w lth an IQ la r g e r

than a garden p ea , fo r g e t l t . ( KoMnaHH, 1988, B 3, 1 0 )i

3 ) Bswa c BKJOT6HH6M HoooOcTBeHHo—n'PHMQft pe'TO ajcroeoaTa

' I ’ m s t a r v ln g , ' you c r y , ae you head f o r the sandwioh b a r

a t lunohtim e . . . ( KoMnaHH, 1988, 3, 1 2 ),a Tarate hx pa3JnraHHe MOOT$HKamni, c BicameHHeM $opM HMnepantBa, naram U h T .n .

TaKoe peanoe h6cootbstgtbh 6 b peaJtH3amm ÄKanorinHOCTH o t

$opM8ÄbHoa, MHHHMaJüHoft h BHentHe# b pyocicofi nyÖJnmucTKKe, OT HH-

repeHTHofl b aHTJurflcKofl, HecowaeHHo, BJie'ieT 3 3 codoft uejmS p w

Äpyrmc cTHjmcTjnecKHx p a a im n ä - b CTeneHH paaroBopaocTH, 8Momio-

HaaiHOCTH, HHTHMHSaqHH HSJIOXeHHH H T .H ., TpedyKUfffiC ÄOnOJIHHTeJDbHHX

TpaHc$opMamtfl npa nepeBCwe*.Ho SJBXe HPKM6H6KB8 8THZ TpaHC$OpMaQKil ( TT0, K CQJSBJleHHD, H0

HaxoOTT MecTa b coBpenieHHofl nepeBozpiecKofi npaKTmce) He pemaet oo - noBHoro Bonpoca. Cjie^yeT am nepeBOOTiray, hcxoäh H3 He0dX0JUM0cra OÖeCne^eHHH KOMMyHHKSTHBHOÖ paBHOIieHHOCTH, TpaHC$0pMHp0BaTJ> 0606- saeHmie odpaaa aBTOpa z anpecaTa b aBTopcrae h nuTaTeJttCKHe "fl", bboottb cpe.ncTBa BHyTpeHHet ÄKaJtorireHocTH, h Taranti 0dpa30M, moäh>-

pimjipoBaTB bcb CTHJiKCTinecKyio h ceMaHTinecKyn ocHosy TeKCTa, mm,

KaK 9to AejiaeTdfl b HacTOjjmee BpeMH, npnaepxHBaTBCH npmiaTa ceMau-

th rb h, HapymaTt criunjcTircecKyio Tpaumm» H3UKa nepeBO.ua? Bonpoc

9 to t cJioaen n bphä jm MoseT öh tb cpa3y perneH 0aH03Haw>. Ilpod ieiia

cTKJEHCTmecKHx TpaHc$opMawdt npa nepeBcwe, k coxaseHH», He noxyvi- m ÄOCToftHoro BHHMaHHfl co ctopohh TeopeTHKOB h upaKTHKOB Mexia3H- .

KCBoro odtaeHHH. IToiihtkii oTBeJCbraa: TpaHc$opMamrit, b oohobhom saTpa-

rzBaBmne nepexoa o t ÖOJiee o$muiaJrbHHx k MeHee o$KUHan.HHM perucT-

paM, b,o cmt nop hocät t o c t o HHTyHTHBHuft, cthxhähhä xapaKTep. Eonee

npucTaJiBHoe H3y*?eHHe HopMaTHBöux acneKTOB nepeBoaa, ctiuhcthkh

pa3Jur?HHX xaHpoB MH h üfl, MorJio öh cxaT t ochoboä w h oco3HaHHoro

I 0 HeKOTopba nojuodHHX cm racT jreecK zx TpaHC$opMaqHax npn nepeBoae nydJ0mHCTHKH Ha aHTJDIÄCKHfl H31IK cm. L 7 j .

- 27 -

h ueJieHanpaBJieHHoro no^xosa k noHHMaHH» peaJiiHoro B3am<00TH0- meHHH ceMaHTinecKHX h cmiaicTireecKJa: acneKTOB Mexi>H3HxoBo8 kom-

MQTMHKaipiH.

CCÜflKH HA JMTEPATypy

1 . B.H.KoMHCcaDQB. üpoöJieMH JXHHTBHCTtnecKoro aHam aa nepeBO-

Äa: ABTopef. ähc. . . . aoKTopa $HJi0Ji.HayK /MITIMHH HM.M.Topeaa. -M.: 1975. - 51 c.

2. J.G.EapxyjapoB. H3uk h nepeBOA. - M.: MeJUtyHapoflHHe o th o -

memfl, 1975. - 100 o.3. H .P.rani,nepHH. TeKCT KaK oöieKT JUfHTBüCTsnecKoro H ccjeao-

bhhhh. - M .: Hayna, 1981. - 138 o.4 . CTHJIHCTHKa pyCCKOrO H3HKH. XaHpOBO—KOMMyHKKaTHBHUfi a c -

neKT othjihcthkh TeKCTa / P&n.A.H.Kc*HHa. - M.: Hayna, 1987. - 238 c.

5. B.B.BHHorpanoB. ripodJieMU pyccno# cthjihothkjj. - M .: Bho- maa uraojia, 1981. - 320 c .

6. O.A.JlanTeBa. Pycciodt paaroBopHHÄ cHHTaKCHC. - M.: Hayna. 1976. - 397 o.

7. H.C.CTPeJKOBa. yneÖHoe nocoöue no npaKTiraecKoll ctjumoth-

ne aHivwftcKoro flsioca h CTiuiHOTHHecKOMy pananTiipoBaHiin nepeBoxa.-M .: MTIBOW mi.M.Topeaa. 1984. - 51 o.

A.ß.üaTpHKeeB

CTPyKTyPA 0EPA3A KAK KPOTEPMÜ BUBOPA 3AMEHH .iiph noanracKOM hepeboäe

Budop 38M0H H KOUneHCaiXKH C6MaHTHH6CKKX HOTOpL - 8TO, nOWH Jiyt, cauae öoJiesHeHHue Bonpocm npaKTmecKofl äshtojibhooth nepe- BOOTHKa no98HH. rpa>*«aTirjecKHe n jisKcm acim e pasJnraw hshkob op«-

rHHajia a nep«Boaa, HeoöxojoaiocTi oodJnaneHM iieTpiraeoiaix HopM h su - xa nepoBona 'la c ro Bunyxoam nepeBOOTHKa ornasiiBaraoji ot hjkotopmx

combhtihockhx co cT aB aam n opuriiHaaa i a o x a n m saiw iqr [ i ] . üoflöop aaiMH TpeaBiwaftHO cjiom h. .0 oaho! cToppmi, n p t x u

- 28 -

ÄOJixeH coxpaHHTB oömHfl c m h c ji o p u r n H a n a , e r o B03,n e fic T B n e H a H H T a -

T e J IH . C ffp jT O Ä C TO P O H H , B H0M HeOÖXOÄHMO C O X p aH H T B HHÄHBKUyaJDbHHe

H e p T H K O H K p e T H O rO T e K C T a , OCO Ö eHHO CTU CTH JW K O H K peTH O rO a B T o p a H

O ÄH O BpeM eH iio J iH T e p a T y p H o r o H a n p a B J ie H Z ü , k K O T o p o u y a a H H u ä a B T o p

npHHazwe*HT. K 3aMemaromeMy 3JieMeHTy npeÄiHBJweTCH MH0xecTB0 Tpe- öoBaHHfl, K0T0pHe HHor.ua npoTHBopenaT Jtpyr jip y ry . B c b h 3h c s t h m

n p o Ö JieM a o n p e fle Jie H H H K p H T e p ü H B H ö o p a 3a u e H n p n o d p e T a e T o c o ö o e

snaHemie.HaaöoJiee cymecTBeHHOö nepTofi xyaorccTBeHHoro TeKCTa HBJweTCH

0öpa3H0CTB Q 2J . OöpasH, hx CTpyKTypa h B3anMO,neticTBH6 HeqrT m > w -ny» äojqo hh$opi/laxenh xyaoxecTBeHHoro TeKCTa. üosTOMy moxho npejm o-

jiojkhtb, h to H3MeH9HHe oöpa3Horo CTpofl TeKCTa npn nepeBojie AOJCEHO

upHBOOTTB k HSMeHeHH» HH$opMauHOHHoro coAepxaKHfl TeKCTa,ero CMH—

c j i a . üpireeM CTenera> H3MeHeHHH cmhcjib tc k c ts npn nepeBoae acw uraa

öhtb nponoptaoHaJttHa cTeneHH HSMeHemiH CTpyKTypH 0 ö p a 3 0 B TeKCTa h cBH3eft Mexjsy hkmh.

Ä ra npoßepKH s to8 rmi0Te3H npejyiaraeTCH npoßecTH aHaJtH3 od -

pa3Horo CTpoH cTHxoTBopeuHfl "T h tp " yzjibfMa Bjiefbca h Tpex e ro n e-

peBOÄOB Ha pyccKittt hshk, BtmoJiHeHHHX B.JI.TonopoBUM, K.EanBMOHTOM

h C.MaptnaKOM. AHaJiH3 CTpyKTypH h B3aiiMO,ueitcTBHH 0Öpa30B b TeKCTar

cTBcoTBopeHM h e ro nepeBOÄOB aonojmeH aHajmsoM CTpyKTypH Mex-

$pa30BUX CBH3e# 8THX TeKCTOB, MeTOAHKÄ HpOBejeHEH KOTOpOrO OIXHCft-

Ha B paÖ0Te^3^] .CTmcoTBoperae "T a rp " ooctoht H3 raecTH HeTBepocTimnrit co CMex-

nofi mjokckoä pajwoft, HamicaHHHx HeTtipexcTonHHM xopeeM. IlepBoe h o t- BepOCTHHIHe BBOOTT TBMy CTKXOTBOpeHHH B BOIipOCHTeJIBHHM üpejyiÜXd- KHeM "TiH öeccMepTHHe rjia3a um pyrai cMorjra co3JKltb tbo8 yxacm A

oöpa3?" OÄHOBpeMeHHo irpeÄBapfleT ueHTpaJiiHyn hbctb cthxotbop«hhh, b KOTopoft oimcaH npoqecc cosjtaHHH THrpa, n 3anaeT cnocoö oimca- HiH , neJiHKOM nocTpoeH H oro Ha pHTopHHeciaix B onpocax, b KOTopra

ncnojn.3yeTCfl CHHeiwoxa.OuHcarae coTB cperow THrpa 3aHHMaeT B Topoe, T p eT te h n eTB ep-

Toe H6TBepocTHL']jiH. PeaJiBHoe JCHBoe cymecTBO, th t p , BosrnncaeT KaK

pe3yjn>TaT pyHHoro Tpy.ua c B o e ro cos^aTeJin. TBopeij cKpyHHBaeT xhjdj

cep ros TK rp a , pacKaJineT e r o M03r b nenn, bu kobh bsst e r o mojiotom

na HaKOBaJiBHe, BoponaeT e r o ueuHMH, saxBaTHBaeT e r o yx a cn ( t o

- 29 -

ecTB yxacii M osra ) KJiemaMH. 3 to onncaHHe HanoMHHaeT "cdopuy" r o - KyKKyjiyca b noBecTH "SpaHKemnTeflH" Map« UleJum. SpaHKeimiTeÄHy npn-

nuiocfc cfleJiaTL cßoero HcxyccTBeHHoro HejiOBexa Be-UHKaHOM, TaK Kan

y Hero He xsaTiuio jiobkocth pyK w Toro , h to ö e CMaoTepiiTt hbcth ’teJioBe’iecKoro Tana ecTecTBeHHoil BeJuroiHu. Oda onHcamw, co3j»HHue

HesaBHCKMo apyr o t apyra , OTpaxanr cymecTBeHHHe nepru Map0B03ape-

hjw cBoero BpeMeHK - KJieT0HH0e cTpoeHHe B cero xHBoro eme He 6mo

OTKpiITO H CHHTanOCt, HTO pa3JIHMHUe HaCTH TeJia H OpraHH khbhx cy - JHecTB npeacTaBJiHDT codoft KOHCTpyKUUH äs ocodux MaTepnanoB.

BaxHofl cocTaBJiHJomefl xapaKTepHCTHKH THrpa hbähi6tch raxxe Ta

cMecB yxaca h BocxKuieraw, c KOTopoö jmpHHecraril repo ft cTnxoTBope- hhh roBopMT o npouecce coTBopeHHH THrpa, $H3ireecKoft b jyxoBHoJt

iioam TBopua h, cJieÄ0BaTeJEbH0 , caMoro THrpa.B HHTOM HOTBepOCTHlUHH H30dpaX6H0 OTHaHHHÖ BceJieHHOfi, yBHfleB-

meJt THrpa ( SBesflu öpocaoT cboh kohm h opomanT Heöo cJie38MH ).3to oTHaHHHe npoTHBonocTaBJieHo yjiHÖKe TBopua, aoBOJUHoro jueJiOM CBOOX pyK . ÜOCJiejlHJM CTpOKa HeTBepOCTHBIHH OTOXneCTBJIHeT TBopua

THrpa h TBopua arm ia - 3thx ojnmeTBopewdt xbctokocth h desaaiuHT-

HOÖ ÄOÖpOTU.

UlecToe b nocJiejwee HeTBepocTHnme hohth iiojihoctbd coBnaotaeT o nepBHM; ho b nepBOM HeTBepocTHUHH moäbjd>hu9 r jia ro ji could nofl-

HepKHBaeT $H3ireecxoe MorymecTBO TBopqa THrpa, a rjiarcui d a r « b

noaieAHCM HeTBepocTimiHH noOTepraiBaeT ero MyxecTBO h xyxoBHyv c toB -

KOCTB.B satumeHHe aHaJinsa tb k c tb opHTHHajia cJie^yeT BuneJiHTt hbh-

öOJiee cymecTBeHHue nepru ero oöpa3Horo CTpoa. B cthxotbop6hhh

npHcyTCTBynT äbb roiaBHicc oöpa3a: oöpas THrpa h ocSpaa ero TBopua. .■

00a oöpasa co3AanTCX nepe3 onncaHHe möotbkU TBopoa b npouecoe

coTBoperaw THrpa, peaKmu BcaJieHHoft ua ero nciHBfleHHe, orHomemie

x HeMy TBopua MHpa h JurpiraecKoro repoH cthxotbopshhh . ÄeftcTBM

TBopua HanoMHHaeT rpyn cpeAHeBexoBoro peMeoJiehhhke. Bce aeoöxo- ahmuo MaTepHaJiu, BK/noHaa oroHi rJiaa THrpa, oh depeT hs oxpyxao- nero MHpa h nosBepraer hx Mexamraecxoft odpadoTxe: cxpyHHBaet, bh- xoBuaaeT, odamratT. Taxrai oöpasom, hh oaho hs xaneoTB THrpa Be

HCXQUHT. HS C8MOTO TBopua - BO« OHH COdpaHH 13 OKpyMUDqePO MHpa.

Odpaa TBopua—MaoTepa - xapaxTepaaH ocoÖ«hhoctj> AaHuoro otkxotbo->

pemia.

- 90 -

üepexoÄH k aHeumsy nepeBOÄOB "T u rp a ", npeflCTaBJiHeTCH ueJieco-

OÖ P&3HHM BUHeJDlTB T6 MepTH HCXOÄHOrO TeKCTa, K0T0PH6 b paBHoft

cTenera npHcyTCTBynT bo Bcex Tpex nepeB oâx . 3to MeTpHKa ( Bce TpH nepeBOÄa HanucaHu HeTupexcTonHKM xopeeM h paajteJieHü Ha neTBe-

pocTiffliHH co CMeKHoä ptrtiMoft, BBefleHne a/ibTepHaHca xeHciaix h mjtk-

ckhx pn$M b nepeBO,nax TonopoBa h Mapmai-.a - jiaitb npaBHJiaM xopomero

TOHa B pyCCKOfl II033IU1) , CHHTaKCHC ( TeKCTH IlepeBOÔB npe^CTaBJUDOT

coöo fl uenoHKH pHTopm ecKHx B onpocoB ) h p a cn p e je jie io ie no CTpo$aM

BBOÄHOlt M8CTH CTHX®TBOpeHHH H OIIHCaHHfl npOIjeCCa C03iiaHHH TH rpa.

B pacnpeaeJieHHH n o CTpo$aM Äpyrmc cm h cjio bh x M acTefi CTHxoTBopeHHH

h nocTpoeH H H e ro o c h o b h h x oöpasoB Mesuty TeKCTaMK opwrKHaJia h nepe- b o ä o b HMenTCH öojiBUine hjih M eH H M e p a cx o a u ie ra w . Ohm öyuyT paccM O T-

peHH b cooTBeTCTB jToqHX MecTax aHanji3a k o h k p c t h h x nepeBojioB.riepfitril n e p e B o a BunoJiHeH B.JI.TnnopoBuM. PacnpeêJieHHe no CTpo-

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cooTBeTCTByiomHX ’ia cT e fl HexoÄH oro TeKCTa, cwHaKO CTpyKTypu ochob

hhx 0öpa30B h hx 3anoJieHeraie b TeKCTe nepeBOßa OTJoreaioTCH o t aHa-

jkhtpihhx CTpyKTyp opnTHHajia.

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Bonpoca ( b hcxoähom TeKCTe noOTepKHBaeTCH $n3inecKaH cn ocoöH ocT i», '

a b nepeB oê - HpaBCTBeHHan) .

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b onHcaHjoi npouecca coTBopeHHH THrpa. B opHrHHajie b nepBoil cTpo$e

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Tirrpa, B nepeBojie xe b 3tom MecTe nponcxojuHT Beet nponecc cos iia -

hhh THrpa. 3 to MecTO noJiyqaeT b nepeBOê ropa3ô öoJiee kohkpst-

Hyn peJnfTH03Ho-MH$oJiorHêcKyi) xapaKTepacTHKy, neM b opuriiHaJie ( npencnoÄHHH hjih aaeM BMecTO juaneioa Mopcioix öe3ÄH hjih Hetiec ) .

KpoMe Toro, b nepeBoê noflBJweTCfl .neTara. oxexMM TBopma - uapcKan

jmaneMa, He HMeiomaH co o tb c tc tb h ä b hcxoahom TeKCTe.Bo BTopofl CTpo$e onncaHH« cosAaTeJn. THrpa He CKpyiHBaeT jch-

m cepma, a nycicaeT e ro , Ka^HyB MaaTHHK, KaK âcu. Tarara 0öpa30M, bo—nepBHX, oh He tboph t cepuwe, KaK b opm-HHane, a to jh .ro nycKaei

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n03T0My oöpa3 cepÄua—MaHTHHKa Bpan, jih hoäxoäht Turpa, ojiaue-

- 31 -

TBOpeHHÄ HPOCTH H XeCTOROCTH. KpOMe TOTO, B HCICWHOM TeKCTÖ HOT C00TB6TCTBHH npiuiaraTeja>HOMy "BJiacTHHft", KOTopoe xapaKTopnayeT

pyra TBopua.0öpa3HOCTI> TpeTteft CTpO$H OÜBCaHIIH B OCHOBHOM COOTBeTOTByeT

odpaahocth opurmaiia. Ojmaxo phtophhcckhS Bonpoo n,&ei) süodoft 3a - Kman?" ( Moar THrpa ) npejmanaraeT, hto sto öiuia ajioda TBopua. B xcxoahom xe TeiccTe TBopeu jepxHT iwemaMH yxacu, HanojUMBoqie most THrpa, 3th yxacu KaK dH CTaHOBHTCH MaTepHajioM b pynax TBopua.

B hhto8 CTpo$e nepeBOjja onymeHa pearaytH BoeJieHHoft Ha noHBJie- HH8 THrpa, TO eCTB CTpO$a COOTBOTCTByeT TpeTieft H HeTBepTOft CTpO- xaM riHTOfl CTpo$u opHTHHajta. IlocJieflHHH CTpajD# nepeBO^a He noJiHocTUo

noBTopneT nepByn: ee noonejuwH CTpowi He xueeT oooTBeTCTBHfl b nepbo# cTpo$e, h noflXBaT peami3yeTCH mcho« 3$$6kthbho , hom b opnrH- Hane.

AH8JIH3 odpasHofl chctomh nepeBo.ua noKa3HBaeT, h to oda qeHTpa-

jzlhhx oöpasa opHTHHaaa noABeprjmcfc cyiqecTBeHHHM M3MeHeHnaM. IIpo-

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0Ka3UBaeTCH HCKaxeHHUM. UapcKaa JUHaaeMa, BJiacTHue pyKH h npeHcnoji-

HM HJIH 3A6M KaK M6CT0 C03Ä8HHH THrpa IUIOXO BflXyTCH C 0Öpa30M

TBopoa-M acTepa, K0T0puft coöctbchhhmh pyxaMH CKpjnutBaeT xhjih c e p s -

ua THrpa h bukobubbot e ro Moar. RneflKOBCKufl TBopeu—Macrep ncuiy-'

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rOBOpHT 0 $H3HHeCK0B CHJ16 H JIOBKOCTH. TeM C8MUM COSÄSTeJU. JimnaeT-

ch cyinecTBeHHUx xapaKTepncTUK TBoptja h CTaHOBHTCH cKopee BJiaUHKoÄ Mxpa, Heu TBOPÜOM, HTO DpOTHBOpeHHT 38MUCJiy aBTopa.

Odpaa THrpa Taxxe npeTepneBaeT H3MeHemw, xoth x MeHinm*, hom - odpaa TBopua. CKpyHHBaHHc x u i cepjwa b hcxoähom tbkcto roBopxT o

$H3HHecKott cmie THrpa, moiuh ero cepoma. "C epw a MaHTHHK yxacHHÄ" b TeKCTe nepeBOAa üoäoöhhx köhhot8Uhä hs hbcbt ( Kpoue Toro, MaHTHHK - 8T0 rpya, KanarmnÄcH Ha HHTxe, ynoAodneHHe cejawa mehthh—

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BceJieHHoft Ha noflBJieHHe THrpa jnraaer ero odpaa cymecTBeHHO# xapax- TepucTHKH - ero poont b MH$ireecKOM uxpe Eaetbca.

FasJortM Maxny opHnmanoM h nepeBOAOM, o xoropax roBopw oci u m , BH3BBHU HapymeHHeM npHKumoB nocTpoeraw odpaapooTH a CTpyx-

- 32 -

Typu OTÄeJö>HiDC 0öpa30B opKrHHaJia. HenocJieaoBaTeJiiHocTi b oimcaHHH

coTBopeHKH THrpa KaK n p o q ecca py^H oro Tpyaa npuBoaHT k cymecTBeH-

itHM H3MeHeHHHM h oöpa3a TBopua, h oöpa3a TH rpa, h M HpoBosspeiree-

cKoit xapaKTepHCTHKH aBTopa CTiucoTBopeHim. B pe3yjQ>TaTe nepe^HCJieH-

hhx Bume pacxoameHHfl t ö k c t nepeB ojia , HecMorpn Ha BHenmee c x o ä c tb o

c opHTHHanoM, aajieKO o tx o ä h t o t opm ’HHajia no CMticJiy. MHp0B033peHHe

aBTopa 0KE3UBaeTCH OTOpBaHHHM OT HCTOplFiüCKoft 3II0XH, B K0T0p0fi

SUIJI aBTOp.

CJiejtjnömHÄ nepeB oa, KO Topiifl paccM aTpH B aeTcn b ÄaHHoft p a ö o T e ,

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CTByeT noBTop nepBoft c T p o $ n . riocKcuitKy n n r e n ctpo(|b opnrHHaJia b

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/iBycTHniHflM iiHToft CTpo$n opHTHHaJia, $HHaJi cTHxoTBopeHHH npHoöpeTaeT

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m ia : t h t p co s jia eT C H B3 opoM T B op u a , a m o jio t h K enn CKperuunoT MeHTu,

b t o BpeMH k o k C T p o ro e cJie.AOBaHHe npHHmmaM n ocTpoeH H fl 0ö p a 3H0CTH

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m o jio t h n en n yqacTB O B a jm b c o 3äehhm K aK oö-Jm öo nacTH TeJia T H rp a .

JIorHMecKaa HeöpexHOCTt npn nocTpoeHHH ueHTpajitHofi qacTH c t h -

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IlocJienHwÄ nepeBOfl, KOTopnil paccMaTpHBaeTOH b stoü paöoTe, -

nepeBoa C.MapaiaKa. IlocTpoeHHe nepBitx HeTHpex CTpo$ nepeBOJia no-

tjth iio jih oc tb » coBnanaeT c nocTpoeHHeM cooTBeTCTByHUHX CTpo$ opn-

•PTiHA.na, Tojibko b nepBoi? CTpo$e oTeyTeTByeT yKa3aHHe Ha $H3HHecjqno

enoeoöHoeTb TBopua co3ÄaTi> THrpa h onyujeHa c e m CTpaxa b xapaKTe-

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jm pm ecKoro repoa cthxotbop6hhh k oöpa3y THrpa.ÜHTafl CTpoâ HcxoÄHoro TeKCTa pacnanaeTca b nepeBoae na ä b b :

- 33 -

EHToa HeTBepocTBnme nepeBoâ cooTBeTCTByeT nepBUM xpeu ctpoxbm

ohtoto HeTBepocTsnaHH opHTHHaJia, a mecToe HeTBepocTHunie nepeBcma

nocJieÄHefl oTpoKe Toro xe HeTBepocTHUiHH. Taxoe OTCTymieHHe ot s x -

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UpHHLpmaM IIOCTpOeHHH OCHOBHUX OÖpaSOB CTHXOTBOpeHHH, HO, BO 06 - Pbmx, HapyraaeT paBHOBecHe uexmy cmhcjiobhmh hbcthmh tskctb : samnv- HHTeJEbHaH HaCTL OmSCaHKH COTBOpeHEH THrpa, B KOTOPOS AaHH peaKQHR

BC&neHHolt Ha co34aHiie THrpa h OTHomemie TBopaa k peayÄtiaTy CBoe- ro Tpy.na h- KOTopan oroxnecTBJweT oosaaTana THrpa h cosaate^fl arn~

Qa, CTaHOBHTCH COÜOCTaBHMOft DO npOÄOJOCHTeJIBHOCTH C OIlHCaHHeM COT- BopeHHH THrpa. 3to ocaaöJiHeT yjapHyn coiiy KOHua cthxotbopshhh.

B0-BT0PUX, HCnOJD>30BaHHe CHH6RK0XH B IDeCTOtt CTp0$6 HepeBO.Ha CÖJIH- xaeT 9Ty CTpo$y co CTpo$aMH omicaHHH npouecca coTBopamw THrpa, hto pasMUBaeT rparamH Mexny cmhcjiobhmh hrcthmh tbkcte h Taxxe

yMOKkmaeT yuapHy» cany $HHaHa cthxotbopohhä. 3aKJiioHHTeJQ>Hoa h o t- BopocTHume nepeBOj» peaimyeT nojocBaT Menee 9$$eKTHBHo, hbm aü a - aiorHHHoe HeTBepocTHmHe opHTHHaJia, Tax xax coBiumanT tojüko nep - BUB ÄBe CTpOKH 3THX HeTBepOCTHBIHÖ, HTO OCJiadJIHOT CBH3B M6JWy H8-pBOfl h nocjiejmefl CTpo$axra nepeBo.ua. Kpome Toro, Mojm$HxaiiHH pH- TopHHocxoro Bonpoca b nocJieAuefi crpo$e ( kom sanyuaH - nte# pyxot coaAaH odpaa THrpa ) He HeceT, b OTJunae ot opHTHHana, HHxaxott JtOnOJIHHTeJEbHOÄ HH4)0pMailHH 0 TB0JH6 THrpa,

B u&noti CTpyKTypa ochobhioc 0öpa30B h ee sanojmeKHe b tbkctc nepeBoaa ohshl Öjth3kh x aHaxorxnHHM xapaxTepHOTHKaw hcxoahoto

TexcTa. Oahbko h oöpas TBopua, h oöpas THrpa b TexcTe nepeBona HaCTHHHO xax ÖU TepfflOT CBOD MODO), TaK KaK B nepBOt H ÜOCJIBÄHSÄ

CTpo$ax onymeHa 8M$a3a $H3inecKoft h syxoBHoft cuocoöhocth TBopqa • C03WTI. THrpa, a b xapaxTepaoTHxe THrpa oroyTCTsyeT CTpax, koto- Phä BusuBaeT y jmpinecKoro repon cTHxoTBopeHHfl s to t chmboji paapy- - meHHfl H XeCTOXOCTH,

Ha 0CH0BaHHH BunojiHeHHoro aHamaa oöpasHoro CTpon othxotbo- peHHH "Tnrp" ywn>flMa EneKxa h rpex ero nepeBOÔB Ha pyccxz# Haan moxho CÄeJtaTi cJueaynuHe buboau:

a ) b xaxuoM H8 Tpex nepeBQHOB xaHHoro craxoTBopeHim HsueHe- HHfl CTpyKTyp OÖpaSOB, BU3B&HHHB (HiymeHHOM HJIH CyQ)eCTB6HHU4 KaHeCT- BSHHHH H3M6HeHXeM HX C6MaHTHH0CKHX COCTaBJUOmHX ( .HTO HOHSÖ6XHO

-34 -

npKBOÄHT K H3 M6 He HUB XapaKTOpa CBH36& 3THX COCTaBJlföOmHX C ÄPJTTH-

MH ) BJ16KJTT 3B COÖOÄ H3MeHeHH6 CMHCJia BCerO TeKCTa.

Ö ) coxpaHerare b TeKCTe nepeBo.ua oöpaaHoro c tp oh opurtmajta

npH cymecTBeHHOM HSMeHeHHH CTpyKTypu ero Meat$pa30Bnx CBH3efl mm

cooTHomeHHH ero ochobhhx HacTeft nprao^HT m ö o k HSMeHeHHc cm h c j»

TeKCTa, Jmöo k H3MeHeHHD bo3ä6äctb iih TeKCTa nepeBO.ua Ha HHTaTeJiH,

Ha CKa3aHHoro Bune c a e ^ y e T , h to aHaJW3 CTpyKTypu oöpaaoB b ee aanojiHeHHH mozct cJiyxHTt KpirrepHeM Buöopa aaMeH, a b coneTa-.

hkh c aHajuiaoM CTpyKTypu TeKCTa - h KpHTepHeM oqeHKH KanecTBa nepeBoaa.

WILLIAM BLAKE I W EJUHK

THB FYGRR THTP

Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the fo rests o f t h e night,What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fea rfu l synanetry?

In what diatant deepa or akles Burnt the f i r e of thine eyes?On what wings dar« he aspire?What the hand dare aeize the fire?

Tarp, o THrp! KpoBaBuit cnojiox, Bhctphü ÖJiecK b nojmoHHHX jOJiax, ycTpanntTeJüHaß CTaTB,Kto nocMeJi Teön co3JKit i>?

B npeHcnoiiHett kjh b 3äbm6 HeKTO b uapcKoft ananeMe Orottb b onax tbohx aa*er?KaK oh BHTepneJi oxor?

And what Shoulder, and what art,Could twiat the ninewa of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat,What dread hand? And what dread feet?

Kto KanHyJi pyKoio BJiacTHoU Cepjma mehthhk yatacmift H, ycJimuaB rpo3Hnfl ctjtk. He yöpaJi cmotchhux pyi<?

What the hammer? What the chain? In what fumace was thy brain? What the anvil? What dread grasp Dare lt s deadly terrora elasp?

Kto xpeöeT Kpemui h nponiui?B Ky3He KTO T6ÖH BoponaJi?B hihx KJiemax tboä M03r nmiaJi? ^ e » 3Jioöoft 3aKiraaji?

What the. stars threw down their apearsf A Korjia TH B H0*a> yMHancH, And water'd he ave n with their tears, HeyaceJm yJiHÖaJiCHDid he amile his work to see? TboÄ C03AaTeJH> - B03JBX5HDid he who made the Lamb make thee? H HTHeHKa, H - TeÖH?

Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the foreats of the night,What immortal hand or eye,Dare frame thy fea rfu l symmetry?

Tarp , o THrp! KpoBaBHÄ chojiox,. Bhctph» ÖJiecK b nanHOHHKX ÄOJiax, ycTpamHTeJEbHaH c tb tb , - K to BeJieJi Teöe BOccTaTt?

( üepeBcw B.Ü.TonopoBa)

- 35 -

yMbHM BJIE0K

THTP

T n rp , t h t p , ÄryMHÜ CTpax,Tu ropmiiL b hohhux J iecax.Heft öeccMepTHuä b s o p jdoöh,Co3Äaa cTpajuHoro TeÖH?

B H eöecax hjib c p e A i suöeft BcnuxHyJi ÖJiecK tbo h x oêft?KaK ÄepsaJi oh TaK napwTB?Kto nocMeJi brora. cxBaraii»?

Kto. cKpyTHJi h a m nero HepBu cepAua TBoero?

cTpaiflHo» pyKoö Tu ötui BhiKOBaH - TaKofi?

Heft öhji mojiot, ueiui h i h ,HTOÖ CKpenHTi MeHTU TBOH?Kto B3MeTHyJl TBOft ÖUCTpUÄ B3MSX, yxBaTHJi CMepTeJiiHUÖ CTpax?

B TOT BeJIHKHÄ H&C, KOTÄB.Bo33BaJia k 3BeaAe 3Be3Aa,B n ac , KaK Heöo Bce 3ajcrJL0ci> BjiaKHHM ÖJieCKOM 3Be3flHHX CJie3, -

Oh , C03âmie jdoöh, yjiuöHyjicH Jtb Ha TeÖH?T o t xe jo , oh TeÖH cosaan ,Kto p o w e H ie a rm iy ßaJi?

(flepeBOA K.BaJEbMDHTa )

y M L H M EJIiS iK

THTP

T n rp , o t h t p , cBeTJio ropnmitfl B rJ työm e noJiHO'qHoft hbuih,KeM 3a^yM an orHeBoit C o p a3MepHHfl o öp aa tb o ä ?

B H eöecax hjih ' rJiyöHHax TJieJi oroHi> oêiJ 3BepnHux?T ae TaüJicH oh BeKa?H in nanuia e r o pyua?

Hto 3a M acTep, nojmufl chjiu , Cbhji tbo h T y ra e kh jm ?H noHyBCTBOBa/i Me® pyKCepAUa nepBHÄ th h k h h 3B y K ?

Hto 3a ropH npeA hmm ntuiaji? t4to 3a MJiaT TeÖH KOBa/i?K to BiiepBue cxan KJiemaMH rHeBHKÄ M03r , MeTaBUfflfi nJlaMH?

A Kor.ua Beel» KynoJi 3Be3AHuä OpocHJicH BJiaroH cJie3Hott, yjiHöHyjicH ja , HaKOHeii,ÄeJiy pyK cbohx TBopeu?

HeyaieJm Ta xe ciu ia,T a » e MOtuHaa JiaAOHi M HTHeHKa COTBOpiMa,H TeÖH, hohhoH o r o m ?

T n rp , o T H rp , cseTJio ropsiuHft B TJiyöHHe nojiHOMHolt Mama!H ieß öeccMepTHoio pyKOÄ Co3flaH rpo3Huft oöpa3 tb o A?

( üepeBOA C . Mapciana)

CCUJIKM HA JMTEPATyPy

1. JI.C.EapxyjapoB. Haiw h nepeBOÄ. - M.: MeKAyHapoAHue otho- meHHH, 1975. - 240 c*

2. M.P.raJEbnepHH. CTHJiHCTHKa aHTJmflcKoro H3UKa. - M.: Bucmaa fflKOJia, 1981, _ 334 c,

3. H.A.TypManeBa. 0 im a x $opMan>Hux h Jionraeciatx cBH3ei b

CBepx$paa0B0M cahhctbs : ABTope$. . . .KaHfl $iuioji.HayK /MIMHH hm. M.Tope3a. - M ., 1973. - 24 c .

- 36 -

ItaTHpyeMaa JniTepaTypa

y.RneäK. H3ÖpaHHHe c th x h /CocT.A.M.3BepeB.-M.':IIporpecc,I982.

B .B .iyceß

CEMAHTHKA KOMMyHHKATHBHOrO HAMEPEHHfl H EE HHTEPHPETAIIKH B ÜPOUECCE ÜEPEBOM

B nocjieÄHee BpeMH ocoöeHHHfl HHTepec npoHBJiHeTCH k npoöJieMe aHajiH3a ceMaHTunecKoft CTpyKTypu opHTHHaTia b nponecce nepeBOâ.

OÖMCHÄeTCfl 3TO, no—BHHHMOMy, TeM, HTO OflHOft H3 OCOÖeHHOCTeft n e -

peBO.ua, owmaiomeli e ro o t apyrroc bkhob pe’ieBoft aenTeJiLHocTH, hb-

JweTCH HeoöiouHMocTL ncuiHoro noHMMamw coêputaHHH TeKCTa nepeBoa-

HHKOM.

Hto x e npeÄCTaBJweT coöofl CTpyKTypa TeKCTa, h Kaioie ee kom-

noHeHTH MoryT cthtb oöieKTOM nepeB oêcK oro aHarasa?

B KOHuenipra M.M.EaxTHHa BuneJiHWTOH ÄBa MOMema, onpeêJuaroHe

t8 k c t : 3aMticeJi (HHTeHmw) h ocymecTBJieHHe 9Toro 3aMHCJia[lC.298|

"PeêBoö 3aMHceJi", hjih "peêßaa bojih roBopranero" - yHHBepcambHuft

K0Mn0HeHT, npHcyTCTByiomHtt "b KaxuoM BHCKa3maHra - o t oähocjiobho# öhtoboä peiuuncH m öojitmroc, cjiokhhx nponsBeêmril Hayrai hjih JiHTepa-

TypH" . . £2 . C . 2 ? o ] . PeêBoä saMuceJi on peêjm eTca KaK " cyöieKTHBHHfl

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iieJioe, paccMaTpHBaeT TeKCT H.M.JChhkhh. B TeKCTe peajmsyeTca HaM e-.

p em e "BUCKa3aTB OÄHy ocHOBHy» mhcjib", KOTopan 3ajicateHa b KaauroM

"OTHOCHTeJIBHO 3aK0HHeHH0M H n0CJieÄ0BaT6JIBH0M TeKCTe" [ 3. C.250j ..

PaccMaTpHBan TeKCT KaK "c o ^ ep sa T eJit Ho-cMHCJioByB iie jiocT u ocT B ",

T .M .iIpan3e B M eJw eT , b h e c th o c th , M aKpocTpyKTypy TeKCTa, npe^cTaB -

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HHTepnpeTaiXHH peumaeHTOM 3aMHCJia, u e jia , ochobhoä hhöh cooöuishhh,

- 37 -

KOMh^HHKaTHBHoro naMepeHEH e ro aBTopa" [4 . 0 .8 5 -6 7 ].

H .A .3 hmhhh Bm eJweT mecTB ypoEHefl T en cTa : I ) MOTHB&iCHOHHHft h

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[ 5 . C .146] .Bo B cex npHBejieHHHX Bume no/Dtoiiax b pasnofl tepMHHOJiorHiJ bu-

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B öömeö cxeMe pe^enoposweraiH, moxho rrpejuicuioKHTk, h to KH "crmaB-

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JIOM. CBH3B 3THX nOHHTHÖ MOXHO äpryMeHTHpOBaTt C TOMKH 3peiflIH KOH-

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Barae HMeeT smpecaTa, Koxoptift MoxeT muht*. Ha Hero [ 2 . C. 290-29]]. .

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KOMMyHHKaTHBHOe HaMepeHHe, "CIUiaBJMHCB" c MOTHBOM, C0CT8B- JIH6T MOTHBaUHOHHO-nodyJKHaXXBHl! ypOBem. BHCKa3HBaHHH - "OÖJIaCTb cnjieTeHHH nHTejmeKTysuiBHoro, BMouHOHajiLHoro h BOJieBoro" [ 7 .C. 7 l] .

KH HMeeT BHyTpeHH»» $opMy BHpaxero«, onpejeJmeMy» mothbom h c o o t -

HOCHMy» c SMOUHOHaJTbHUMH COCTOHHHHMH CyÖteKTa. Ee MOXHO CpaBHHTt C "BHyTpeHHHM nCHX0JI0rHH6CKHM K0HT6KCT0M", BHyTpH K0T0p0r0, no CJIOBaM Jl.C.BurOTCKOrO, "TOJIIKO H MOX6T ÖUTB nOHHT CMHCJI ÄaHHOrO CJiOBa", H KOTOpHÄ MOK6T 3aKJHIHaTtCH B "C8M0M Iipe3pHTeJIL~HOM OTpH- uarara, apyrofl paa - b coMHerooi, TpeTHl - b HeroÄOBaHHH h t . ä . "[6 .C.339j . <$opMy KH He CJiejyeT CMennraaTB c $opMaMH KOMMyHHKauHH,

38 -

KOTopue onpeAeJMBTM khk a ) B m m a HH$opMamra H ö) noöyxueHHe k

BtmoJmeHH» jieÄCTBHH [j7 . C .72] .

B pa3Hoft $opMe KOMMyiiHKauira Bceraa peaJiH3yeTCH Hen3MeHHoa coiteputamie KH - B03ÄeÄcTBne Ha naprHepa oöinerow c iieJiB» noöyjum.

e ro k ÄeHTeJttHocTH hjih OTKasy ot orrpe.uej'CHHoro BHjia jieflTeJiBHOCTH.

TaKoe BoajeftcTBHe MoaceT npiiHHMaTB ifiopMj' npHMoro hjih KocBeHHoro n o -

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ue;iiB 0Ka3HBaeTCfl B03JneöcTBHe, hto n03B0JmeT bkjhohhtb KH b ceMaH-

TH'iecKyn cTpyitTypy peêBoro cooömeraiH.

Oähhm hs Basmeftramc cboActb KH HBJineTCH e ro HanpaBJieHHocTB.

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BaHHH ( noöysweHHe) L S . C .58 ] .

- 39 -

Hto xe KacaeTcn mguHntHpoBaHHoro KH, to oöshchkti sto hb-

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ten bhobi. peajnisyetOH b texoTe nepeBo^a. He ocTaHaBXXBaaci

- 40 -

»OÄPOÖHO Ha penpojtyitvrpyiomefl ÄeHTeJttHccTH nepesojiM HKa, cJiejiyoT

tom He Menee o tm o th t ii , .mto miTepripeTiipyeMufl aaMHceJi jtoMMyHMKaH-

Ta He Bcer.na oHeKBaTHo peaJiH3yeTCfl b nepeBcuie 9 .C .4? . CjioKHocTt

»HaJiM3a n ep eB O jn ec ia a oujhöok saiuiBMaeTCH, b nacTHocTH , b to m , h to

oöo# mo* 8 t öHTb Kan pesyJtbTaTOM HenpaBHJttHoft H H Tep iipeTaiyw , Tax

i neyweHHeM nepeBOÄ^mca aneKBaTHö BupasHTt 3aMuceJi KOMMyHMKaHTa.B KHMecTBe H aaöojiee oömeft xapaKTepacTHKH HHTepnpeTaitHH KH

moxho BKueJiHTb ee HanpaBJieHMe.

Am pacKpuTHfl iiohhtvih HanpaBJieHHe HHTepnpeTanHH ueJiecooöpas- ho BüueJutTB A Ba BRua KH : KOMMyHUKaTHBHoe HaMepeuMe a B T o p a TeK C Ta

( JiaJiee KHa T ) h KowMyHHKaTHBHoe HaMepenae n p ew o m em w ( .uajiee K i y .

KHflT HBJiHeTCü bhcuihm ypoBHeM ceMaHTircecKofl CTpyKTypu TeKCTa,

onpeAejmiouiHM e r o coaepxaTeJtbHocTB h KOMMyHMKaTHBHyn sH aH KM ocrt.

KHflT HM66T caM0CT0HTeJtbH0e cojiep*aH M e - B osjieöcTB u e Ha h k t &t m h

nocpeacTBOM HH$>opMauiiH,saimmeinioM b TeKCTe,sKcnpeccuBH H x cpejicTB

■ Äp. TaKHM 0öpa30M, KHfiT peaJw syeTC fl b nepBOM ra u e KOMMyHHKaumi

( CM.BUUie ) .

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’uiHeHHoe MecTO b ceM aH TinecKofl CTpyKType TeKCTa. E ro coAepK aim e -

B03AeflcTBne Ha HHTaTejm nocpe^cTBOM nm|>opMauMn, 3aiuiiOTeHHoit b

npeA’iOÄeHHM - m o*o t npHMO u He coBii.ajiaTh c coxiepM-niieM KHaT ( mto

öyÄeT ii0Ka3aH0 m ixe ) . KH„_ H e ju s fl noHHMaTt Kan npocxyto cyMMy c o c -äTTaBAHBuiHX e r o K H ^ g . to n e noane HHTepnpeTauüH B cex KHn KHflT MaxeT

ö h t i ne noHHTO HHTepnpeTaTopoMl C «p y r o l ! cTopon u , b cjiynaHx H3-

öutohho# aKciuiMKauHH ycnenmaH HHTepnpeTaiyiH KHaT B0aM0*Ha Ha o o -

Hoee noHMMauHfl h b c th KHn_ ft. MHTepnpeTHpy« KHa T , nepeBojiMHK B o cn -

pHHHMaeT He t o j i lk o KH j , ho h jihhhoctb aBTopa, BhipaxaiauyDCfl B

TeKCTe - e r o B3rjumu, m othbh, ycTaHOBKM h t . ä . OöteKTHBHue 3Haraw

nepeBOjpiMKa o<5 aBTope, He co^epnamwecH b TeKCTe, Taiute noMoranr

HHTepnpeTWpoBaTi» K H „_.niCTpyKTypa ceM äH TireecKoro coaeputaHiw TeKCTa onpeaeJw eT H a-

npaBJieHHe HHTepnpeTauMH, xoTopoe mo*ho ycJioBH o npe./icTaBHTb b b h -

Ä6 cjie4ynunx $opMyJi: a ) "KHj,-*- KHflT " ö ) "KHaT KHn" . IlepBaa

({»opMyjia oiipeAeJineT HanpaBJieHHe HHTepnpeTamm KH nepBux iip ea J io *e~

HH# TeKCTa, HJIH npHMO# HHTepnpeTaUHH. HoiLHMafl, O MeM I'OBOpHTCH

b TeKCTe, nepeBOOTHK c tp o h t r io io T e s y o t o m , k s k o s m >3 jieRcTB ne na

- 41 -

^HTaTeJiH xoneT 0Ka3aTt aBTop, to e cT t nepexo;oiT ot cmhcjib k KHjj.IIo Mepe noHMMaHHH KH nepBHX npe4JioxeHHft c tp oh tch rHnoT63a o KHaT. K0T0paH 3aTeM iiojiTBepûiaeTCH, KoppeKTHpyeTCfl hjih OTÖpacuBaeTCfl.

OöpaTHan miTepirpeTaixHH KH OTJmnaeT p adoTy nepeBOjtHHKa Ha

ypoBHe nocJiej;ynm Ri n pe ju ioxem ift. IloHMMaime KH npeAnoxem ril b stom

c jiy v a e JiocTHraeTCH Ha 0CH0Be noHHMaHHH KHflT. C T poro roBopH , p e n i

m ieT o jQCTaTOHHo TOCTOBepHofl rn n o T e s e , T ax « a x TeopeTHHecKH okoh-

iHTeJihHaH HHTepnpeTamm KHaT, bühhmo, He mokot öutb npoBeflenä flo

T oro , KaK iiohhto nocJiejHee npejyioateHHe TeKCTa. OßHaKO Ha npaKTHKe

KHaT ÄOCTaTOHHO yBepeHHö HHTepnpeTHpyeTCH nepeBOJTiHKOM Äaae Ha

paHHefl CTajwn paöoTU c TeKCTOM, a TpeöOBarae nocTeneHHoft iiHTepn-

peTaiiHH no,upa3yMeBaeT ^hcto JiHHrBHCTHMecKHÖ anajma KaeaJiiaoro TeK

CTa. PadoTa me c peajiBHHM TeiccTOM, He B cem a xapaKTepii3yjutHHMCH p a -

BHOMepnocTBiD pacnpeêJieHHH ceManTHHecKoro cojiepxaHJBfl, npejicTaBJiHet

coöofl cjioxhuü npoueoc, KOTopuft nojipa3yMeBaeT H3MeHeime HanpaBJia-

hhh HiiTepnpeTanHH h Baute BoaBpauieHHe k hcxoähoH tohko b cJiyMae

OTKaaa o t rnnoTesw o KHQ„,.ÜTI t a e npHBeêHu cKOHCTpyirpoBaHHue HaMH npHMepy HHTepnpeTanHii

KHaT jiByx TeKCTOB c rji,enTK^nuM cmmcjiobhm co.nepxaHneM, ho pa3H of

KOMn03HHHeÜ.

A . HaKOHeu. QTeu upHKaaaJi c h b c th CTapne Hacu bo tEJinroffi).

Ohh .hojito ne Manajiu MHe iiokoh. D bhcokom «yöoBOM $yTJispe, c n o io p -

HeBiiiHM o t BpeMenn umfiepÖJiaTOM ohh f la u e chhjlhcb MHe no hohem , ähbm

hx MeJiKHft cTyK cJiMiiaJicH noBciofly, npoHHKafl, KaK mhs Ka3aJioci>, b

KaM HÄ yroJ ioK nainero doJitm oro iioMa.

KH nepBoro npeju ioxem w , oKa3UBanmerocfl KJDoneBUM w w noHHMamui

Bcero TeKCTa, noaBOJweT BüHBHHyTb iwcTOBepHyio rHnoTesy o KHaT i

HHTepnpeTHponaTt Ha 3Toü 0CH0Be KH nooJieflywiiHX npe,HJioxeHHtt. llpn- MeM ecjni HHTepnpeTauHH nepBoro npejyioMH&H hocht npHMoll xapaKTop,

t o nocJie^ywuiHe npeiuionteHMH HHTepnpeTHpynTOH no oöpaTHoH oxeiue. Eo-

jieo cjioxhuA xapaKTep dy.neT h o c h t l HHTepnpeTauHH TeKCTa E:

E. /lojrro He m n a ju i Mite noKon cTapue nacH. B bucokom jiyd0B0M

(fyTJinpe, c noMepHeBiiiHM o t BpeMeHH uH(J>epdJiaTOM ohh ,na*e chhjihcb mho

no HonaM. JlHeM rnc mojikhä CTyK OJiuuiaJicfl noBCiauy, npoHHKa«, KaK MHe

KaaaJiocb, b KaMHÜ yroJioK Hamero doJtbmoro flOMa. HaKOHeu, q tru npn-

Ka3aJi cuecTH hx bo juntreJn»,HHTepnpeTHpyn stot t s k c t , nepesoji^HK p ad oraeT c ÄByMH r im o -

- 42 -

TeaaMH, coÄepataHHe KOTopmc onpeaeJiseTCH nojiwttHTeJiiHUM vum OTpim a-

reJiiHUM o tb o to m Ha B on poc: "XoMeT jim bbtop cK a3aTL , hto hbch pe- MiHO cym ecTByrT h HaxoAHTCH b ÄOMe b onncuBaeMoe BpeMH?" HaaoBeM ix noJioxHTeJCbHoft h OTpHnaTeJitHOÄ r«noTe3aMH. B TaÖJame noKa3aHa B03MOXHSA ÄMHaMHKa HHTepnpeTauHH KH^ b n p ou ecce ycTHoro nepeBO.na.

TaÖJiHua

npeÄVHBJIHeMK# T6KCT j| ÜUHaMHKa cMeHH rnnoTe3

JIojc’o He AaBaJra uHe n0K0A CTapue nacti. !! B03HHKH0BeHHe rim oTea■ ■ — 1 .......— ............... ■ ]

B bhcokom jyöOBOM fyTJw pe, c no^epHeß- !

UIHM OT BpeMOHH UH$epÖJIETOM OHM A&X6. „ . j

[1j noJiojKHTeJibHaH

1

. . . CHHJWCL MHfl no HOHEM. J| . oTpHuaTeJiiHaa

ÄH6M HX M6JIKH# CTyK CJIHUiaJICH

noBcnuy, npoHHKHH . . .

1! nojioxHTe-iiiHaH !

. . . KaK MHe Ka3anocB . . . ! OTpmiaT e jh hbh

s Kaauüifl yroJioK namero dojitmoro äomb. ' IIOJIOÄÜTeJliHELH

HaKOHeu, oTeu npHKa3aJi OHecTH hx bo (JjIHTeJIB

1 noÄTBepaweHiie nojioxH-

! TeJEbHofl ranoTesu

EoJiBinaH ÄHHaMHKa HHTapnpeTaiiHOHHoro npouecca BU3Bana b jiehhom

cjrjnae öojujdo# CTenem.» HMnJUiKaiym KH b Ha^aJie h cepejwHe TeKCTa.

Hs tacSjnmu b iw h o , hto OTfleJttHHe onepamra no nHTepiipeTamiH KH&T

He onpeAöJwioTc« panotaMH npejyioxoHHH. 3to cBimeTeJii>cTByeT o tom ,

hto npoueoo BupaxoHHH KH„_ nocpejicTBOM KH cocTaBJiHxxmuc tckctIXTjyioxewifl BKJomeT He tojo>ko onepamw cJioxeHHH, ho u oTpuuaima i

Äa*e ÖOJiee c.na*HHe npeoöpaaoBaHHH, ocymecTBJweMue Ha ypoBHe tq k c t b ,

Cnem$HKa HHTepnpeTaiyioHHoft ÄesTeJiLHocTH BuuBuraeT ocoöue

TpeöoBaraw k nepeBOÄMHKy. B npouecce HHTepirpeTauHH nepe,u hum KaK

öh npejicTaeT motHBaimoHHaH c$epa aBTopa tö k c tb , B oö^ okt nepeBoa-.

HeCKOtt AMTSJIBHOCTI BKJUO'lajOTCfl BSrJUWU, yCTailOBKH EBTOpa, KOTOpue

nepeBOÄMHK ynifTHBaeT > coothocht o t 6kctom . IlepeBojtHHK ÄOJaceH o ö -

aajaTI. nOOTOKHHHM " OOOTBOTCTBHOM HHTepnpeTailHOMHHX BOSMOXHOCTe#",

- 43 -

KOTopne oiipeßeJLfWTCH KaK "yMeraie aKTyajm3npoBaTt bco , oTHooraaeeoj!

K ilBHHOMy IipejIM O Ty BUCKa3UBaHHH, COOTHeCTH !I3BeCTHO0 H I1OBO0, BH -

«e . iH T t rJiaBHoe h naflTH onTHMaJiMiym /uw a a n n oro KH h uannoti CMTya-

Hhh oöuisHiiii tJiopMy Bupaxem w mhcjih h C B oero othoid8Hhh :? »b ioKasu-

Wikhjo , , . " '1 0 C. 300

CChUKM HA JiMTEPATypy

I - M. M.FiaxTHH. IIpoöJieMa reiccTa d JiHUPBHCTHKe, (JmJioJiorsiH k Apym x ryMaHHTapnux Haynax / ScTeTKica CJiOBecnoro TBop 'iecm a. -

M .: HcicyccTBO 1986. - C .29? - 325»

2. M.M.BaxTWH. IIpoöJieMa peHeBicc KanpoB / ScTeTHKa cjiobocho- ro TBop'iecTBa. - M. : McKyccTBO 1986. - C.250r296.

3 . H.M.Kmhkuh. PasBHTHe njicbMenHofl penn y^amwxcH 111-yiI im ao-

eoii/^ManeCTHii AJ1H PC4>CP, Bun.78, 1956. — C. 1 ■ 11 —ij50.4» T.MJlpnn3e. TeKCTOBan .HeaTeJünocTb n CTpyKType couHtutbHofi

KOMMyiinicauHM. - M.! Hayna, 1984. - 272 c,5" M .A .3 hmiuih . llouxoJioriw reiccTa icuk npo^yicTa penoßofi ne-

JITCJIBHOCTK. / / fl3UK 1«1K KOMMy HHKaTliBHaH Jie/IT0JU>HOCT1» HaJlOBOKa. -

M., 1987. - C . 143-.I49 ( T p . / MTIIHMH HM .M .Topeaa h h h -t H3HK03Ha-

füt;i All CCCP, buh,284 ).C. J !„C ,RnroTCKMit. M iijuienne u p e 't t . / / C oöp .co 'J . b 6 - th t .

llpooJiCHu ortmefi licuxoJioriiH / Ilo.u peü .B .B .iiAB iiH O BA. - M .: rie.naro-

rniw , 1982, -■ T.2 - C. 5 -361,7» M.A.3hm]ihji. licHxonorMHecKJie acneKTU oöy^eHHH roBopßnvoo

aa ;(H0CTDaHH0M joukü, - M.: llpocuemeHHe, 1985, - 160 o.»U ß .A . ApreMOD. ilciixoJionifl ortyneHMfl mioexpaHHuM «auKavi. -

M. - ll])ocuemenne, I9G9. - 279 c»9. ü .A.3hmiupi. llcnxoJiorHHeciotÄ anajiiia nepeso;ia KaK biuw

pe'U' r.oH jlCflTCJCh HÖCTH // FiOlipOCU TeOpHH , I . - ' . ' '7 - 4 9 .

(Tu / vii 11HHH KM.M.'Popaaa, bhh.127 ).10, !I .A .SitM iu«. llciixojiorjin cjiyiuamifl » roBopetuifl: M c . . . .

liOKi'Opr, n0KX0Ji.nayK / Kh-t licuxojiorira All CGCJ! M., I97;o - os3 c.

M. 10. KeMHjrxHHxoBa

CMUCJ10BÜE CBH3M B TEKCTE H IIEPEBO^

B CBH8H 00 CTpeMHTeJÜHUM p&3BHTHeM JIHHTBHCTHKH TßKCTa, Haptt- o oödjkmh npoÖJieMaMH CBH3H0CTH T eK c ia , HccjieAOBaTeJiet npHBJia-

wuot Bonpocu HacTHoro irpoHBJiemw' BHyTpuTeKCTOBHX CBaaefl, koh- KpoTHHe cnocoöH Bupeuiteram bthx CBH3eö hshhobhmh eAwumaMH. B Ö0JQ>UHHCTB6 padOT 3TH BOUpOCH pBCCMaTpHBajOTCH H8 MBTepMaJie 0AH0-ro H3HKa.

MsyneHHe cmhcjiobhx CBflsefl b ts k c tb npeACTaBJWeTCH bsukhum k

jyw TeopnH nepeBOAa. B nocJieAHHe roAH npodJieMH coÄep*aTeJii>HoÄ

oTpyKTypu TeKCTa h ee KOMnoHeHTOB, KyAa bxoaht h pa3JutHHHe t o k -

CTOBue CBH3U, Bes doJtbiiie HHTspecjnoT HccJieÄOBaTejieö b b toä o ö -

jiacTZ. MHorHe acneKTU cooTHometom KOMnoHeHTOB OMUcJia h cnocodoa

ix H3HKOBOTO Bupaxeram b TBKOTax acxoAHoro H3UKa h H3HKa nepeBOAa

nepeBOOTeciuie ouihÖkh, BCTpenarmHeoH b CTyAeHHecKmc padoTax

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noJiyHaTeJ«), He HBJuaxueMycH HOCHTeJieM AaHHoro h3ukh, b ciuiy o t -

jjhhhH b e ro fl3HK0B0M 3HaHHH, couHaJtbHOM onHTe h npHHajyiexHocTu

k apyroft K y jiiT ype. BHÄBJieHHe noflodm a cmhcjiobhx CBH3ett, x o th h

npeÄCTaBJweT 3heh ijtbjb>Hy*> TpyAHocTb, HMeeT öojiiuioe 3HaneHHe a jw

npaBHJrbHofl HHTepnpeTamns hhoctp&hhhx to k c to b , a TaK*e a jw ä o c th -

xeHHH aneKBaTHocTH npn nepeBOAe.

CJieAyeT, BnpOHOM, 0TM6THTI., hto CMHCJIOBUe CBH3H B TeKCTe B a -

xhu x jyw npaBHJüHoro nocTpoeHMH pena oTnpaBHTejibm Ha poähom h sh - Ke, hto ne Bceraa, k coxaJieHHE, HMeeT mbcto. Bot xapaKTepHuft

npHMep HenpaBHJaHoro BHpa*eraw b tck o to aHaijopHCTHHecKo» cbh3h: "BeoeJtHM roMOHOM aanoJiHeH san JIomh oxpaHu npirpoAH. 3a6cl

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OHa ÖyAM padOTaTt no 29 MapTa"(BeH«pHKH M ocKBa,20.03,87,3),

eme *Ayr CBoero pa3pemeHHH

- 45 -

M esw y cooTHeceHHtiMH aHa$opHCTH 'jecKoJl c b h 3b b cym ecTBHTeJüH iai

"BticTaBKa" h e ro (JiöpMajiBHiM aaMecTHTeJieM, MecTomweHHeM T p eT tero

Jimia "oH a" noHBJLHeTCH eme oäho cymecTBHTeJiiHoe »en cK oro po.ua -

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CTpyKTypH b ciuiy T oro , h to b tb k c tö HenocpeacTBemio npejonecTsyeT MeCTOKMeHHJO.

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paMKH y3Koro noHMMaHKH ana$opK w paccMaTpnBa»T ee c tohkh spe inu i

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ceMaHTMêcKoe e;mHCTBO ( M.XaJunmefi, P.XeftaaH, B.llaJieK, E.B.najny- neBa, E.B.Eapaöaiu h Jip. )• B hgkotopux paöOTax Öuji CÄeJiaH m ar K

paccMOTpeHWB jtonoJiHHTeJiBHux (JaKTopoB, npeônpeAeJimommc aJ-ia$opnc- THHecKHe oTHomeiinFi b TeKCTe - KOMMyHHKaTHBHO-nparMaTHqecKoß ycTa- HOBKH OTnpaBHTeJIH H BJUIHHHH KOHTeKCTa H $OHOBUX 3UaHHÄ.

Ecjim anaijjopa xapaKTepH3yeTCfl KaK yicasaraie Ha npejaiiecTByjcmHä KOHTeKCT, to .npyroä thh cooTHeceHHOCTH b TeKCTe - KaTa$opa - na- npoTHB, yKaaußaeT Ha to , mto nocJiejiyeT aa aaHHofl TeiccTOBOfl ejai- HHuett. IlpoÖ.neMa KaTa$opn, hjih npflMOHairpaBJieHHOfl cbh3h b T6KCT6, noßBJUiacB b paöOTax coBpeMeumtx jujhtbhctob ( Xajumueft h XeösaH, raJiinepHH, MocKajiBCKaff ) tojibko b CBH3H c pa3BHTH6M jihhtbhcthkh TeKCTa. U m xapaKTepHCTHKH TeKCTa cymecTBeHHHM HBJineTCH He TOJIBKO M0M6HT CBH3H ero KOHKpeTHOß eflHHHUH c npejBiiecTByiomHM KOH- T6KCT0M, HO TaKKe H TO, B KEKOft Mepe Ta HJIH KHEH eÄHHMIja T6K- cTa MO*eT cHrHaJiH3HpoBaTB noHBJieiffie KaK0ft~T0 HH$opMaimH b nooJie- jQrwneM KoiiTeKCTe.

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npoMexyTO’iHHe 3B6HB.R b HHTepnpeTauHM CBH3Hba TeKCTOB"! 2 .C .2 0 6 ].

- 46 -

Ohohb HHTepecHo# npeflCTaBJiiieTCH mhcjib, BUCKa3aHHaa B.ryTBHH-

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CxeMa fleMOHCTpapyeT OTHoweHHe M ew y pa3HUMH THnaMH CBase#.

Tau, aHa$opa h KaTa$opa npeACTaBJLHMT OTHomemm Ha r0pn30HTaJiBH0#

ooh, to ecTL b CHHTaTMaTMKe TeKCTa. jip ym e OTHomennH xapaKTepn-

syioT BHeTeKCTOBue CBH3H - ohh npeflCTaBJieHH Ha cxeMe b Bn.ue jihhhä,

pacnoJio*eHHHX Hnxe 3Toft ropasoHTaJiBHofl MepTu:

üapa$opa - npeflCTaBJLaeT coöofl tbkoö thu cbe3H, Kor.ua KaKan-

to eÄHHüua oAHoro tokctb othochtch , OTcanaeT k ÄpyrolS e/mmma

apyro ro to k c tb ( t b k , KaKan-To eÄHrama b tökctö n tecu B.WeitcnHpa

moäot OTCiwaTB k HQMy—to onpeÄeJieHHOMy b e ro apyrolt n i.e c e ) .

3K30$0pa - 3T0 TEKOfl Tun CBH3H, K0r.Ha BÄHHHUa TeKCTa OTCU- jiaeT K CHTyaoHH. Hanpiwep, m tobophm "3Ta khmtb" h yKa3HBaeM

EecTOM, KaKyx KHnry mh HMeeM b b w .0MO$Opa - 8T0 OTH6C6HHOCTB K HalUHM OÖmHM 3HaHHÜM. OCHOBy

3 Toro Tana cooTHeceHHOOTH cocTaBJmeT couuaiüHuH onuT h K yjiB Typ-

huä ypoBera> OTnpaBHTeJiH h nojijnaTeJW.Komienmw FyTBHHCKoro npeflOTaaiweT HHTepec c to A tohkh s p e -

hhh, ' i t o b Heft npeanaraeTCH paccMaTpuBaTt Tunu CBH3efl npn HccJie-

ÄOBarara KaKoft-Jmöo eÄHHmiu to k c tb b KOMiuiQKce, a He 0T.5eJU.H0

B3HTUMH. Ha Ham Bsrjum, noÄoönufl noaxoa npuMemiM h npn conocTaB-

J10HHH T6KCT0B Hfl H Ilfl ( HE HCX0ÄH0M H3HKe H H3HK0 nepeBOÄH) npH

oueHKe npaBiun.hooth nepeBO.ua c tohkh 3pennfl cojiepxaTeJifcHolt cTpyK -

Typu TeKCTa.Ha npuBOAeHHoft Bume cxeMe b KaqecTBe "X" oßosiiaieHa ejHHHua

ca ta -

para*

- 47 -

T eK cx a , BCTynaioinaH b oiiHcaHHue THrru oTHomeroift. HecMOTpn Ha yn o -

MHHaHHe b MHoro'THCJieHHHx paöoTax T o ro $aK Ta, hto SJieMeHTU aH a$o-

pncTinecKOÄ h KaTa$opHCTinecKoi4 CTpyKTyp MoryT öhtb BupaaceHH ejo*-

tnmell Öojiee BHeoKoro ypoBHH neM cjiobo, biuiotb ao B cero tsk c th ,

B COBpeMeHHOfl JIHHTBHCTHKe HeT eÄHHOrO MH6HHH 0 TOM, HTO CHHTaTi

TaKoft' eamümeÄ TeKCTa. PaccMOTpeHHe * e pa3JiHHHHX tih iob cmhcjiobhx

CBH3eft TpeöyeT HeTKoro BtweJieHHH emamx HCCJieAOBaHM. MHornMH jih - HTBHCTaMH HeOAHOKpaTHO CTaBHJICH BOnpOC 0 BBlUeJieHHH fiTTHHWTIH TeKCTa»öoJiBinefl neM npeAnoscemie, ToMHee, KaK HaM npe£CTaBJifleTC#r,

jio öh roBopHTB o eßKHHue, HHoft HeM npejyioateHHe.

B KanecTBe tb k oS eÄHHim;n MosteT cJiy»HTB cmhcjioboh eAHHmja T6K -

ö T a , Ha3H3aeMaH "BHCKa3HBaHiieM", noHHTHe KOTopofl, ee CTpyKTypa

h KpHTepHH e e BaueJiemta b TeKCTe pa3paÖ0TaHH ü.A.^epHHXOBCKOÖ (m o-

TOA CMHCJlOBOrO aHajIH3a TeK CTa) [ 4] . BHCKa3HBaHHe KaK KOMMy HM KaTHB— naa ejiHHHiia, oötejWHHBmaH b c e ö e rpaMMaTHHecraiit, cm hcjioboä h

nparMaTHHecKHÄ npn3Harat, paccM aTpHBaeTcn KaK ocHOBHaa CTpyKTypHaa

eÄHHKua TeKCTa, KOTopan, öyjty^H BHAeJieHHofl H3 qeJioro TeKCTa KaK

e r o nacTB , He TepneT e r o ochobhhx c b o ä c tb - ocMHCJieHHOCTH h kom-

MyHHKaTHBHOCTH. To eCTB BhlCKa3HBaHH6 - 3T0 KOMMyHHKaTHBHafl 6AH-

hhhb TeKCTa, coaepscaman Haöop HH$opMaijHH, cosaaixm iil 0TH0CHT6Jn>H0

saKOHHemiyio mhcjib, h HMecman onpeaeJieHHy» (fopMaJU>Ho-CMUCJiOByn

C TpyKTypy, n o 3 BOJMnny]o 0aH03HaHH0 nepeaasaTB h BOcnpHHHMaTt 3Ty

mhcjib.

npn 3TOM, nOÄHepKHBaeT JI.A.HepHHXOBCKaH, eJIHHOfl CHHTaKCH—

uecKofl (JiopMH jy u BucKa3UBaHHfl He cym ecTByeT, KpHTepHH ee B iw e -

■nehhh - c y r y ö o cmkcjiobh6. Tbm ö o jie e CHHTaKctfqecKoe o<I>opMJieHHe bu-

cKa3HBaiMH ne HBJweTCH npejweTOM oöcyxueHHH npn nepeB oae - n e p e -

boahtch CMHCJioBue e^HHHiiH, a cnocoöH hx BupaxeHHH, paaJWHHHe a a

s e b npeaeJiax oaHoro H3HKa, M oryT bobco ne coBnanaTB b Hfl h IIH.

ConocTaBUTeJiBHiri! aHajiH3 tokctob opiirHHajia h nepeBOAa AaeT

B03M0KH0CTB OTMGTHTB, HTO OÄHH H T6 K6 TlfllH JIOrHHeCKHX CBHSefl Mejiny BucKa3«BanHHMii MoryT öhtb nepeaami pasHHMH cnocoöaMH b TeKCTax Hfl h IIH, na hto y*e oöpaiiiajm BHHMaHHe b cbohx paöoTax HeKOTOpne JIHHTBHCTH. TaK, ß.HaÖAa, OAHHM H3 nepBHX HaMeTHBflJHÄ cbh3b we^Uy JiHHrBHCTHKoSS TeKCTa m Teopnett nepeBOAa, yKa3HBaJi Ha HeOÖXO.KKMOCTB yHHTUB3TB JI0rHHeCKH6 T6KCTOBHe CBH3H CpeAH ÄpyTHX KareropHfi TeKCTa, hjih TaK HasußaeMKX "yHHBepcaJiHÄ", TaK ksk

- 48 -

iibhkx tcnani>3yx)T nnx hx BupaateHHH He OÄHHaKOBHe cpeacTBa (_ 5 .C.

I3I-I3jj. Ho UH6HHD JI.r.He'iaeBa, JiorirqecKKe CBH3H odJiaaajDT Haii- flOJtbBie# BapHaTHBHOCTbB IipH IiepeBOfle B CBH3H C T6M, HTO C8MH JIO- meOKHe CBH3H H8 HM6DT B H3HK6 'leTKO OrpEHHêHHOrO, CTpOrO $H- KoiipoBSWHoro Hadopa cTaHnapiHHX cJioBocoMeTaHKft am rpaMMaTirae- 0K2X KOHOTW/KOHÄ H CÜOCOdH HX BHpaSeHHfl MOryT ÖHTB BBCBMa pa3H0-

Ho H63aBHCHMO OT CnOCOdOB H3UKOBOÄ peajlH3aiIHH, KONOTJISKC JIO- rHKO—CMHCJIOBUZ CBH36Ä Me&Hy BHCKaSHBEHUHMH TeKCTa OpKTHHana ROJl-mh öhtb nepeâH npa itepeBcwe. npomunocTpiipyeM CKa3aHHoe Ha npa- ttepe conocTaBJieHHH oparaHana h nepeBcwa paccKa3a C.Mobme "ilaceäH"

(nepeBoa H.raJEb ) .M rs .F o w le r 'a g rey h a l r was very p la in ly done, ahowing a l l

h»r fo reh ead and h e r e a r a , w ith a p a r t in g in the m id d le . I t had

iV id en tly n e ve r known the tonga o f M onsieur M aroe l ( W .S.M augham, 321). .

B JxaHHOM OTpHBKe npncyTCTByioT äbh Tima c ba3H H3 BtweJieHmcc

i paöOTe B.ryTBHHCKoro - aHa$opa h OMCxfopa. CJie^yeT nonyTHO 3a-

M9THTB, HTO B HaCTOfflUeil CT3TB6 HCKJDOâeTCH H3 paCCMOTpeHUH Tffll

0BH3H, Ha3BaHHHÄ. Btfflie 3K30$0p0fl, TaK KaK OêBHflHO, MTO OHanpeajiojiaraeT Hajm ae aKCTpajiMHTBHCTiraecKoft cuTyaiiiiH odmeraw h npHMeHHMa cKopee k ycJioBHHM ycTHoro nepeBoâ.

B npHBefleHHOM npuMepe npeacTaBJieH caMUÄ pacnpocTpaHeHHidt h HEKÖOJiee HCCJieÄOBaHHKÖ THII aHa$OpHCTHêCKOft CBH3H - MeCTOKMeHHEH

aHa$opa. ÄHa$opHCTirqecKaH aaMBHa cymecTBHTeJitHoro Ha MecTOHMemie ipeTBero juma hbjlh6tch cpsäctbom 0T0»ÄecTBJieraia odteKTa ä6 äc tb h -

tw ibhocth npH noBTopHoö homhhshhh b TeKCTe. 3 to t npimep noKasu-

BaeT Tarace, h to cnocodu BupaxeH&H tck ctob u x CBH3eü MoryT öhtb

pa3JnwHHMH Ha Hfl h UH h Koraa ohh ra/eioT $opMajiBHHe noKa3aTeJm b

tskctb - np« nepeBoae MecTOHMemw aHa$opa 3aMeHHeTCH Ha thti aHa-

ifopHCTH'iecKitx oTHomeHHit, rae oda sJieMeHTa BupaxeHu oähhm h tom K6 CymeCTBHTeJIBHUM:

"CeaemuHe bojioch mhcchc 3>ayjiep pa3Ä6JieHH nocepejmHe npodo- poM, n p n e c K a caMaa rrpocTan,, ocTaBJuamaa Jiod h ynni otkphthmh. BojQCaM STHM ÄBHO HeBeAOMH mHITUU KaKOrO-HUdyHB MCB6 MapceJW". ' (C.Mobm, 426 ) .

Ojwaico b nepeBoje bh8tskctob8H cb«3b - oMo$opa - He p e a j« -

- 49 -

3yeTCfl b CBH3H o oTeyTeTBHeM y coBeTCKoro HMTareJm cooTBeTCTByro— mBDC $OHOBUX shehhö. 3to ÖHJIO JHLTÖHO B cdOpHMKe paCCKa30B C.MoSMa, KOTopnil BunymeH b H3,naTejn,cTBe "üporpecc" h cHadateH KOMMeHTapa-

8M: Monsieur Marcel- Marcel Grateau (1852-1936), a celebrated French haird resser (W.S.Maugham, 402).

Bhhhmo, nepeBctfmKy CJieaoBajio b 3tom cJiyqae npuderHyTB k nparMaTHMecKoft anaiiTanmr, t o e cT t "BHeceHjno onpeaaneHKicc

nonpaBOK Ha coumraHO—Kyjr&TypHtie, ncuxoJioriPiecKJte h HHne pa3JnmH

M exjy noJiyqaTeJieM opurHHaJiBHoro w nepeBoanoro T8KCTa" [7 .C .2 4 2 J .

KpoM e T o r o , b n e p e B o a e c o H e T a m ie "m obb MapceJO>" c o n p e a a n e -

HHeM "K a K o ä -H n d y Ä t " n oJ iy^ a eT HecKOJiBKO n p e H e d p e ra T e J ttH y » oK p a cK y

h BB0.5HT HH TaTeüH b sa d J iyau ieH iie : c o s jia e T C fl B n e ra w ie H H e , t t o r e -

poHHH p a c c K a 3 a He odpam anacB b C B oefl acH3HH hh k KaKOMy n apH K M axe-

p y B ood m e . 3 t o Bpan m c o o T B eT C T B y eT fleÄCTBU TeJiiH O CTU , B e r n Ä e f t H

$ a y j ie p d o r a T a , j ip y r o e fle J io , ^ t o o n a npoBHi-nyiaJiKa h He cjouhkom

CJieOTT s a C B oeit B H eiu H ocT tn , n03T0M y MorJia He od p a m a T iC fl k Tarami

MOflHHM H 3H8MGHHTUM M aCTepaM , KaK yHOMHHyTHM B paCCKa39 MCB0

M apceJn»,

JIonraecKaa CBH3B Meawy bhcKa3UBamtEMU aaHHoro OTpuBKa CTpo-

htch no npHHumiy: pan; (faKTOB - oueHo^iHuS bhboä. Hapymemie KOMn-

jienca cMucJioBLoc cBH3eö b nepesoae npHBOÄHT k HOBepHoit oqeHKe od -

pa3a repoHHH paccKa3a .B c.'ejiyianeM npmuepe KOMn^eico Jionraecraa: C M 3 eü w ia r a e e :

I had la te ly retumed to London from China and was drinking a dish of tea with Mrs.Tower . . .

A fter roughing i t here and there i t was agreeable to a lt ln a oomfortable chair, the f i r e burning brigh tly on the hearth, oharming tea-th inge set out on a oharming tab le , and talk with th ia amusing, attractive woman. [she treated me aB a prodigal retumed from h is husks and waa diapoaed to make muoh of me!] She prided h erae lf on her d inner-partiesj she took no lese troubla to have her guests su itably aoaorted than to give them excellent food . . . Now she fixed a data and asked me whom I would like to

meet (W.3 .Maugham, 3T7-318)»Cmhcji BHueJieHHoro cKodKaMH BHCKasHBaHiw pacKpHBaeTOfl He

TOJIBKO B e r o B3aKMOCBH3H C K0HTÖKCT0M, HO H npH B3aHM0,Ue#CTBHH

c $ohobhmh sHaHKHMH noJijniaTeJiH. SiuecB npeacTaBJieHH HeTHpe H3

- 50 -

ilhth BUÄaneHHHX B.ryTBHHCKHM tju iob CBH3H: aHa$opa, KaTa$opa, OMO-

$opa h napa$opa.B npHBeaeHHOM npHMepe cbhsb c npejijiiecTByBinHM kohtbkctom mo-

x s t öhtb OTHeceHa k accoimaTHBHoll aHa$ope. 3tot tmi aHar[)opncTir'i&- ckhx 0TH0meHHä BUÄeJieH b paöOTS E.B.Eapaöam[ 8], KOTopafl OTMenar- eT, hto JiorHKo-ncmcoJiorjreecKoft ochoboH accoipiaTHBHofl aHa$opH äb- JwercH cnocoöHocn> neJioBe^ecKoro Munuiemis k co3.naKnn pa3JmHta ac- COimaTIIBHHX CBH36Ä. IIpH 3T0M cooTHeceHHue TaKOft ana$opncTHHecKoft

cbhsbd BHCKasHBamw MoryT Öutb 3HaHUTe/iiHo OTaaJieHH ;(pyT ot a p y r a ' b TeKCTe. TaK, nepBaa $pasa npHBeaeiiHoro OTpuBKa nosiBJiaeTCH sa noJiTop« CTp a m m H jxo cJieaynmeä: mh y3HaeM, ^to repoft paccnasa npH- rJiamen Ha qanifcy qaa. Aanee ynoMHHaeTCH " npeJiecTHHÖ ctojihk c npeJiecTHHM hbähum cepBH30M", to bctb accouuaruiH ctpohtcji no cxeMe "oömee - ejmHnHoe".

KaTa$opHcnniecKaa CBH3B c nocJieayiotnHM KOHTeKCTOM nocTpoeHa Tarace Ha accounamra, ho MeHee hbho: o t KonnpeTHoro naeiMTHH - k

COOÖmeHH» O TOM, MTO MHCCHC Taysp BOOrime TOpAHJiaCB CBOHMH 3BaHH- mh oöeaaMH h rocTeft . . . noßönpaJia c He mchbuiiim TmaimeM, neu npe- BOCXOÄHOe MeHK .

AHami3HpyeMoe BUCKa3UBaHne hbjih6tch öMöJieftcKofl amno3nell.

üpuMeHaTeJiBHo, hto b juaHHOM cjijrqae C.Mobm ynoTpeöJweT pa3BepHyTy»

UHTaTy, xoth h HecK0JiBK0 nepeHHa^eHHyn, a He npocTO cpaBHMBaeT repoH c ÖJiyflHHM chhom. PlHTepecHO, tto ncwoönaH Bnuou3MeHeHHaH uh-

TaTa H3 Ehöjmh BCTpexaeTCH u y flpym x aBTopoB, npiraeM b noaoÖHOM

xe K0HT6KCT8: X exp lained who I was and, aa I ta lk ed , she looked ma over. I must have seemed s a t is fa c to r y , f o r thare and then sh* adopted me as a lo n g - lo s t member o f the fa m ily , a kind o f P ro d igal Son Just back from his husks. " I ' l l go make you a Sandwich and a nie© cup of o o f fe e , " she in s is ted . . . (A.Huxley, 12 )

BHyTpHTeKCTOBHe CBH3H c npejpecTByiomiiM h nocJieflywmHM k o h t o k - CTOM CHTHaJIH3HpyiOT 0 TOM, HTO AaHHafl a/UU03HH HBJIH6TCH 3BeHOM 6ÄH- h o ä accoiiHaTHBHofl uenoniCH b TeKCTe npoHaBeaeHHH, KOTopan CTaHo- BHTCH HCHoU, ecjffl OÖpaTKTBCH K nepBOHCTO'IHHKy. B KOMM6HTapHH K OpHTHHaJiy rOBOpHTOÄ: "a re fe ren ce to the b ib l ic a l parable o f th e .

- 51 -

prodigal son (Luke , oh. 15, 11-32), the youth who a fte r d lss lp a t- ing his fortune and a fte r su ffe rin g many hardahips and privatioa« returned repentant to hie fa th e r 's home. The a llu slon here ls to theae words from the parable: And he would fa in have f l l l e d hia b e lly with the husks that the swine did eat» and no man gave ln to h±m " (ff.S.Maugham, 402)

To ecTB b Bhöjihm cKp.3ano, ’ito Ha a o jw ÖJiynHoro cuHa Bunajio MHOrO TH3KKHX HCnHTaHlrfl. Ho JIOCJT8 B03BpameHHH ÄOMOft OH H0 TOJIBKO Öuji npomeH otuom, ho h meapo HaKopMJieH, OKpyxeH BHHMaroteM. Otck- Äa n0HHTH0, noêMy y repon paccicasa C.Moaivia CTpeMJieHne mhcchc Ta- yap oKpyxHTi ero BHHMamieM BU3Ba.no noaoöHyio accoimamm.

OÄHaKo b nepeBoae acconnaTHBHaH ueno^Ka He B03HHKaeT: "OHa

oöpamanacB co mhoä KaK c öJiyaHHM chhom , BepHyBniHMCH nocjie mho-

t h i noxoÄueHMÜ, h HawepeHa Öiuia OKpyroiTB mshh BHHMamieM " (C .M o -

» m , 423 ). Gmecb ynoMHHa«3TCH jnmiB "noxoam em w" repo fl - KOTOpueMoryT ÖHTB H npHHTHHMH H HHTepeCHUMH - H 3BÖ0TH X03HÄKH OKaSHBB- BTCH HenOHHTHHMW.

C oäh oö cTopoHH, odMCHUM 0TKa3 o t aocJioBHoro nepeB oaa ÖHÖ—

JieflcKoll UHTaTu: "H oh paa öuji HanoJiHMTb ^peBO CBoe paacKaMH, k o t o -

p « e e jm cbhhi>h, ho KOTOpue h h k to He .uasan e v iy " . BepoHTHee B c e ro ,

y coBpeM eHHoro coB eTC K oro w ra T eJ m "p o *K n " bhsbejih du eaHHCTBeH-

Hyn accouHam oo - c MaKapoHUHMH m a e jm m m .

C xpyr* iVi CTopoHH, irpeacTaBJieHHoft b TeKCTe nepeBOAa HH$opMa-

UHH HBHO HejlOCTaTO'IHO, MTOÖU B03HHKJI3 H6 OÖXOflXMBH CBH3L 0 $0H0-

BUMH SHaHHHMH, TBK KaK COBeTCKViß HHTaTeJÜ. IIJI0X0 3HaK0M C ÖHÖJlefl-

CKHMH TeKCTBMH H peaJIHHMH, H HapyiDeHHe KOMnJieKCa CMHCJIOBHX CBH—

sefl npHBOÄHT (faKTjnecKH k HCKaxemro aBTopcKoro saMucJia,

H3Öe*aTi> 3 T o ro bosmojkho öhjio npHÖerHyB k nepeBOOTecKO#

ananTaitnH, kbk caeJian nepeBoxtHHK b cJieayxxueM cJijn iae:

I t was an immense party - I think | we wäre f our-and-twenty lik e the blackbirds in the p ie j - and, arriv ing somewhat la te , Iwaa too confuaed by the crowd in which I found myself to notioewho waa there. (ff. S.Maugham, f 334 )

B npHBeaeHHOM npm iepe T a ra e , KaK h b npeam ym eM , n p H cyT cr-

Byr»T HeTHpe hs iih th th iio b cBH3efl, OTMeêHHHX b padOTe B .ryTBH H -

c k o t o .AHa$opo-KaTa4>opncTHêcKaH c b h 3I> c tp o h t c h Ha ochobö acoomia-

- 52 -

mm: "an Immense party" — "the crowd". BuneJieHHoe CKOdKEMH BHCKflr- 3UB&HH6 Bupa*aeT oueHKy $sKTnnecKoit nn$opMayHü, coaepKameäcH b

OKpyxaBmeM kohtokcto , npn stom ebtop acnoJüayeT odpasHoe cpaBHe- HHe. CoxpaHHB odpaa np« nepeBo/ie, nepeBOÄMHK, ojiHaKo, npwöeraeT K SKCnJIHKaifllH BHeTeKCTOBOfl CBH3H, HCnOJO>3yH npMBM nparMBT ot ec KOÖ aqanTauHH c yqeTOM HOBoro noJiyMaTeJi«:

"IlpHOM dbül MHOrOJUMHHfl, HaBepHO ÄOdpHX ÄB6 ÄKHCKHH TOCTett,

tohho Äp03fl0B b nnpore b HSBecTHofl fleTCKoft neceHKe, a h HeMHoro

sanosaan h , nonaB b Taiqno TOJiny, He a «p y r pa30dpaJicH, kto 3Äect

eoTt." ( C.M03M, 434 ) .npHBeaeHHwe npHMepu HJuuocTpiipyioT tot <J>bkt , mto Bce rann cmh-

CJIOBHX CBHaeft BHCKE3HBEHHH HEXOAHTCH BO B3EHM03EBHCHM0CTH, Hra. He0dx0ÄHM0 paccMETpuBaTi b KOMnjieKce. 3th cbh3K bkboahtch he OCHOBEHHH COÄepXEKUH KOHTeKCTE, MHCJIHT6 JDbHHX JIOrHMeCKMX CllOCOd- HOCTell H6JIOB0Ka, $OHOBUX 3HEHHÜ ÜOJiy'iaTeJIfl, E TEKÄe KOMMyHHKE— THBHO-npaTMETH'ieCKOß yCTEHOBKH OTIipaBHTeJIH.

CorjiacHO ynoMHHyToö Buuie KOHueimira JI. A. epamcoBC koA, cmhcji TeKCTa onpeaeJWteTCH kek "ncramecKoe oTodpaxemie cerMeHTa p ea ja - hocth, npo^yuupyeMoe b coshshhh hhähbuoe b peayjitTaTe B3EHMoaellc-TBHÄ H3UKOBO0 H KOrHHTHBHOfl HHlJlOpMaUHH, HÄM 3aJI0*eHHHfi B TeKCT OTnpaBHTCJieM KOMimeKc HH$opMamiH, KOTopuÄ bo Bcefl nojiHOTe pea- jmsyeTCH b cosHaHUH nojiyMaTejm npa B3aiiMo;ieflcTBHH tbkcte co 3Ha-

HHfl, MOXHO yTBepRUETL, HTO HapyUleHHe CMHCJIOBUX CBH3ett BHCKaSbl—

BEHHH KaK OCHOBHOfl CTpyKTypHOÖ ejOJHHUH TeKCTa npHBOJWT K TOMy,

hto cmhcji BocnpHHHMaeMoro nojijnaTeJieM nepeBoaa t c k c t e , npa "B 3a-

HMOÄeftCTBHH ynopftllOqeHHOfl COBOKynHOCTM H3HKOBHX 3HSK0B C 3HEHHeM

noJijrqaTeJifl", He nposyrpipyeT b e ro co3HaHHH ncHXHHecKoe OTOdpa-

xeHMe öKCTpa/iHHTBHCTinecKofl CHTyauuH, aHaJiorKHHoe TOMy, KOTopoe

ÖHJIO nCKJCHMeCKHM OTOdpa*eHH6M OTnpaBHTeJW.

Ilpa 3TOM Ü.A.HepHHXOBCKafl OTMeHaeT Odfl3aTeJH>Hl£tl JUW OTlipaBH- TeJiH yqeT $0H0B0r 0 3hehrh noJiy^aTeJrai h npHBJieneHue b npouecce KOMMyHHKSUHH TäRoS HH^opMaiiHH, KOTopafl odecne'nuia dw y nojiyHaTö- JW HeodXOÄHMHft H ÄOCTaTOMHHÄ WH COOTBeTCTByKWerO BOCnpHHTHH . ypoBera. $ohobopo 3Hamw Q9 .C .5 5 ] . STo.oMeBmmo, b paBHoft Mepe 0dH3aTeJnbH0 h a m nepeBOOTHKa, KOTopuft hbjih6tch nocpe^HHKOM ue- *lH3UKOBOfl KOMMyHHKaUHH H BHCTynaBT CHBMaJia KEK TlOJiyMaTeJCb TeKCTa

- 53 -

HB HCXOflHOM H3HK6. 8 38TeM KSK OTIipaBHTeJü T6KCTa Ha H8HK6 IIep«-

BHHBJieHHe CnOCOÖOB BUpaXeHHH CMHCJIOBHX CBH36it BHCKaSHBaHHfl h ex conocTaBHTeJiBHHfl a H a m s MoryT hmötb doJiBmoe npaKTircecKoe 3HaHeHne juw BJiaaeHHH h OBJiaüeHiw h3hkom, jym npaBiun>Hoft hhtöp—

n p e T a m m opHmHajo>hhx HHocTpaHHHx TeKCTOB, a Tarate npa oöjrqeram nepeBojzy h pe$epnpoBaHino.

1. Cmhcji TeKCTa kbk oöieKT nepeBOfla / Pea.JI.A.HepHHxoBCKaÄ - M., 1986.- 144 c . ( Tp./MTTIHHH HM.M.Tope3a; Bbin.278)

2 . M.EeJuiepT. Oö oähom ycJiOBHH cbhshocth to k c tb // Hobog b s a p y d e a c H o ft J iH H T B H C T H K e , 1978, b u i . 6 . - C .172-207.

3. W .Gutwlnskl. Cohesion in l i t e r a r y t e x t e . - The Hague - Par t e i Mouton, 1976.- 183 p.

4. J1. A . qePHHXOBCKaH. MH[J>OpMaiIHOHHHfl HHBapHaHT CMHCJta TSKCTa ti BapHaTHBHOCTB e r o HSbucoBoro BupaxeHHH: iU ic ... ä o k t . $ k jio ji. HayK.

/MTIIHM3 H M .M .T o p ea a .- M., 1983 - 403 c . '5. A.fl.Ilteeftnep. Tbkct h nepeBew // H3hk kbk KOMMyHHKaTüBHan

aeflTeJH.HOCTi> Me-noBeKa. - M., 1987 - C .122-128 (Tp./MTTIHHH h HH AH CCCP, BMI.284 ).

6. Jl.r.H eqaeB . ycTaHoaneiuie ToawecTBa opaniHaJia h nepeBoaa mir aHHaMjnecKHÄ npcmecc // Cmhcji tbkctb kbk odteKT nepeBoaa - M., 1986 .- C .55 -66( Tp./MTIlHHfl HM.M.Topesa, Bim.278).

7. A.JI.UlBettuep. üepeBoa h jmHrBHCTHKa. - M .: BoeHHaaaT, 1973.- 280 c .J I.r .

8. E.B.Bapaöam. AHa$opiraecKoe h KaTa$opjnecKoe ynoTpedJieHHe onpeaeaeHHoro apTHiuw: Mxc.. .Kann. $hjioji. Hayn /MTTIHHH KM.M.Tope3a. - M., 1981 - 187 c.

9. J.A.^epHHXQBCKaH. Cmhcji reKCTa h nepeBcumcKKit npoqecc //

üparMaTHKa H3HK& h nepeBOjua.- M., 1982 - C .51-62 (Tp ./W U M R hm. M.Tope3a, BHn.I93 )

10. B.H.KoMHccapoB. JlüHTBHCTHKa nepeBoaa. - M .: Me*jjyHapojutHe

OTHOineHHH, 1980. - 168 c .

CCUJIKH HA JWTEPATypy

- 54 -

UnTirpyeMaH JW TepaTypa

C.Mobm. H3ÖpaHHHe npoHSBeaeHMH. - M.: Pajjyra, 1985. - T .2W.S .Maugham. Rain and o th e r sh o rt s t o r l e s . - M .: P ro g re s s

P u b lis h e ra , 1977.A.Huxley. The Genius and the Goddess. - London: T tiad Graston

Books, 1955.

B.r.Ky3HeuoB

n0flCHHTEJM0-K0HKPETH3HPyi0IlHE OTHOMEHHH B TEKCTE H HX nEPEHAMA I1PH nEPEBOJlE

HHTepeC K H3JTMeHMB HOHCHUTeJIbHO—KOHKpeTH3HpyiOtUHX CBHSeÄ B

paMKOX npe*nO*eHHH B03HHK B COBeTCKOM H3UK03HaHMl IipHMepHO 30 Ü6T. Haaaju B HacTonmee BpeMH h b jih 6 tch aKTyajitHUM H3yHeHHe oTHouieHHtt

to ü * e npapoaH Ha ypoBHe tb k o t b c yêTOM e r o kommyHHKaTMBHux h

nparMaTHHecKKX ocoöeH H ocTeft. Eojibiuoä HHTepec jym Teopun h npaKTH—

kb nepeB'oaa npeacTaBJweT conocTaBMTeJitHHÖ acneKT BHyTpHTeKCTOBuxOTHOmeHHÄ.

ÜOHCHHTeJIBHO—K0HKpeTH3HpyK3tUHe OTHOmeHHH B TeKCTe OTpaXHDT

CBH8H M eau y npeÄMeTBMM H HBJ16HHHMH OdieKTHBHOÖ ÄeWCTBHTeJItHOCTIT,

KOTOpue b H aH Ö ojiee odmeM h OTBJieMeHHOM Bnue B ucTyna joT KaK c o c y -

mecTBOBaHne. IlpeHMymecTBeHHaH ciêpa ynoTpedJieH H H 3t h x oTHomeHHft

- K0Mn03HU]!0HH0-pe'ieBue $ op «H onHcaraie h p a c c y r o e m ie .

ÜOHCHHTeJIiHO—KOHKpeTH31ipyDI5He 0TH0UI6HHH XapaKTepH3yiOTCH odm-

HOCTM) JieHOTaTHBHOrO COflepJItaHHH BHCKa3UBafiMft, CBHaaHHHX 3THM

bhuom OTHomemiö. OdmHOCTt ÄeHOTaTHBHoro coaepxaHHH upe jw oJ ia raeT

n pe*n e B c e ro COOTH6C6HHOCTI> c oäh oä h t o ä s e cMTyauvieti. O codeH -

HOCTfcn nOHCHHTeJIiHO—KOHKpeTH3HpyBU(HX OTHOiaeHHÖ HBJIH6TCH HX $ a -

KyjtbTaTHBHuft xapaK Tep . ycTaHOBJieHHe Meamy S B y m BucKasuBam onoi

rjOÄOÖHHX oTHomeHHH odycjioBJieHo ycjiobhhmh kommyhmKariüH h n p a ra a -

TneC K O Ä yCTaHOBKO# COOÖmeHHH. Il0flCHH6MHfi H nOHCHHJOUHlt KOMnOHeHTH

(n oc jieÄ H H f BUCTynaeT b KaîecTBe opraHH3yiomero cTepxHH ) c o o t h o t '

CATCH KaK aBTOCCMSlHTHneCKOe H CHHC eMEHTHMe CI Oe BHCKH3 UBEHH6 H

- 55 -

oöpa3yx)T cKHTaKTHKo—cMucjioBoe ejwHCTBo. $opMajn>HHM noKasaTeJieM . a T o ro eaHHCTBa CJiyaiHT Hajiinrae aHai$opOT;ecKHx CBH3eft Meawy jfflyMH

BHCKa3MBaHHHMH, rpaMMaTinecKoro napaxnajrn3Ma rJiaroJttHiix C K a3ye-

mhx. AKTyajm3HpyeTCH, KaK npasmio, peMaTmecKan to c tb noH cfm e-

MOrO BUCKa3HBaHHÜ.B pajvncax noHCHHTeJitHo-KOHKpeTH3Hpyiomiix OTnomeraft BiweJimoTCH

coöcTBeHHo noHCitHTeJiLHHe h npHcoeÄHHHTeJtbHue OTHomeHHH. B KaêcT- Be Mewfipa30BbDC cpejjcTB BupasceraiH noHCHHTeJEbHux OTHoiueHHfl b pyccKOM H3HKe HcnoJiLsyroTCH peJWTHBu "to ecTi, hjih, a HMeHHO, Bepnee, ksk- - t o , öy^B-To", a Tarace b dojn>me8 Mepe xapaKTepmie a m khhxhoö pehh cJioßa h cJioBocoMeTaHHH b cfiyHKUHH yTOHHeHRH: ToîHee, To^Hee r o - Bopn, HHaê roBopa, apyrnMH cjiOBaMH, TaK HanpHMep, b tom hh- CJie. Bo $paHuyscKOM HsttKe b toä xe pojih BiiCTynaioT: c 'e s t k d ire, ou, p lu töt, plus pr^ciaement, plua exactement, prinoipalement, y compria, par exemple, a ln s i; cela s ig n if ie , ce qul vaut d ir « que, autreraent d it , en d 'autres termes.

BttHH H $0PMH nOHCHHTeJttHHX OTHODieHHfi pa3JIIFiaETCfl B 3aBHCH— mocth o t (JyHratHH noBTopHoro oöosHa'ieHHH: KomcpeTnsamw, aeTajm- samw, TOJiKOBame, mothb8uhh, ocBememe $aKTa ncm apyrHM yrJioii aperaw.

noncHeioie hocht CTaTmecraifl peTpocneKTKBHKÖ xapaKTep b tom CMHCJie, mto npejtcTaBJineT coöoli B03BpaT cyöteKTa pera k npeamecT- BynmeMy TeKCTy. Ecjih b HayMimr TeKCTax TaKoä B03BpaT ocymecTBJm- eTCH Mame Bcero c uejan yTO^HeHUH HOMKHaTHBHoro coaepnaHEH noac- HHeMoro BucicasHBaHHH, to b nyöJiHUHCTHHecKHX - jyifl BtrpaxeHHH kom- MyHHKaTHBHo—nparMaTHêcKHX ycTaHOBOK cyöieKTa peHH, TaK, b cJie- AynmeM npHMepe co.nep*HTCH oiieHKa cyöieKTOM penn coaepxama noncHH- eMoro BucKa3tmaraiH.

Dans ces oondltlons, 11 ne reste ra it pour le Parti oonmmniate . . . que 14 ou 15 aifegea. C 'est k d ire h peine un peu plus, en pro- portion, que oe q u 'i l avait obtenu en 1977 du fa i t du mode de

aorutin impos6 par la droite et de l'absence d'Union (L'Humanitd, 1982, 14 X I).

B ärhhux ycJioBHHx KoMMyHncTHMecKaa napTHH öyaeT pacnoJiaraTB TOJÜ.KO 14 HJIH 15 MeCTaMH. B np0n0ptIH0Hajn>H0M, OTHOCD0HHH 3T0 H6M- Horo ÖOJiee, M6M oHa pacnoJiaraJia b 1977 rojiy «3 -sa npoueztypu bh-

- 56 -

ö o p o B , HaBH3aHHHX npaBaMH, a Tarace H 3 -a a o T cy rcT B K H coD 3a JieBHX

CHJI.

Kbk BimHO H3 nepeBO.ua jjaHHoro npHMepa, noHCHHTeJttHHe cbhsh ,

HecMOTpn Ha hx KaJtymyxcfl npocTO Ty, He Bcer.ua nepeaanT&H cJioBapHH-

MH 3KBHB8JieHTaMH noflCHHTeJILHHX C0B30B. IIOCKOJIBKy B pyCCKOM H3HK0

noMemeHHe noflCHHTeJn>Horo coD 3a " t o b c t i . " b H asaro rrpejuioseHUH

HBJweTCH o t h o c KTeJibho h o b h m HBJieHHeM, BCTpeânnKMCH npeHMymecT- B6HHO B 0$HUHaJn>H0-,HeJI0BUX TeKCTaX, nOHCHHTeJCbHHe OTHOmeHÜH B

TeKCTe nepeBoaa nepeâm kmi uimukthum oöpasoM.B oTJnpm e o t noHCHHTeJn>Hia OTHOuieHüä npucoeiWHHTeJitHHe r o -

pa3flo ö o jie e pa3H00<5pa3HH h BupaxaioTCH öojimihm KOJureecTBOM peJWTH-

bob : KpoMe Toro ( a i o r o ) , iiomhmo Toro (s T o r o ) , CBepx Toro, Bnpo-

'ieM, n p « tom h to , k TOMy x e , aa h , aa eme, npireeM, npHTOM, npa

BCeM TOM, BM0CT6 C TeM, HapfWy C 3THM, ÖOJiee T o ro , M8JI0 T o ro , B

flOBepmeHHe Bcero, BmoöaBOK. Bo $paHicr3CKOM hhuko jy w BHpaaceHHH

npHcoeÄHHHTeJiBHHX oTHomeHHft HcnojnsyriTCfl c/ieuynoiHe pejiHTHBH: en

outre, encore, de plus, en plus, bien plus, au surplus, et qui plus est, 11 y a plus, par a ille u rs , de surcrolt, par sureroit, par dessus tout par dessus le march6, du reste, au reste,d'autre part, d'un autre cSt6, aveo cela, aveo tout cela, ce

f a i s a n t .

Oöpam aeT Ha c e ö « BHHMaHHe t o , hto bo $paHuy3CKOM nsuKe jyin BHpa- *em iH npncoejuiHHTejn>HHx oTHouieradl öojiwue Hdiojii>3yeTCfl JieKcintara-

30BaHHHX BupaseHHÄ (p a r d essu a t o u t , p a r d essu s l e marehÄ, i l y

a p l u s ) .B o w u r a e ot noHCHHTeJiiHtix OTHotnemift, kotophm npucyma (fiy-HK—

UKH yTOHHeHHfl pa3JlKHHHX CTOpOH ÄeHOTaTKBHOrO cojjepsaHHH noHCHne—

Moro BtiCKaSHBaHUfl, npHCOejmHHTeJIbHHM OTHOraeHHHM CBOftCTBCHHH a o -

noJiHeHHe h pacurwpeHHe cojiepxaHHH noncHHeMoro KOMnoHeHTa. Hejn>3fl

He corâcHTBCH c M .BJbm oH b to m , hto " b rpaMMaTJraecKrac onncaHH-

h x , a a * e e c jim ohh c tp o h t c h Ha (fyHKUH0HaJii>H0ft 0CH0Be, c$epa n pn cö-

ejuiHerow He n o jm a e T yaoBJieTBopHTeJiiHolt HHTepnpeTamra . . , " [ l .C .5 5 |

CKa3aHHoe o th o ch tch npexue B cero k Hepa3paÖOTaHHOCTH CTpyKTypHO—

ceMaHTiPtecKofl KJiaccmfatKamm npncoejwHHTeJH>Hia p 6jw thbob b pyccKOM

h ocoöeHHO bo (fpaHuyscKOM H3HKe. 3t o saTpyÄHHeT ycTaHOBJieHHe skbh-

BaJieHTHHX COOTBeTCTBHfl M eM y npHCOeJIHHHTeJTbHHMH peJWTHBaMH pyCCKO-

r o h $paHuy3CKoro H3Hk o b .

- 57 -

üpHBOAHMUe HHX6 3KBHBaJteHTHH6 COOTB6TCTBIW npHC06AHHHT8JQ>HHX

peJiHTHBOB pycoKoro h $panny3CKoro h3hkob cocTaBJieHu Ha ochobb ähh- uux napaJuieJüHux h tojikobhx CJioBapeit, rpaMMaTHK, a Tarace conoo- TaBJieHüH nepeBoaoB.

Ha ynoTpeÖJieHH8 npncoeAHHüT6JQ>Hux peJiHTHBOB HawiaAHBaer on - pweJieHHoe orparareemie hx 4)yHKUnoHajn.Ho-cTHJmcTiniecKaH npuHaiwex-

HOCTb. KHH^HaH OKpaOKa npacyma peJlHTHBäM "CBepi Toro, fiomhmo t o -

r o (3 T o r o ), b ÄOBepuieHHe B cero, BMecTe c TeM, au aurplua, de .su cro lt, par au rcro lt, oe fa ia a n t. "Pa3r0B0pHyn OKpacKy HM6BT peJWTHBH" Bfl0ÖaB0K, oohtb x e , MaJto T oro , par deaaus la marchd."

'lyHKu.HOHaaiHO-CTHJDioTirqecKyio npuHajyiexHOCTfc peJWTKBOB CJie- jtyer yHHTUBaTb npn nepeBoae. B iipothbhom cyiy iae HapyiuaeTCH odman

CTHüHCTHMecKaH TOHaffibHocTB TeKCTa. HanpHMep:

. . . Bo Beeil BKOHOMHMÖCKOlt XH3HH ( KaMOpCKHX OOTpOBOB ) TOC- noacTBOBaji HHocTpaHHufl, upeHMymecTBeHHo $paHuy3CKHll xanHT&i,

K TOMy xe b cooTaB pecnyöJiHKH bohuih He Bce ocTpoBa apxaneJia-

ra: ®pamiM coxpam ua aa codofl MaöoTTy, Ha KOTopo# pacncuioxeHa BHymHTejEbHaH BoeHHaa öaaa (HoBoe BpeMH, 29 ) .

. . . Toute la v le d ta it dominê par le c a p ita l dtrangejr, avant tout fra n ja ia ,

Par deasua le marohi, la rdpublique fu t tronquäe d'une t l e i la Pranoe conaerva Mayotte oü se trouve une Importante base m l-' l l t a l r e (Temps nouveaux, 29 ).y’iHTUBaH khhkhuö xapaKTep T8KCTa, 8Äeci. yMecTHee öiwo du ynoTpe- ÖBTh peJIHTHB de au rcro lt

Iliuce npHBOÄHTCH conocTaBMTeJüHaH KJiaccn$KKaiuiH ochobhhx p e -J1HTHB0B pycoKoro H (JpaHIiyaCKOrO H3HK0B, OCHOBaHHaH Ha 0Ö1U6M c e - MaHTWJeCKOM COflepXaHHH.

KpoMe Toro, BfloäaBQK. iiphtom . npn tom xe bboäht äoiiojihji—

TeJitHHÄ, KaK npaBHJio, cyuiecTBeHHHfl apryvteHT, noaKpenJuautHt oöoc-

HOBaHHOCTb CyxaeHHH, 3aKJDOM6HHOrO B ÜOflCHHeMOM BHCKaaHBaHHH. Ak- ueHTHpytomaa (pyHKmw öojiee BupaxeHa y peJWTHBa "npoMe T o ro ", o

’ ieM cBnneTeJtbCTByeT BHaeJiemie BBojiKMoro hm BucKasHBaraw b 0TfleJa>-

hhä aöaart. $paHuy3CKne aKBHBaneHTH 3Tüx peJWTHBOB: en outre, ouaurplua, enoore. Hemöojiee 'tacTO BCTpeâeTCfl en outre, k o to -

ptdl Ha^HHaeT BucKa3 manne a m noMemaeTCH b e ro m n eê .

- 58 -

iUw npuBJie'ieHHH BHüMamw *uiTaTeJM k ÄonojiHHTeJiLHoÄ aH$opMa-

UHH BHCKB3UBaHHe C peJIHTHBOM en outre BüHeJlHeTCH B OTÄ0JÜHHÄäö3au:

D 'a u t r « p a r t , nous aavons que 1 ’ e x p ir a t io n , l a V ib ra t ion du la ry n x e t l a räaonnance naaa le sont un ifo rm es, ten d is que

1 'a r t io u la t io n buccale oomporte des v a r i^ t^ a in f in i e s .

En outre 11 fa u t se B ouven ir qu 'un phon&me e s t id e n t i f id . . quand on a döterm in^ l ’ acte p h o n a t io ire . . . (S au ssu re , 6 9 ).

" C Äpyroit cto po h h , mh y *e anaeM, hto 3Kcnnpaunfl, BHÖpamw

t’OJIOCOBHX CBH30K H HOCOBOlt pe30HaHC, no cyuieCTBy OÄHOOÖpa3HH, TO- Mia KaK poTOBaH apTHKywmiw BiuimaeT öec^HCJieHHue pa3hobhhhocth.

KpoMe Toro, Heji£3H 3aöuBaTi>, hto a m aneHTH^HKamra $0HeMH

äoctstohho onpeaeJiHTt cooTBeTCTByromnft a m $ 0 H am ra ..." ( C o cc rp ,7 9 ).En outre Mo*eT nepeaaBaTLCH Ha pyccrart h 3hk h peJWTHB0M"an0-

ÖaBOK", KOTopoMy (ftrHKimH aKneHTHpoBaHHH npucyma b Mettioiea CTene

HH, H0M "KpoMe T o ro " .B Ka'iecTBe 3KBHB3JieHTa "KpoMe Toro" HcnoJii3yeTCH p a r des-

SUB t o u t . ÜOnOJIHHT0JH»KHM CpeÄCTBOM aMieHTHpOBaHHH MOryT BHCTy—

naTB* c iiH TaKcm ecKH e cpeacTB a BhweJieHM. 3 t o t npneM Hapany c b h -

aeJieraeM b OTJisJttHHfl aÖ3aii CBRneTeJn>CTByeT o nparMaTiraecKOM a c -

neKTe HcnojiBaoBamiH peJWTHBOB.Quand au f r a n s a ia e t h l 'a l le m a n d , nous l e s verron s partagrfs

entre p lu s ie u r s tendanoes en p a r t ie e o n t r a d ic to ir e s .Ce q u i , p a r dessus to u t , semble incom patib le avec l ' i d ^ e d '

un syat&me ooh ^ren t, o 'e a t l e constan t dösacoord en tre l a forme

des s ig n e s e t le u r y a le u r , en tre le s a ig n i f i a n t s e t le a s ig n i f i£ s

(B a i ly , 1 8 )."Hto KacaercH $paHqy3CKoro h HeMeijKoro h sh k o b , to mh yBauHM,

<ITO OHH pa3ÄHpa»TCH HeCKOJIiKMMH, OTTOCTH npOTHBOpeHHBHMH TeRHeH-

UHHMH . . .

KpoMe T o r o , coBepmeHHo He coBMecTHMHM c aneeft cbh3hoä chc- . tömh HBJweTCH h nocTOHHHoe pasHorjiacHe Menwy $opMott 3HaKa h e r o

sHaêHHeM, Me^wy 03Ha<ia]fflUKMH h osHavaeMHMH" (EaJUtn, 47-48 ).

HapeMne encore b BHCKasHBaüKH, co;iepxameM HHdfopMaipaio, r o -

nojHHiomyio coêpKaHHe npeaTeKCTa, Mo»eT cooTBeTCTBOBan» "KpoMe t o -

r o " .On l a v o it a lo r a p e r s i s t e r dans des ensem blea p h rasô log iquea

- 50 -

usuela aveo lesquela e i le f a i t eorps ou dana oea ensembles synth<- tiquea h va leu r lex ioo log lqu e . . . A moins enoore que cet jl&nent de langue ne trouve dans ce rta in e de aea emplols une a ig n if io a - tion späcia le . . . (Sechehaye, 174) .Hawraie coio3Horo CJiOBa k moins que, co'teTaranero aeraTHBHoe y c -

jioBHe c orpaHirjeimeM, 0öycJi0BJinBaeT Hcncwii30BaHiie aHTOHiannecKO- ro nepeBoaa.

"B 3tom cjqnae mh BCTpeiaeM ee ( SByKOByn eaHHimy) b ynoTpe- ÖHTeJUbHUX $pa360J10rH3MaX HJIH B JleKCHHeCKUX ejoiHCTBax . . . KpoMe Toro, 8TO H3UKOBO0 HBJIBHMe M0K6T yUepJtaTLCfl B peHH, 6CJIH B K8KHX—to H3 ero jmoTpeöJieHHö oho noJiy'iHT cneuaajiLHoe aHa^eme . . . " (C e- me, 83 ) .

Eapeniie ensu ite h ero chhohhm puls b noHCHHnuieM BuoKaau- BaHHH, coaepisaHHe KOToporo hoxoahtch b rpananHOHHOM oTHomeHHH k npeATeKCTy hjih BKJDonaeT cymecTBeHHyn jionoJiHHTeJiiHyr) HH$opMamro, nepOBOAHTCH "KpoMe Toro".

IloflCHHiomee BucxaauBaHiie, cjiyxauiee aonojihhtgjühhm apxyMeHTOM,

MO*eT npHcoejmRHTtCH ronunayiTHO. M n pyccnoro namca s t o HBJieraie

MeHee xapaKTepHO, n03T0My npH nepeBoae npHcoe.HHHHTejn>HaH cbhsb

9KC0JiHUHpyeTCH. Hanpiotep:A e e tte da te , la S tfou rltf m ll i ta lr e ne con fiaqu a it paa enoo

re ayat&natlquement mon oou rr ie r , e t j '^ t a ia inforind par ma fam il- l e . Je l ie a ia L'Oeuvre, e t Je oonatataia aveo ätonnement que 1 *

en tr le o f f l o i e l l e de la ?ranoe dana la guerre ne ae r e f K t a i t n i aur la p o lit iq u e des m ilieux d lr lp ean ts n i aur le ooura de la v ie dana le paya (Cogn lot, 456) .

"B to BpeMH cJiyxöa de30iteCH0CTH eme He Tporajia mod no^Ty, s • 'lepea nnctMa poähhx « diui o MHoroM ocBe^owneH. KpoMe Toro, h pe- ryJwpHo HHTaJi raaeTy "JI,3bp" ( "ilejio") h Mor KOHCTSTapoBaTt, hto o$imHajn>Hoe BCTymieHHe SpaHqnH b BoöHy He orpasanoci. hh Ha nojm- THKe npaBHmicc KpyroB, hh Ha noBcejmeBHofl xhshk b CTpaHe"( Kohlo, 132 ) .

K TQMy »e . j a h bboäht aonojiHHTeJiBHHÄ apryMem, no,mcpeiuM- iomH# 0d0CH0BaHH0CTi oiieHKH ( Hepejuco OTpHuaTeJtbHoft), oo,nepxameÄCÄ

B nOHCHHOMOM BHCKflSHBaHHH• B HOHCHflXm6M BUCKaaUBaHKH npeAHKST odm*

I TpauaimoHHHe h npHcoeÄHHHTeJttHHe oTHomeHHH dJmsKH apyr k jroyrys hx odieflHHHeT HepaBHa« ,3HaHHMOCTi> ’uieHOB" 2 .C. 172] o .

- 60 -

HO COÄepJKHT 3J16M6HTH OU0HOHHOCTH. 3KBHBaJieHTHHe peJWTHBH (JjpaHIiyS-

CKoro H3UKa: de p lus, de su rc ro lt , par dessus tou t, par dessus le mar c h i , du re s te .

Mexny coflepjicaHHeM noHcaaeM oro h noncHHnmero BucKasuBaiorit H e-

peflKO HM6DT M6CT0 rpajl&IIH0HHH6 OTHOmeHKH ( H6 TO JttK O ..., HO H ) .

En tout oas, mes so lda ts ava ieat le sentiment J u s t if i^ de 1* in u t i l i t d de leu r t r a v ä ll p en ib le . Et de su rc ro lt , 11b s o u ffra i- ent du f r o id , trfcs v i f oet h iv e rs - lk (Cogn iot, 458).

"B o bchkom cJijrqae, y mokx coJwaT Oujio BnoJiHe onpaanaHHoe omy-

«eHHe öecnoJie3HocTH mc TnxeJioÄ paöOTu. K TOMy me ohh cxpanajoi o t

BSCBMa CHJIBHHX B Ty 3HMy XOJIOflOB" ( Kohbo, 1 3 3 ).ripH H su im m onpeaeJieHHoro KOHTeKCTa Hapany c BunoJiHeroieM npu-

COeOTHHTeJttHOÄ (fsyHKUHH nÖHCHHBmee : BUC K33UBEHHS MOXHO HCTOJIKOBaTB

k e k coaep^am ee onpeaeJieHHy» npiratny hjih ycJioBH© no othoihqhhd k co-

ÄepjKaHHio npeamecTByiomero TeKCTa:

I I fau t chercher l 'u n it^ conor&te a i l le u r s que dans le mot.Du res te beaucoup de mots sont des unitds complexes . . . (Saussure,148 ).

" Ht e k , KOHKpeTHyn ejxHHKuy cJiejiyeT ncnaTB He b cjiob6 . K to -

My * a MHorae w io b h npeacTaBJunoT coöoB cjioxhhb bothhuh" (C occnp ,

138 ).BnponeM, itph tom h to nepeaaioT yTOHHeHHe, BiimJiHiomee BiiyT—

peHHioio HecorJiacoBaHHocTb coaepsam tfi noncafieM oro h noncHHxmero b h -

CKa3 HBaHiift. TaKHM oöpasoM , Ha npHCoejwHHTeJiBHHe oTHonieHHfl Ham ia-

BHBanTCH orpaHimHTeJLbHHe.5paHuy3CKHe aKBHBaJieHTH: d 'a i l le u r s , du

re s te , au r e s te .UpHCOejIHHHTeJIBHO—OrpaHHHHTeJIiHHe OTHOmeHHfl BO fpaHiiyscKOM

H3HKe M oryT BupaitaTBCH HMnjiMXHTHo. IIpH nepeso.ne Ha pyCCKHÄ Ha HK

ohh 3KCiuumHpyioTCH c noMomBio peJWTHBa. B uphboähmom npHMepe HMeet

MecTO etqe h pac^JieHeHHe npe;uio*eH jrit.

Plus Evidente enoore e s t son importanoe pour la eu lture g6~

n^rale . . . I I s e ra it inadm issib le que son 6tude restftt l 'a f f a i r e de quelques s p ^ c ia lis te s ; en f a i t , tout le monde s 'en oooupe peu ou prou . . . (Saussure, 21-22).

"Q lte nuPMiTHn 3HEH0HH0 JmHTBHCTHKH ßflH 0<5mefi KyJD.TypH.. . ÜO-

3TOMy HeMHCJIHMO, HTpÖH 06 H3JTqeHH0 OCT8BaJIOCB B pyKSX H0MHOrHX

- 61 -

cneiiHaracTOB. Bnpo’ieM, b ä 6äc tb h t&7Q,hocth en b öOJumeö hjui M em -

meB CTenera 3£lhum£udtca bco . . . " (C occbp, 45 ) .ripOTOM. ITPH 3TOM. H nPH 3TOM CJtyXHT AJM BUpaJKOHHÄ IIQHCHH—

T6J1BHO—KOHKpeTH3HpynmiX OTHOUieHMä C OTT6HKOM OAHOBpeMBHHOCTH. Ha npHC06ÄHHMTejn>Hue oTHomeHHH MoryT Hac.naiiBaTi.CH rpanyaaiHHe, npu-

'umHO-cJieÄCTBeHHue h npoTHBi»Te.ii>Ho-ycTyniiT0jn>HHe oTHomeHHH.®paH- nyscKue 3KBHBaneHTu: aveo o e la , aveo tout c e la . 3th oTHomeHHH

BO $paHUy3CKOM JJ3UK0 ''laCTO BtipanaiDTCH npinaCTHUM OÖOpOTOM.

La mdcanlame l ln g u ia t lq u e ro u le tout e n t ie r au r daa Id e n t i ty s a t <Jea d i f fÄ r e n c e s , o a l l a a - o l n 'd ta n t que l a o o n t r e -p a r t le de

o e l le a - l& (S a u ssu re , 1 51 ).’ "Beci> MexaHM3M nsuna 3ioaieTCH nekjdo thtejh>ho Ha ToxAecTBax h

pa3Jmmuc, npmeM sth noc.rce.UHMt HBJunorcfl Jumii oöopoTHoll CTopoHoft

nepBmt" ( Coccnp, 141 ) .npn 3T0M. npn TOM BHnOJIHOTT H31116 BCerO npHCOeAHHHTeJÜHO-KOH-.

KpBTH3Hpy*XUy» (fyHKUHn, He 0CJI0*H6HHyB ApyTMMM OTHOmeHHHMH. IIpnco- eAHHHeMa/i HHifopMaiyiH - Toro xe nopaUKa, hto h b noacHHeMOM BticKa- SUBaHHH H OTHOCHTCH KO BC6My COAepxaHHB npeATOKCTa. OcHOBHaH II AO- nojinKTeJUHaH HHiJopMamw âcTO coothoch tch no npHHuany "oöiuee-âcT-

Hoe". 'X’parajysCKHe cooTBeTCTBHH: aveo c e la , aveo tou t c e la , oafa ls a n t .

Bo $paHuy3CK0M TeKCTe oTHomeHHH, nepeAaBaeMNB stumm peJWTtfBa-

mh, HepeAKo Bnpa*a»TCH MMnjtimMTHo,PacûeneHHe $paHuy3CKofl $pa3u npn nepeBOAa Ha pyccKnö hsuk

h BBeflerae peJWTHBa "npn stom" MoxeT öuTb oöywioBJieHo paoxoxABHH- faa b njiaHe cyöT>eKTHO-oöi>eKTHtix oTHomeHKfi.

Lea d<put6a du P .C .P . ne deva len t a ’ a b s t e n ir que le 5 ju ln , dana le a o ru t in de oon flanoe su r l a p o l lt iq u e d 'anaem ble du go u -

vernement, qu l a v a lt amalgaml k d eaae ln le s q u estion a de p o l l t l q u « ■ 4oonomlque e t s o c ia le , oü son a t t ltu d e < t a i t a a se t p o s i t iv e , e t

e e l le d 'A lg ^ r ie (C ogn io t, 3 4 0 ). j" ilenyTaTu-KOMMyhhcth Jmna> 5 mbhh "BosAepxajmcL" npn rcurocoBa*

Hm, KorAa BOTyu AOBepiw dun nocTaBJieH b ubaom no bco# nojuramte

npaBHTe/ttCTBa. ITpa 3tom npeAHaMepeHHO 6mm oöieAiweHH H couBaJüHO» »KOHOWReCKHO BOnpOCH ( K KOTOpUM OTHOH16HH6 HBUlefi napTHM öiÜIO A00l|

TaTO iHO nosHTKBHHM ) h aJumpcKa« npoÖJieMa " ( Kanto, .252 ) .

- 62 -

BMecTe o TeM. Hapamr c sthm. Hanöojiee ynoTpeöHTeJiBHNft p e jw -

thb "BMecxe c TeM" npeüCTaBJLaeT coöoft CKHTe3 nonc hhteJU>ho—koh—

KpeTHSHpyromm h BpeMeHracc OTHomeHHft. CHTyaTHBHiie $parMeHTU ochob-

hoä h ÄonanHipreJiiHoft 'lacTeß to k c tb aneHTiraai vum öjih3kk bo BpeMeH—

hom nJiaHe. $pamiy3CKHe SKBHBaJieHTH: par a i l le u r s , d’ autre part,d'un autre cö tä .

Ecjih noHCHHTeJEbHo—KOHKpeTH3npyiomH6 oTHomeww He ocJioxueHH

IipOTHBHTeJUHUMH, OHH MOryT BUpa*aTtCH BO (|;paimy3CKOÜ $pa3e HMnJEB-

uh th o . IIpH nepeBOfle sth OTHomeHM BKciuumHpyioTCH, ho peJWTHB' Jier—

ko onycKaeTCH.

. . . quand on prononoe un groupe appa, on p e r?o it une d i f fd - renoe entre le s deux j>, dont l 'u n corespond & une ferm eture, 1*

Becond & une ouverture. Ces deux impressions sont aasez analogues pour qu'on a l t repr4sent6 la su ite ££ par un seul j> (Saussure, 80 ).

" . . . Korjta np0H3H0CHTCH sByKocoHeTaHHH Tiina appa, omy-

uiaeTCH pasJiHMHe Meauty oöohmh p, hs kotopux nepßoe cooTBeTCTByeT CMKKaHHIO, a BTOpOe - paSMHKaHHD. BM6CT6 C T6M STH ÄB3 BnenaTJleHHH HHCTOJIBKO CXOflHH, ’ITO IIOHHTHH CJI^aH HSOÖpaxeHHJI CO^eTaHHfl pp QU—

KHM-eÄHHCTBeHHHM CHMBOJIOM " ( COCCIOP, 88 ) .B cjiyqae, Kor.na Ha nepBiifl iu ieh BuuBuraioTCH npoTHBHTeJn>HHe

OTHoraeHHH, b KanecTBe peJiHTHBa bo $paHuyacKOM TeKCTe BCTpeiaeT&H

Hape^He pourtant, HepeaKO npewnecTByeMoe coiosom e t b (jfiyHKura

npHcoeAHHeHHH.

Toutea le s f o is que le s mfimea condltions sont räa lis^ es , on obtient le s raSmes e n t itö s . Bt pourtant c e l le a - o i ne sont paa'ab- « t r a it e s , puisqu'une rue ou un express ne se con$oivent pas en de- hora d'urfe rd a lis a t io n m a te r ie lle (Saussure, 151-152).

"B c h k h ä p a s . Kan ocymecTBJUnoTCH oähh h Te xe ycjiOBHH, nojiy- m/uotch oähh h Te *e cyuiHOCTH. H BMecTe c TeM b th cynHocTH He aöc iv paicTHH, n0T0My h to y jnm y hjih cKopufl noesa He Jüan c e ö e npeflCTBBHTB

une MaTepHa/iBHOü peajmsauHH" (Cocciop, 141 ) .E ojiee T o r o . Majio T o r o : npHcoejoiHHTeJiBHHe 0TH0ineHHH komöhhh-

liymTCH c rpauyaJüHHMH. 3 th peJiHTHBH bhiiojihhiot nparM aTiraecKy» poJtt,

iipiiiyieKafl BHHMaHHe an pecaTa k 3Ha^HM0CTH npncoeÄHKHeMofl HH$opMa-

Uhh. 'X'paHyyscKHe SKBHBajieHTH i l y a plus, bien p lus, de plus, en plus. Cp.HanpHMep:

- 63 -

"B 9tom Hauuia OTpaxeHHe oöieKTHBHaH saK0H0MepH0CTi> snoxii -

nocTeneHHoe H3MeHeHue mhpobux chji b noJn>3y coiiHaiiHSMa.

Eonee Toro, k e k h npeacKaauBaji B.M.IeHHH, KanaTaracTinecKHe CTpaHH BUHyxAeHH öujih noÄTH Ha pasBimie Ä6JI0BUX OBHaeÄ c coioia- JIHCTKMeCKHMH CTpaHaMH B H6BIWaHHHX paHee MaCttlTaöax" ( HOBOe Bpe

MH. 19 ).C 'ea t.lb le re fle t d'une lo i objeotive de notre Ipoquei le

ohangement graduel du rapport des force s mondiales h l'avantage du ■ooiallame.

I I y a plua: oomme Lfnlne 1 'avalt pr<vu, lea paya cap lta lia - tea ont <t4 ob llg la de d4velopper des relatlona d 'a ffa ire s aveo lea Etats socia listoa aur une lohelle aana pr4o<dent (Tempa nouveau«, T9).

B onpeaeJieHHOM KOHTeKOTe Hape que mime moxbt npuoöpsTaTB am w em w , npiicynme peJMTHBaM aaHHofl rpy iu iN :

A l 'lg a rd du Plan Marahall, dont toutea lea implloatlona n' tftalent paa enoore manifestes, Maurioe Thorei usa d'une orltlque pnidente. I I f i t mfime une mlae au point publique pour dlsarouer le Bureau du prease du partl du congria qul, dana aon räauml,»▼alt aoua-titr4 "Le Plan Uarahall pl&ge oocidental" un paaaage de rapport (Cogniot, 161).

"Mopiic Tope3 caeputaHHO KpHTHKOB&n "njiaH MapuiaJUia", Bce ac- neKTH KOToporo no Koraja eine He öujih hchh. BoJiee T o ro , oh nydjnniHo yTOTHM obok) no3numo h aesaByHpoBaji npecc-Öiopo cte3.ua, KpTopoe b CB06M pesDMe oooTBeTCTByiomero pa3,uejia aomiaua najio nojisarojiOBOK "3anajuw" njiaHa Mapoiajma" ( Kohbo, 2 0 7 ).

Msy^eHHe ceMaHTirtecKoro h ocoöeHHo nparManraecKoro acneKTa

BHyTpHTeKCTOBux OTHomeHHft npeACTaBJweT ÖoJ&mofl HHTepeo He tojibko

äjm npaKTHKH, ho h juw TeopHH nepeBOAa, nepecTpanBajoute# cbor Me-

TOAOJiorinecKyn Öa3y Ha ochobö jihhtbhcthkh to k c tb h KOMMy rantaTHB— HOft JIHHTBHCTHKH.

CCHJIKH HA JWTEPATypy

1 . M .B.JnnoH . CMHCJiOBas CTpyKTypa cjioähoto npeju ioKem w i

T6KCT. - M ,:H ayK a, 1986. - 200 o .

2. PyccKan rpaMMaTrtKa. CHHTaKCHo. B 2-x TOMax. - M.:Hayna, 1982. - T.2r 709 c . ■ J ß(1 _

UHTHpyeMan jnrrepaTypa

Cl.EaJuiH. OömaH jihhtbhcthk£i h $pa;njy3CKaH JiHHrBHCTHKa. BB&ne—

Hae //PtCTOpUH H3UK03HEHKfl XIX-XX BeKOB B OHepKaX H HSBJmeKKflX /B.A.3BBTHHiieB. H .2. - M., 1965.

K.Kohbo . MaöpaHHHft nyTt. - M .: üporpecc, 1980.HoBoe BpeMH. - M., 1978. - #46.A.Ceme. TpH COOCIOPOBCKHO jihhtbhcthkh // Hctopkh HSUKosHaHHrf

XIX-XX Bekob b onepicax h HSBJie'teHHüx /B.A,3B8THHneB. H.2. - .

1965.fl.jje Coocnp. Kypc oömefl jmhtbhcthkh // TpyjH no H3HK03HaHm>.

- M., 1977.

Ch.Bally. Llngulatlqua g4n4rala at llngulatlqua francala«. - Barns, 1944.

O.Cognlot. Parti p rla .' V o l.2. — Pariai Soolalaa, 1978.

F.da Sauaaura. Coura da llngulatlqua glntfrala. - Pariai Payot, 1965.

A.Saohahaya. Laa tro la llngulatlquea aauasurlennaa // A Ga- n«va Sohool Raadar ln L lngulatloa. - Bloomington-London , 1969.

Tampa nouvaaux. - K, 1978. - N 4 6 .

E.fl.ripocKypHHa

CMHCJlOBOfl BUBOÄ H PABHOUEHHOCTb IIEPEBO.HA OPHTHHAJDr • ■

Bonpocu BocnpHHTHH HHtJopMaiyiH Tecao cbhbehh c irpodJieMoft no- HMMaHRH eMHeJia cooömeHHH, rioHHwaHne CMHCJia Bcer.ua npejwoJiaraeT

HSBJie^eHHe cMHCJioBoro BUBO.ua, ocyuiecTBJmeMoe nepeboothkom Ha 00-

HOBe 3HaHHH HHOCTpaHHOrO H3UKa Hfl CBOJDC $OHOBbDC 3HEHHÄ H OIIHTa,. a TäKÄte 3HaHHH KOHTOKCTa COOdmeHHfl L i j Ilpoaecc 3T0T SaTpyÄHHeTOÄ

TeM, t t o He bcö b tö k c tö no.'iyvaeT SKCiimtHTHoe Bupaxeim e, MHoroe

QCTaeTCH no^pasyMeBaeMUM, hmtuihuhthhm. CJie/iOBaTeJiBHo, H3BJie^eKiie

CMHCJia coodmemw Hfl h Bocnpopi3Be,aeHne ero cpeacTBaMH IIH npau- noJiara»T aneKBaTHHil aHajina Toro, ' i t o coaepraiTCH b coodmemra HflHe T0JD.K0 B HBHOfl $ 0 p M 6 , HO H B HeHBHOÜ, HMmiHUHTHOit.

- 65 -

npn HCCJieAOBaHHH npoÖJieMH KMII-IIHiaiTHOCTH nOHBJmeTCH HeOÖXOÄH- uocTb npHöerHyTb k JiornKe, KOTopa« csasuBaeT UMnJimoiTHoe c noHfl- THeM HMiuiHKauHH, JioriraecKoll onepauKH, KOTopaa CHMBOJunecKH H30Ö—

pa*aeTCH "A— B", rae A - ajiTeiieaeHT, B - KOHceKBeHT, 3naK — o a - HanaeT OTHOuieHne HMiumKauira.

ripHBJie'reHHe jiorm ut k aH araay KOMMyHHKaixHH nosBOJnuio b b o c th

B H3UK03Hal)He JIHHTBHCTlTWeCKMe ITOHHTHH HMTUIHKaTypH ( CMUCJlOBOrO

BUBOjia ) u npecynnoanuHM (ycJ ioB iw ocm hcjichhocth BUCKa3UBaiaia ) ,

KOTOpue, ojiHaKo, npHHuminaJiiHo OTJiina»TCfl o t J ion reecK oro iiohhthh

mouiHKauHH hjih ywo3aKJnoHemw. HMnjmKam« npeancuiaraeT Hajurme 3K- cnjtHiiHTHux MJieHOB A h B - aHTeueaeHTa h KOHceKBeHTa, b onpeaeJM -

eTCH KaK JiorinecKaH onepau aa, "cBHSUBaxmaH ABa bhcKa3UBamm b

oäho c jioähob BucKaauBaHHe c noMouiin J io rin ecK ofi cbhskm, KOTopofl

B OÖHMHOM fl3hlK6 B 3HaHHTeJIiHOtl M8p6 COOTBeTCTByBT COB3" 6 C J IH ...,

TO . . . " : 8CJIH A, TO B "[ 2 l .

B OTJDIMHe OT JIOrHKH H3KK03HaHHe paCCMaTpHBaeT TpeX'UeHHyB

(fopMyjry A — B — C, n ie B _ enKHCTBeHHufl 3KcmumnTHult hjibh o t -

HoiuennH, Biipa*eHHull b coodmewiH BepdaJüHo. A npecynno3H iow , x o -

Topan HMKoraa He aaeTCÄ b coodmemra, a jihuib noapasyweBaeTCH u

n03B0JliieT OCMUCJlHTb BKClUIJmHTHUfl HJleH B H CaeJiaTb H3 H ero CMUOJIO-

BOft BUBOA C.

BnojiHe aaKoHOMepHuMH npeaciaBJUDOTCH cJieaynuiie onpeaeJiemw MJieHOB 3Toft (fopMyjiu: "... npecynno3jmiw - bto 3KCiuuayipyeMHfl,noÄ- pasyMeBaeMult OTnpaBHTeJieM cooömeHun aHTeueaeHT (A),kotopu11 coo- TaBJLHeT yCJIOBHß OCMUCJI6HHOCTH (CMUCJTOBOft ÜOJIHOTU) BKCIUIHUHTHOrO, iiMeoaerocH b hbhom Bnae b tckcto KOHceKBeHTa B ( B oneayeT ns A ) f a HMruiHKaTypa - 8?o"... KOMMymucaTUBHO peJieBaHTHH# cmhcjioboH bu- boä npn Hajunmi sKciuumHTHoro aHTimeaeHTa h maumuHpyeMoro (noa- paayyeBaeMoro ) KOHceKBeHTa, BUBoa, K0T0puÄ aeJiaeTCH noJiy^aTeJieM peneBoro cooöneHHH Kax Buöop H3 Toro Haöopa npecynnoaKuat, kotopue co3HaTeju>Ho hjih name noacosHaTeJüHo ;ow

Ha 8tkx onpeaeJiemift cjieayeT, hto laauraKaTHBHOCTi cooö memm

- b to "TeopennecKH bosmoxhuA Haöop npecynnosumilt", onpeaejwnuidl " t o noTemmaJiBHoe mhoxbctbo mnuumaTyp, xoTopoe laeaaiHHfl nojiy-

OOOÖmeHHH H KOTOpue COCTBBJIHBT yCJIOBM

HaTe«. cnocoöeH H3BJie<u> 13 naHHoro cooöm em w

- 66 -

IlojiyH aT eJiB c o o ö tn e r a w Ha WH a e J ia e T cM ucJioB u e b u b o ä u , KaK irpa-

fen.io, n0Ä C03H aT6Jn>H 0. üepeB O O TH K x e , ocym ecT am uom nÄ n e p e B o a c Hfl

na ü 3 u k n e p e B o a a ( I l f l ) , h o c t o h h h o HMeeT B B iu y k b k m ojcho d o j i e e n o s -

Iruft n a d o p n p e c y n n o s H m r ft , n o a p a sy M e B a e M u x aB T op oM , h B e p d a r a s y e T

te CMHCJI0BH6 BbfflOÄU, KOTOpUS HeOÖXOÄHMH J.IW K aK MOKHO d o j ie e paB-

Hou.eH H oro noH H M aniw TeK C Ta h ob u m u c j iy v a re ie u t h od ecn en eH H H H e n p e -

PUBHOÄ CBH3H MeJUiy OTpe3KaMH T eK C T a Ilfl.

TaK HanpuMep, mojcho npeanoJio*HTi>, ^ to b HusecJieÄynqee BHCKa-

»HBaHHe:"The miaslon haa been in Charge of native luiaaionariea and

l ’ra te rr ib ly norvoua that, they've let thinga Bilde" (W.S.Maugh am , 17).aBTopoM 3ajio*eH pan npecynno3nmrit - "MecTHHe MHCCHOHepu He cn o -

coöhu ynpaBJWTB HaceJieHHeM", "ohh HeflocTaTO^HO TBepuw u CTpora b

feejieHira x e j i " , "aHTJinflcrae MMccuoHepu He jiojukhu öhjih ocTaBJiHTb mh-

tcjno Ha CTOJii aoJiTHÄ cpoK " h t . a . , m KOToporo Kajondt nepeBcurunc

SisBJieKaeT ojjHy HMnjiHKaTypy, t o e c T t 3KcruamnpyeT KaKOÄ—t o oähh

6hbo ä , KOTopufl nosBOJiaeT noJijniaTe.flB ocm hcjditb BHCKasHBaiuie bo

Bceft e r o noJiHOTe.

"Mhccoh ocT aM eH a Ha MHccHOHepoB-TyseMiieB, h h o^eret öodcb ,

T fo ohh Bce 3anycTHJUi" (C .M 03M . 2 4 ) .

"H o^em onacajocB, KaK du b mhccjm, yiipaBJiHeMoft Ty36MHUMH cbh- meHHHKaMH, He nojopBaJiact jmcmnuimia" ( B.C.Mora»«, 75 ) .

"HaM npmroci. nopjnaTt mhcchjo TyseMHHM MHCCHOHepaM, h MeHH crpaJUHO BOJiHyeT mhcjü, vto ohh He CMor.ro yjepacaTL b n0BHH0BeHHH

nacoMHX" . (C.Mosm, 6 0 ) .OcTambHue iipecyTmo3mxHH, no MHeHmo nepeBO^HKOB, 0Ka3aracB

nepeJieBajJTHHMH m h aKciunncainiH h o c T a r a c t b t b k c t g nepeBoaa b

HMTUIHUHTHOM BJUie.

Bnpa*eHH6 "to get ona'a own board" BO $pa36 "She haa taken the room, that'a a l l " - answered the trader. "She'a gettlng her own baard" (W.3.Maugham, 16).npejuiojiaraeT b KanecTBe A ( KMn;mmiTHoro *uieua Tpex’UieHHofl $op -

MyjiH, npecynno3imHH ) - He MTaTBCH y xo 3hhhe, roTOBHTi. caMOMy

hjih xojottb b pecTopaH, HMeHHO TaKyx H3HKOByTO peaJiH3aipn) noJiyqaeT

CMHCJioBofi BUBoa b ÄByx nepeBo,uax:

- 67 -

"OHa TOJOjKO OHHJla KOMHaTy, 0TB6THJI TOpTOBOH. "CTOflOBaTbOfl y MeHH OHa He OyjeT" (C.Moöm, 23 ) .

"OHa T0JtbK0 cHHJia KOMHaTy, a odeA dyneT r0T0Bnn> caMa", -

OTBeHaji ToproBeu" ( B .C .M ora«, 73 ) .üpa aHajraae nepeBOAOB hboÖxoähmo npHHHMaTb bo BHHMaHHe to t

$4Kt, hto ecjrn JiorinecKHfl bhboa Bceraa xoctko AeTepMHHHpoBaH, to nnuomaTypu, nepeaaBaeMue BepdaittHHMH cpeacTBaMH, ho MoryT duTb

BupaxeHu c TaKofl xe HeTKocTbD b cimy ocoöeHHOcTefl ecTecTBSHHoro .HeJioBeMecKoro Hansa, rae rpaHHKH mbxay hohhthhmh Bceraa pasMHTU

i He onpeaejieHHH [_4~] . OTcnAa, b hbcthocth, oJieayeT, hto adoo- JDOTHO TOHHOrO, 0AHHCTB0HHO BOSMOXHOrO CnOCOÖa BHpaXÖHHfl CMHCJla

ooodmeHHH MH cpeacTBaMH I1H He cymecTByeT. Id a0&ctbht6JQ>ho, nepe- boahhkh hbcto npeAJiara»T paBHoueHHue, ho pasjurauue no BepdaJCbHO- My o4«p»4JieHHD BapHaHTu nepeaann cMucJioBoro BHBoaa. Ananasoh pao- Z0U6HHH M0X6T ÖUTt PB3HKM B 3&BHCHM0CTH OT BO3M0XH0CT6# I1H, CT6- nerai ododmeHHocTH tun kohkpbthocth CHTyaura, onxcaHHofl HH, oco- ÖeHHOCTefl ({XDHOBbDt SHaHHfl ÜOJlyMaTeJIH H T.n.

AH&U3 paaJiHMHttx nepeBOAOB c>ÄHoro h T o ro x e orpesKa t s k c t b

noxaauBaeT, h to c no3ioiHfl noJW$HHaJCbHoro ncuoroAa x KOHeHHOMy

BapüaHTy b napeBOAe AonycTHMa JDodafl cmohb AeHOTaTOB npn ycJiOBUü,

HTO OMHCJIOBOtt BUBOA, KOTOpHÄ ABJiaeT nOJlyHaTeJtb npH BOCnpUHTHH

pasHux Bap»aHTOB nepeBOAa, ocTaeTcn H6H3MeHHO Taiuni x e xax b Hfl1, CpaBHHBaH ABa nepeBOAa:

" I aekad Hati "You thlnk ls tru« a l l thla talk Kddoaa giving u ( about how women ruitnlng a fte r hlm?"(V .S .Nalpau l. 93).

"Kslk-to h cnpociu X otb : "KaK tu Ayuaemb, s to npaana, h to

xbmbhhu 3aaocy npoxojy He AaPT?" ( B.C.HaftnoA, noBecTH, 9 9 ).

"KaK-TO h cnpauiHBaio XBaTa: "CJiyiaafl, a 3aaoc ho aarHöaeT, dyA -

t o xeHiiiHHM K H6MY tbk h JiiuiHyT?"(B.C.HaftnoJi. yjim ia . 77 ) .

moxho saMBTHTb, h to npecynnosiimiH "Sahoc nonyjwpeH, HpaBHTCfl xax—

Bin hem" 3KcnJimmpyeTCfl b nepeBOAaz npn noMoui» pasHoro AsuxoBoro Ma-

TepaaJia. OAHaxo b AaHHofl cHTyaium "He AaBaTb npoxoAy - .ranHyTb"

MOXHO CHHTfiTb KOHTOKCTyaJIbHO CHHOHHMHHHUMH, B3aHM03aU6HHeMUMH B a - pHEHTaMH BepdajiBHoro 0(Jx)pMJieHHfl OAHoro a Toro xe CMHCJioBoro buboaa«

KOHTBKCTyaJIbHafl CHHOHHMHfl KaK HBJI8HM8 nepeBOOTeCKH 8HHHHM08,

XOBO^bHO HacTO HadJiBAaeTCfl b nepeBoaax, HanpHMep:

- 68 -

" . . . I naver trlad to bacome frlandly with him "(V .3.Ialpaul,22).

” . . . h o ö x o a k j e r o c t o p o h o B "< B .C .liaflnoJi.;ioBecTH , 3 1 ) .

" . . . fl A e p x a jic f l o t n e r o noA a jihu ie " ( D .C .H aW iioJ i.y jm u a f/ jrreju ., 2 4 ) .

B cJie^ymmeM npuMepe HcnojibaoBaHHe KOKBepcuBa "KynwTb - npo-unTb"

"Oaorge Bold a l l h l« oowa to H at'’ ( V. 3 . Nalpaul, 25 ) .

"jjKopjDS TyT * e iipoAHJi KopoB XsTy (B .O .H aflncu i. IIoßecTH, 3 4 ) .

"H X3T kyiikji v ,.ôp^!Ka Bcex e ro xopoB" ( B .C J lattnn jiH.yjiH iia.

•’? ) ne-naeT neptJHO/iu paBHone hhkm h , TaK Kax accounanHH uoJiyHaTeJW

'ynyT k ath no Biinîne oiipejiflJieHnoMy nanpaBJieKwo" - Kynmi

KynJLfl-iipojiwua — C-fle-raa" b oöohx n epeno jiax .

C'THaiieHne KoHBepcHH xafjaKTepvtayxT h ä b « riepeno-aa B npuMepe:

"tfhen *ra so» Nathanlal h« would Juat nay" Juat been beatlngäome aenae lnto that woman" ( V.S .Nalpaul , 37 ) j

" IIo to m HaTann:uib oOv h c iu u i h/im : " ioymui ee MaJiocTb y w y -p a 3 y -

Jty" ( B .l'.M aHnoJi. .loBecTH vs paccicanH, '*;•<>.

"tlaTHHunJib n0T0M HeOpexHO p i w u : " OriBTb flypb M3 nee RHKOJia-

iiigaJi" ( B.O .ÜattnoJi. yîmia 7 1 ) .

CMHC.ioBHe nu nojiu , H3BJieKaeMwe no jiyvaTeJ ieM b ÄamiOM npuM epe,

■oRnauanr Taioite u 3a c s e T r o r o , m to CHTyaunn ynoTpeöJieKUH 3TKX

a u p axem ifl 0;iHHaK0Ba, K TOMy Ee paccM O Tpem ie nepeBOAnB c to m k » a p e -

hkh aBycTopoH H eB HMnjrHKanjm H O K asu naeT , hto okh HMiuirampyiOT j ip y r

n p y r a , "r><nTb y v y - p n ^ y v y ^ yp b BUKOJUWHBaTh".

! aBHi'URHHocTb nepeB<'ÄOB BHCK/i?uBaHHH no JiBycTopoHitefl KMmai- k s iih h i ip e J in o J ia ra e T BosM oxH OCTb C B e jie iw « hx K 0.nH0My HHTeHcwoHaJiy,

no KpH&uefl M e p e , b k o h k p ö th o m K O H TeK cre nucKa3kiBaHHH. (H o ä H RTeH -

cnoHaJiOM ’.iaecb noHMMnerc.fl n pe jw eT KOMMyHHKauHM, ee cojiepxaHne,

t o , m to x o T a fl CK«:tHTb H B T o p ,n i o .iy n n p y fl iiamibifl c m u c j i ) .T a K ,b npu M epe

"I tMnk when he wlth I.aura he pot hla t a ll between hla laga a l l the time" ( V . S . Nnlpaul, H7 ) .

"Mn.aaTb, ni/M on x b o c t ii1 .uiuwaeT? ( B .C .H aflnoJ l. i’IoBecTH I

r a o o K n a b i . ' .O )

, kiv, ;.h ... ;>>i p>u;om, 2. He r o mypmunm T pH cyT ca". ( B .C .

;!aJlno.n, J'.'im ia M iire.ib, 71 ' n 'ie i‘ii.:;iio , » t o n n p re n n in x corrw neH

■ ".■ 'ohtch ", xoth h nepnoM n e^ B O A e liaöop jieHOTaTOB

THMIV >'• -XNUHeH, « Bl! BTO[<tM 3AMeH6H nOJIHOCTbB. B JipyTOM K0HT6K—

- tVJ -

ot« sth xe nepeBOAH Moroni du OKaaaTicfl HepasHoiteHHUMH, Tax KaK

"noAXHMaTi xboct" iweeT AouoJiHHTeJiiHHfl OTTeHOK "yHiixaTica", hto

a m AaHHoro KouTexoTa hbjih6tch coBepmeHHo orrpaBAaHHUM cmucjiobum

buboaom.An» paBHQueHHofl nepeAau« cxuc^oBoro buboab nepeBOA^HWi He

pa ako c 'm ta b t bosmoxhum saMeHHTB oakh oöpa3 Ha Apyrott ( Kax b npe- AunymeM npmiepe) hjih bbocth odpas tsm, tab s to noACKaaaHO I1H,

Tax, HanpuMep, b nepesoAe Bupaxerow «not to f i t in *"Thia lady dldn 't f i t in with the ra »t of ua in Hlgual

atraat" (V .3.Nalpaul, 102);"3Ta AaMa hbho Btine^umach cpbam hhc. odHTaTeJie# MureJa-OTjai*

(B.C.HaftnoJi. ÜOBecTH ...1 0 9 ) »"Ha yjiime MureJii-CTpHT xemiHHa dmia deJioil bodohoA" ( B.C.

HaftnoJi. yjuma.. . , 85 ) . oda nepeBOAa, hocmotph Ha apyrott cpaarntTeJüHO c Hfl Haöop AeHOTa- TOB, HBHO yxasUBaDT Ha OAKH HHTBHCHOHaJI "ÖUTk H6 TEKO& KaK BO«,

He BnHCUBaTbcü", CkteHa AeHOTaTOB np« saweHe odpaaa, Hanpiwep: 1"Wa a l l knaw that Bddoaa waan't a man to ba playad w ith". (V. 1

3 .Nalpaul, 94)."Bce mu 3Hajm, hto 3aaoyc He H3 podKoro AecHTKa" t B.C.Ha#-

nom, IloBecTH. , , , 100 ) ."Mu sh&iui: 3m o y c - to 3a ceda üoctoht". (B.C.HaftnoJi. yjnm a..'. j

78) bbaot x noflBJieHHB hobux, He CBottcTBeHHUx odpaay opicrHHajia aoooQxamil, KOTopue HeflTpaJU!3yi>TCH tbm, hto cmucjiobu6 bhboau HaIlfl OCT8JOTCH B C$ep« A6ÜCTBHH HHT6HCHOH£Ula BUCKa3UBaHKfl - "o STKM eJIOBSKOM H8AO ÖHTB OCTOpOXHee, myTHTb C HHM He CJieAyeT” .

HepeAKo npn nepepadoTxe HmJwpMaiyw no jiorinecKOHjr napaiaerpy ■ moxho HadJmaaTk b nepeBOAe nepeio« b Apyr Apyra cMexHux noHHTrt, odoaHananoHz npeAMem, aoBctbh/i , npusnaKB, coctoühkx. Hanpooiept

"Ha t o ld ay m o th an "T h ia boy b r lu h t 11k« an y th in g , ma'am" (V.S.Haipaul, 74).

■y MBJtLHHKa CBOTJiaH roJioBa.msm" . - ooodmxji oh uoet uaTepH (B, IC.HataoJi, rioBCCTH.. . , 80 ).

"HpesBinaflHo cnocodHuft hbjo^ hk, " - oxasa* oh uh« ” (B.C.HainoJi, ' J jo o » , . . 5 8 ) .

IIpxsHax «HTJüdioxoro opuriHaJia " b r lg h t " ooxpaimeTCJi bo n op o ii

70 -

nepeBoae "cnocodHH#", a b nepBOM saMeiwoTCH Ha o ö ib k t , h to t o t «

flBJWeTOÄ BOSMQXHHM BapHBHTOM, ÖJiaTOÄapH JtOTHKO—CeMaHTHHBOKO# CM — SB noHHTHfl "cnocodHHÄ" - "cBeTJiaH rcuioBa". IIpasHaK 8Äeci> npnpa&- HIBaeTCH K OdiBKIJ, HO KOHeHHOfl HMTUDJKaUIIH 8TO H8 HapymaeT, TaK

khk co^eTarate npii3HaKa h oOteKTa KMHeTCfl chmhm pacnpocTpaiieHHHM co^eTaimeM b oKpyxajouie# neJioBeica ae0CTBi!TeJLi>HOCTH: c tohkh apo-

b h josycTopoHHeft HMnjiHKaiuiH uenoKKa "b r ig h t " - "cnocoOHutt" -

"cBewraH roJioßa" tom öoaoe He BusimaeT coMHemw. B CJieAjrameM

npmepe noÄOÖHan uenoMKa HaHHHaeTCH c "b ra in s " Ha HH - "b ra ln ■ ',- "rcuioBa" - "cnocoöHHÄ" :

"I always say i t , and X aaylng it agaln now, thia boy E lla « have too muoh bralna" (V.S.NaipauX, 33).

"fl Bcerjia roBopHJi h oimtb noBTopn : y aToro napHH rojioBa hto H840b (B.C.Hafinoji, ÜOBecTH 41 ).

"Hto h roBopHJi : cnocoÖHeftnmfl MEün>HHK". (B .C .H aÄnoJi,yjnm a...35)

IIpn nepeBOAe MoryT peajrn30BaTLCfl h Apynie OTHomemw, Hanpmiap

OOCTOHHH0 ( opHTHHaJi) - npouecc (nepeBoa.) :"But DoXIy waan't dead" (V.S.NaipauX, 163)."K cnacTM) ilojum BtamJia " ( B.C.HaftnoJi, IloBecTH . . . 167)."Ho Aojudt BMKUia" (B .C .H atooJi, yjiima . . . 144 ) .

hjih C0CT0HHH6 ( opHTHHaJi) - ÄeflcTBHe ( nepeBoa ) :

" I t w a a n 't the mango aeaaon when Miaa HiXton d ie d " (V .S .N a ip a u X , T O ifK o ra a Mhcc Xhjitoh yw ep jia , MaHro eme hb nocneJm" . (B .C .H aM noji,

noBecTH . . . , 107).

'TU oju j eme hb c03peJin. K oraa yMepjia Muco Xhjito h " (B .C .H aitnaJi,

Yjinua . . . . 8 5 ).EwjHoaymife nepeboäm hkob b npHHHTira pemeHiw m om t o ö m c h h tv -

ch ocoöe>mocTHM« Ilfl.

ycJioBHO npHHHMELH 3a TOHKy (JopMHpoBaHon nepeBoaa to coctohhhb CHTyaUHH, KOTOPOB 38AaH0 BHCKa3UBaHH6M opHTHHaJia, nepeBOAHHK MO-

*e? pa3BHBöTB CHTyaumo, rrpoHrptiBafl eS b paaHHX HanpaMBHHHx no

och npHHHHa-CJieACTBHe, Hanpwnep :

"She knocked him about a Xot and dld ao qulte openly now" (V. S.KatpauX, 89).

"OHa He pa3 KcuioTHJia b to npineM T en ep t y Bcex Ha b h j y " ( B.C.

MftitnoJi. IloBecTH... 9 5 ) .

- 71 -

"KojioTiua oHa ero H em ajno, oö btqm T en ep t bch y jim ia 3Hajia" ( B, C.HAflnoJi, y jiim a 7 3 ) *

B nepBOM BapaaHTe nepeBOOTHK He paaBHBaeT cHTyamno Hfl, oo- TaBJum nepeßoa b JiorviKO-ceMaHTiriecKOM ncuie aeftCTBHH HHTeHCHOHaJia opKTHHajia nyTew HcnoJiksoBamiH cxo/woro no oökeMy iiohhthh " to knoo, about openly" - "KojioTUTk y Bcex na Bmiy", KüTopoe BusuBaer coot-. »«TCTRyHny» uMnJiHKaTyyij', to ecTk, anaJiorirMHbitt cmuc-hoboA buboa.

Bo btoi'OM BapnatiTe Vpaaa "bch yjiima 3Ha/ia", oaHa>iaeT ripuMe- HUTeJihHO k TeKCTy op«mHajia y*e pesy^HTaT, wieacTBiie ns toM CHTy-

aium, mto Koro-To "kojiotht y Bcex Ha Buny". PaBHoarmocTb a o c t* - raeTo« n e pebojimmkom na ocuonaHH« JiorHMecKoro pa3BHTHH CHTyaium KH b I1H - "ecjui MeJioßeKa otkputo kojiotat ( y Bcex Ha Biwy), to o<1

•TOM SHaeT BCfl yJIHUa".T ax , b npuMepe:

"Soraeona ln the a tree t (not me) poleCined the A laateana".(V .3 .Nalpaul, 2b).

"Kto- to I hs n ) QTpaBHJi OBMapoK" ( B.C.HaflnoJi, IIobocth. . ,34 ), "ObhhpKH C.HOXJ1M, BH4HMO, KTO-TO QTpaBHJi" ( B. C.HaflnOJI, yjIHUa...

28) b nepBOM iiöpenojie cHTyamw opnrnnajia coxpajifleTCfl. Cmhcjiobo# ■uboa noJiyMaTeJik AeJiaeT na ocHoaaHHM SHaHioi hm peajitHofl ÄeBcTB«- T6JU.H0CTH [ "9CJ1M KTO-TO OTpaBMJI OOÖaK, 3H&MMT OHM CJIOXJIH". I 00-ofluieHMe " kto- to oTpaßiu ooflax" HeHsrtexHO oaHaxaeT " cjioxjih* .

bTopo# nepeBon oojiepxHT Ty *e cauyv uenoMicy, ho oöa «8 HJeHa aupaxeHU BepOankHo, npiwMHa m cji«jictbh6 npHcyTCTByx>T b oahom npefl— JtoxeHUi : "OBMapKH cjioxjim — kto- to kx OTpaBVUl".

IlepeBojiMMK MoxeT npoH riM M Tk cwTyauwo « Hasan, sKciL/uaufpy«

ojiHy *3 npecymio-jKunÄ aBTopa, opnmHaji *e b tbkom c-nynae npeji- CTa&JiROT no OTHotoeHMD k TöKt'Ty nepeBoaa cJioJicTBHe, HanpMMep:

" I don 't thlnk an* o f ua undtratood what Hat m ean f (V .S .N a lpaul, kh ) .

"Jlwi Hac 8TQ Omjio c^kiiikom My^peHo" (B .C .H aflnoji.y jnm a.. . ,50 )

Haeck oMenmiHo h&k traue upimiiHHO—cji6Jictb6hhux OTHOuieHHlI mox- Mf OTpesKaMH TeKCTa Hfl m llfl : " tb k khk öujio MyapoHo" - npmjHHa,

• "none o f ua underatood" - "HMMoro He HÖH/UM* - CJiejlCTBMe.(UiHano nojiwfiHHajbHiJt nojuoa k nep«Boay npeJinojiaraeT, mto

TdXOt peUIBHH« He MOXA! paCCMaTpMBaTkC* Kax SJIUHCTBeHHO BOSMOXHOa

- 72 -

i oKOinaTeJüHoe. Äpyro# BapaaHT nepeBOAa noATBepxAaeT b t o : "B p w

JU KTO-HHdyjQ> H3 HaC nOHHÜ TOTAa, HTO X0T6JI CKa3aTI> Xs t " (B .C . Hataoji, ÜOBecTH . . . , 72 )•

JUw nojqnaTejn bth nepeBOAH öyayT paBHoiieHHii, tbk kok ohh

jTAepxHBasT ero cmhcjiobo8 buboa b AonycTHMHX npeAQJiäic onncHBaewot

öxTyaimH.HeoÄHOSHa'iHOCTL, BapnaöeJU>HOCTi> nepeBOOTecKoro pememw b x a * -

AOU KOHKpSTHOM CJ pi&e 0C0Ö6HH0 OT^eTJIHBO npOHMHBTCfl B TQX CJlyHar-

a, Koraa Ha Tpex cooömeHHfl - opHTHHaJia h AByx nepeBOÄOB - moxho

nocTpoHTB JiomKO—HMiuiHKaTHBHoe coodqeHHe A — »- B — * £ , rfle B -

tbkct oparHHajia ( TO'uca oTC^eTa jvw $opMHpoBamm nepeBOAa), koto-

puö BCTynaeT b JiormieoKiie oTHomeHHH c TeKCTaMU nepeBOÄOB no AByii

npoTHBonojio*HHM HanpaBJieHaHM : ocjih 3T0 HanpaBJieroie "sn ep eA ", t o

OAHH H3 nepeBOÄOB COAepjRHT 9KCIUmiXHTHO BUpaXeHHUtt CMHCJIOBOÄ BHBOA

C, to ect l B HMoraniHpyeT C. Ecjih xe s to HanpaBJiemie "Haaafl" -

TorAa cau ’uieH othoiushha B cteh obu tch cmucjiobum bhboaom H3 bkcii-

JöttWTHO BupaxeHHoro aHTeueAeHTa A. TaK, b npuMepe:

"The oreaBea on hie trouaera wer* ftlwava eharp and clean and •traight" (V.S.Nalpaul, 27).

"0 npflMue ocTpye cTpeJiKH ero dpnx moxho diuio nope3BTBCH" (B . C.HaflnoA, ÜOBecTH, 36 ) .

"Epotxh OTVTPKeHH. Oes eAHHoro nHTHuniKa" (B.C.Hattnoji, yjuma... 29 ) coOTOflHHe ÖpioK • "aharp and clean and atraight " HBJiaeTCH pe- syjitTaTOM Toro, hto ohh "oTyTBxeHu" h oTyraxemj TaK xopomo, hto mokho cAeJiaTB buboa - " o npHMue CTpeJiKH moxho nope3aTLCH". ’LneH oTHomeHHH A "öpnKH OTyTKnieHu" He A8H b TeKCTe opHTHHaJia, ho ne- P6B0AHHK BHAHT, HTO T8K8H npeCynn03HUHH 6CTB H CHHTaOT B03M0XHHM•B 3KciuiHUHpoBaTB, npoBBA« JiornHecKy» cbhsb "npiiHHHa—cji6Actbh6".

Bt®po# nepeBOA^HK hsbjiök cmhcjioboä bhboa hs SKCiuumiiTHoro B, npuHHB sa aHTeueAeHT "eharp" opHTHHaJia - "ecjm octpho cTpeJotH, ma'iHT moxho nopesaT&cfi".

H^cmotpr Ha t o , hto oda nepeBOAa xax du pa3BeAeHH b ctopohu

6t T&KCTa opHTHHaJia b Jiormecxoft nocjianoBaTeJiBHocTH, ohh Jierxo

oboähtch x HHTeHCHOHajiy "aicxypaiHO oaot" , h ( kek moxho npeanoao-, ihtb ) He noTpeöynT co ctopohu noJiyqaTeJM Aonojihhtsjibhhx ycHJnrtf

- 73 -

JVK OCMHCJieHHH BHCKa3HBaHHfl; KaatHHÄ nepflBOfl M 6T flOCTaTO’IHO n o » « hob npeacTaBJieHHe od orwcmaeMoft cHTyaipm.

IIOÄOdHMe OTHOineHHH Me*Äy COOÖmeHHHMH MH H UH MOXHO npoo- JieOTTb h Ha cJieaynueM npuMepe:

"We saw a ehanged man in the oourt" (V .S .Nalpaul, 63).■ "B cyjte mh yB iw e.m Kax ohC X3t ) HSMeHmtca" (B .C .H atooa, Ilq-

BecTH 167).

"Ha cyne mh He y3Ham XBaTa" ( B.C.HaÄncui, yjmiia..., 144 ) , r*| nepBHll nepeBoa npejmoJiaraeT, hto "eora eJioBeK hsmöhmch, to a cyae mh yBnne.ra apyrorö, He noxoxero Ha npexHero, *ieJiOBeKa « (a ohanged man), a BTopofl nepeßoa pasBHBaeT cHTyamro xanune no Jio- rinecKOMy npn3HaKy "TaK KaK afo dun 'lejioBeK, Henoxomril na cedn, mh ero He y3HanHn. Xoth cHTyamw 3jteci> onncHBaeTGH o pa3Hux to- MeK apeHHH, BocnpHHTKe nepeBoaoB noJiynaTeJieM 6 yxer cxoähhm,TaK kbk TeKCTH nepeBOÄOB coBnauawr c npeweTHo-TeuaTinecKHM noneu u h CKaSHBaHHH OpHTHHaJia, ÄBJIfTOTCH paSHOBHUHOCTHMH OJXHO# H TOft xeCHTyauH».

H3JtoxeHHue b padoTe pe3y;n>TaTH aH a jo isa noaBcuunoT cfleJiaTb sa>-

maraeHHe o to m , h t o npH n ep ea a q e cMucJioBoro BHBO,na n e p e B o jm ra M H

pe#KO Hcnojn>3yioT pa3Hidl h 3hkoboö M aTepaan, 0jmaK0 BocnpurrH e b h -

CKaauBaHKH ncuiynaTeJin UH o c tb ö to h Heii3MeHHO to m me, h t o i HH. ü m

nepeBO.ua o jw o r o BHCKa3HBaHKH M oryT c w r a r a c Ä paBHotieHHHMH, eo jm

I ) ohh HMnjiHunpy»T itpyr K p y r a , noAnaoTCH npoBepne no a s y -

CTopoHHe# HMtumKaroDi;2 ) HeH8M6HHHM OCTaÖTCfl HHT6HCH0HaJI BHCKa3UB8HHH HH J

3 ) XOTH H C pa3HHX TOHeK 3P6HM, HO flOCTaTOHHO HOJIHO OOHOIH BaeTCH 8KCTpanHHTBHCTHHeCKaA CHTyaiptH, SattaHHfl HH.

CCUIKM HA JWTEPATypy

1. JI.A.HepHaxoBCKaa. MH$opMaiiHOHHHfl HHBapHaHT cmhcjib TeKCTa h BapHaHTHocTB ero nsuKOBoro BupameHHa: ABTope$. ähcc...aoKTopa (ftuicui.HayK/MTTWJlfl HM.M.Topesa. - H., 1983. - 34 c.

2. H.H.KoHgaKQB. Jlom eciaril cJioBapi. - M.: HayKa, 1971. -

655 c .3. r.B.^epHOB. Ochobh CHHxpoHHoro nepeBoaa. - M.: Buciuaa

niKOJia, 1987. - 256 o.- 74 -

4t B.B.Hajnnnnw. BepoHTHoeTHaH MOAeJDb H3UKa. - M. : Hayxa,1979 - 271 c.

UüTHpyeMaH JiHTepaTypa V.S.Naipaul. Miguel S tree t.-L i Penguin booka, 1959.

B.C.Hafinan. üobccth h paccKaaH. - M.: Panyra, 1984.B.C.Hataooi. yjnma MareJü. - M .: M3BecTHH, 1984. W.S.Maugham.Collected Short Stories. - LsPenguin boolts,1966. •C.M03M. äoxab h apyTHe paccKaaH. - M.: XyAoxecTBeHHa« jaiTepa-

rypa, 1964.B.C.MoraM. IlpaBHTOJn. ooTpoBa Tanya. - JI. :3euna h jodäh, 1927.C.MoraM. KopoJü Tanya. - JI.: Heßa, 1927.

JI.Ü.BaranoBa

COIIOCTABMTEIILHHtl AHAJM3 $OPM/UMO-CMUCJIOBOH CTPyKTyPU BblCKA3HBAHMtt

IIPH ÄByH3kWH0li KOMMYHUKALtM

Oahoä H3 BaxaettmHX aaAan Teopira nepeBo.ua, KaK hsboctho, h b -

JiHeTOA pacxpHTBe cymHOOTH BKBHBaJieHTHHx oTHCwieHMÄ MexAy coA epxa -

hh6m oparHHajia h nepeBOAa. SKBHBaJieHTHOCTB oaHaMaeT, npeawe b c ö -

ro , HAeHTHHHOCTB OMUOJIOBUX 9A6M6HT0B, COCTaBJIfDOaUOC COAepxaHHe T6KCT0BHX eAHHKll.X, CJ16 AOBaT6JIBHO, 3£Wa^a 3aKJD0HaeTCH B TOM, HTO—

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B HacTOflmeft CTaTBe paccMaTpHBaeTcn oahh hs cnocoöoB ycTan oB -

JleHHH OTHOmeHHfl CMUOJIOBOft SKBHBaneHTHOCTH B TeKCTe OpHTHHema

( aHTJIHÄCKH# H3HK ) H T6KCT6 nepeBOAa ( pyCCKüfl H3HK ) HB ypOBHe

BHCKa3HB8HHH - BHHBJI8HH6 KOppeJlflTHBHOCTH eTO CMHCJIOBHX KOMnOHBH—

TOB. '

OCHOBOft A M BUA6JI0HBH BHCKaSUBEHHlt B T6KCT6 CJiyXHT MßTOA

CMHCJiOBoro aiuunsa TCKCTa, paspaöOTaHHHfl JI.A.MepHftxoBCKott [ 1^ .

OAHHM H3 JUDOHeBHX nOHHTHÄ STOTO MOTOAa HBJIH6TCH II0HHTH6 CMHCJla

- 75 -

TeKCTa, onpeueJweMoro rem ncm m ecKoo oToöpajteHne cerMSHTa BHe- H3HKOBO# CHTyaiOIH B C03HEHHH HHUHBIWa IipH BSaHMOAeltCTBHH «PO $0- HOBOrO 3HaHHH ( H3HKOBOÄ KOMII6T6HIIHH, KOMneT6HUHH B OdJIECTH OÖ- cyawaeMoro npe^MeTa) h ynopwioHeHHoro Haöopa hshkobhjc ewuam.

B KaîecTBe CTawiapTHoit tokctoboä npeAnaraeTCH "bhoksmaiiBaHHe" - TeKCTOBO# 0Tpe30K, BimeHHeMHft H3 tökcte no uejioMy pn—x y CMUCJIOBHX H $OpM£Un>HHX KpHTepHCB. TaKOft T0KCTOBHÄ 0TP680K, dy- ÄSTlJt BHJleJleHHHM H3 TeKCTa, COXpaHHOT 0CH0BHU6 ero CBOÄCTBa, TO eCTB HBJ1H6TCH OCMHCJleHHOÄ KOMMyHHKETHBHOft eÄHHHUeft, COeÄHHHOTeft b cede rpaMMaTinecKHfl, cm hcjioboä h nparM aTinecKHÖ npHSHarai. BuoKa- auBOHHe KaK coaepacaTeJiBHaH eaiiH im a TeKCTa HMeeT cbohmh cocTaBJMD- uihmh eMHeJioBue mm HH$0pMaiiH0HHHe kom ciohohth: hmh "npe^M eTa" p e -

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HH$0pMaijH0HHue KOMIlOHeHTU BucKasuBaHHH, od pasyxm H e e r o cm u c-

jioB yw c T p y K T y p y , He B c e r i t a h He 0dH3STeJiBH0 noJ iyân T H3UK0B0e b h -

p a xe ro a e b n p e a e J ia x a a H H o ro b u c k e s h b e h h h . H e K o ro p u e HH$0pMauH0HHue

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noJiyM aTeJM H H $opM aiym .

B CBH3H C T6M, KTO MeTOÄ CMHCJIOBOrO EHaJIM3S T6KCTB COêpXHT *16TKH6 KpHTepHH BUAeJieHHH KOMMyHHKaTHBHOfl eÄHHHUH TBKCTE, KOTOpBH MOK6T CJiyXHTB CTBÖHJIBHOfl ejWHimeft HCC JleflOBSHHH, OH H B3HT H3MH 3a OCHOBy BHUeJieHHH TeKCTOBOÜ eJWHHmi, Ha3HBaeMOß "BUCKaaHBEHHeM", KOTopan He od HsaTeJiBHo coothochtch o npejyioxceHHeM, a MOxeT hmotb pasHoodpa3Hoe cHHTaKCHêcKoe o<$opMJieHHe.

B cBoeM aHaJiH3e mh h cxo jihm H3 cjiejiyianero: I . npn nepeBoae nponcxoOTT saMeHa eAHHim njiaHa BupaxceHHH,

I . "ripeAMeT" onpeaeJineTCH no buhbjiohhio te k HS3HBEeMorö ä o - MHHHpymmero MMeHH. 3 to hmh "npeÄMeTs" Jindo btophmho BCTpe^fliomee- CH B TeKCTe ( CSMO HJIH B BHUe CydCTHTyTE) , JlHdO BBeaeHHOe B KOH- TeKCT ksk y * e n3BecTHoe HHTETeJDo hjih cjiymsTeJDo dJiaro;;apn e ro (Jmdhobum 3HEHMHM.

- 76 -

TO eC T l BAHHim H3HXa, HO COXpaHHOTCfl H6H3MeHHHM ( 0TH0CHT6JÜH0

Hen3M6HKHu ) iuiaH coaepxaHHH, t o e cT b nepeaaBaeMBH t c k c t o m hh-

$OpMBlflW [ 2] .2 . B aHTJUtfiCKOM H pyCCKOM H3HKHX HM66TCH OÖmHfl HaÖOp HH($0p -

MSimOHHHX KOMOOH6HTOB ■ COCTaBJUnOUPDC CMHOJIOBy» CTpjTKTypy BUCKaaU- Baraifl, hto aaeT bobmokhoctb conocTaBJiHTi. coaepacamiß opitraHaaa h

nepeBoaa.3. Pacxoamerae Meaay $opMaJQ.HHMH CTpyKTypaMH BucKa3HBaHHÄ asyx

h3ukob TpeöyeT ot nepeBoa^HKa sh&huh nepeBoanecKHx cooTBeTCTBHfl, a Tarate yMeraw npon3BoanTt pa3airiHHe nepeBoanecKHe TpaHc$opMaUHH. Hcnojtb3yeMuft hsmh MeToa He aaeT yxasaHHtt 0TH0CHTeai>H0 Toro, Käm e

HMeHHO Me*M8HKOBH6 TpaHC$OpMaHKH caeayeT npOHSBeCTH B K3JW0M KOH-

KpeTHOM caynae c TeM, htoöh TeKCT nepeBoaa nepeaaBan bcd HH$opMa- nmo, aaKJDoHeHHyjo b T6RCT6 opHTHHaJia. UpeaiioJiaraeTCfl, hto TBopne- CKHft xapaKTep nepeBoanecKofl aeHTeatHOCTH nax paa h aaiuroHaeTca

b yicaaaHHHX yMeHHHX 2 aHamrat.B aaaany HacTOfnyefl c t8tlh sxoaHT conocTaBHTeJitHHft aHajnta b h -

CKa3HBaHHft B BHTJIHftCKOM H pyCCKOM HBHKaX C TOHKH 3peHHH aaeXBBT-

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"A Perfect Day f o r Bananafieh" JO*.CaaHHa*epa B nepeBoae P.PattT- K0BaaeB0Ä h "The Dark G lasses " M.CnapK B nepeBoae B.rojmmeBol.B CTaTie npoBoaHTCÄ aHaaH3 bhck&3uBaHHfi to jüko b anaJi0riiHecK0#

penn, KOTopaa, b otjihhh6 ot aBTo’pcKott, coaepjtMT Öojn.ine h m uihuht- HOfl HH$OpMaiIHH.

B HadpaHHHx hhmh paccxasax MHoroHHCJiBHHyi) rpjouiy npm iepoB

COCTaBJWDT BUCKa3HBaHHfl, B KOTOpUX npH nepBBOae "onyCKaeTCH *

HHjrapMaitHOHHHft K0MÜ0H6HT hmh "n p ea M eT a ". Bceraa an b to onpaB- aano? OÖpaTHMCH k npHMepaM:

1 • a to me"

- I 6HH BHHMaTeJtbHO.- JCjiylnanJZ. 1 eald "Grandmother Bald to lnqulre a fte r your mother*

["She'B fa llin g " ) ehe eald . (M .Spark» ?8)- Eaöytwca npocmia yaHara, xax Bama msmb.•t (c jia tfeeT ] - O TBenuia OHa.

I KBaapaiHuui) cKoCKauia ocoaHaneHU rpaHauu anajiHaiipyeMux BUCKaauBaaufl-, _

3. "Are you a l l r igh t, Muriöl?"['I 'm fin e . I'm h o t » ] (J .Sa lin ger , 43)

- Hy KaK tu , MropueJO)?- plyaecHo.J [tojibko xapa yxacanmaH.]

AHaJiH3 nepeBoaoB BucKa3UBaHHli b nepBHX flByi npmuepax noKaau- B aeT , hto b hhx nepeaaHH Bce nH$opMamioHHne KOMnoHemu, aa hckjid- KeHHeM KOMnoHeHTa "hmh npejiMeTa", npejicTaBJieHHoro cydcTHTyTawi ÄOMHHHpywnmX HMeH B aHTJmfiCKHX BHCKa3HBaHKHX. $OpMaJU>Haa HeBUpa— XeHHOCTB aOMHHHpywmHX HMeH B PYCCKOM nepeBOfle HBJIH6TCÄ OnpaBflaH- Hoft, nocKOJttKy ohh JierKo bociiojihhiotch H3 npejonecTByBmmc bhckesh- bbhhK coöeceÄHHKOB. Hx BepdaJiBHoe Bupaxemie b aHTJmflcKOM aauKe oöycJioBJieHo cneuH$HKoft If'paMMatHHecKoro CTpon aHTJmflcKoro H3UKa. npH paccMOTpeHHH TpeTLero npHMepa mh bhähm, hto b nepeBoae aony- meHa omnöKa. B aHTJmflcKOM TeKCTe oda npejuioxeHHH cocTaBJiHDT eaa - HOe BHCKa3UBaHH8, TaK KaK B HHX COÖJDOHaeTCH CTaÖHJIBHOCTB BC6X HH- (jbopMaUHOHHHX KOMTIOHeHTOB. B pyCCKOM nepeBOJie MH TaKXe HM08M ABa npejpioxeHHfl, ho ohh npejntCTaBJimoT coöoft aßa bucKasHBanzfl bbkjqt HawniHh y hhx pa3rajr aoMHHHpyrouiHX hmoh: cydcm ryTa hmohh M uriel - i npeacTaBJieHHoro hmiijihqhtho ( nepBoe npoanoxoHHo) h cymecTBH- TeJüHoro "xapa" bo btopom npeAnoxeram. B opitrHHaJie xe pe*n> häst ho o xape, a o caMO^yBCTBHH, to octb Ka^ecTBeHHoß xapaKTepHcraxe "npe^MeTa", HMeHyeMoro 3£ecB " I " . Bapa3HTeJieM HMeHHO btoU xapait- TepHCTHKH, HO HHKBK H0 AOMHHHpynQHM HM6H6M H HBJIH0TCH npHJlaraTeJÜ-

Hoe "hot".Oidhökh npn nepeBoae KOMnoHeHTa " hmh npeaMeTa" BoaraiKaioT ■

b tom cJiynae, Koraa ÄOMHHHpyranee hmh opicrnH8Jia aaMeHaeTCH coBep- rneHHo apyTHM HMeHeM b nepeBO^e. PaccMOTpHM «yieayiotHHÄ npHMep:

" I t was in German!""Yes, dear. That doesn't make ony d ifferenoe",aa id the g i r l «

- Ho KHHra HeMeüKa«! (J .S a lin g e r • 62)- Jia, MaMO^Ka. A e i B c e paBHO - CKa3aua äohb.

B aHTJWftcKOM BncKa3HBaHHH yKaaareJiBHoe MecTOHMerae that hb-

jineTCH cydcTHTyTOM uejioro npe;vioxeHHH - i t was in German i , aa ko -

Toporo cJie^yeT, hto npejweTOM pa3roBopa HBJMeTCfl KHHra, a hb

- 78 -

oäho h3 rJiaBHHX AeficTBjrBmHX jmu; paccKaaa, HecMOTpn Ha t o , hto

HH$opMamw, cojiepücamaHCH b aHTJmftcKOM BHCKaauBaHHH, HMeeT k HeMy

HenocpeÄCTBeHHoe OTHoaiemie.

üpHBejieM jp y ro Ä npraviep, HJunocTpupyiauidt t o , KaK b npouecce

nepeBO.ua ouihöohho "ynycKaeTCH H3 Bnny" oäho H3 «B y x äom hhkp jt»-

IHHX HMeH BHCKESHBEHHfl 0PMTHH8JIEJ

"Aun tie Baya to try them p ro p e r ly " , I aa id ."You*11 on ly want them f o r your e tu d ies ", B aa il sa id .

(M.Spark, 28)- TeTfl BeJieJia npoBepHTB hx xopoweHBKO, - CKa3aJia h .

- Ohh ace to jib k o jv w saHHTiift, - CKa3aJi B33h ji.

CoBepmeHHO OHeBHÄHO, hto b bugke3hbehhh nojyuiHHHKa co flep -

ihtch flBa aoMHHHpyiomHX HMeHH, npeiicTaBJieHHHe cyöcTHTyTaMH you (repoHHH paocK E 3a ) h them ( ohkh), KOTOpue hexoahtch Meawy c o -

öoö bo B3aHMOCB«3n: BJiaaeJieu - ocSteKT BJianeHHH. B pyccKOM bu cke—

3HBEHHH P6HB HfleT TOJIBKO OÖ OflHOM H3 HHX - them, TO eCTB OÖ OH- '

Kax, oÖ OHKax äjih saHflTHfl, a He o tom , h to ohh npHroflHTCfl fleByuiKe

TOJIBKO BO BpeMH 3aHHTHfl. Ü3 pycCKOrO BUCK&3UBHHHH MOXHO 3aKJD0HHTB,

<ITO HMeCTCH B BHÄy KaKH6—TO CneiJHaJIBHHe OMKH, HTO B0BC6 He COOT-

BeTCTByeT TeKCTy opHTHHaJia, HeonpaBJiaHHUM saecB Tarace HBJweTCH

nepeBOfl öy^ ym ero bpbmshh hectootihm.B cjieflyianeM npmiepe mh HEÖJmnaeM nojmoe OTCTynJiemie ot tb k -

CTa opHTHHaJia:

"And w ith the mother bedridden u p a ta irs "- my grandmother aa id . " - aha muat be a aa in t" aaid my aunt. (M .Spark, 31)

- IlpHTOM, hto hx mbtb npHKOBaHa k nocTeJiH . . . - CKa3EJia öaöymKa.

- . . . ee B03BMyT jkhboH Ha Heöo, - CKa3aJia TeTH.

B EHTJlHltCKOM BHCKa3HBEHHH HH$OpMEUHOHHUe KOMnOHeHTH pEC Iipe-

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TyTOM She (Mra.Simrnonda); KOMnOHeHT ÖHTHÜHOCTH COJepXHTCH B TJIS-

TOJie bes OÖieKTHBHEH MOÄSJIBHOCTB 3aKJD0MeHa B H3BHBHT6JIBHOM HaK-

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hhm rviaroJioM must. CjioKHoe CKE3yeMoe xapaKTepH 3yeT AOMHHnpyiouiee

hmh no CBoflcTBy, IIpocTpaHCTBeHHHli KOMnoHeHT, K0T0puü pejuco no- . jiynaeT B u pa*em ie b bhckeshbehhhx jwajiora, hmiuihuhpobeh. Oh H 3 - '

BecTeH H3 KOHTeKCTa p a ccK a sa .

PaCCMOTpHM, KEK HepejlSHH 3TH HHlJopMElCHOHHHe KOMnOHeHTH B

- 79 -

nepeBoae. ÄoMHHHpjnauee hmh, (BepHee, e ro cydCTHTyr s h e ), KOTopo« HBJIH6TCH CyöI.eKTOM jeftaTBJW B aHTJmltCKOM BHCKa3HBaHHH, CTaHOBHT- CH OÖteKTOM aeÄCTBHH B pyCCKOM BHCK&3HB&HHH, a C8M CyÖT>eKT H6 BHpaateH skciijik iihtho , h o HeM moxho to jibko joramraaTiCfl. BpeMeHHoi KOMHOHeHT pycoKoro bhcKa3UBaHHfl ( dynymee BpeMH ) He cooTBeTCTayar

BpeMeHHOMy KoimoHeHTy aHrJmftcKoro BucKa3UBaHHfl (nacTOHmee Bpeitwl

KoMnoHeHT cyöteKTKBHoÄ MOflaJüHocTH ocTajicH HenepeflaHHUM BOBce. B nepeBoae, oähbko, noHBiwcfl npocTpaHCTBeHHuft KoMnoHeHT, BiipaxeH-

hmü aKcnjiHmiTHO. Pa3yMeeTCH, nepexoa HMruiHKamra b BKCiumKamno h

HaoöopoT - HBJieHne ôböjibho oöiraHoe b npouecce nepeBoaa, OflHaKO

oho flOJncHO öhtb onpaBflaHHHM. B flaHHOM x e cJijniae TaKofl nepexoa He to jibko He onpaBaaH, ho h b KopHe oihhöctoh, uöo npooTpaHCTBeHHHfl KoMnoHeHT, nepeâHHUö 3KcnjiHUHTHO b pyccKOM nepeBoae, He c o o t -

BeTCTByeT TaKOBOMy b TeKCTe opHTHHaJia.

B BHCKaatiBaHHHx nepeBoaa Ham oTMeêHH cJiyraH HeonpaanaH- Hoft saMeHU oaHoro HH$0pMauH0HH0r 0 KOMnoHeHTa apyriiM:

"When did you get there?."I don 't know. Wedneaday moming, e a r ly ." (J .Sallnger, 12)

- K o m i bh npnexajiM?- He noMHB. B cpeay yTpoM , h to jih .

AHarai3HpyeMoe BHCKa3HBaHiie nojyiHHHHKa HBJweTCH aJUfflUTnrae-

CKHM H npeaCTaBJieHO TOJIBKO OÄHHM, BpeMOHHUM KOMnOHeHTOM, Blipa- xeHHHM sbbxah c iieJiBn KOHKpeTHsaiiHH aTOtt HH$opMauHH. B nepeBoae

xe BpeMeHHafl HH$opMamw, 3aKJDraeHHafl b bhtjihäckom Hapenra

nepeaaeTCH oaHOBpeMeHHO c cyßieKTUBHO—MoaaJiBHofl ouemcoft, coaep- xameÄoa b " ’ i t o j ih " . OTCTyiuieHHe o t opHTHHaJia, kbk bhotm , 3ä6CB

Hajnmo.OcoöeHHo nOKa3aT6JIBHHM B 3T0M CMUCJI9 HaM npeaCT&BJtHCTCH CJle-

aywuH# npHMep:"Mother", said the g i r l , "you talk about him aa though he were a raving manlac"I said nothing ot the klnd, M urie l.""W ell, you sound that way." (J .Sa lln ger • 18)- Cjiymaft, Maiaa, t h roBopm ut npo H ero , c jiobh o oh öyflHO no-

MemaHHuft.

- H ot ero noaoöHoro, MropneJiB, k t o th !

- Bo bch ko m cjijnae, roJioc y TedH TaKoft.

- 80 -

AHrjmÄciaift i\naroji-~CKa3yeMoe sound, coaepscaiuHÜ HmJopMamno

o öhthähocth , MojtaJiBiiocTH h BpeMeHHofl OTHeceHHOCTH "npejiM eTa",

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TeJiiHHM " r o j io c " . IlepeBOOTecKHe Tpanc$opMamoi iipe,nycMaTpHBaioT Tanne cJijrqaH ( cp .:H e i s a good sv, immer-Oh xopouio iuiaBaeT ) . IlpH

3tom nepecTpoÄKa cnnTaKCvraeoKofl • cTpyKxypa BbicKasHBanna He äoji- jma HCKastaTB e ro eMuejiOBOfl CTpyKTypH. CwnaKO viMeHHo c Taicmi ho-

Ka»eHHeM mh cTajiKHBaeMOH b npHBeaeiiHOM npiwiepe. M3 npe.nuiecTByio- mero KOHTeKCTa hcho, hto pe^B mieT bobcö ne o roJ ioce, to ecTB He

O TOM, KaK MBTB TOBOpHT, a 0 TOM, HTO OHa rOBOpHT. MH$OpMaiJH»,

coAepxamyiocH b aHrjtkttc kom BHCKa3UBaram, cJieÔBaJio ön nepeaaTB c j ie -

■HynmiM 0Öpa30M: " Ho Beffb HMeHHO Taic TedH mojkho n o m m .".

IlpH B eaeuH H e n p ra iep n H a r ju u H o .ueM oncTpupyioT noT eH u m n B H H e

B03M05KH0CTH H3ÖpaHH0r0 HaMH MeTOÄB CMHCJIOBOrO aHaJlH3a ;(ByH3WqHHX

T6KCTOB OÄHOrO COaepataHHH. 3TOT MeTOB II03B0JIH6T paCMJieUHTB CMUC-

jioboö KOMimeKC T e n c r a , coeTaBJiHioutJrtl e r o co a e p a ca iu ie , h A a e T K p u T e -

pmi jy ifl ouenrai KaêcTBa n ep eB oâ ,

CCHMH I1A MTEPATyijy

1. J.A.HepHHXOBCKaH. MH$opMaUHOHHHfl HHBapHaHT CMKCJia TeKCTa a BapaaiHBHOciB ero aauKOBoro BUpaKeuHa: Auiopeî. ämc. . . « wn ÄOK-pa ûaon.HayK/MTHHfl nu.M.Tope3a. - H .,1983. - 34 c.

2 . J I .G .E a p x y a a p o B . H3HK k T iepeBO fl. - M . : H s a -b o M eam yn ap .

oTHomeHHH, 1975. - 238 c .

JI.r.£e3pyK0Ba

CEMAHTMECKAH JIByiUIAHOBOCTB M EE ÜEPEUWA IIPH ÜEPEBOÄE (ka npuMepe BottHoft aKTyara3annn)

CeMaHTHMecKan ÄBynjiaHOBOCTB, npHBJieKaiomaa npvicxajiBHoe bhh-,

warne jih h tb h c to b , Hsyqaramix CTHJiHCTHKy aeKOOTpoBam w, npeflC TaB -

JlflÖT coöofl CJIOXHO0O MH0r0MepH08 H H80ÄH0p0JIH0e HBJieHHe, KOTOpOe

- 81 -

M0X6T npOHBJLHTtCH B pa3H00Öpa3HHX $0pM8X, TO GCTB CJIOXHO MaHH$eO- TH pyeTC fl.

CeMaHTHMecKyw JiByiuiaHOBOCTt ( xaJiee CA) moxho paccMaTpuBaTl na ypoBHe JieKceMH. Kor.ua oäho h to xe cjiobo noTeHUKaJüHo HaueJi©- ho ÄByMH sHaneHHHMH: öyKBaJttHHM h nepeHOCHHM ( MeTa^opiraecKHM )*.

CJiOBaM, noTeHUHaJttHo naixeJieHHHM ÖyKBajitHHM h nepeHOCHHM 3H a-

'leHHHMH, npucymH nenoTopue accouKaTUBHue npHSHaKH. "Moxho 3a -

MernTB, h to b pane cJijnaeB accoioiaTHBHHe npH3HaKH noÄ5epxHBaioTO«

CJI0B00Öpa30BaTeJIBHHMM CBH3KMH COOTBeTCTByKXIlUX cjiob " (j2 .C .29 j ,

t o ecTB Mestny aaHntom cjioBaMH yoTaHaa/tuBajoTCH pa3BeTBJieHHue flepH— BaUHOHHHe OTHOUieHUH.

HanpHMeTp: p.ycck. Jinca - XHTpo jib c th tb ( nojmeJiHBaTBcr k k o -

M y -J i, ) ; BopoHa - npoBopoHHTB ( ynycTHTb, npo3eBaTB); epni - epnin- TBCH ( BXO.HHTB B 3aH0p, ropHHHTBCH ) - epülHCTHÄ ( 3a50pHHfl, H0-

ycTyrrqHBuft ) - epuiHCTOCTB (H eycTy itkh boctb ) .

H6M. d er Fuchs( JlHCa) - füchseln (B0p0BaTB KaK JlHca) - fuohaen (OÖMaHUBaTB ) i der Aal ( yropB) - g la t t wie e in Aal ( CK0Jn>3KHÄKaK yropB) a a la r t ig , a a lg la t t , a a l ig ( HSBOpOTJIHBUfl).

Korfla accouHauKH oKasuBaroTCH HimHBunyaJiBHHMH, ohh bjihhiot

tojibko Ha BocnpHHTne h ynoTpeÖJieHHe cooTBeTCTByromero HaHMeHOBa- HHfl flaHHHM or;teJiLHHM HHUHBiwyyMOM, ho accoijH am m MoryT öhtb h

oöiuhmh, b 3HaHHTeJiBH0Ä Mepe ycToifaHBHMH, npe,uonpe.neJieHHHMH c o -

HHaJIBHüM OriblTOM KOJUieKTHBa, STHHHeCKOÖ OÖOIHOOTH.CeM aHTinecKHe c o o tb 6 tc tb h h nosBOJiHJOT buhbhtb KaK cJiyMan c o b -

naaeH iM , TaK h CJiynaH HecoBnaneroifl b pa3Hux H3HKax npH3HaKOB hom *»

HaitHH^. ripw 3T0M coB n a n em e npH3HaK0B homhh8hmh MoxeT öh tb p e 3 y -

JIBTaTOM KaffibKHpOBaHHH, OÄH&KO HaÖJDOHaeTOH HHeHTHMHOCTB npH3HEKOB

HOMHHaUHH, He saBHCHMBH OT 3TOrO BJMHHHfl. KaK CnpaBeflJIHBO 0TM6-

n aeT B .r .B ap H H a , nocJieaHH» b jw cxo^CTBa "HHTepeceH c toh k h s p e -

1. A.A.PaltxmTeflH onpeaeJmeT ceMaHTiraecKy» ÄByiuiaHOBOCTB kbk " c e - MaHTiraeci^To ähxotomhio" h OTMe^aeT, hto b HeMeipcoM Hstnce bto- HBJieHHe xapaKTepHo rJiaBHHM oöpasom dfipaaeoJiorinecKHM eaHHCTBaM, a Taraie cymecTBHTeJn>HHM, noJiyHeHHHM fiyTeM CJi0B0CJi0xemiH ( thna:der Goldzahn, der Kameltreiber) LJ.C.15] .

2. IlpHMepu coBnaueHHH h HecoBnaaemw MeTa$opHHecKHx sHaneHHlt b HeMeuKOM h pyccKOM flsiHtax C3.C.45—54] .

- 82 -

hhh BHHBÄeHHH odmeêJioBeêcKio: ( yHHBepcaJDbHHX) ochobhhh» homh- MflTTww mm Tarese c tohkh apeHHH TiaioJiorHH npn3HaK0B, JiaiKaiuioc b OCHOB6 'flSUKOBOrO 0Ö03HaHeHHHn [^4.C.295| .

OöpaTHMCH k npiraepy.- Mh HaxoÄHMCH kbk du new nepenpecTHUM orHeM - orHeM peain>HHM

11 orHeM npoBQKauHfl. HHoraa ueJit nocJieÄHero - Bti3BaTt nepßufl. I Io -

»TOMy BHflepotKa wui Hac cto ju . xe Heodxo^KMoe KanecTBO, KaK h öa h -

T8Jn>HOCTi>, - aaMeâeT nojmoJiKOBHHK TepMaH.( EpamieHÖyprcKiie BopoTa. "M sBecTun", 1 0 .0 6 .8 7 , c .4 )

"W ir a teh en w ie im K reu z feu e r - in einem r e a le n Feuer und

einem Feu er d e r P ro vok a tio n en . M itu n te r w ar das Z i e l des l e t z t e

ren, das e r s t e r e zu en tfa ch en . Deshalb i s t Beherrschung fü r uns

genauso w ic h t ig w ie W achsam keit", bemerkt O b e rs tleu tn a n t Herrmann.

(Das Brandenburger T o r . " B e r l in e r Z e itu n g " , 1 2 .0 6 .8 7 ,2 )B npHB6Ä8HHOM $parMeHTe cymecTBHTeJiBHoe "o ro H t" (das F eu er)

BHHBJmeT cfflHO H3 cbohx noTeKUiia/itHux 3HaêHnM]' : "py»eftHaH, apTHJi-

jiepnÄCKaH CTpeJEböa" , KOTopoe 3aKpenjieno Tarace sa HeMeuKUM cym ec-

TBHT6JIBHHM "das F eu e r ". Hapfmy C 3THM CymeCTBHTeJIiHOe "o ro m ."(das F eu er ) b 3tom xe $parwieHTe odnapyxHBaeT nepeHocHoe arnHeim e,

0öpa3yfl CJIOBOCOMeTaHHe "orom> npOBOKaunil" ( e in Feu er d e r P rovoka

t io n e n ). Ilepea hemh npuMep TeKCTQBoft KOHTpacTHOCTH ( no B .r .B a -

pHHoft), t o ecTL TaKoe nocTpoem e BucKa3HBaHHft b npeêjiax HecKOJEb-

khx $pa3, onncuBaiommc KaKjoo-JiHÖo CHTyamno, Kor.ua np0THB0ii0CTaB-

jiHioTCH ÄBa CMHCJia - npHMoft h nepeHoem Ä.C.H mojkho HadJKwaTL Tarate Ha ypoBHe $pa3eo->iorn3Ma. v jie 3TO '

«BJieHHe M3BecTH0 KaK ÄBoftHan aKTyaraaanHH . JlBoftnaH aKTyaJiHsamtH iipeÄCTaBJiHeT codofi noJiutfyHKUHOHajtbHHft cthjihcthko—ceMaHTinecKMft

1. OTMeTHM, KTO M ew y pyCCKHM eymeCTBHTeJILHUM ” 0 r0 H i" H HeMeUKHM cymeciBHTeJiBHHM "das F eu er" HadJiioaaeTCH nacTHMHoe ceMaHTirae- CKoe C00TBeTCTBHe: cJioBapt C.OateroBa ({jHKCHpyeT Tpn 3HaMeiuiH cym. "o r o H t " ; EojibuioB HeMenKo-pyccKHÄ CJioBapt - ceMB sHaêHHÖ cym . "das F e u e r " .

2. TepMHH npejuioace» JI.M.EoJmHpeBofl. ilo^podHee 0 jmhtboctiuiiicth— MecKoft xapaKTepHCTHKe «BoftHoft aKTyarasaumi Ha MaTepaane He- "SUKoro H3HKa 15_) , araviHttcKoro H3biKa [ 6 ] , $pamiy3CKoroV•C.255-257j

- 83 -

npneMf ocuoBaHHHfi na oÖHrpHEaHHM 'Tpa3eoJiornMecKoro h dyKBaJiBHoro sHaqeiraft .ijaHHoro co'ieTaHHH, oJiejiCTBHeM * ie r o HBJweTCH 0flH0BpeMeH- H oe hx BocnpHHTne. IIpH 3tom BHje 0KKa3H0Hajn.H0fl TpaHc$opMamoi npoi hcxoott napajuieJüHoe BocnpnfiTne 3HaqeHHh $pa3eojiorHMecKotS e^Hini- mi ($E) h 3HaHeifflH ee reneTHHecicoro npoTOTHna, hto oöyc.noBJiiiBa- e T ’ onpefleJieHHuü dmoiuioh8jibho—CTHJiHCTHHecKitll 3({)$eKT.

KaK noKasaJi aHaJiH3 MaTepnaJia, b raseTHo-stypHaJiBHoö nyöJm m ic-

THKe ÄOBOJÜHO qa cT o BCTpe'iaJOTCfl npuMepa äboAhoö aKTyaJiH3arptH, c t h -

jm c T H ^ e c K o r o n p neM a, naM epeH no H cn o jn >3yeM oro aBTopanra w x yrJ iyÖ J ie »

hjui coflepm aiu ifl, ö o jie e nöJinoro pacupuTHH oöpa3a .

Ilp rae^eM npjmiepH, HJUDocTpHpyraJuie CJX na ypoBHe $pa3eoJiorn3M a,

t o ecTB CJiynaH Ä soM nofi aKTyaJiK3an:nn,

B nyöJiHKam™, • nocBHuieHHoÄ depjmiicKofl napycnofl peraTe, pe*a> njieT o Tpenepe iOprene Itope h ero cnne Maraace, mojioäom ÄXTCMeHe, yonemiio BuoTyiiajomeM b c iio p t h b h o m coeTfl3aiain.

übrigens: Trotz groBer Gemeinsamkeiten gab's in der Seglerf a m i l ie K ie r auch D if fe ren zen . "Im Train ing wollte ich oft meinen e igenen Köpf durchsetzen, dachte, bei Vater geht das leich- tex'", e r zä h l te Matthias, "doch wenn’ s drauf ankam, aaBen wir im g le i c h en Boot" . ( B e r l in e r Zeitung, 22.07.07, 5)

HeMemaiM (]jpa3eoJIorH3M "im gleichen Boot sitzen" ( fleftCTBO- BaTT, COOÖina, COBMeCTHO C KeM-JI. , ÖHTB CBH3aHHHM oÖoihm ßeJiOM 0

K e M -J i, ) b n p H B e jiew ioM KoiiTeK CTO M oxeT Ö u t l i i o h a t ä b o h ic o : ö y K B a -

jib h o h ( i jK ry p a jftH o . IIpaBHJibHaH H H Tepn p eT am ifl h nepeB O Ä b to A $E Ha

pyccra iJ I jisH K ne npeflO TaB JineT o c o ö h x T W A H o c T e f i , Taic KaK b IIH HMe- 6TCH BKDHBaJIöHT "ÖHTB B OflHOÜ .TIOJIKe" . ÜTMeTHM, HTO B pyCCKOM

H3HK6 M o seT ö h t b HcnoJiBsoBaH h a p y r o f t o ö p a s , T a ra ie co3,iiaioqnfl B

paccwaTpH BaeM O M K o in ’eK C Te 3 $ $ e itT CJI, a HMeHHo: " i i j ih tb oähhm 3QT>-

c o i « " , hhhmh CJioBaMH, i io b o c n e p eB O jre e cK o e pem eHHe Ta iose o ö e c n e ^ H -

B aeT KOMMyHHKaTHBHoe TOÄAecTBO opHTKHaJia st n e p e B o a a .

JHpyrofl np im ep .

B o n ep K e , noBecTByianeM o coJwaTCKoÄ c-nyxöe , KOTopaa CTana

HacTO/inefi uiKOJioft wymecTBa h rpasmaHCKoft apejrocTu jy m raH ca A m rru -

ma, mh naxo,HHM cJieÄyiotmifl (JjparMenT:

I C p .TaK xe aKTJIMficiCHÜ SKBHBaJieHT "R ow ( s a i l ) i n th e same b o a t w i t h sm b’ : .

W irklioh Farbe bekennen heiBt es fü r Hans beim mehrtägigen 120-km-Marsoh. Oaer auch tlig lich a ls Parteisekretär. Da g i l t ea manchen zu helfen , die Probleme haben.

(Junge Welt, 24.07.87,12)B npuBefleHHOM OTpuBKe cTpyKTypHo-ceMaHTimecKafl opraHH3auoH

TeKCTa C03flaeT ceMaHTireecKyn BByruiaHOBocTi. Ha ochob© HeMeuKofi 4E "Farbe bekennen": X ) KOHTeKCTyaJQ>ho oöycJioBJieHHoe aHaneHne - l o p o -

10 opaeHTapoBaTBCÄ Ha mccthocth bo BpeMH y ieöHO—TpewipoBO'jHHX Map- mell; 2 ) otkphto sehbhtb o cBoeM oTHowemni k HeMy-Ji., o cbohx ydem eHHHX, aaHHTb neTKyio noamuno n o KaKOMy-jr. B on pocy .

Bo3moxhhü BapaaHT nepeBoâ:"Bo Bpenw MHoroflHeBHHX Mapuieft Taue Auhtuju ÄOJmeH ymotb opa-

eHTiipoBaTiCÄ b oöoTaHOBKe. Ho He TOJtbKO Toraa, a KajfuiojiHeBHo - kbk ceKpeTapL napTopraHH3amai. M noMoraTt tom, kto HyxuaeTCfl b

nOMOUlH".CoxpaHHTi» Cjl b nepeBOê ynaeTCH 3a CMeT T o ro , mto Bupaxeme

"opHeHTHpOBaTBCfl B OÖCTaHOBKe" BUHBJWeT B KOHTeKCTS öyKBaJTbHOe H nepeH0CH0e 3HaHeHHfl. OöpaTHM BHHMamie Ha to , k to Bupaxemie "opu- eHTHpOBaTLCH Ha MeCTHOCTH", KOTOpOe Tawse B03M0ÄH0 B ÄaHHOÄ CH- TyaitHH, höo pe^ i auei o npoBeêraiH yêöHo-TpeHnpoBo^HHX Mapme# b bohhckoä sacTH, HCKjnoMaeT nepeHocHoe 3HaHerae, to o c t l Cä. Oue- HHBafl B03M0JicKKe nepeBOOTecraie pemeHM, otäsbeh iipejxno'iTeHHe oa- HOMy H3 hhx, "mh B'nepByn onepeÄB opHeHTupyeMcfl na Ty oömy» une», KOTopaH ponwaeTCfl na BsaaMojiettcTBHfl ÄByx ceMaHTirqecKiac njiaHOB" [8 .C .I0 4 ].

JlBoftHa« aKTyamoauufl, oöJttwaiomafl öoja.niHM cthjmctotbckhm aar-

panoM h BmuDomaa ( nppajoipy»maÄ) Ha cTpyKTypHo—ceMaHTinecKyio op -

raHHaamoo TeKCTa, - o^Ha H3 ano*HeitiuHx 3aua^ c to^ kh 3pemw n ep e -

BOfla. Htoöh ycnemHO cnpaBHTtcs o btoä 3anaMe», ot nepeBOjrwKa

TpeöyeTOH noOTac MacTepcTBO "HCTHHHoro nepeBo.ua - nepeBoiuiomeHHH" [9 .C .268 ].

B CJiyqae, eojm 8$$eKT Cfl coxpaHHTB b IW He npeflCTaBJweTCH B03M0XHHM, HCnCUüayDTCH paSJOTHHO CpeflCTBa CTIUIHCTJneCKofl K0M-

neHcamm. CpeacTBa btb MoryT öhtb cbmumk pa3Hooöpa3humh: oKKasu— .

I ü ep eB oa aBTopa.

- 85 -

onajiLHoe ncnojiB30BaHne $pa3e0Ji0rn3M0B ( M3MeHeHHe CTpyKTypH, kom - I

noHeHTHoro cocTaBa, :Jrpa3eoJiorHqecKoro o ö p a 3 a ), MHoro3Ha^HocTt JieK- ceM hjih $pa3eoJiorH3MOB, pa3Jnr^HHe ceMaHTiraecKHe cäbhth , a c c o im a -

THBHHe H 3ByK0Blie COOTBeTCTBHH, CTHJOtCTITieCKH MapKHpOBaUHM JieK- :

CHKa h ap. ,3 a cneT cTiumcTHHecKoit KOMneHcaipni yaaeTCfl ÄOCTHTHyTi. i OnTHMaJIBHHfi THH OTHOIDeHHÜ KOMMyHHKaTHBHOft paBHOIjeHHOCTH OpHTHHaJia

h nepeBO Äa^.

AHajm3 HccJieflyeM oro MaTepnaJia n03B0Juui cjieJiaTB cjianymme H aö -

JüojieHHH: b paMKax TeKCTa ÄBoMHaH aKTyaJiH3amiH iE MoseT ÄonoJiUHTtcn

h ycmiHBaTLCH 3a cêT JieKcmecKoJ! « boShoH aKTyajtH3aijHH.

TaK, b onepKe o mojioäom co jm aTe r&Hce AiiHTmne HeMeunoe cyiqecT-

BHTeJibHoe "der Sprung" 2 ynoTpeÖJLH6TCH cHaâjia co 3HaneHHeM "irpH- jkok" ( co jm aT BnepBtie b cBoeft *h3Kh coBepuiaeT npumoK c napaniiOTOM),

a 3aTeM b $opM e MHomecTBeHHoro hhcjib sto cymecTBHTeJttHoe npnoöpe- TaeT nepeoc.MHCJieHHoe, K0HTeKCTyaJUbH0 oöycJioBJiennoe 3HaneHHe, x a -

’ paKTepn3yxxueecH öojüiuhm ceManTHêcKHM juianasoHOM: b KOHTeKCTe oho MosteT öhtb HHTepnpeTupoBaiio KaK "cMejrue peuiemiH", "MyxecTBeH- Hue £eflcTBHfl", "HcnuTaHne Ha MyjicecT$o", "npoöa chji”, "yporai ähshh" h np. CpaBHHTe jiaHHoe cymecTBHTeJTbHoe b 3aroJioBKe " Mut zu großen Sprüngen". KOTOpufi IIOCTpOeH Ha CTHJIHCTHqeCKOM 3<Jxf>eKTe CMHCJIOBOÄ JlByiuiaHOBocTH, h b c-neiiyioineM npejyioateHHH:

"Mut und Kraft für alle Sprünge des Lebens haben".AjvuiTanH-H TeKCTa BJieneT 3a c o ö o ö , KaK npaBHJio, ojwoBpeMeHHoe

HcnoJiLaoBaHHe necKOJn.Knx CTHJincTH’iecKHX npneMOB ( KOHBepreHumo) ,

3a c ' j e r ^ e r o oöpa3yeTCH cjiostHaH cTHJTHCTiraecKaH noJiH$OHHH. ycJiuniaTi.

CHaâJia Bce "MeJio.nHH" TeKCTa opHTHHaJia, a saTeM hx d es HCKaateHHÖ

nepeflaTfc b TpaHCJWTe - cJioMiaH sauana, Tpedyrauaa o t nepeBOOTHKa

TB op^ ecK oro n o ^ xo ^ a .

TaK.B aHaJiHSHpyeMOM oêpKe mh BCTpenaeM HecKOJiiKO CTHJiHCTiree-

ckhx npneMOB: ;(B o tn y » aKTyajmsamco $E, ycHJieHHyn 3a cneT JieKcnqe-

cKoft jxboühoK aKTyaJiH3aiiHH ( cm. BnuienpHBejieHHHfi npHMep), a Tarace

1 llon poduee o i<oMMyHHKaTHBHoit paBiioneHHocTH opHTHHaJia h nepeBOj-ia [T0.C.3IJ .

2 lloTeHUHa/iBHHe 3HaêHHH HeMeuKoro cymecTBHTejiBHoro "der Sprung"( EojimioH neM euKo-pyccK iifl cJiOBapi., 377 ).

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BBefleHHe HeMeiptoro $pa3e0Jl0rH3Ma "die Flinte ins Korn werfen"' (p yccK .öyK B . cjiojichtb opyacne; cnacoBaTt nepea TpyjmocTHMM, nacTB

xyxou7 b TeKCT0B0e oKpyjKeraie tskhm 0Öpa30M, kto npOHcxoAMT peMO- TKBamiH 3HaqeHHH $E. to ecTL BOCCTaHOBJieHne ee BHyTpeHHeü cjjopMU, npeacTaBJmomeä coöofl MoraBiipyiotuyio oöpa3H ocTL $pa3eojiorn3Ma, ocho- BaHHjno Ha jepHBaijHOHHHX cm s s x ero 3HaHeraw co sHaneHMeM reHeTH- secKoro npoTOTuna^.

üepeBOÄHHKy cJie^yeT y^HTHBaTB to oöcTOHTeJiBCTBO, mto npaBH- üLHoe ycBoeHHe aapecaTOM 3anporpaMMMpoBaHHoö CJ[ ÄOGTKraeTCH 3a c'ieT onpeêJieKHoä CTpyKTypHO-ceMaHTiwecKoö opraHH3amm TeKCTa.Tbk, BBeaeHMe b t o k c t OTêJüHUx JieKcireecKMX cpeacTB n03B0JineT B TeKCTOBOM $paTMeHTe TOT HO yCTaHOBHTB COOTHOHieHHe ÄByX nOTeHIXH- euibhhx imaHOB BOcnpuHTRH ( HanoateHHe öyKBajiBHoro n nepeHocHoro nJianoB, BiiUBHJteHue OÄHoro ns njiaHOB BOcnpuHTmi Ha nepeÄHHÜ nJiaH, HCKJiBTeHHe OÄHoro hs njiaHOB bociiphhthh) .

OöpaTHMCH k npmiepaM Ha pyccKOM flauxe."Ecjih noBeJDJTB MeöeJü, K0T0pyw mh coöwpaeMCH npoH3Becra b

ÖJnwcathiiHe roau , Ha HOBOceJüH, KOTopue njiannpyeM, t o Bpojie öh ÄOJDRHO XB8THTB BCßM H eme OCTEHeTCH npHMepHO MHJUIHOHy ceMett, x e -

JiaXHUOJC npOCTO CMeHKTb OäCTaHOBKy B öyKBaJIBHOM CMHCJie 3T0r0 CJtO- Ba. Ha cbmom * e jie MeöeJm He XBaTaeT - o 'leM oBuneTeJiBCTBynT on e-

peÄH B Mara3HHax . . . " ( M3BecTHH, 02.09.87, 2)Cp.HeM.: Möbel wechseln; die Tapeten wechseln."üyMBD, He CJimilKOM OÖHÄHTCH HÖ. M6HH MOJIOÄHe CTpOHTeJIH H3 CeJIB-

CKoro CTpoHTeJiBHoro KOMÖHHaTa, ecjm qecTHO npH3Ha»CB, hto, npo- öirpancB k hhm, h öojnbine Bcero ÄywaJi oö oähom : Kax öh ne yjapuTB JIHHOM B TPH3B B npHMOM CMHCJie 3Toro BupaKeHHH. CorjiacHTecB: H6- Jieno butjihjuit êJioBeK b Ty<fuuix nocpeuHHe rjmHHHoft juoth." ( Kom- comojibcKbh npaB.ua, 21.10.87,3 ) Cp.HeM.Kajn.Ky: nicht mit dem Gesicht in den Schmute schlagen, HeM.aHanor: sein Bestes geben, eich von der besten Seite teigen.

I Otmothm nonyTHO, t t o nponecc, oöppTHHÄ peMOTHBamni - 8 to aeMO— THBaUHH, TO 6CTB CTHpBHHe, 3aÖB6HH6 BHyTpeHHeÄ $OpMH. JieMOTH— • B8UHH H peMOTHBSQHH - OJHE H3 $pa3e0JI0riReCKHX ftHTHHOMirft, BBÄy- B|hx k BoccTaHOBJieHHD HapymeHHoro paBHOBecHÄ, t o ecTB k paapeme-0KB aHTHHOMHH,

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"KannTaHH, aonycTHBiiwe CTOJiKHOBeHUH cyuoB ( penB iweT o m - ö e jm napaxo.ua "AmrapaJi HaxuMOB" - a B T . ) , HcmaraeHH H3 napTHH h

ocyxneHH . . . 3a sJieMeHTapHoe Hapyuiemie cbohx äojihhocthux hhctpjtk-

mitt . . . H to xe KacaeTcn IIpocBiipHHHa B.E ., t o oh, ycTpaHHBniKCB 01 cbohx 0ÖH3aHH0CTeä, BtaueJi nocJie KaTacTpo$H cyxhm h3 bojm . KaK b

nprawoM, TaK h b nepeH0CH0M cMucJie 3Toro CJiOBa. ITpaBocynHe e ro He

KOCHyjiooi.. " ( KoMCOMOJiLCKan npaBjia, 05.12.87, 4 ) .Cp.HeM.KaJIBKy: trocken aua dem Wasser s te ig en ,HeM.aHaror: mit heiler Haut davonkommen.

"Tpoe cyTOK co mhoA b rocTHHiraHOM HOMepe jkhji HHxeHep H3 He- JWÖHHCKa, npnexaBUinö b MHHHOTepcTBO h to—t o "y T p n ca T B ". Oh öyK -

BajtbHO 3a TOJiOBy 'xBaTEUicn npn mhcjih, h to nepe3 Kaiqno-To He^eJoo

npeiiCTOHT nepexoOTTB Ha xo3pacneT: mhjuihoh HepemeHHux BonpocoB,

H3JHHHKH chpbh, KOTOpue HeKyaa cöh tb , HeyBH3KH c sapnJiaTolt . . . "

( K0MC0M0Jn>CKafl npaana, 0 7 .0 1 .8 8 , 4 ) .

Cp.HeM.SKBHBaJieHTr s ich an den Kopf g r e i fe n (fa s s e n ),HeM.CHHOHHM: s ich d ie Haare raufen (ausraufen, ausrreiBen ).

IlpHMep Ha neMenKOM H3UKe mh npuBojfflM H3 penopTaxa, noBecT-

B y «n ero -o ropBKoft jrcacra 3anauHorepMaHCKnx cTaneBapoB PypcKoft otf-

JiacTH, r a e pad0T0ÄaTeJiH iuiaHHpyroT saKpHTB MeTa/uiypruMecKHe koh-

UepHH H BHÖpOCHTB H3 yjnmy COTHH paÖOHHX, JIMUHB HX CpeJlCTB K Cy-

mecTBOBaHHM u KaKott-jmdo nepcneKTHBu na öy^ymee. IIp0THB03aK0HHHe

neftcTBHq npejmpHHHMaTeJiefl BH3BajiH peraHTeJttHuft npoTecT cpejtH a a -

naniiorepMancKrac TpyÄfnumccH, KOTOpue HaMepeHH ao k o h i» 3amnmaTB

cboh npaBa. EopBöy aanauHorepMaHCKorü npojieTapnaTa BosrJiaBJiHioT

HJieHH npo$coro3a, cpeÄK hux - PaflHep 3miep.S e it 18 Jahren i s t Rainer S ie.Ier "im S ta h l" . Schon einmal

hat e r m ite r le b t , wie "e in e Bude", in der e r a rb e ite te , zumachte , Thyssen E delstah l in Bochum. 600 Wann f lo g e n auf d ie StraBa. "Aber damals gab es noch E rs a tza rb e its p lä tz e . Das is t nun vo rb e i. J e tz t l a t , n ich t nur buchstäb lich , der Ofen aus? ( Neues Deutschland, 2 ./3 .01.88, 9)

B npHBejjeHHOM $parMeHTe Hcnojn>3yeTCfl (fpaaeoJiornHecKoe mo-

ÄaJtBHoe BtrpaxeHHe "d er Ofen i s t aus" ( cp .p y ccK .p a 3 r. "flaJiBnie

HeKy.ua!, " s t o yme cjimukom!" ) , noTopoe bboähtch b TeKCT TaKHM o ö -

peaoM, h to oho BiiHBJiHeT cBoe ÖyKBaJtbHoe (aeHOTaTHBHoe) h nepeHoc-

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HOe 3HaHeHMH, HTO npHBOÄHT K C iL üpeflMeTHaH COOTHeceHHOCTB OSE,

noTemxHaJibHo aaJioxeHHaK b e e ceMaHTireecKofl CTpyKType, pearasyeTCH

b KO H TeKCTe(der ©fern 3 jec i> - ÄOMeHHaa, nJiaBHJitHSH ne^B, k o to -

p&fl Öe3fleÄCTByeT, He ($y HKUHOHupyeT) . Cp.xarate .Hpyroe oöpa3Hoe bh-

pajicemie, KOTopoe mo* ho öhjio BCTpeTHTt n p « ormcaHMH aaKpuTH« n p e a -

npHHTHÄ H M8CCOBUX yBOJIBHeHHÄ B PypCKOÜ OÖJiaCTH: "Im Ruhrgeblat standen a lle RSder s t i l l " (Berliner Zeitung, I I .12 .87 ,5 .).ÄpyTQÄ oflpa3 B HeMeilKOM flSHKe: "Die Schornsteine rauchen nicht".

K ax noKa3HBaK)T BuiuenpHBeaeHHHe npuMepu, Ca Ha ypoBHe $ p a 3 eo -

Jiorn3Ma onpeêJineTCH cT en en tB ceM aHTmecKoR ueJiocTHOcra $E, a p y -

rHMH cJioBaMH, CTeneHbio ceMaHTireecKoft cnaHHHocTH, npHTHxehhocth

KOMnOHeHTOB. MOKHO yCTEHOBHTB CJie^yiOtKyiO 3aBHCHMOCTB: $pa3eOJIOrH3-

mh , oöJianaxxüHe Bucmeö cTeneHLio ceMaHTireecKofl iieJ iocTH ocra, to ecTi>

yTpaTHBume BHyrpeHHwn $opM y, He cnocoÖHU b TeKCTOBOM oKpyxeraiH

C03Ä8TB CTHJIHCTineCKHfl 3(H?eKT C iL HanpOTKB, $pa3eOJIOrH3MH, OÖJia-

ÄajotuHe MeHBnie# C Teneub» ceMaHTirqecKoft ueJiocTHOCTH, xapaK TepH 3y»-

l«HeCfl HeKOTOpoß CeMaHTHHeCKOtt npOHKUaeMOCTBB, "OTKpUTOCTBK)", $ p a -

3eoJiorH3Mu, KawtHfl 3JieMeHT ko to pm x oöJianaeT ceMaHTJreecKOÄ cooT H e-

CeHHOCTBIO ( HO He TOJWeCTBOM! ) C OÄHOSByHHHMH CJI0B8MH CBOÖOAHOrO

ynoTpeÖJieHHH MoryT b onpejieJieHHOM tbkctobom OKpyjseHHH C03jiaTi> CiL CTeneHB ceM aH TinecKofl cnan hh octh KOMnOHeHTOB onpeaeJweTCS mctoäom

"HaJioxeH iw" ( anmiHKauHH) $pa3eojiorH3M a Ha cboöoäho6 cJioBocone-

TaHHe TaKoro xe cocTaßa. Ilpa "HajioxeHHn" $pa3eoJiom3Ma Ha c b o ö o ä -

Hoe cji0B0C0HeTaHHe B03M0*eH noJioxHTeJiBHHÄ 3$$eKT, b cjryqae Hajm-

toh nepeMeHHoro cJioBocoHeTaHHH, hjih OTpimaTeJüHnft - b cJiyqae o t -

cyTOTBOH TaK oro CJiOBOco'ieTaHiur'. '

rioaBexeM H Tor. HTaK, npn nepeBoae äboähoä aKTyajm3aujai b o 3 -

moxhu ÄBa cJ iyqa fl: I) coxpaHeraie b I1H ceMaHTinecKoft .HByiuiaHOBOCTH

( Korâ b [Ifl HMeeTCH $pa3eoJiorn3M-3KBHBaJieHT; 3a cêT Ka/iiKHpoBa-

hkh $E; Mepe3 .npyrott o ö p a s , cnocoöHHfl b KOHTeKCTe npHBecTK k n a - ;

paJweJn>HOMy BocnpjWTHn äb jtc 3Ha*ieHHÄ ®E), 2 ) cTHJUicTinecKH# &}>- \$eKT HBoftHott aKTyaJiH3ai!HH He n e p e ß a e T C H b IIH ( K oraa b IIH o r c y T -

cTByeT $pa3 eoJ iorii3M-3 KBHBaJieHTp a ap yro it oöpa3 MCKJixraeT b onncn- BaeMoö CHTyauHH napaJUieJiBHoe BocnpHHTHe äbjhc njiaHOB). B nocJiejiHeM j

I n o s p o O n e e o u en o n e "H aJio*eH H H " ( am uM Kam ni) Ha MaTepaaJie pyc-CKOrO H3HK3 I l l J .

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cJiyqae bosmoäho ncn(wa>30BaHiie CTHJDicTireecKoä KOMneHcamm c yqeTOM

CTHJiHOTinecKmc pecyp coß flfl.OrpainneHHHÄ oöteM c t s t lh He noaBonneT paccMOTpeTi KOHKpeT—

Hue npuMepu CTturacTirqecKOtl KOMneHcamai KaK npneMa BoenoJiHeHHH n o-

TepL ( "nepeBOOTecraa HeaodopoB") npn nepeaa^e CiL 3to Mo*eT Ö htl npeÄMeTOM caMOCTOHTeJtbHoro nccJieaoBaHHH. JJyMaeTCfl, h to nejn. TaKO-

ro HCCJleflOBaHHH - He TOJÜKO H3jrqHTt H OÜHCaTB CpeflCTBa CTHJDICTH-

necKOtt KowneHcaiira, ho h onpeaeJniTB hx ^ b o th oc t* npn nepeBoae.

.üaHHue HccJieÄOBaHüH BoopyxaT nepeBoa^HKa peKOMeHaamiHMH, no3BcuiH-

ixshmh eMy HaßTH onTHMaJüHoe nepeBoa^ecKoe pemeHne npn nepeaane

CA c OÄHoro HsiiKa Ha apyroft.

CCbUIKM HA ÄMTEPATypy

1 . A.Ü.PaftxmTeftH. HeMemaie ycToitauBHe $paau h ycTottaHBue

npeAHKBTHBHue eÄHHmxH: ilnc . . . aoK Topa $HJioJi.HayK /MIMMH hm .

M .Topeaa . - M ., 1974. - 402 o .

2. Cnocodu HOMHHaUHH B COBpeMeHHOM pyccKOM H3HK6 / P e a .i l .H .

UlMeJieB. - M. :HayKa, 1982. - 295 c .3. JI.r.Ee3pyK0Ba. JIeKcnKO-$pa3eoJiorinecKne npoöJieMH nepeBo

aa. TeKCT JieKUül! no Kypcy nepeBoaa. - M. : MTHMH HM.M.Topesa,1 9 8 5 . - 81 c .

4 . B .r .B a p K H a . "BH yTpeH H aa $ o p M a " KaK KoMnoHeHT co a e p u ta T e J ii-

HO# CTpyKTypH H3UKOBUX 6AHHHU / / BoiipoCU TpaMMaTOTeCKOrO CTPOH

H3HKa. - M ., 1 9 7 4 . - C .292-301 ( Tp./M rnM M fl H M .M .T op e3a ; B im .8 1 ) .

5. J.M.EoJUiJt>eBa. CTHJLncTOTecKne ocoÖeHHocTH (JyHKutHOHnpoBa-

hhh $pa3eojiorH3M0B ( Ha MaTepnaJie coBpeMeHHoft xyaoatecTBeHHofl He- •

Meiwto# JiHTepaTypH h npeccu TüP ) . : M o . . . Kanu.$HJi0Ji.HayK /MmMHH mi.M.Topeaa. - M., 1967. - 306 c .

6. E.M.IlYtfHHCKHft. JlrntTBOCTtUIMCTireeCKHe OCOÖeHHOCTH ÄBOftHOÄ

aKTyajraraaimH (JpaaeoJioriniecKiDc eaHram Ha MaTepn&ue coBpeMeHHoro aHTJUtflcKoro flsinta : JIh c . . . . K a n a . H a y n / MrnMMH HM.M.Topeaa.- M ., 1984 , - 2 0 5 o .

7. A.T.HasapgH. 4pa3eoJoraH coBpeMeHHoro $paHuyacKoro flauxa.- Me; Bwcmaa nwoJia; 1987. - 288 c .

8 A.J.KopajioBa. MH$opMaTHBHocTi> oöpaaHocTH b t o k c t b h npHH—

- 90 -

i;nnu nepeaa^H ee B.nepeBojie // Cmhcji TeKCTa KaK oöieKT nepeBosa.- M ., 1986 . - C .9 4 ~ I0 5 ( T p . / MTHHH H M .M .Tope3a; bm i.278 ) .

9 . H.H.raJg.. Cjiobo *H Boe h MepTBoe. Ms onuTa nepeBOOTHKa h penaKTopa. - M .: KHHra, 1987 . - 272 c .

1 0 . B.H.KoMHCcapoB. JbiKTBHCTHKa nepeBO.ua. - M .: MeatuyHapofl-

Hue OTHOffleHHH, 1980. - 167 c .

1 1 . B .n .SyK Q B . PyccKan $pa3eoJiornH . - M .: Bucnia« mKOJia, 1986.

- 310 c .

UüTupyeMHe cJioBapa

C .M .0 *e ro B . CJioBapt pyccKoro HShiKa. - M.: P y cc ra fl «3hk, 1986.

EoJCbiiiofl HeMeuKo-pyccrarfl CJioBapt /Pe.u.O.M.MocKaja>cKaH - M .: Pyccraril

H3HK, 1980.

HeM euKo-pyccKKÜ fp a se oJ io riw e cK iiJ ! cJioBapi. /C o c T . I. S .E K H O B jr q .

H .H .rpw nH H . - M .: Pyccraift H3HK, 1975.

KpaTKHÄ pyccKO-HeMemarit $pa3eoJioririecKnft CJioBapt / Co ct .B.T.IHkjih-

poB, P.3KKepT, X.9HreJH.Ke. - M .: Pyccraift H3u k , 1977.

AHTJio-pyccrarii (JpaseoJiorHMecrarit CJioBapt / CocT.A.B.KyHHH. - M .:

PyCCKHÄ H3UK, 1984.

Russische idiomatische Redewendungen / M.Dubrowin, W.Schenk. - M .: PyccKHÜ H3HK, 1987.

B.K.ÜamHKOB

C yECT A H M PT H A H ÜEKCMKA B IIP ECC E : HPOEJffiMA OUEHOHHOCTH

OflHa H3 pacnpocTpaHeHHHX ouihöok, KOTopue Ä o n ycK a w CTyneHTH

Ha saHHTiwx no nepeBOüy, 3aKJDonaeTCH b tom , k t o ripn n ep esoae t o k -

CTOB H3 aHTJI0H3bFIHOit npeCCH Ha pyCCKH# H3HK OUeHOTOHe xapaK Te-

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cTy^eHTH, KaK npaBHJio, ÄOKa3broajoT, mto nepejia jm aBTopcKyn oueHKy

npaBHJiiHO, h b Ka^ecTBe $opMaJU.Horo noKasaTeJW aBTopcKofl oueHKH

- 91 -

npHBOÄHT BCTpeTHBllffleCH B TeKCTe *aprOHH3MH H KOJUIOKBHaJIH3 MH. IIo

MHeraoo CTyfleHTOB, cmweHHe cTiuuicTHHecKoro p e m c T p a , pe3KO k o h t -

pacTHpyxmee c odmeÄ cT ium cTinecKH HeftTpaJiBHoft oxpacK ofl TeKCTa,

CBoneTeJttCTByeT o npHBHeceHHH HeraTHBHOÄ oueHo^HocTH. 3aec i. mh

HBHO HMeeM R&JIO C SKCTpanOJIHXIHeÜ HOpM COBeTCKOÄ nyÖJlHUHCTHKH Ha

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THKH OdyCJIOBJieHO, c OAHOfl CTOpOHH, CneUH$HKOfl MaCCOBaÄ KOMMy HH—

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HHTaHa Ha Maccosyn m hphtom BectMa Heo.miopo.zmy» aynHTopra>, ko-

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He äojuiho TpedoBaTB o t HHTaTeJiH npeABapHTeJüHol! nojtroTOBKH ..."(c.264-265] . OTCKaa - äbb Tewtemym, xapaKTepnaynuHe H3HK cpejicTB

uaccoBolt HH$opKajjHH: cTpeMJieHne k jieMOKpaTH3aiinn hsuka h odmrbHoe Hcn0J0>30BaHHe l aseTHux UTaMnoB h KJunue ( npHMenaTeJiBHo, hto hhot- Aa 3TH npOTHBOnOJIOZHHe - c TOHKH speHHfl HOpMaTHEHOft CTHJIMCTMKH - TOKueHiuiH coBnauaioT: pasroBopHue h _na*e xaproHHue sji6M6hth npaod- pexaBT cTaTyc noJiHoueHHHx raseTHHX w im ne).

'I t o KacaeTcn odueflSHKOBott cHTyaiom b conocTaBJweMHi Kyja>Ty-

p a i , t o 3Meoh Ä0CTaT0HH0 dy.neT KOHCTaTHpoBaTB doJEbmee pacnpocT-

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3a CH6T OdHJIBHOrO HCn0JIB30BaHHH CjrÖCTSLHHapTHHX JI6KCHH6CKHX CJM-

HHQ. CTaB XapaKTepHOÄ HepTOtt H3HKB npeCCH, CTHJtHCTKHeCKHfl nepe-

nax ( o t ra36THHX uiTaMnoB k xaproH y ) He BOCiipHHHMaeTCH aHTJiotisuH-

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OTHOCHTeJIBHO BHCOKEH ( HO CpaBHeHHD C CHTyailHeÄ B pyCCKOM H3UK6 )

- 92 -

'jacTOTH OCTB CJI npuBOjUHT k H eKO TopoM y ocJiadJieH ino e e 3 K c n p e c c i iB H 0 c -

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CM3H KaTeropnfl sKcnpeccHBHocTH h oueHOMHOCTJf. " . . . IIoÄaBJWioqee ÖOJMMHCTBO JrHHTBHCTOB npJtttepjKHBaeTCH TOft TOMKH 3peHHfl ( B pa3- hhx BapnaHTax), kto b npramine b H3bitte sKcnpeccKBHa« tocti. hbjih- eTCH COCTaBHOÄ HaCTBn, CBOeOÖpa3HUM (JlHJDbTpOM, Kepe3 KOTOpuft npoiiyoKaeTCH KaKaa-KMöyai oöteKTHBHaH HHôpManM" [ 3 .C.127-128] .

BTopoe npeÄBapHTeJüHoe 3aMeâHHe KacaeTcn 3aBHCHM0CTii skc- npeCCHBHOÖ XapaKTepHCTHKH TOÄ HJIH HHOÖ JieKCHHeCKOft eXHHHIIU OT KOHTeKCTa BUCKa3UBaHHH. B 3TOM OTHOUieHHH HMeeT CMHCJI B0Cn0JIB30- BaTicH H3BecTH0Ü onno3HUHeit "cHJiiHHfl KOHTeKCT" - "cJtaöufl KOH- TeKCT" [4.C.I73~] . "CHJiBHHft" KOHTeKCT ÄaeT ÄOCTaTOKHO noJiHoe npeÄ- CTaBJieHHe 0 KOHHOTaTHBHoü ceMatiTHKe paccMaTpHBaeMoß e;ufflnnH, "cJiaöuü" Ke He cojiepjuHT KOMnOHeHTOB, peaJiH3yioinHX KOHHOTaTHBHoe coflepjKaHHe stoA ejiHHUUbi hjih iiaer mhhhmj m HHiJiopManHH 0 ee kohho- TaTHBHOit xapaKT epHCTHKe .

Ecjih npHMeHHTb aTy onno3Humo k «aHpaM cpejucTB MaccoBoit hh- topMaUHH, TO XaHpH, B KOTOpUX JlOMHHHpyeT (JjyHKIIHH B03fle8CTBHH (nepejioBaH craTBH, KOMMeHTapnü, $eJii.eT0H h T.n.) CJieflyeT OTHec- TH K "CHJIbHHM" K0HT6KCTQM, nOCKOJIBKy B03ÄeßCTBHe Ha noJiy'iaTeJiH npeOTOJiaraeT HcnojitsoBaHHe ueJioro apceHaJia cTHJiHCTmecKHx opeÄCTB h 3th cpencTBa, noJiHee pacKpuBan aBTopcicyio noaimroo, ÖynyT TeM caMHM TovHee onpejiejitfTi. KOHHOTaTHBHoe coêpsaHHe HHTepecyiomeft Hac jieKciTHecKoil ejummiH.

KaK noKa3HBaeT npaKTHKa, HCKaxeHHe oueHKH, 0 kotopom nuia

- 93 -

p e % Burne, npoHcxoÄHT name B cero b "a n a ö u x " K om eK C Tax, t o

e c T t b xaHpax c npeoöJiajiarameö $yHKuneä cooömemiH, « e aBTopcnaH

Ü03KUHH He ÄOJUKHa BUHHTUBaTLCH H3 TeKCTB. IIOaTOMy 3ÄeCL yMecmee roBopHTL He oö HCKaxerara, a cK opee o npHBiieceHHH oueHKH b TeKCT,

r,ne $0pMajn>H0 Bupa*eHHaa ouenoKnocTi. ô jum a öh tb CBeêHa k mhhh-

MyMjr.

CTOJlKHyBlflHCB C eÄHHMIjett CJI B "CJiaöOM" KOHTeKCTe, HeOntlTHHÜ

nepeBO^HK He MoxeT b noJiHofl Mepe onpe.neJuiTB K0HH0TaTHBH0e co jiep - Eamoe STOtl ejwrombi h opiieHTKpyeTtia Ha Ty KOHHOTamro, noTopofi o ö -

jianajia öu 3KBMBajieHTHaH eOTHima b TeKCTe aHaJioruHHoro xaHpa Ha

H3HK nepeBoaa ( ÜH) hhhmm cjioBaMH, oh opueHTHpyeTCfl Ha ocoÖeHHoc

TH HcnoJibaoBaHHH CJI b OTenecTBeHHoft npecce.

OflHa H3 3THX ocoöeHiiocTeö 3amiiOTaeTCH b tom, hto CJI npoHHKa—

6T B H3UK C0B6TCK0Ö npeCCU B OCHOBHOM KaK 3JieM6HT "HyKOÄ", Hß

aBTopcKoß penn. ilfljice ecJin Taioie eiwumm BCTpeTOJOTCfl He b UHTaTax,

aBTopu npeOTo^HTaioT MapKwpoBaTB hx npHHajuieiRHocTB "Hyxott" penn

KaBtnKaMH, Hanp.:

"C HHBapfl CTpOÜOTpaUH " OTC&yTÖOJIHJlH" HOBOMy COTpyÄHHKy - B.B.3ejieHU0B0Ä. Bhktophh BHKTopoBHa " t o h c t " b OTêTHOCTH, 3a npoBa- jieHHjr» npoöJieMy eme h He öpaJiacB" ( M ockobckhä KOMCOMOJieu, Jt 17,

1 9 8 7 ).

3th cJiyqaH conocTaBHMU c ncnoJii>30BaHHeM peMeBoft Mac km b pa& -

roBopHoH pe^H : ’TobophuihM .noflmaeTCH sKcnpeccHBHOCTH, CTapaHCB

CÄeJiaTB cbok) penh HeoötraHott i m aaHHoft CHTyamüi" [ö. C.I80] . Y ch -

jierae xe SKcnpeccKBHocTH BJieneT 3a coöoft ycnJienne hhtchchbhoc—

th oueHKH. Hano Taraie o tm ö th tb t mto dojuwafl mbctb cyöcTaH-

ÄapTHHX JieKCHHeCKHX ejXHHKU B nOÄOÖHHX KOHTBKCTaX ( KOK, BIlpOHeM,

h bo BceM njiacTe CJI) oöJiaaaeT oTpmiaTe.ni.Hott oijeHOHHOCTBD.

B H3UKe aHTJioHsinHoft npeccu ezwHHUu 3Toro njiacTa MoryT (JiyHK- UHOHHpOBaTB KaK nOJIHOnpaBHHÖ 3JieMeHT aBTOpCKofl pe^H, npHflaJODlHÄ

BHCKasuBaHHKi öojn.aiyio HenpHHyaweHHOCTB, nojmac - uiyTJWByT) TOHaJü-HOCTB. KHT6HCHBH0CTL OLteHKH nOBTOMy He yBeOTTOBaeTCH,

üpoeiuipyH cHTyaiiH», cJiowranyiocH b OTenecTBeHHott npecce,

Ha T6KCT opHTHHaJia, HaHHHaKXUHfl nepeBOOTHK CKJIOHeH yCHJIHBaTB HH-

TeHCHBHOCTB oueHKH, h xapaKTepHCTHKa JieKCOTeoKofl eÄHHHQH CMena-

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eTCH b cmeHOHHOM cneKTpe ot myrrai k npno BupaxeHHo# neftopaTHB- hocth. B ot npmiep TaKoro HenpaBHJn.Horo nepeBo.ua:

"In partlcu la r, ehe (Corazon Aquino) faces pressure to Jet- tison Arroyo (presidential executive secretary). A lib e ra l hu— man-rights lawyer before the reyolution, hia access an influen- oe at Halacanang have earned him the moniker "The l i t t le P re sident." (Newsweek, Peb. 16, 1987, 33 ) .

"OcoöeHHo HacToffaHBO pearaoioHepH ÄOÖHBanTCH o t KopacoH Akhho cMemeHHH c nocTa noMouiHHKa npe3iweHTa Appoflo. JlHdepaa Ap-

potto mo nepeBopoTa öuji aHBOKaTOM, dopnoM sa npasa MeJioBeKa, ce ft-

<iac oh nojn>3yeTCH tokhm BJUWHMeM Ha Akhho, ^ to nüOTHBHHKK OKpeo- timh e ro "ManeHBram irpesmeHTOM".

B TeKCTe opHTHHaJia aBTopcKan no3mpw ncmepKHyTO HeSTpantHa, HeraTHBHaH ouewca noJWTinecKoÄ onno3Hwm ( "peaKUHOHepu") npHB— HeceHa nepeB0jrqnK0M. ripn aHajmse nepeBOjia oh odMCHHJi sto CJie,ny- tohm 0Öpa30M: bo—nepBHX, lib e ra l npeanoJiaraeT, h to npoTHBHHKH Appoflo npimep*MBaioTCH npoTHBonojiowaix, He jmdepajn>HiK bsivirhob, a bo—BTopHX, aBTopcKoe OTHomeHHe k hhm xapaKTepH3yeTCH xaproHH3- mom moniker ( pa3 aBTop npnderaeT k *aproHH3My, axo osHa'iaeT, kto oh KaK du jtHCKpejüiTHpyeT Tex, kto btot xaproHHSM ynoTpedJiaeT).

Pa3yMeeTCH, no^odHue wcKaKerafl coBepmaioTcfl jnnm> b Tex c jiy -

Manx, K om a ynoTpedJieHHaH ejtHHima CJI He odJiauaeT 0ÄH0 3Ha'qH0fi He-

raTHBHOÄ OLieHOHHOCTJ>D.

OflaaKo, "cJ iadocTb " h "c a j ia " KOHTeKCTa - He ocHOBHas n pa -

Kiraa oiDHdoK n p » onpeaeJieKira 3M0m i0Hajn>H0- 0i;eH0HHU3c xapaKTepHCTHK

CJI. Beza, caiwa "c m ia " tum " c j ib ö o c t l" KOHTeKCTa - np0H3B0ÄH0e o t

nparwaTHMecKoft saaaMH, K0T0pyw c teb h t n ep ea codoä aBTop TeKCTa.

IloaTOMy c'JieflyeT aeT a jü H ee paccMOTpeTB cb«3b Hcn0JiB30BaHHH CJI b

QiipejieJieHHOM BUCKa3UBamin c nparMaTHKOft S Toro BucKaauBaHM,

CjieHT CKJiajxuBaeTCH b ochobhom H3 aneMeHTOB npapeccHOHajiBHux

H KOpnopaTHBHUX JKaprOHOB, yTpaTHBlUHX CBH3B C nepBOHaMaJÜHOÄ c$ e - .

poft (JyHKUHOHKpOBaHM. ÜOHBJieHHe 3THX eÄKKHH B H3UKe MaCCOBOä KOM- MyHKKaiJHH rOBOpHT O TOM, MTO OHH CTaHOBHTCH OdllienOHHTHH. ECJIH

hecto tho ctI) hx ynoTpedJieHMH BospacTaeT, no cTaTycy ohh Mory? npadJirataTBCfl k HH3iueMy cjiob JiHTepaTypHoro cTamiapTa, a hx 3kcü-

peCCHBHO-OIieHOTHUe XapaKTepHCTHKH COOTBeTCTBeHHO - CTpeMHTBCH K

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HefiTpa)H!3amtn. O.u h h k o , OKaaaBaiHCi. b nepB0HaHajn>H0ß c$epe cEjymapi- OHHpoBaHiw, o h h oöpeTajoT npexHMe KOHHOTamm. npomunocTpHpoBaTB 3To H M e m e m o x h o Ha npHMepe ÖHBmero aproTH3Ma "cop", K0T0puä b HacTonmee BpeMH HMeeT cKopee myTJiHBue, neM HeraTHBHue KOHHOTa- TaiXHH:

"Laat year, 13,534 c iv il-r ig h ta Buita were f i le d againat looal gove^nmenta aalclng b i l l io n in damagea - up from 270 auits two decqdeB ago ... The reaultt a few m unicipalitiaa are f l i r t in g with bankruptcy, and many othera face intenaified pressure to out aervicea or raiae taxea . . . Saya Randy Arndt of the NationalLeague of C itiea : "The coata get put in the o ity budget aomewhe-re. I t meana a few lesa copa get hired, a f i r e engine ian 'tbought, the pipea leak longer, the etreete deterio rate"■ (U.S. Newa & World Report, Dec. 20, 1982, 60).

B t o xe BpeMH b penn npejicTaBHTeJieit npecTyiiHoro MHpa pe3K0

HeraTHBHue KOHHOTaiiKH s ro ro CJiOBa coxpanraoTCfl:

"In many waya, correotional o ffioer8 "p u ll" time aa w ell,fo r their oocupation lacke many of the aocia lly rewarding aour- cea of Job aati8faotion . . . Moreover, their ocoupational aelf-imagea hardly benefit from public oonoeptiona of the kind of peraon who would work in a prison. Within the walla de- ria ive referencea to o ffioera by inmatea aa "aorewa", "hacka"or "oopa" are v ivid and exp lie it foima of contempt" (Society,July/Aug., 1974, 58).

Ecjih b nepBOM cJiynae Ha nepBuft njiaH BHCTynaeT JieHOTaTHBHoe SHaneHHe CJiOBa, to bo btopom öojiee BecoMHM OKaauBaeTCH KOHHOTa- THBHoe sHaneHHe, hto kohohho 0Tpa3HTCH b nepeBoae:

"Ecjih ÄBanuaTt JieT Hasan, nporaB MyHHUHnajiiHux BJiacTeä Öhjio B03Öy*ÄeH0 B cero 270 aeJi, t o b npouuioM ro j iy hm Öujio npeatHBJieHo i

13534 rpaamaHCKinc HCKa Ha oömy» cyMMy Mmumap,« Äojuiapoß, B peay jiiT a T e HecKOJiiKo MymmHnanMTeTOB b o t - b o t cobcbm pa3opHTCH, a MH0xecTB0 Äpyrmc Bce name noroBapHBaeT o HeodxojutMocTn ccKpaiHTb pacxoÄH Ha KOMMyHajithoe oöcJiyxHBaHHe hjih yBeJanHTt Hajiorn. "Thx- öh öpjibHO ö b d t no ropoacKOMy diou*eTy, - jtajiyeTCH HJieH HaimoHaJü- HOÖ JtHTH rOpOÄOB P8HHH ApHAT. - A B6ß£ Ha 9TH CpeflCTBa . MOXHO ÖUJIO öu hehhtb eme H0ckojh>ko nojnmeftcKHX. npHoöpecT» noxapHyn Ma-

- 96 -

•HHy, ncräHHTB BOflonpoBOÄ, öJiaroycTpoHTb ymmii.""Mokho ckebetb , tt o onyacamne TnpeM " motsuot cpoK" BMecTe

Jo cbohmh nojioneHHUMn, noTOMy hto ohh 3ehhmeiotch HedJiarojwpHoft (jadOTOÄ . . . BoJiee To ro , no MHemoD <5ojn.nmHCTBat CTOJfnnß qe.HOBeK b

tiopBMe p &ö otetb He CTaHeT, h n09T0«y ohh säbe jeh MCTyT ropnuTLCH

CBoeft npo$eccHett. 3aiüD0MeHHHe npespirreJiBHo HasuBaw^ hx "JiersBHMH" h "JapaoHaMH".

IlpHBefleHHIJe npHMepU CBimeTeJItCTBy»T 0 TOM, HTO KOHHOTaTHB-

Haa xapaKTepHCTHKa xsproHHSMS BapwrpyeTCH b cootb6tctbh h c npar- MaTinecKHM acneKTOM B cero BHCKS3HBaHKfl, " t o octb OTHOineHHHMH v e x -

ffy peêBHM npon3BefleHneM h y q a c t hhkemh kommyHKKaiWH. 3th OTHOiue-

hkh onpexeJLHMTCH yxe He to ju k o nparMaTinecKHM 3Haqeffi?eM shekob,

BXOÄHmHX B BUCKS3UBSHHe, HO H $aKTireeCK0tt CTOpOHOÄ HH$OpMammf nepenaBaeMoft b coodmeHHH, couhsjibhhm CTETycoM h ncH?cojioriroecKH-

m 0C0Ö6HH0CTHMH KOMMyHHKaHTOB, cTeneHBio hx HenocpeacTBeHHoft aa-

HHTepecoBaHHocT* b coodtqaeMOM, cTpeûieiraeM äoöhtbch npH noMooiH KOMMyHHKaTHBHOrO SKTS KSKHX-TO IipEKTHMeCKHX pe3yJ!BTET0B H T.n. yêT nojioöHHx coodpameHHü 0KE3HBaeT BJiiiHHHe he Budop h3hkobhx

cpeacTB hctokhhkom h Hfl cTenem. BOSÄeöcTBHH coodmeraw he Peqen-

Topa" (j3 . C.I05J .B3SHMOCBH3B HHTeHCHBHOCTH 3M0UH0HaJIBH0Ö OIjeHKH, COIUiaJIBHOft

opHeHTaipm HCTO'JHHKS, Blldopa H3HKOBHX CpeÄCTB H KOMMyHHKSTHBHOfl

saHfl'iH BHCKaaHBEHHH, coaepKamero eÄKHmjy CJI, xopomo npoHBJiaeTCH

b cJieÄjnomeM npHMepe:"Ever slncs he took the management reins of Playboy Enter

prises In e .five years ago, former newapaper executive Derick'J; Daniel has been fighting to repa lr the danage oauaed by a poorly exeouted d ivers ification oampaign. Playboy founder Hugh H.Hefner, now chainnan, had created p ro fitab le akln magatlnea. but he drop- ped the b a ll ln trylng to aet up a fa r-flu n g entertainsent em- p ire " (Business Week, March 16, T981, 154).

üpHMHHH HCIIOJIB 3 OBEHHH XSprOHHSMS CTEHyT HC HU, eCJIH MH 38M6-

HHM e ro XOTH du HS CTHJIHCTireeCKH HeftTpEJIBHHft 3B$eMH3M men'S magaeine. Oäheko Äa*e 3B$eMH3M, ocJisdJUDomHfi HeraTHBHHe kohhote-

UHH, B "CJISÖOM" KOHTeKCTe C03flEeT He COBCeM TOT KOMMyHHKSTHBHUß

3$({)eKT, HS KOTOpult pSCCMHTUBEJI OTnpflBHTeJIB: TeMS CTETBH - He MO-

paUBHEH, S KOMMepêCKSH CTOpOHE BOnpOCE, HO SBTOpy npHXOJWTOH

- 97 -

ynoMHHan. HMerote npeÄ0cyOTTera>H0e c tohkh s p e m w oömenpHHHTHX

couaaniHux hojm, Hcn0Jn>30Bamie xe JieKciraecKoft woihmuh, xoTopew MapwipoBaHa KaK npHHaiyiexHOCTt c ounajLbHO-KyjiBTypHoro Koja, n p o ra -

BocTOHutero sthm HopMaM, n03B0JweT npiwaTB BucKa3iiBaHiix> tot oueHon- Hufl opeoJi, KOTopu* OKpyxeHO jaitHoe HBJieHHe b chct6M6 KOHTpKyJtbTy- PH, myTJIHBHtt OTTeHOK, H TeM C8MUM yCKJlHTt 3B$eMHCTHNH0CTB. Qlje paa 0TM6THM, HTO CJiyHBH XapaKTepHH ÄJIH "CJiaöUX" KOHTeKCTOB: C8M 0CH0BaTeJii> aypHaJia "ILneööoft" X.Xe$Hep b oahom H3 cbokx HHTepBMO pa3HBaeT ero men'a magazin», ho HHTepBi» hockt 0TKp0BeHH0 ano- jioreTHMecKHlt xapaKrep, to ecTL no cymecTBy HBJineTCfl "chjiihhm koh- T6KCT0M", KOTopiöl He ÄonycnaeT HeraTHBHoil ouchohhoctk , B npHBeaeH- hom xe npHMepe HeraTHBHan oueHOHHocTt HeftTpajmsyeTCH KaK pas stap- T0HK3M0M. Ilpn nepeBoae ueJiecooöpa3Hee Bcero BocnojiiaoBaTtcfl 3B$e- mh3mom, nycTt aaxe OTmmcTiwecKH HeaneKBaTHHM aHTJiHÜCKOMjr xapro-HH3My:

"IIhtb J ier na3an bo rJiaBe KOMnaHHH "ILneiiöoft 3HTepnpafl3H3" bctbji öuBuiüft pejaKTop ra3eTH ÄepeK .HaHMeji. Bce 3th iw tb jiot oh cTapaeTca npraecTH b nopanoK .uejia KOMnaHHH, paccTpoeHHue bcjioh- CTBHe HeyflaMHoit nonuTKn pasHooöpasHTb ee «eHTejiBHocTt. OcHOBaTeJti KOMnaHHH Xiw Xe$Hep, mme ee npeaceaaTeJü, oTKpiui HecKOJiiKO npn- öhjilhhx xypnajioB " He a m aaM". ho npanaTt ächtojibhocth KOMnaHHH niHpoKHÄ pasMax TaK h He cyMeJi."

3tb ocoöenHocTB CJI öiuia oTMeneHa JI.Chccm6H0m, K0T0puö onpe- A6JIHJI ÄaprOH KaK "Bce Te CTHJIHCTHH6CKH CHKXeHHUe H CTOHU1H6 ocoö— HflKOM OJIOBa H BUpaxeHHH pOAHOrO H3UKa, KOTOpue nHTaiOTCfl CKpUBETB HenpHHTHue hcthhh h/hjih cnocoöcTBOBaTB ycnexy roBopauero ( hjih xe

ycneuiHOMy npoABHxeHiuo Toro Bonpoca, A e m hjih npoflyKTa, KOTopuft roBopnmKfl npejtCTaBJineT) nyTeM BepöaJitHux MaHHnyjwyHfl, xepTBOÄ KOTopux onasHBaeTCH HHTaieJib' hjih CJiymaTejtt" [7 . C.32] . Pa3yw&- 6tch, sto onpeAeJieHHe pacKpuBaeT npnpoay CJI hgckojüko oahoctopoh- He, ho 9T0 HMeHHO Ta CTopoHa, K0T0paH HHTepecyeT Hac b HacTonmeft CTBTte. IIpHMeMaTeJitHO, HTO 3TB $0pMyJIKp0BKa IipHHaUJIeXHT aMepHKaH- CKOMy aBTopy h cnpaBeÄfflBa CKopee b OTHoweHMH h3hkoboä cHTyauHH b C111A, neM b CCCP - H8-3a HecoBnajieHHH yaeJiLHoro Beca h (JyiiKUHO- HajQ>Hux ocoöeHHOCTefl CJI b pyccKOM h aHTJinftcKOM H3HKax. TaKHM oöpa- 3om, ajih Hanöojiee TOHHoro onpeaeJieHHfl sKcnpeccHBito-oueHOHHux xa-

- 98 -

paKTepHCTHK CJI B KOHXpeTHOM TeKCTe HeOÖXOÄHMO yTHTHBaTB OÄHOBpe- M6hho 0dmeH3HK0Byn cHTyaiuuo b [ffi h 1 , nparMaTHMecKHÄ acneKT bh-

CKa3HBaHHH H COÖCTBeHHHe np&TMaTHHeCKHe XapaKTepHCTHKH CyöCTaH“ Ä8PTHUX JieKCMMeCKHX ejQIHHU.

CCtUKH HA JMTEPATypy

1. K.MapKC. $.3HreJg>c. IIhclmo ®.3HreJiLca 3.BepHiiiTe#Hy, ok.I I hm h 1882 r . 2 -o H3Ä.//CoÖp.co'W. - 1*35. - C.280-28^.

2. M.B.Aphoj&j . CramcTHKa coBpeMeHHoro aHr-raftcKoro HSHica. -

ü .: IIpocBemeHHe, 1981. - 296 c.3. r.B.KojnuaHCKüft. CooTHomeHHe cyöieKTHBHHX h oöisktubhhx

(JaKTopoB b H3HKe. - M .: Hayna, 1985. - 232 c .4. H.A.JtvKbHHOBa. 3KcnpeocHBHaH JieKCMta pa3roBopHoro ynoTpeö-

JieHHH. üpoöJieMH ceMaHTHKH. - Hobochöhpck: HayKa, 1986, n 232 c .5. PyccKa« pa3roBopaaH pe^B. OoHeTHKa. Mop$ojioriw. JlexcKKa.

ÄecT. - M .: Hayna, I983.-240 c .6 . B.H.KoMHCcapoB. ÜMHTBRCTHxa nepeBOjxa. - M .: MeimyHapoame

OTHomeHHH, 1980. - 168 c .7. L.E.Slseman. P laatlo Rngllsh. - Atlantic Monthly, Oot.

1972. - 152p .

r.B.IIoposKHCKafl

CnOCOBLI ÜEPEilA'IH rJIATOJlOB, yKA3UBAHUHX HA COÊPIAHHE PEHEBOIX) AKTA,

c pyccKoro ha ahtjimHckhH H3uk

rJiaroJiH, yKasuBamoie Ha coAepxaHHe peêBoro anra, orpamauT $opMy B03JteftcTBHH Ha cjtymajowero c ueJOJO 3acTaBHTi> ero coBeponrri cooTBeTCTByromee jteÄCTBHe. PeêBUM aicTOM (no Att.Cepno ) ABmeroA ncn0J0>30BaHHe BucKasuBaHiiH, HanpaBJieHHoro Ha aHpecaTa h npeacTas- jiHxwero coöo# onpejeJieHHHÄ Haöop KHTOHmdt, b nepsy» o ^ e p e » , nHTumnm OKasaHHH Ha CJiyHiaElIierO HeOÖXOÄHMOrO HJUOKyTHBHOrO $ e K T a [!_ ]. CjieÄOBaTeJCbHO, rJiaroJiH, xapaKTepHaywiwe cojep*aHHe

- 99 -

peneBoro aiera, hbjwktch hjuioi^ thbhhmh rjiarojiaMH.UeJttD aaHHOÖ CTETBH HBJLH8TCH BUHBJleHHB OCOÖeHHOCTBÖ nepejp-

hh HJUioKyTHBHUx rJiarcuiOB Ha aHrJUdicKHft hshk h oöMCHeHHe $aK TO ^

odycJioBnHBaratHx ÄH$$epeHUHamno b penpeaeHTamot oiraouBaeMux rjm- rcxnoB b TeKCTax MH h IIH.

B iuaHe conocTaBHTeJtbHoro ana/msa peneBux bktob b paaHHX

H3HKax ocoöHÄ HHTepec M ii hbo npeacTaBJUDOT paöom .Hx.&epmypeHa, A.B.Be*ÖHUKoft, E.®peÖ3epa h ap. Abtopu HcaaBHHx HccJieaoBaHHÄ (E. «peltaep; A.BexöHUKa ) yKa3UBaioT, h to hx H3yneHHe peneBHX aKTOB ocHOBUBaeTGH Ha npeanoJioxeHHH, h to Kasauft H3HK aeJiaeT n p H ew ie i« MH KOMMyHHKBHTa HCnOJtBSOBaHHe meHTHHHHX OCHOBHHX HaÖOpOB p@V- bux aKTOB, Taiatx, kbk nocTpoeHHe BonpocoB, H3BHHeHHH, odemarafl h a p . , sa HCKJDoHeHHeM onpeawieHHHX Kyjn>TypHo-cneuH$HHecKiix p h t j» - jibhhx aKTOB, TaKHX KaK KpeqeHHe, OTJiyHemie o t uepKBH h ap. Ta- khm oöpasoM, ec jih oaHH H3UK HMeeT peneBOä aKT aonycTHM tek oä , h cncauiHBaHHe. to Jooöofl jidytoü H3iut aojneH hmbtb cootbbtcthviouihII

paaJiHHHe b (JlyHKUHOHHpoBaHHH cooTBeTCTByxxuHx rJiarojioB pasHux CHt-

T6M. B paöoTe jU.^epnijrpeHa npHBoaHTca aitrjio-$paHKo-aaTCKaH Tpa*- JumnoHHafl cxeMa r jia ro jia to acouse, KOTopaH HarJwaHO yKasuBaer " i ceMaHTHHecicHe napaMeTpu aaHHoro CJiOBa b npHBeaeHHu*

A.Be*önuKa, aaaJM3iipyH sHaneHne muioKyTHBHoro rjiarojia to warn, OTMenaeT, h to cymecTByeT MHoro H3hkob, KOTOpue He hmodt TOHHOrO COOTB6TCTBHH aaHHOMJT CJIOBy, HO, C aPYTOÄ CTOPOHH, OHH

pacnoJiaranT 3HaHHTeJiBHUM KOJmnecTBOM cjiob, KOTOpue He HMenr sk -

BKBaJieHTOB b aHTJinücKOM. HanpHMep, HnoHCKoe cjiobo satosu, c o b -

Memaiomee b cBoefl ceMaHTHKe HeKOTopue cmhcjiobu6 KOMnOHeHTH, npn-*

cymne rjia ro jiy to warn h pha apyrux sHaneHidt, tekhx , kbk npea-

nojioxeHHe, h to roBopHmufl HMeeT öojiee bucokoo comiaja>Hoe nojioxe—

m e , neM cjryraaiomHfl, CTpewieHHe 3amnTBTB aapecaTa o t HenpHHTHOc- t o ä h aoöpue nyBCTBa, KOTOpue KOMMyroncaHT nmaeT no OTHotnemno k

aapecaTy. B bhtjihIIckom H3HKe yKaaaHHe Ha BucoKoe couHanBHoe no- JioxeKHe aanoseHO b Tarant HJUioKyTHBHHX rjiarojiax , Kax to ordsr i to forb ia , ho npxBeaeHHne rjiarojru He HMem gHaHemw sbuihthtb,

yöepeHB o t SJia. Tbkhm odpaaoM, raarojm to warn & aatosu Moryr

' - 100

irpeacTaBJWTi» pasjarorae ranu peêBux ejctob b pasHux flsuxax.Thuh peêBux aicroB B w e x a n c a hemh Ha ochobb KJiaccH$Hxamoi

Ä«c.CepJw[ I j ' , oocTOflne# hs jCtth rpyirn: accepTHBHue BUCKasuBaHHfl, KOMHccHBHue, ÄewiapaTHBHHe, jropeKTHBHue h sKcnpeccHBHue. Mu or— aeJüHO BuneJueM hhchcthbhu6 bhcke3Hbehhh, KOTopae no cbohm hjuio- KyTHBHHM U6JWM OTJUWaiOTCH X OT a&CepTHBHHX X OT ÄHpeKTHBHHX p e - H6BHX EKTOB.

To, 'n o $xrypKpyeT b peêBOM axTe, to ecTt to , hto moxbt öuTi noiSBepTHyro yTBepMemno, coMHeHmo; to , tto moxbt d u n npeju- M6T0M npociöH, npHKa3aHEfl, noxeJiaHHH, oöemaHH«, hbähctoh npono-3HUH6Ä.

T.B.ByjiurHHa, roBopn o npono3XUHH, noOTepKHBaeT, hto sHane- HHe BupaxeHKH onpeA6JiHBTCfl b TepMHHar Tex oöioktob, xoropue oho

odosHaqaöT, to ecTt b tbpmhhbx kjisccob cooTBBTCTBynamc .uohotetob [ 4 . C .335] . B HameM HccJiejoBaHHU npono3imHett mu (ramieM coêpxa- hh6 qyatoft pewi, Bxoflflmee b onoxHyn cHHTaxcinecxyn KOHCTpyKmn), cocToamyn hs cjiob aBTopa ■ cjiob nepcoHajre. ßjm hec uohho saMeâ- Hxe E.B.IlajQnieBoIt 0 tom, hto nponosxmw hbjih6tch ceMaHTtfiecKHM

axTaHTOM nep$opMaTHBHHX rJiar0Ji0B [ 5 . C .36] . noATBepawerae s to - My mu hexoähm y Jl.BsHflepBeKeHS. B êcthocth, oh roBopxr, w o p e - qeBoft axT, npeacTaBJieHHuJt Bucxa3HBEHHeM b $opMe npew m em w "fl yTBepM a», hto cHer ÖeJiufl", ecTt juuioxyTHBHUÄ aKT, rjie kjuio- KyTHBHaH CHJla HBJLH6TCH HJUIOXyTHBHOÄ CHJIOft yTBepKAeHEfl, H M 6

npono3HQiioHaJQ>Hoe coêpmaHHe bctb npono3nmw, kto CHer äeJmS [ß . C.25Ö].

IlpHweHHTeJitHO x Hameft paöoTe rJiaroJiH, BBOAfnune ^yxyr peâ, MoryT BUCTynaTB b xaêcTBe hhuhketope HJUioxyTHBHolt c u u bboähmoä

hmh nponÖ3HUHH. WJLHOKyTHBHue chjiu - 3T0 xaK pas to , hto pasJuraeT

pasJunHue HJuioKyTHBHue axTU. Tax, HanpHMep, b Taxax buckesUBa- hhhx kek : Oh npHKS3SJi: "3axpoft ÄBept" h Oh nonpociui: "3axpo8ÄBept" HJUioKyTHBHuß rjiaroji npHKE3EJi yKE3UBaeT Ha OTpexTHBHyi) CHJiy npono3iaoiHt a ivietoji nonpocm he pexBecTHBHHÄ xspaxTep qyicoft pe^H. CjiejjOBETeJiiHO, HJuioxyTHBHue rJiaroJUi npHKE3aJi h nonpo- CHJI SKCIUIHLIHpyjOT HJUIOKyTHBHOe 0$0pMJieHHe Bcero BUCKE3UBSHHH,

Korjifl Hk.JIhh yTBepM aeT, hto HJUiOKyTHBHSH chjie "öo jiee Heyjio-

BHMoe noHHTHe, veM to , KQTopoe MomeT ö u t l Jierxo Bupa*eno oöuhhhmh

- 101 -

muioKyTHBHHMH TJisrcwiaMH" {^ 7 . 0 .1 7 5 ] , TpyflHO c hhm He corjiacH- TLCfl. OflHaKO STO H6 3HBMHT, 'TTO HJUOKyTHBHBH CHJla npeACTaBJLH6T coöoö HeonpeÄeJweMyrc KaTeroprao. Jim Hamero HccJieAOBaHHH mh bshjh M6TOA onHcaHHH HJUioKyTHBHoft chjih, npejyioxeHHHÄ Ä*.CepJI6M H A .B aa-

AopBeKeHOM. CorJiacHO sthm aBTopaM, hs üohhthh HJUioKyTHBHan caaa MOXHO BmJIOKHTB C6MB KOMÜOH6HTOB: I) KJUOKJTTHBHafl 1I6JH., 2) CHO- COä AOCTHX6HHH lUUIOKyTHBHOtt uejffl, 3) HHT6HCHBH0CTB HJUOKJTTHBHOi neJiH, 4 ) ycJioBHH np0n03HUM0Haja>H0r0 coaepoKunw, 5 ) npejtBapH-

T6JQ>HUe yeJIOBHH, 6 ) yCJIOBHH HCKpOHHOCTH H 7 ) HHT6HCHBHOOTB y o -

jioBKfi zcKpeHHOcTH Qß. C.I2]. Tbkkm oöpaaoM, b tom cjiyqae, xorjoa BCe 3TH KOMnOHeHTH, COCTaMHBUtHe HJUIOKyTHBHjm OHJiy, Öy^yT TO*- ASCTBOHHU B OÖOHX H3UKHX, MOXHO rOBOpHTi H 0 T0XÄ6CTB6HH0GTH Oft-mhz muioKyuHft h, xax cJieACTBHe 3Toro, HJuioxyTHBKue r^aronu, b u - CTynanuH« b xanecTBe HHAHKaTopoB HJuioKyTHBHUx ohji, öynyn skbhba—

JieHTHH b to kc tb x HH h I1H. Hanpraiep:"ZeHaTU Bu?" - cnpocmia AenyniKa, "Are you married?" «he aakal Tenjw saTaeHHyn yjwöny. with a aecretive emile.

( UIojioxob, 19 ) . (Sholokhov, .2 5 ).B 9tom npHMepe coBnananr Bce komiioh6Htu H-uioKyTUBHofl chjoi b

TeKCTax HH h IIH. Tax, muioKyTHBHafl ueju. - ( peraecTHBHaH) meH- TlWHa flJIH OÖOHX BUCKHSUBaHHÖ, cnocoö AOCTHXeHHfl HJUIOKyTMBHOtt chjiu - (saoaBaKHe Bonpoca) Taxxe oähhbkob juw oöohx to k c to b , HHT'eH- CKBHOCTB HJUIOKyTHBHO# CHJIH B OÖOHX BUCKaSUBaHHHX - peKB8CTHBHaX, np0n03HUH0Hajn>H0e coflepxaraie 0AHHaK0B0e - BonpocHTeJitHoe o$op»we- hxo nponosHUHH; npeABapHTeJüHue yeJIOBHH - saHHTepecoBaHHOOTB roBopnmero b ocymecTBJieHHH A6Hctbhh, BupaxeHHoro nponoamjHefl, Taxxe BunoJiHeHo b oöohx peneBux aKTax ; yeJIOBHH hckpohhocth, bh -

paxaimHecH b tom, h to KOMMyHHKaHT AeftCTBHTeJtbHo saHHTepecoBan b HKjopMaixHH, xoTopy» oh sanpanncBaeT, npeacTaBJieHo b oöohx TexcTax. TaKHM 0Öpa30M, HJUOKyTHBHbie CHJIU B Jtßyx TeKCTax 0Ka38JIHCI> OÄHHa-

kobumh, Ha hto yna3UBaioT 3KBHBaJieHTHue rJiaroJiu cnpocHJi h aaked.OflHaxo npn aHarase $aKTOJioJioriPiecKoro MaTepaana, ocoöhä

HHTepec jww Hac npeACTaBJiHJm cjiyqaa HecoBnaneraH hjuiokjtthbhhx rjiarojioB b tbkctbx Hfl h IIH. HanpHMep:

"PaccKaxH, MHJiaxa",- kopotko »Cooe on, t e i l me about i t " , nonpocHJi oh. ( UIojioxob, 62 ) he e u r t ly ;

(Sholokhov, 69)- 102 -

B onHcuBaeuoM peneBOM aKTe HJuioKyTHBHan jmpeKTHBHaH ueJO> x a -

paKTepnsyeTCH hhtchchbhoctb io y rp o 3 u , KpoMe T o r o , 3êcb HapyueHO

oaho hs npeÄBapHTeJtbhhx ycwioBHft - saHHTepecoBaHHOCTt anpecaTa b

BunoJiHeHHH npocböH ; HapymeHU TaKxe ycJioBHH ucKpeHHocT« npono3Bmni,

to ecT& caM roBopmuHÖ He HcnuTHBaeT HCKpeHHero xeJiam w b ocym ecT -

w e ra H CBoeft npocbüu. üoaTOMy b cm iy Hapyuiemia paua ycJiOBidt y c n e n -

Horo BbdlOJIHeHHH HJUlOKyTHBHOÄ U6JIH, HJUIOKyTHBHaH ÄHpeKTHBHaH CHJI8

Bcero BU0Ka3UBaHKH "cH M teH a" p 6 kb6cthbhum rjiaroJioM "n o n p o c w i" ,

xoth CQixHanbHO-poJieBue othocjohiw cnocoöcTsyioT b kelkoä- to Mepe DpitpaBHHBaHHD (JyHKUMOHHpOBaHHfl peKB6CTHBHOrO rJiaTOJIa ÄHpeKTHBHO—

My npn n ep eB oae . B äehhom onyâe npoctöa Myxa k npoBHHHBoieücfl x e -

He paccK asaTb o<3 ee npocTymce b stom KOHTeKCTe npon3HeceHeHfl paB- HoaeHHa npHKasy, HJUioKyTHBHue chjih oöohx npeAnoxem dt moxho c t o -

TaTt> oAHHaKOBUMK. OTcnna HcnojiisoBaHHe ÄupeKTHBHoro rJiaroJia de

in anded B nOJIHOÄ Mepe COOTBeTCTByeT HJUIOKyTHBHOÜ CHJie Bcero BU-

CKaa HBaHHH.üpH oimcaHHH MaTepnana b HeKOTopux, npaana o 'teH i HeMHoroqnc-

jieHH ia, cjiyqaH x n on a oam c ii n pm iep u ’noJiHofi 3aMeHH npono3nmm n p i

n epeflaê BucKaauBamw Ha aHTJiHÖcKHfl h 3h k :

" 3to TeÖH h o ä P octobom " I d i d n ' t know y o u 'd had euoh

TaK yropa3ÄHJio? - cnpocun h . a bad t im « o f i t a t R o a to v " , -

( ByfleHHHÄ, 4 3 8 ) . I B a ld . (Budyonny, 4 3 5 ).

B npnB6Aehhom npm/iepe b pyccKOM npejviaxeHHH peKBecTHBHaa

nponosHUHA npeOTOJiaraeT, h to muioKyTHBHaH n e j i i bhcKa3uBaHHH 3a-

KJüovaeTCH b CTpeMJieHHH y3HaTb y aH pecaTa HmepecyiomyD roBopnm ero

HHtfopMaiuno, KpoMe T oro , peKBOCTUBHuft t jib to ji cirpocm i Taiate nau-

’jepKHBaeT cooTBeTCTBywuHÄ x a p a m e p muioKynHH. B eihtjikKckom n p e a -

jioxeHHH accepTHBHaH npono3ituHH noKasußaeT, h to muioKyTHBHafl u e J tt .

BUCKa3HBaHHH 3aKJD0MaeTCfl B KOHCTaTaiWH $aKTa H03HaHHH rOBOpHIUHM

onpefleJteHHHx CBeaeHHü. AccepTHBHiiH rjia ro ji aaid cjiyxHT b stom CJiy-

ia e HHAHKaTOpOM aCCepTHBHOft KJUlOKyUKB aHTJlHÄCKOrO BbICKaSHBaHEH. '

BcJieÄCTBHe s to to He npeÄCTaBJweTCH bo3Moxhhm cpaBHHBaTb lüiaoKyniB-

Hue ch jih f ls y x >HCKa3UBaHHft, TaK KaK Heuanue p ashhx npono3imH#

h pa3HHX HJuioKyTHBHux ueJie# yKa3HBaeT Ha pasjuroiie muiojqruHfl no

BceM napaMeTpaM. üosTOMy muioKyTHBHHe rJiaroJiH cnpocmi h sa id »KOTOpue B 3TOM npHMepe HenOCpe^CTBeHHO CBHSaHH KaJWHÖ 00 OKMft

- 103 -

nponoaxuxeft, yxasHBanr Ha paaHHe tehh peneBHX axroa, noropue b

oähhbkobo# uepe orpazanr CHTyauHK.HHor.na b pyccKOM peneBOM am e dm aet HapymeH p*m npeflBapH-

t m lh u x ycjioBHt ycnenmoro BunaxHemui JuwoKymm, h xax pesyju>TaT

» toto - pyccKHft luuioKyTHBHHft rjiaroji He cooTBercTsyer b cane bh-

cicasHBaHHH. Hanpmtep:FocjoA daTapeeu, no yjuriHOMy A burly gunner, nloknamednposBKoy JtanHH, CTyxan üpoxo- Strut, battered Prokofy'a$hh' rOJiOBOtt o CTöHy, yrOBaPHBaJi: he ad againat the w all and"Hb nyxs, He myio, usnero T y r ! . . " told hin, "Don»t make a rowt"

( I ojioxob, 14 ) (Sholokhor, .24)

3seoi> b pyccKOM npeAnoxemni aapymeHO ycJioBHe hckpchhocth npo- nosmaoHajaHoro coAepxaHKH, - ydejmemw aopecara b hckpohhocth

obokx HaiiepeHxi. HhohcthbhhA rjiarojr yroBapHBan hbho He cootböt- CTByer cnocoöy aocthxchhh hjuiojottheho# uejm BucxasmaioiH. Orcuma xaionyTEBHaa cuta buckesHBaHHH c hhtshchbhootud yroBapKBaHHH h onocod AOCTHxeHHfl HXnoKyTHBHoft iianx cosAanr onpeAaneHHHÄ ctexhoth- H6CKKB S$$6KT. ACCepTHBHHÖ rJWTOJI told dOutfi« OOOTBÖTCTByBT W -

JIOigrTXBHOt QOJOI BHCKaSUBaHHH, HO OH CnOCOdCT^yeT CHKX6KKD

• CTHJtxcTHqecxoro a$$exTa npa nepeBoae.HapymeHHeM npeABapHTeaama ycJioBHÖ oTioraaeTCA x cJiwQTtmee

npajwoxeHHe.iyjiepHaH Jäh b o yBepaeT, hto He olalme. however, «n ly "small bto d u n "HedOJunme rpymiH". groups* nanaged to get out of the

( EpeMBHKO, 355) pooket. (Brenenko, 246)

B stom npHMepe HapymeHO npeÄBapHTeJtbHoe ycJioBHe hcthhhoctx nponosxmiH, Koraa roBopamnfl sHaeT, hto ero BucxasuBaHHe äoxho,HO T6M HO MOHee OH HHTaeTCfl BUULTL ero 3a OOOTBeTCTByimee A6ÄCTBH- T6JO>HOMy nanoxeHKD jteai. nocpeacTBOM ,ne$eKTHott nponoamom roBopnnöiJ! nuraeTOfl ydeÄHTi aspecaTa b npaBHJiiHocTH cbohx pemeindl h aeÄCTBit#, ho HTOdu cjiynianitHS ue sanoxospiui, hto nponosxmiH HencTHHHa, r 0B0-

punpdl npmaeT BHCxaaHBaiono ,nonoJiHHTeJD>Hyr cany, KOTopon BupaxeHa

KAAOKyTHBHUM HHCHCTKBKUM rjlÄTOJIOM yBflDHflT. B aHTJIHÄCKOM HpejWOXe- hhx Het yKaaaHHft Ha fle$eKTHoc» nponosimra, nosTOMy sä sc l He

TpedyeTCfl xonoJXHETeJtbHofl juuoKyTHBHo# ciihh, htocSh sacraBHTB cJiy-

- 104 -

marauero noBepHTB bhck£L3hb&hhi) . PeêB oft e k t b aHrjmficKOM TeKCTe ho—

oht accepTHBHHÖ xap aK T ep , aaiunoHaKtuHÄCH b KOHCTaTamra $aK Ta, HMeB-

mero n ecT O , a accepTHBHufl r j ia r o j i Claims cooTBeTCTByeT muioKyTHB—

ho# can e Bcero aHTJmftcKoro BHCKa3UBaHHH. OTCiona n pasJnnHe b h h -

T8HCHBHOCTH HJMOKJTTHBHHX CHJI AByX npeÄJIOXeHHft . EpTeCTBeHHO, TTO

uuioKyuHH o HHTeHCHBHOCTBK) ydexaeHUH 0Ka3HBaeT öoJibmee BneqaTJie-

HHe Ha cjjym anm ero, êM muioKyTHBHaH cm ia c HHTeHCHBHocTb» npocTO

yTBepnweHHH. üoaTOMy OTcyTCTBHe yKa3araift Ha ,ne$eKTHocTb npono3H -

rnra b aHTJiHÖCKOM npe&noxeHHH ( h KaK cJiejicTBHe 3 T o ro aaMeHa h h ch c -

TKBHoro r j ia r a n a Ha accepn iB H H lt npa nepeBO ê) 0Ka3UBaeTCH He coboom

KOHT0KCTyaJU>HO OÖyCJIOBJleHHOÖ.

ÜTHopHpoBaHHe $aKTopa ajtpecaTa, b HeKOTopux cJiyMaiix, Tarate Be«eT k saMeHe HJLioKyrHBHoro rJiaroJia np« nepeBoae:

"IIoTecHHTecL rocTe^KH!" - ynpa- "Squeeze up a b i t ! " P y tr de-rntTBaJl neTpo, TOJIKafl pa30npeB- manded pushing the womennme o t tuujca daÖBH jkhboth. a s id e . (Sholokhov, 107 ) .

( IIIojioxob, 99 ) .

B äehhom npuMepe jurpeKTHBHuH xapaKTep npono3imHH noOTepKH- BaeTOH ÄHpeKTHBHHM rJIäTOJIOM demanded B aKTJUliiCKOM BHCKa3HBaHHH, OBHaKO 3AeCb He y^TOH 3CKH3 ayflHTopHH. Be^b roBopflmuß HaxojWTCH b oömecTBe pelbhhx eMy no counajibHOMy nojicuKerauo jmmeä, noaioMy xapaKTep couHaJüHO-poJieBHX OTHOfflemift T p e ö y eT , h to ö h KOMMyHHKaHT npoHB—

ju u yBaxeHHe h onpeieJieHHH# t b k t no OTHouiemno k oKpyKarauMM, c k o -

topumh oh BCTynaeT b KOMMyhuksuhio, noaTOMy hhchcthbhh« rjiaroji ynpamHBaji öojrtüne oooTBeTCTByeT KOHTeKCTy npoH3HeceHHH, hbm j p - pe}CTHB demanded.

HenpuHHTHe b o BramaHHe s c io ia a ayAMTopmi noBJinHJio Ha m u ioK y-

mao aHTJndtcKoro b h c Ka3 ttBaiotH b cJie^yioneM npraaepe:

fl nOÄaJI KOManny "BOJUHO" H I commanded my men to stand atOÖMBJUI, 'ITO öySBT T0B0pnTb eaee and sa id that Trotsky ch a ir - npeac6ÄBTeJEb PeBBOeHCOBeTa man o f the R epu b lio 's R evo lu tiona—pecnyÖJWKH TpoiJKHtt. ry M il ita r y Council would speak to

(ßyAeHHUft, 243) them (Budyonny, .247 ) .

B npHB6A6HH0M pyCCKOM npejUIOXeHHH TJiarOJI O&fcHBIU OTHOCHTCÄ

K ÄOKJlapaTHBHUM TJIBTOMM , TO 6CTL rOBOpHmHÄ nOCpeflCTBOM CBOerO

- 105 -

npoH3HeceHHH peam 3yeT noJioateHHe ae ji, npejtCTaBJieHHoe npono3nmreft.

HjUOKyTHBHtie CHJIH OÖOHX BHCKa3HBaHHÖ He TOXWeCTBeHHH no CJieÄyBOlHM

napaMeTpaM: BO-nepBux, pa3JMMHH Taraie KOMnOHeHTH, KaK HHTeHCHB—

h octb HJUioKyTHBHoft uejm , TaK KaK roBopmuHÄ, .ueJian oö’bHBJieHHe n e -

peji CTpoeM, npejuipuHHMaeT öo jiee cmiLHyio nonHTKy .äoöhtbch Bunojme-

hhh KJDioKyTHBHoÄ uejm , neM K om a oh npocTO fleJiaeT cooömeHHe o Ka-

KOM—JÖIÖO $aKTe. BO-BTOPHX, He TOJfWeCTBeHHH cnocoöu ÄOCTHJteHIW HJI-

JioKyTHBHoft iie jih , n0T0My h to roBopflEjHÄ öepeT Ha cedn 0ÖH3aTeJüCTBa

■KOCTHHL JieKJlapaTHBHOft HJUIOKyTHBHOft UeJIH B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CBOHM

BHCOKHM nOJIO*eHHeM H npHHHTHeM BO BHHMaHHe KOHTeKCTa npOH3HeCeHHfl

( acKH3a ay^HTopHH -CTOHuiero nepe^ hhm MHOxecTBa anpecaTOB ) .B an -

TJDHÜCKOM npe^JIOJKeHHH fiaHHHÄ KOHTeKCT np0H3HeCeHHH He y^TeH, n09-

TO«y jieKJiapaTHBHaH muioKyiiHH OKa3ajiact npn nepe^ane Ha aHTJmflcKHfl

H3HK 3aMeHeHHoü Ha accepTHBHuit peneBofl aKT, Ha h to yKa3HBaeT a c - cepTHBHHü r jia ro ji s a id .

MHor.ua 3aMeHa HJuioKyTHBHoro rjiarojia npn nepeBoae oöycJioBJieHa aKTyaJTH3aiineft pa3JDiHHHx ypoBiieft npeacTanAHeMoro cooömemifl:

"npo TO peHB, HTO BhWaBaTB, "The point is it's early to giveKyÖHTB, H paHO, - MHpOTBO— her in marriage" master saidpmi X03HHH, JIOCRHCB yJlHÖ- beaming with a smiLe. "It'sKOÖ. "He paHO! HcthhhhÄ öor, not early! Honest to God it'sHe paHO! - yroBapHBaa ero not early" Panteley re.lolnedIlaHTeJieÄ IlpOKO<J)BeBHH. Panteley re.lolned.

( IIJojioxob, 68 ). (Shololthov, > 74 ).B npHBeaeHHOM pyccKOM upejuioxemM hhchcthbhhH rjiaroji yroBa-

PHBaJi 3KcnjiHunpyet muioKyTKBuyjo CHJiy Bceft HHTepaKUHH, to ecTb PPHeBoro öjioke eOTramu oömeHHH , b OTJMHHe ot peneBoro aKTa (eOTHHUH cooömeHHü)^ 9 B peajiiHofl hshkoboä KOMMyhhk3uhh pene- Bue aKTH norpy*eHH b oömyw cTpyKTypy «3 Hkoboä HHTeparaiHH, b kotopofl OTJieJILHHe peneBtie flKTU HBJLfDOTCfl B3aHMOCBH3aHHHMH. y.SAMOHCOH YTBepümaeT, HTO CBH3H0CTB KOMMyHMKaTHBHOit JieHTeJIBHOCTH rOBOpnmHX ortecneHHBaeTCH Ha MHTepaKunonaJiBHOM ypoBHe. KommyHHKaTHBHHft bkt, no ero MHemno, AOJixeH xapaKTepn30B3TtcH KaK onnoBpeMeHHoe BunoJi- He™e OTyx aKTOB - HHTepaKUHOHaJtbHoro h HJuioKyTHBHoro; HHTepaK— HHOHaJüHHe aKTH peaJiH3ywTCfl b <}>opMe oflHoro hjih HecKOJttKHX HJUioKy- THBHbDC aKTOB, TJiyÖHHHaH CTpyKTypa (JpaTMeHTOB KOMMyHHKailHH HBJIHeTCJ

- 106 -

»HTepaKUHOHaJüHott no xapaK Tepy jÎO ] . Bo3Bpamanci. k npuMepy, CJie- JtyeT 0TM6THTB, HTO HHCHCTHBHHÄ TJISTOJI YTOBapMBaJI 3KCIUIHL[HpyeT KOM-

nyHHKaTHBHyu ueJD> roBopsmero he HHTepaKUHOHaJiLHOM ypoBHe, b t o

»peMH kek accepTHBHufl r jia ro ji r e j oned noflnepiaiBaeT HJUioKyTHBHyn

neJEb OÄHoro peêBoro aKTa. CjieÄ0BaTeJtbH0, muioKyiiiBHaH cm ia hh-

repaKmra Bcei\ua öojiiiiie, qeM muioKyTHBHafl cmia OTjieJiiHoro peêBO- ro aKTa, BXOÄHiuero a HHTepsKUHOH&niHHft e k t , OTcnua 3awieHa hh-

OHCTHBHoro rJiaroJDä Ha accepTHB npu nepeBoê yKaatmaeT Ha aKTyaim -

»amDO paaHHX KOMMyHHKaTHBHHX ypOBHeft aBTopoM H nepeBOÄHHKOM: aB

Top c noMoncbio rjiarcura yroBapHBaJi noflMepKHBaeT HHCHCTHBHyio cmty

Bceö HHTepaKUHH, nepeBOOTHK * e rJiarojioM re jo n e d anneHTiipyeT

OTpraiaTeJtbHyn nponoamijno accepTHBHoro peneBoro aKTa.

H tek, b 3aKJD0MeHHe cJiejayeT eme pas o tm cth tb , mto SH$$epeH-

imauiw b penpe3eHTamra mmoKyTMBHUx rJiarcuioB b TeKCTax Hfl h ITH oöycjioBJieHa HecoBnsmeHMeM pana KOMnOHeHTOB, cocTaBJmioumx m uioKy-

THBHy» CHJiy peêBHX aKTOB b TeKCTax Ha pa3Hux H3UKax.

CCtüJKH HA JWTEPATypy

1. itm.CepJEb. Hto TaKoe peêsoß aKT? //J loB oe b sapyöe*Hoft

JiHHTBHCTHKe. - M .: üporpecc, 1986. Brni.17. _ C . I5 I- I7 0 .2. A.W lerzbicka.A semantio metalanguage fo r a croaacultural

comparison of speech acta and speech genrea // Language in Socic- ty.-Cambridge Univ.Preaa. 1985, v o l .14, N 4i:P.491-513

3. J .Verschueren. On Speech acta verba //Pragmatica and Beyond.—Amsterdams Benjjamina, N 4, 1980. - P .8-40.

4. T .B .E y jm ru H a . 0 rp a ram ax h coaepataHMH nparMaTHKH // Msb.

AH CCCP CepHfl JUiT-pn h H3., 1981, t . 40, Jt 4. - G .333-341.5. E .B .lIagyqeBa. BHCKasHBaHHe h e ro cooTH eceH H ocT t c aettcTH—

TeJiBHOCTB». - M.: HayKa, 1985. - 271 c .6. D.Vanderveken. Illocu tionary log ic and ae lf-d e fea tin g

apeeoh aota // Speech act theory and pragpiatics. - Dordreaht« Reidel, 1980. - P .247-272.

7» Q.N.Leech. Prinoip les of pragmatics. « Longman, T983. -250 p.

8 . JtK.Cepmb. J.BangepBeKeH. Ochobhh6 itohhthh hcthcjichhh p e - k6bux aKTOB // HoBoe b 3apyöe*HoB JinHTBHCTHKe. -M ., lIporpecc,I986. Bhh. 18 - Qo242-264.

- 107 -

9. H .n .C y c o B . KoMMyHHKaTHBHo-nparMaTKHecKaH jmhtbhcTHKa h e e

eOTHima // IIparMaTHKa h ceMaHTHKa CHHTaKCJreecranc 6ähhku. - Kajm- h h h , 1984. - C .3-12.

10. ff.Edmondaon. Spoken diseourse. A model fo r analysis. - L .,N -4 j longman, 1981. - 217 p.

IlHTupyeMafl JiKTepaTypa

M.UIojioxob Tnxzit üoh . - M .: BoeHH3,naT, 1964.C.M.EyfleHHHft. npoäfleHHHft n y r i . - M .: BoeHH3,naT, 1958.A.H.EpeMeiuco. B Ha^ajre boühh. - M .: Hayna, 1964.M.Sholokhov. And quiet flows the Ddn. - M.t Coop.Publiah.

3oeiety, 1939.S.Budyonny. The path of Velour. - M.: Progress, 1972.A.Eremenko. The Arduous Beginning - M.: Progress, 1966.

H ry eH T yeT Mali

CMTyATHBHAH CEMAHTHKA PETOOrO 3THKETA ( Ha M aTepnaJie B ieT H a M C K o ro , p y c o K o r o h

etHTJIHftCKOrO H3HKOB )

CoBpoMeHHHÄ n ep H o a b pa3BH Tnn H3HK03HaHEH xa p a K T ep H 3 yeT C fl

OCTPHM HHTepeCOM K TaKHM HOBHM HayHHHM HanpaBJieHHHM, B03HHKEIHM Ha

" c T H K e " H ayK , K aK com ioJiHHrBHCTHKa, ncHxoJDiHrBHCTHKa, napaJnm rBH C -

TH K a, BTHOJOTHTBHCTHKa, JIHHTBOCTpaHOBefleHHe, KOTOpue OTpaXEBT 000(06

C Tpenw eH H e n o 3 H a T t npoöJieMH " h 3h k h K y jn .T y p a " , "H3U K h H6JIOB6K",

a b KOHe^HOM c ^ e T e - n p n p o jy qeJiOBe’ i e c K o r o o ö m e m w .

B acneKTe stkx npoöJieM juihtbiicth paucMaTpHBajoT ocoöyn cucTe- My ycToö^HBHX $opMyJi oömeHiw, KOTopyro oöosHa'taioT TepMUHOM pe^eBoß 8THK8T ( P3 ) .

P3 - 3t o o c o ö a n CHCTeMa ycToJfaH BH x $opMyJi od m eraw , Bepdajn>HO

oöcJiyjtHBamaH s t h k b t n o B e jieH itf l. P3 TecH O c b h 38h c Haim oHajn.Hoft c n e -

u h $ h k o B ycTo ftH H B ux h $ p a 3 e o jio n p ie c K H c b h 3Eh h h x BHpaxeHHÄ ( H e p e f l-

KO - (5e33KBHBaJieHTHHX ) , C OÖHTOHMH, IipHBIWKaMH, OÖpHAaMH TOTO

hjih H H oro Hapoaa.

- 108 -

P 3 , noHHMaeMHfl k e k pnTyaJiH3npoBaHHoe, oTpascaiomee cym ecTBeH -

Hue coiinaJDbHHe KpHTepmi, p e^ eB oe noBe,5eHMe qeJioBeica b o ö qecT B e ,

lapaKTepeH ä o t O TaJ iorinecK ofi pe^H , qan e KOHTaKTHoro, p e » e - o t c -

TaHTHOrO OÖmeHHH; OH BOCIipOH3BO,HHTCfl HDCHTeJIHMH H3HKE HHTyHTHBHOk He noÄHaeTCH bo MHormc cboh x aJieMeHTax pamionaJttHOMy oöMCHerano

0 TOTKH 3peHHH CHHXpOHHHJ P3 H6 BCer.Ha COBIiaflaeT B pa3JIHMHHX K yJ Ii-

Typax, ( BCJieflCTBHe n e r o p e^eB oe noseaeH H e HHocTpanna, He BJiajieiome-

ro P3, m o*6 t npuBecTH k KyJiBTypHOMy uioKyi.

yqaCTHHKH aKTa KOMMyHHKämiH B IipOUeCCe OÖUieHHH HCnOJIbSyiOT

onpefleJieHHue JieKciraecKJie opejiCTBa b cooTBeTCTBHH c : I ) xapaKTe-

poM CHTyamni, 2 ) xapaKTepucTHKaMH coöeceflHHKOB ( iio ji, B03pacT, c o -

TitTfljrr,Hijtt CTaTyc3HaKOMCTBO, pojiCTBO "h T . f l . ) 3 ) H ep ap xu eÄ co im -

ajrbHoro nanoKemw coöece^HHKOB ( t o ecTB b CooTBeTCTBHH c TeM k to ,

K o ra a , r a e h c KeM r o B o p a T ) , 4 ) a Tarone c $yHKnnHMii bucK a3H B aH iw .

Tbkhm oöpasoM , P3 - s t o HaiyioHaJiBHO cnem i$H 'iecKne npaBHJia

p e ^ e s o ro noBejie.H iw, nproieHfleMHe b c x ry a ix m x BCTyimeHHH coöeceß H H -

KOB B KOHTaKT H IIO&UepjKaHHH OÖmeHHH B H3ÖpaHHOtt TOHaJIBHOCTH COOT- B6TCTB0HHO OÖCTaHOBKe OÖmeHHH, COHSiaJILHRM IipHSHaKaM KOMMyHHKaHTOB

h xapaK Tepy hx BsaHMOOTHoraemrit [ i " ] .

IIpoöJieMa P3 oTaJia npHBJieKaTB BHHMamie j ih u tb h c to b jihuib c H e -

ÄaBHHX nop H B OCHOBHOM B CBH3H C OÖyqeHHeM HHOCTpaHHUM H3HK3M ( B

qaCTHOCTH - pyCCKOMy, KaK HHOCTpaHHOMy ) . B 3apyöeSCH0Ü JIHHTBHCTHKe

OTÄeJüHHe acneKTH P3 'paocMaTpHBaioTCfl c to 'ik h 3peHHH counanBHoJi h h -

TepnpeTam m , t o c c tb KaK Bonpoca 'cou h o jih h tb h c th k h . üpoöJiewe x e n e -

peBO.ua e jo im m P3 bhhmbhjih yueJW Jioci coBceM MaJio, j a « t o b o c h o b -

hom JomiB n epeB o^y oöpameHHÄ. B HaiueÄ cTaTBe mh xoT e jm öa ö o jie e n o -

JipotfHO o c te h o b h tb c ji Ha npodJieMaTHKe nepeBO.ua ejmHMn P3, ho n o cK o -

JiBKy npeÄeJiu c tb tb h He noaBoaunoT 3aTpoHyTB B ce pe^eBue CHTyamui,

BXOflHmHB’ B paMKH P 3 , MH paCCMOTpHM JHD11B HaHÖOJiee HHTepeCHUe C TO-q-

kh speHHH nepeBOflOBeaeHUH cJiyqaH.

PoBopH o P3 b acneKTe nepeBO.ua, mh qame Bcero HMeeM b Bimy

TBOpqeCKHft HOHCK TOTOBHX $opMyJI B H3HK6 nepeBOfla ( IIH ) , KOTOpue dH

HsiHöoJiee Boero OQOTBOTCTBOBaJiit ejmmmaM P3 H3HKa opm'KHaJia ( Hfl ) no BceM napaMeTpaM: ceMaHTimecKH, CTiuiHCTireecKH, nparMaTireecKH

(qTO noflpaayMeBaeT y<ieT MHoro^HCJieHHHX aKCTpajiHHi HHCTiRecKHx $aK- TopoB). OflHaKO, oneHB nacTo P3 npeÄCTaBJLHeT rtnjiBmyiD TpyjüHocTB ajih

- 109 -

nepeBOÄMHKa, ocoöeH H o b T ex cJiyMaax, Kor.ua cjihuikom pa3JmaioTGH

CTpyKTypti HH k Hfl 11 KyjiBTypu Hap0Ä0B - HocHTeJiefl s th x H3mkob.

Bnme mh ysce roBopm iH o tom , h to ejwmmbi P3 - CBoero pojia KJiimie, CTepeoTH im , nocTOHHime no c o c T a s y h ycT0ßHHB0 npHKpenJieH—

H «e k CTepeoTffliHHM cHTyaiyiHM. Rnaroßapn ycTOfiHHBOCTH hx CHHTaKCH-

HeCKOÜ (fopMH H JieKCHHeCKOft HanOJIHeKHOCTH HeKOTO

ÜOÄOCSh O ÄpyTHM yCTOttHHBHM CJIOBOCOHeTaHHflM ctohuihm Ha rpaHH (tpa3eojiornM , e^Hromu P3 o ö h h h o jywuiHMH cnocoÖawH: ]

- BocnpoH3Be46HweM cymecTByKXuero b IIH h 3aKpenJieHHoro 3a

aaHHoÄ cnTya iine it SKBHBaJieHTa, HanpHMep: "M3BHHHTen, - "IIpocTU Te" - ■

I'm Sorry, Excuse me "CnaCHÖo" - Thank you; j

- npn noMotHK (JyHHUHOiiaJiBHoii 3aMeHH, (b 0CH0Be icoTopoit h e c to ;

üejKHT npneM u eJ iocT iio ro npeoöpasoBaim H ) : Is Mr. Brown there, pieaae? n030BHTe, nostaJiyftCTa, k TeJie$OHy MHCTepa BpayHa; Mdi anh t^ i 'n ghe dien thoai ( öyKB• "IlpnrJiaJuaio Bac no^oftTH nocJiyiiiaTB TeJ ie-

$ o h " - Bac k TeJie$OHy, hjih üo^ollUH Te, nomoyflcTa, k TeJie$OHy!;

- nyTeM KaJEbKHpoBamw ( ec jih, HanpHMep, b IIH hbt noaodHoä pe- : neBott cHTyaiiHH h ee oöCJiyxHBaiouiroc peneBux eflHiom): TaK b cHTyaitHH 3HaK0MCTBa, B OTJIHHHe OT pyCCKHX, BB6TH3MIIH 0H6HB peÄKO 3HajC0MHT— ch Öe3 nocpe^HUKa h npaKTHHecrai He HcnoJiBsyioT $opMyjiu "Ta häy lam quen vö i nhau d i ! " ( ÖyKB. '\HaBatiTe n03HaK0MHMCH") HJIH " Cho ph<Sp t o i dürfe tu g id i th i fu ..."(ÖyKB."Pa3peuiHTe/fIo3BOJn.Te npeji- CTaBHTBCfl") b noBcejmeBHoß jkh3hk. OjwaKO b nepeBojjHofi JiHTepaType 3TH KaJTBKH BCTpenaiOTCH OHeHB HaCTO, H M0KH0 iiaxe CKE3aTB, HTOOHH B IieKOTOpott Mepe BOHIJIH BO BBeTHaMCKHÜ H3UK XyüOXeCTBeHHOÄ JiHTepaTypH.

Crosa, n oxaJ iyä, mojkho OTHecTH nepewoj Ha pyccKHÄ h3ük HeKOTO- pnx BteTHaMCKHX OÖpaifleHHH H HeKOTOpuX pyCCKHX - Ha BBeTHaMCKHft:

TaK, npn nepeBoae Ha p yccra ii cocTaBHiie oöpameHHH Tnna "TeTyuiKa BaH", "ÄHjxnuiKa TaM", "cecTpm ia BaH" h T .n . ( i\ue TepMHHH pojicTBa

npejicTajyiHWT ocoöyio KaTeropmo oöpameiorfi) oöhhho nepeHOCHTCH jwh

co3ÄaHHii KOJiopHTa. PyccKHe oöpameHHH rana oöpameHnÄ no HMeiiH-OT-

necTBy, no OTHecTBy, iiemunm nepenocHTCH bo bbetnaMCkhö h3hk c

jtoöaBJieHweM ocoöhx ajieiweHTOB Hfl: AHHa HeTpoBHa ( oöpameHHe « m s - .

HOCHT HX K OCOÖOMy KJiaCCy $pa3eOJIOrH3HpOBaHHUX

- H O -

nei'o k CTapnieMy) - cö Anna PStröfrna ( öyKB."MJia£maH TeTH AHHa IleTpoBHa"), ecJm anpecaT uwawue pojWTeJieÄ anpecaHTa m m bac Anna t>8trövna (Ö yKB."cTapm aH TeTH AHHa IleTpoBHa") - e c m OHa

OTapme ptyoiTeJieft anpecaHTa h T.n.MHor.ua nepeBOOTHK MoaceT ctojikhytbch c TeM, rro b cwHoft h toä

te peneBoft CHTyaujiH b pa3Hux Hsuicax ynoTpeöJunoTCH coBepuieHHo p a 3 -

Hue - no ceMaHTiraecKoft HanojmeHHocTH u no utejm - eflHHHuu 13. TaK, HanpuMep, ecJia pyccKHe b HOHSJie Tparie3H roBopHT "IIpnaTHoro arnie- THTa", to BieTHaMim, npncTynas k eße, BMecTO 3Toro jjojixhh npo- H3H6CTH: m<5i b6, m6i m e... an cdm (öyKB." Ilpurjiamajo nany, npurjia- mas) MaMy ... KyinaTt") . 3a e^y BteTHaMuu He öJiaroâpHT ( b o t - JiiniHe ot pyccKoro "pHTyaJia", Koi\ua, 3aKomnB ejiy, tobopht "Cna- chöo” h CJiuniaT b o tb c t "Ha 3jopoBBe"), a b HeKOTopux odJiacTflx BteTHaMa Te, kto paHtiae Apyrmc kohhhji ecTB, noBTopaoT riepBOHa- qajüHoe npravtaineHHe jym Tex, kto 0CTaeTCH 3a ctojiom.

JlyMaeTCfl, b stom cJiy'iae He c to h t BHooHTt b IIH (nyTeM Kajrt-

KHpoBaHiw) HecBoßcTBeHHae eMy ejiHHKUH MH, ecjm , KOHeHHo, ohh He

HrpaioT Kanyio—HHÖyÄt BaÄHyio poJii b TeKCTe. 3auana nepeBOÄHHKa öy- ÄeT COCTOHTB B TOM, HTOÖU HaÄTH yilOTpeÖJlHeMUß B ÄSHHOft ( HJIH nO-

ÄOÖHnft) CHTyaiiHH (fryHKUHOHaJiBHHft aHanor eÄHnnue MH. IIoäoöhhM cn o -

coö nepeBo.ua mu HasoBeM cHTyaTHBHofi saMeHoö.

OjmaKO A a*e b cjryqarac, Kor.na b oöoh x Ä3UKax MH h IIH e c T t

paBHOueHHue 3KBMBajieHTU, npn nepeBOfle ohh He B c e r jia saMeHHWTCH

Äpyr apyroM. "$aKTiraecKH nepeBd,u HHKoraa He orpaHHHHBaeTcn b u ö o -

ÖOPOM H3 THCJla Tex SJIÖMeHTOB, KOTOpue 3a$HKCHp0BaHU B CJlOBapHX

U a * e noÄpoöHux ) KaK c o o tb c tc tb h h önpefleJieHHOMy c jioB y opurH H ajia.

B npaKTHKe nepesoffHecKott paöOTU BCTpeâeTCH MHoro cJiynaeB, K o ra a

HcnoJU>3ynT(XH anoBa, HenocpeacTBeHHO He npe^ycM OTpeim ue cjiOBapeM

. . . " 3 -. c . 142 . Bo3bMeM jyw npHMepa caMne npocTue eahhhiiu:h « 1 1 o

(H a llo ), How ar* you? H How do you do?BAPC JiaeT jyw H * ilo ! KB& pyccKHX 3KBHBajieHTa: Ajuio ! h

IIpHBOTI . B nepeBOflax XeMHHrysH Ha pyccKHfl hsuk H e llo b ochobhom

TpaHCKpHöHpyeTCfl h oêHt peÄKo nepeBOÄHTCH khk IIph b c t ! ( toecTa, 231, 217). Hbho6 npeOTOHTerae nepeBOOTHKa 3aMene 3KBHBaJieHTOM

npjworo nepeHoca b tbkct Ilfl cneuniJareHoro aJieMeHTa MH oöihchh6t-

cfl CTpeKÄßHHeM nepeaati b nojmoft Mepe kojiopht oimcuBaeMoft slbto- poM .cHTyaiom.

- I I I -

3üecL yMecTHo n p H B ecT H eme ooth 3KBHBaJieHT a H T J iiö tcK oro Hel l o ! - "3ÄpaBCTBy«Te! " . Be.ro hmshho TaK ( a He "FIpHBeT! " ) cJie- : AyeT nepeâsaTL npHBeTCTBHe npenoaaBaTeJM, Bxoa«mero b aynjiTO- PKK) H O TB eT CTyêH TOB H a npH B eT C T B H e.

fljlR BtrpaüteHHH How are you? EAPC jaeT OifflH SKBHBaJteHT - "KaK iio*HBaeTe?". O/uiano pyccKHfi Bonpoc TpedyeT OTBeTa, Tor.ua Kai aHTJmftcKHÄ nepejiKO BtJCTynaeT icaK cwnocTopoHee npHBeTCTBHe, 3a koJ

tophm He cJie^yeT HHKaKHX OTBeTOB—noHCHeHHft. HanpHMep:"H e llo , Jake. Have a good t r ip ? ""F in e " , I sa id . "Th is i s B i l l Gorton"."How are you?" (F ie s ta , T60). •" - XaJuio, JJateßK! Kaie Ä o e x a m ?

- OTJnWHO, - CKa33JI fl. - 3t o E hjui T o p t o h .- 3jtpaBCTByilTe. " ( $HecTa, 3 4 6 ).

B c B o e i t KHHre 3.rocß$MaH [6 . C. 109 ] i ip h b o o tt b Ka’iecTB e

npromepa "ueöpeKHHX npHBeTCTBHÄ" (passing g re e t in ga ) CHTyamro,

Kor.ua oöa KOMMynHKaHTa onycKajoT OTBeT na s t o t Bonpoc:A - How are you?B — How are you?Äpyroit npHMep:

A - How are you?B - H i.H ih koboK MaTepwaJt CBnneTeJiBCTByeT 0 tom , t t o .uaHHHtt aHTJinft-

CKHÖ OÖOPOT HBJiaeTCH ÖHlfiyHKIJHOHaJtbHllM H IlepeBOfl e r o 3aBHCHT OT

cooTBeTCTByiomeM pearaim i KOMMynmcaHTa. 3 t o t $aKT ne cJienoBaJio öh

yn yc icaT t H3 Bitny JieKCHKorpa<|>aM.

B p w e cjiyâeB oTKas o t cjioBapnnx cooTBeTCTBHtt npn nepeBoae

(JiopMyji npuseTCTBKÄ jiHKTyeTCfl xapaKTepoM pa3BHTHH CHTyaiym h cTa- TycoM yqacTHHKOB KOMMywiKartHH. Tan, jyw How do you do? b EAPCe

mh naxonHM jraa 3KBHB«JieHTa - "3,npaBCTByitTe! " h "KaK n o xm a eT e? ".

0,RnaKO 0ömeH3BecTH0, hto npHBeTCTBHe How do you do? HaaöoJiee

T ecn o CBJi3a.HO c CHTyauHeü 3HaKOMCTBa h ynoTpeöJiaeTCH npeHMymecT- , BeHHo noejie Toro, KaK oöa sHaKOMHUiraccn, npn noMoma TpeT tero Jnma, J

Oum npe^cTaBJieHH ßpyr ^ p y ry .B pyccKOM H3HKe HanöoJiee âcTOTHofl $opMyjiofl, KOTopoft oÖMe- i

HHBaiOTafl 3 HaKOMfllH He CH ( OCOÖ6HHO, eCJIH XOTHT ÖUTB nOÄMepKHyTO J ® - l

- 112 -

öeaHHMH\npyr k Kpyry öyjieT BCTpenHan $pa3a "O iem npHHTHo!". HMeHHO e » h B0cn0JH>30BaJicfl nepeBO^HMK "ILnTMajmona", nyTKo yjio- bhb, h to am isa JlyjmTTJi nocTapaeTCH "3B jn iaTB" KaK cBeTcican aaMas

Mrs Eynsford H ill (introduoing) : My daughter C lara.Lisa i How do you do?Clara i How do you do? (P i^nalion , 57-58).

"Mhcchc 3hhc$o pä Xhjui ( npeÄCTaBJineT) Moh £ohb KJiapa.

3jmaa : Oiera. npuHTHO.

Kjiapa : Onem» npHHTHo" ( ÜHTMaJinoH, 235 ) .

Äajiee mh xoTeJm öhh ocTaHOBHTtcfl Ha HeKOTopnx TpyjyiocTHx, c

kotophmh MOMteT CTOJiKHyTLCH nepeBOOTHK npn nepeBoae OÖpameHHÜ K

Jiimy ( c$epe P3, r a e HaHöoJiee « pk o npoHBAHioTCfl HanHOHaJtbHO-cne-

ip jH H ecioie ocoÖeHHocTH H3HK8), b HacTHocTH - npn nepeBoae Ha

BBeTHflMCKHfl H3UK,^0ömeH3BecTHo nepeBOjnecKoe npaBiuio, h to nepeBOÄHTt Ha hshk,

b kotopom öojiwne onncHBajomnx KaKoe-JiHöo HBJieHHe, npeflMeT'

( b äehhom cjiynae - efluHHi; oöpameroift ) B cerjia Tpyjm ee, neM H aoöo-

p oT . ÄeftcTBHTeJttHo, n ep e B o j oöpamemiä Ha BteTHaMCKHÄ H3HK m oxot

ÄOOTaBHTt MHoro TpyjiHHx mom6htob : b ueHTpe cHCTeMH <|)opM oöpame-

HJIH BB6THaMCKOrO SSHKa JieKaT OKOJIO 20 BOKaTHBOB—TepMHHOB pOÄCTBa

(muynraa, öaöymica, tb th , man n t . h . ) , KOTOpue MoryT BHCTynaTB KaK CBoero pona "$yHKUHOHajn>HHe MecTOMMemw", t o ecTB HecyT Ty

x e $yHKC[HX), h to h JiHHHHee MecTOHMemw I - r o , 2 - r o h 3 -ro juma b

eBponeücKHx H3Hicax. KpoMe 3Toro ,' cymecTByMT eme oko jio jiecflTH M ec-

tohmqhhä I-ro jnma h npHMepHO cto jibko x e 2 - r o Jnma, a Tarace He-

KOTopue Apyrne cymecTBHTeJiBHue, ynoTpedJweMHe b stom KanecTBe.

üohhtho, h to HajiHHHe TaKoro öojn>inoro KOjmnecTBa MecTOHMemift, k o -

Topue k TOMy xe neTKO ÄHt^epeminpyioTCH no npn3HaKaM B03pacTa,

nana, cfreneHH SHaKOMOTBa, counaJUHUM n apyrm i aKCTparaHTBHCTHHe-

CKHM npH3H3KaM, C0BC6M H6 OÖJIerHaeT XH3HB nepeBOflHHKaM. B03BM6M,

k npHMepy, H3B6ctho6 CTmcoTBopeHHe nyuiKHHa " Bh h t h " : "IlycToe

"Bh" Cep^eHHHM " th "/ OHa OÖMOJIBHCB 3aM6HHJia . . . " . 3H6CB B • MH chth&jiom nepeRflBHeraw oTHomeHHH2 BucTynaioT MecTOHMeraw 2 -ro Jnma.

1 0 nepeBone c aHMüftcKoro Ha pyccKHÄ h c pycoKoro Ha aHTJmft- , CKHft cm. [2 , 3 j .

2 ■ Bojiee nospodHO cm . ^1 ] .

- 113 -

OnHaKo bo bbetHaMckom H3UKe H3MeHeHHe MecTOHMemöt 2 - ro junja He Beerna HBJmeTCH ÄOCTaTOHHUM ycJiOBHeM, TaK KaK ohh äcuhchh Haxo-

ÄHTBCH B CTporOM COOTBeTCTBHH C MeCTOHMeHKHMK I - r O JIHLta, KOTOpHO âme s c e ro u ab jototcb iioäoöhhm CKTHaJioM. üoaTOMy npH nepeBojie Ha

BI>eTH8MCKHÄ H3UK STOrO CTHXOTBOpeHHH pyccKHe "B h " h " t u " 3aMe-

HHJOTCH BOKaTHBaMH B pOJIH MBCTOHMeHHÜ I-rO JDma " t o i " H "em " BHpUr xtaranHMH pa3Hyio CTenera, 3Hai<0MCTBa no niKaJre 0(|)HUHajn>H0CTi./He0$ii- HH8J1BH0CTB, ilOBepHTeJlBHOCTL, HHTHMHOCTB.

K Borrpocy o nepeBO,ne MecTOHMenHÖ, BCKpuBaianHx xaparaep

B3aHMO0THOweHKü KOMMyHKKaHTOB, moäho OTHecTH npmiep Jtpyroro po- Jia. HsBecTHo, w o b pyccKOM H3HKe, ecm np « ycTaHOBHBtneMCH oöpa-

raeHira na " t h " ajrpecaHT oöpam acfl k ajrpecaTy Ha "b h ", b to mo-

jseT osHaâTB ccopy, H3MeHeHiie OTHomemilt jmh xe nonuTKy cokphthh

hhtkmhhx OTHOttieraiÄ nepe.a TpeTBKM, npucyTCTByiaiiHM jihkom. OflHaKO

ecjra, Hanpmwep, ccopsTcn cynpyrH, y pyccKux He npoHcxoOTT c^bhts

B (JopMe OOÖpameHHH " tu " — «- "b h " ( OÖ aKTJUlJtCKOM H3HK6 MH He r t *

BopuM, TaM cymecTByeT Bcero o;iHa $opMa "you"), y BteTHaMueB xa

b TaKofi cuTyaUHH âme Bcero s t o t cäbht nponcxoOTT: ycTaHOBHBiue—

een odpameroie na anh/em ( " th / h " , "h / th " ) nepexo.miT Ha anh/t8i("eu / h " - ortpaineHHe xenu k M yxy) h o8/t3i ("bh /h " - oöpame-

iw e Myma k » e H e ) • CjieÄOBaTeJiBHO np « nepeBOê ua pyccraifi TaKOÄ

ovtrufui nepemmweniiH oTnomeHHÖ, no BceJt bhuhmocth, öyiieT onycKar-

t b c h . I'anpiTOep:" - Ngäy mai anh (ÖyKB. " t h " ) ehtia may ao thi ngay k l a

may. KhSng chSt a i däu. Nhung em ( ÖyKB. "fl" - HHTHMH06 OÖpaiUeHHflxeHH K Myxy) °&n phai noi v<5i anh diSu nay . . .

- D llu gl?- Sao truo’c däy anh m§m mong th8?- Thi da sao? v

Nhfin cü<4i nhat. Ny ou<ii anh khli 8. T8i th6t I6n:- Sao trüdo kla anh ninh n jt to i (ÖyKB. "si" - C OTTeHKOM

OTTyXAeiiHfl) nhl8u the? Anh lü nguî g ia d8i . . .- Cü cho thÄ d i.C 8 (ö Y K B . " b h " ) lüm g l t 8 l n& o?"

(ChuySn tinh, 77)üepeBOB MOseT ö h t b npzMepno TaKin/i:*

I llep eB o j aBTopa.

- 114 -

" - 3aBTpa He ycneem b cxo jxh tb b aTejn>e, TaK noftuenit n o c j ie -

3aBTpa, HHKyaa oho He êaeTC H . A h ÄCumHa noroBopHTi. c Toöoft . . .

- 0 töm?

- Be£b paHbffle TH ÖHJI TaKHM MHTKHM H HeXHUM.

- Hy TaK t t o »e ?Ero ryÖH ckphbhjihcl b HarJioö ymHJiKe.fl He BHflep*ana h aaKpireana:

- Hto Ke th paHtme TaK noamb3HBaJicn ko MHe, otfMaHuiMK necHacTHiiit!

- IlycT t TaK, Hy h mto th MHe cjieJiaemi. ceftnac? . . . "

KaK mh buhhm, CMeHa $opM oöpameHUH b nepeBOfle c iie jia jia Öh "3B y-

qaHHe" pyccKoro TeKCTa He oêm. ecTecTBeHHHM, w nos'roMy mh chh-

jai 8T0T CÄBHT B OÖpameHHH.H aptwy c BHiueHa3B£LHHHMH n pn eM am , npM nepeBO fle e jw m m P3

f«OKeT Tanxe Hcn0Jii30BaTBCfl floöaBJieHKe. TaK , nanpwMep, bo BBeTHaM-

CKOM H3HK6 TaCTOTHOCTB ynOTpeöJieHHfl ejWHimU npHBeTCTBHH THna

C h io mm x in ch ä o * - 3flpaBCTByttTe! ro p a 3 jio MeHiiue, tbm TacTOT—

» o c t b ynoTpeöJieHaa ee sKBmajieHTOB b pyccKOM n aurjmticKOM H3HKax.

BM6CT0 3T0Ä OCHOpHOfl $OpMyJIH f (KOTOpaH B ÖOJILUlMHCTBe c jiy ra e B BXO-

fflT B peêBOft KOMnOHeHT npHBeTCTBHH CTapUIHX MJiaWUHMH HJIH He3Ha-

KOMHX, MaJi03HaK0MHX JiioueÄ) MJiajunee h cpeAH ee noKOJieHne, a Tarate

paBHue b couHaJüHOM miaHe h xopomo. 3HaK0MHe jdoah o ö h th o "3 A o p o -

paBTOfl'1 B03rJiacaMK panocTH , yÄHBJiemw THna: " a , anh T8m! - "A ,

Tbm!" , "0 » dfiy - "0 , s to th , JlaH?," mm BonpocaMH o

sÄopoBLe, aeJiax iwm x e Booöme He saopoBaioTCH. OjiHaKO s to BOBce

He oaHaâeT, t t o BteTHaMUH He BeämuraHe jnaim ( c p . , naiipitMep, c aHTJUIÄCKHM H3HK0M, TÄ6 OTBBTHafl peiUIHKa Ha npMBeTCTBHe MOKeT OT-

cyTCTBOBaTB: A - Oood moming. Can I help you? B - Yes, p le a e e . . . ) , B no.noöHHX cjiyraHX, ÄyMaeTcn, HyutHO b b oah tb b nepeB oa xa -

paKTepHHO ÄÜH UH eÄHHHUH, HHaê HHTaTeJIt MOKeT BOCIipHHHTb OTCyT—

CTBH6 CBOÜCTBeHHHX Ä8HHOÄ CHTyaiJHH eflHHHU KEK OTKJIOHeHHe OT

HopMH. HanpHMep:

■ " . . . mftt ohu nh&t Nh&n d&o tö i to i oda hing bach hoa mua v ä lb8ng gap Thu bÄo . . . t

I npaKTHTecKH 9to eÄHHCTBeHHafl $opMaJii>HaH eAHHima P3, Hcnojii3y- eMaH h jy w npHBeTCTBHH h jw h npouiaraw. B OT-nmne o t p y c c K o ro h aHTJatilcKoro H3HK0B, bo BbOTHaMCKOM He cymecTByeT npHBeTCTBHH, oTpaKajoqzx BpeMH, nma "Jlortpoe yTpo, Jloöpufl JieHL/Benep . . . "

- 115 -

- 0 k ia , Giang! Nhfin! Chung may lfty nhau däy k? (Chyy8n .*t»h ,9) i

(ÖyKB. "... b ojiho BOCKpeceHte Rhh noBe3 MeHH b yHHBepMar 3a TKaHBK), H BflpyT MH BCTpeTHJIH TOJICTyB Txy ...

- 0, 3h h t ! Hhh! Bu noxemuiHCB? )3KBHBaJieHTHuii nepesoa 3Toro $parMeHTa MoaceT Öhtb t3k h m :"OjHaxuH, Kor.ua ILhh noBe3 Mens b yHHBepMar, m h BCTpemra

TcurcTyraKy Txy:- 3aHr, Hhh! SjipaBCTByflTe! Bu mto, yjce noKemuiHCB?"IIoauToxiiBafl Bce Bume CKasannoe, xoTeJioct öh eme pa3 iiobto— j

pHTB, ^to sTHKeTHHe npaBiuia TecHO cbh 38üh c TpajumHHMH h oöirca- M HMH pa3HUX HapOflOB H MOiyT OTJünaTBCH' KaK B M3JIHX COUHaJIBHHX

rp y n n a x , TaK h b Hamwx, Kyjaxypax. HecoMHeHHO, b KaawoM H3HKe 1

cymecTByioT JieKcireecKHe ejinumju, oöcJiyaaiBaiomHe Ty num hhjtd pe'ieByB CHTyamno, ho b Kaatuoft H3 CHTyaquä Haöop $opMyJi P3 MOJteT paa-nrea- ' tb c h b pasHüx H3UKax no KOJnnecTBy e^HHim, no ceMaHTHHecKoB na- noJiHeHHocTH, no cTHJmcTHêcKoÄ oKpacKe, no âcTOTHOcra ynoTpeÖ- i JieHHJI H no HeKOTOpHM SKCTparatHTBHCTineCKIIM (JöKTOpaM. S to C03J5&- ' eT AonoJiHHTeJiBHHe Tpy,miocTH m s i nepeBOÄHHKa, xoth, no cyTH aeJia, !

n epeB oa e n m a m P3 cb o ä h tch , b ochobhom, k TBopêcKOMy noncKy $yHR*

IIHOHaJIBHHX 3KBHBaJieHT0B HJIH CHTyaTHBHHX aHaJtOrOB ( C00TB6TCTBHÖ).;TaKHM 0Öpa30M, ejiHHHUH P3 b TeKCTe oöoth o nepeBOÄHTCfl np» 'w

nOMOUIH aÖCOJUOTHHX H rpyHKUHOHaJIBHHX 3KBHBaJieHTOB, CHTyaTHBHO—3KBH“ j BaJieHTHOÜ H MHCTO CHTyaTHBHOfl 38M6HH, nyTeM KaJtbKHpOBaHUH, a TBK- i x e npn noMouiH tokhx nepeBOffiecKHx npneMOB, KaK ÄOöaBJierae h ony- : ■ memie. npn 3tom BawHO Bceraa noMraiTB, h to hh oähh CJioBapB He B COCTOflHHH npeJtBHJleTb Bce B03M0JKHHe BapHaHTH H CHTyaUHH, B KOTOpHX ■HaHHan e^HHKna ( 3aecB - e^Hmma P3) MO*eT nepeBO^HTBCH TaK hjih miaê. Il03T0My noncK HyxHoro coo tb 6 tctbh h TaKoft Ke TBopêciodt npoaecc, KaK h Beci. nepeBOÄ b ijeJioM.

CCEÄKH HA JfflTEPATyPyy1. H.H. flopMaHQBCKaa. ynoTpeöJieHne pyccKoro peêBoro 3THKeTa.

- M.: PyccKHM H3HK 1982. - 192 c.2. C.RnaxoB. C.Ojiopkh. HenepeBojwMoe b nepeBoae. - M.: Meawy-

Hapo^HHe oTHomeHHH, 1986. - 352 c.3. A.B.AejopoB. Ochobu oömefl Teopioi nepeB0.ua. - M. :BucraaH

inKOJia, 1983. - 303 c.’ - 116 -

4»JL.C.Bapx-vaapoB»HaHK h nepesoa. - U» :M ew .o t-u a ,I9 7 5 « - 238 c «5, B.H.KoimocapoB. JUmrBHCiHKa nepeBoaa. - J lexa.ot-H H ,I980»-I66 o .

6 . E.Qoffman. R e la tion ln P u b lic . - Hannondaworth i M ldd 'x,

1972.- 250 p.

UHTupyeMafl JiHTepaTypa

S.XeMHHryeÄ. $aecTa. IteöpaHHoe. - M.; Ilporpecc, 1980.E.Illoy. IThtmeuihoh. HaÖpaHHHe np0H3BeJieHJW b 2 -x TOMax. t . 2.

- M., 1956.S.Hemingway. F ieetar H.t 1981.Ghuyln tinh - Duong Thu Huong - Chuyin tinh k6 truoc luo

rang d&ng. NXB Hä nöi, 1986.EAPC - BoÄbino# AHTJio-PyccKHÄ CJioBapi..

C.H.UlMaKOB

CEKCH3M : H0BAH TEHUEHUMH B H3HKE ■ M ÜEPEBOJFIECKME HPOEJIMH

JaBHO H9B6CTHO, HTO OÄHH H3 KpyUJieltamC TOpOflOB EpHTaHHH HH- meTCH L iv e rp o o l, a hhtsotca Manchester, lloxom e , o^HaKO, hto CKopo 3Ta T p a m m yltneT b npouuioe: Manchester ÖyueT np0H3H0- CHTBOa Peraonohester. 3to, KOHe<!HO, JHJHTBHCTftHecKafl myTKa, ho b Haft, Kax h b KaxHOÄ myTKe, ecTt h3B6cth£lh äojih hcthhh. B HacTO- amee bpbmh b BeJmKodpHTaHHH Bce öoJiBrake MacnjTaöu ncuiyraeT öoptöa npoTHB "cöKCHaMa" b H3UK0. B 1976 ro^y b CBH3H c yciweHHeM (JieMH- HHCTCKOrO ABHX6HUH IlapJlaMeHT CTpaHH npHHHJI TaK Ha3UBaeMHÄ "CeKC ÄHCKpHuäHettanH A k t", nanpaBJieHHutt npoTHB paaJimHux npoHBJieiaifl Ha- pyneHKH npaB «eHimiH.

Ilpexne Bcero, t to Taxoe cbkchsm? CeKCH3M - s to npaxTHKa o t - OKpnamaoBB xeniuiH b coBpeMeHHom KaiurraJuiCTireecKOM odmecTBe, s to - pa&uramie nyTH Bupaxaram npeBoexoAeTBa MyxmiH Hau cjiaöuM nojiou

bo BCex c$epax oOmecTBeHHofl xhshh - TpyuoycTpoftcTBe, noJUtTinca, oeweftHUX OTHoaaHKJix, ( op. "paoHsxT - ahckphmhhbiqih no pacoBOwy

npH3Hany K flau x , ö y n y a sepxanoM peajitHofl xhshh, OTpöxaeT h po-

- 117 -

ÄOBHe pa3JIHMHÜ B OTHOUieHHH Homo Saplena. üeKCHKa aHTJIHÜCKOrO HSUKa HMeeT KaTeropmo po^a. CymecTByioT napme noHHTiw: g ir l/b o ywoman/man; s is ter /b ro th er ; huaband/wife| spinster/bachelor» e tc . Be3 nofloöHoro pa3JiirHKH H3HK nonpocTy He mokot JyHKUHOHHpoBaTi.KaK H BO MHOrHX H3UKaX MHpa, B aHTJIHÜCKOM H3UK6 HOpMHpOBaHHHM,TO -eCTB OÖtKKM POÄOM HBJItfeTCH MyjKCKOß.

B cJijrqaHX HeoÖxoAHMOCTH nojihepKHytb npraaiyie*HOCTb k xeH- ckomjt poay TpajiHiiHOHHO ncnoJiB3yeTCH cy$(pHKcaiaw - eaa; - ette« m is t r e s s , c o a m o n e t te . JIpyTHM pacnpocTpaHeHHHM npneMOM MapKHpoBa- hhh meHCKoro poaa HBJweTcH HcnoJtbsoBaHHe cymecTBHTeJtbHHX b aT- pHöyTHBHoft $yHKUHH. H anproiep:1 ad y d o a to r , woman o e l l l s t , e t c .

B OÖUieM JXJW OÖOHX pOAOB SHa eHHH ynOTpeÖJUDOTCH M6CT0HM6HJUI he; cymecTBHTejiiHoe man h hx npoH3Bo^Hue. io chx nop b aHT-

jimöckom H3HKe ateHCKHÖ p oa BnoJie ycneumo y*HBajicfj c sroft HopMofl,H KaKHX—JIHÖO npOÖJieM B jaHHoit CBH3H He B03HHK8JI0. Ho Ka*H0e BpeMH OKa3HBaeT CBoe BJiHflHHe Ha npnopHTeTti b oötuecTBeHHux OTHomeHHKx h hx H3UK0B0e BupaateHHe. C eifaac BecBMa o c tp o BCTaJi Bonpoc o Bupa- *ceHHH poaoBHX pa3JinMnti b penn npenMymecTBeHHo b TeKCTax, HMeumnc t o hjih HHoe OTHouieHHe k noJiHTHKe: noJTHTH^ecKHx jioKyMeHTax, *aHpax ra3eTHo-nyöJDäHHCTHHeoKoro c th jih h T.n.

O^HaKo jjBimeHHe npoTHB ceKCH3Ma nopoxuaeT cboh cneuH $m ecra ie

hopmh h npaBHJia b H3HKe. Hapany c noHBJieHHeM b Hsioce c jiob , OTpa-

JKaxxumc caMO H0B0e BeHHHe: sexlsm, male ohauvinlam, sexual haraaament, gender ( b 3HaHeHHH "n o J l") , eisterhood; HaÖJKWaeTCH

TeHjieHimH, cBH3aHHan nopoft c Mpe3MepHo öojie3HeHHolt peaKunett x eH -

mHH Ha cymecTByjoume pojwBbie pa3JiHMKH b sau n e . CHHTaeTCH, h to ö o -

JliUiHHCTBO CJIOB, OTHOCiUHHXCH K JKeHCKOMy JieHOTaTy, HMeiOT eme H

jtoöaBOHHoe neflopaTHBHoe oueHOHHoe sHaveHHe hjih HMeiOT ÖOJiee HH3KKÖ

CTHJIHCTHHeCKHÄ, H COOTBeTCTBeHHO, COUIiaJlBHHfl, CTaTyC.

Cp. t maater / m istreas; manager / managereas.Co Bceß cepBe3H0CTBK) CTaBHTCH Bonpoc o pe$opMe aHTJinflcKoro

HSblKa [i. C.4I] , K0T0pafl, KaK noJiaraioT, öyneT cnocoöcTBOBaTB rtoJiwiieMy paBHonpaBHio »emuMHu. AnojioreTU üojioöhoä pe$opMH ctpoht cboh nosHUHH Ha cJieaywuHx yTBepaueHHHx:

~ "ceKCHCTCKHe” CJIOBE 3BJHiaT OCKOpÖMTeJTbHO ÄJIH ÖOJtbUIHHCTBa xeimiHH. ynoTpeöJieiffle cjiob Öe3 Btrpaxemw KaTeroprai po.ua He 0y.ueT

- 118 - -

HaHocHTt h m MopaJUHHft ymepd.- 0TKS3 OT HCnCWn>30BaHHH MapKHpOBaHHOÜ JieKCHKH öyÄeT CKMBO—

jureecKH yTBepawaTt paBHonpaBHe xernmiH h mjhpihh b coBpeMeHHOM oö— mecTBe.

Tekhm oÖpaaoM, np0B03rjiaiuaeTCH cB oeoöpa3H a « rioJiHTHKa HeftT- panBHoro b po äo b o m oTHomeHHH h s u k ä .

IlepBUM KamomaTOM Ha saweHy HBJmeTCH oöiuepoôBoe MecTOHMemie

he. Que 50 JieT Ha3aa cap Jöcoh AjuaMC npeivioaoui ncn0Jit30BaTB b

KaêcTBe odmepofloßoro MecTOHMeHHH TpeTtero Jinua ejwHCTBeHHoro 'ih c -

jia th lr f x o th npejaaxeHHe b to h ho noJiyMHJio no*uep*K ii [^2 .C .9 3 ] .

PeaJitHO xe ejwHCTBeHHUM BapHaHTOM aaMeHH TaKoro MecTOHMeHHH noica

npeACTaanneTCH they, x o tk s t o ’iacTO HapymaeT npaBHJia. llojiodHoe

Hcn0Jit30BaHiie MecTOHMeHHfi eme He 3aperncTpnpoßaHo b rpaMMaTHKax,

ho they ninpoKO pacnpocTpaHHeTCH b hshkoboä npaKTHKe, JiOMan

bco npHBmHue npaBHJia h hopmu corJiacoBamiH,

Cp. sNobody want,s to be ca llad sexiat now, do they? [_ ). C .2 s ].TaKoe x e coiyiacoBaHHe moxho bco name BCTpeTHTb b cjiyâHx

ynoTpeÖJieHHH MeCTOHMeHHtt e v e ry o n e , anyone, someone. TäKHM

oöpaaoM Hanimo ynoTpeÖJieHHe th ey h cooTBeTCTByiomett jio th oö $op -

mu rjiarojia b corJiacOBaHHH c MecTOHMeHHeM b eOTHCTBenHOM ^HCJie.

/oKycTBeHHo co3flaHHoe t h l r ycTynm io mbcto öo jiee 3HaKOMOMy th ey

C p .: I f a a u b a c r ib e r want8 t h e i r number ohanged . . .

Doas your ohild 'need extra tu ition with th e ir English?Mot every drug addlct can adlve their problem bo ea s ily .

' üpaBfla, noKa eme paHO roBopHTt o hobo# HopMe KaK yxe cjioxhb- meftofl, TaK KaK hochtojui aHTJiHflcKoro Hamca b OBoeft Macce 0Ka3UBasT ynopHoe conpoTHBJieHne TaKoll HerpaMMaTHHHoH KOHCTpyKmiH. üoJioxeHHe

ciuiasuBaoTCA hbckojilko meKOTJiHBoe: HHKOMy He xo'ieTCH npocjiHTL ceK- chctom, ho h Ha npHMoe Hapyineroie 3£UioxeHHux eme b HanaJüHoft uiKOJie TBepwx npaBun He noAHHMaeTca pyna. Bhxojw H3 sToro nojioxemifl Ha- x o ä h t c h oaMue paaHOodpasHue h xHTpoyMHue, npejyiaraioTCH napHbie hjih

jtpoÖHue MecTOHMeHHH, nopanoK paonojioxeHiw kotophx BapBHpyeTCH Ha npoTiixeHHH Bcero TOKCTa: he.or ahe; he/aha i ncnoJU>3y»TCH ckoökh- (s)he. TaKoe ynoipeöJieHHe MecTOHMeHHÜ conocTaBKMO c HeKoiopuMH

- 119 -

CJIjrqaHMH HCn0JIB30BaHHfl pOJIOBfcCC OKOmamrit HM6H CytUeCTBHT&JUHHX B

pyccKOM H3tiKe b o$HmiaJii>Ho-lneJiOBCM CTHJie ( Ha onyxeöH ia «taamcax

oöhtho saJiOKeHH jtBa BapnaHTa oKOHraHnft - MyxcKoe h xeHCKoe) .

C p .: T p a a m a H ™ ..............................HanpaBJweTCH s a r p a iu m y ........................

ABTOpU HHCBMeHHMX TÖKCTOB npHÖeraiOT K ÄOBOJIiHO XHTpOyMHUM

criocoöaM TepejiOBaHHH M ecTom ieHH» h e h she h hx npoHSBOJuncc.

Tan, b nepBOM npejuioKem iH , b kotopom p e ^ t h h o t o q&noBeKe Boodawl

des cneijHaJtbHoro yK asam w Ha pojuoByio npHHajyie*H0CTi>f ynoTpedJinef*

ch , H anpH M ep,he . B cJie^ywmeM - s h e , h tb k JiaJiee.

Cjie^yeT otmcthtb, t t o flaute npn TaKoft ocTopoxHocTH Tpyjmo ; H3de*aTB OdBHHeHHfi B C6KCH3M6. KaKOe'H3 MeCTOHMeHHÜ nOCTEBHTB ■

bum? Beju. Äaxe np« HcnoJiBsoBamiH apodHHX mcctohmqhhK npeodJiaflaef MyxcKoft pcw. B ra io ix cjiyqamc HepeflKO npnderaioT onHTB-TaKH k q e p #

ÄOBaHmo: h e/sh e b nepBOM npeflJioxeHHH, b one^ynmeM ahe/he h t.J<1

Mojcho Tarace ynoTpedHTt h npocro MecTOHMemie MyxcKoro poaa ha c nocê^ywoiHM-H3BHHeHHeM nepea flaMaMH b bhhb npHMeâHHÄ, ckoöor,

CHOCOK H T . n .

CJieôBaTeJüHO, Hajumo 3apoxneHne nanan hoboH hopmu b cobp«— , MeHHOM aHrJiHücKOM H3UKe, noKa euie 0$imnaJn.H0 He npH3HaHHoft, ho I cymecTByiomeÄ b peaJn>Hoft xhboä npaKTHKe. A norai. hobsh HopMa eute ne MomeT CHHTaTtc« TaK0B0ft, ode TeHUemiHH - CTapan m hobbä - oo - cymecTBywT. BepoHTHo, odqHä c th jü h xaHp T6KCT8 mo*ot ÄHKTOBan. Budop EapnaHTa.C p . : I . E v e ry o n e l i k e s h e r , d o e e n 't h e?

E ve ry o n e l i k e s h e r , d o n 't th e y ?

2 . When a p e rs o n has no w i l l t o l i v e , he 1s o f t e n d l f f l o u l t

t o h e lp .

When a p e rs o n has no w i l l t o l i v e , th e y a r e o f t e n v e r y

d l f f i c u l t t o h e lp .

3 . Someone th re w h lm s e l f o f f a c l l f f .

Someone th re w th e m s e lv e s o f f a ' c l l f f .

üpHMeTaTeJüHO, t t o hocm otph Ha pacnpocTpaHeHHe hobhx hopm

h npaBiui, cTapu e Tpam m im , dJiarcwapH h x , BepoHTHo, ecxecT B eH -

hoü TeJioneMecKoft n pu po jie , npeoÖJianawT, h Bce HOBOoöpasoBaHM c ö

c jio b o m , HanpHMep, "p e r s o n " de3oroBopoTHO o th o c h tc h h o ch t eJiHMK

H3HKa k »eHCKOMy p o ^ y . Ecjih b CJiyrae c " e h a lm a n " peMB, Ö e »-

- 120 -

ycJiOBHO, nneT o M yanrae, t o "chairperaon" BOcnpHHUMaeTCfl o ä h o s -

Ha^HO KaK npeACTaBHTeJüHHua cJiadoro nojia. Uojib, nocTaBJieHHaH <5op- iiaMH npoTHB ceKCHSMa, He AOCTuraeTCH, Bce ycmntn OKasuBacTCH Han-

pacHHMH. EteCB yMecTHo npuBecTH BucKasuBaHHe ra36TH "CannH TaftMC?

Trua juatloa to a ataamed pudding oan only ba dona by a true . tranohman; I uaa the term abuaedly, fo r I have navar met a tranohparaon whoaa curreo oould axpand to aocumulate a aeoond

•halp lng". [ l - J . •HmepecHoe h npomreHoe saMeîaHne aejiaeT ®.roßapn £ 2 J no •

nOBOjy aHTHCeKCHCTCKHX TeHHeHUHÄ B aHTJUÖlCKOM H3HKe. jHeJIO B TOM, ninneT oh, 'ito BejQ, caMO CJiobo "wometn" (Old Engliah - "wlfman") coAepxnT b ceöe cy<fxSnKC c qeTKO BtrpanteHHofl npHHajyiexHocTBD k

MyJtcKOMy pojiy. He npHBeaeT jih aKTHBHocTB öopuoB aapojioByw HeftT- p.ajiBHocTB aHTJmficKoro flsinca k nonaaemoo Kaicoro—HHdyjcB "woper-■on"? [ 2 . P .95J .

Hjm Hae, He HocHTeJielt h3hkb, aaiffloe HBJieraie co3aaeT HeMaJio TpyjiHOCTeö b Hameft exeÄHeBHofl nepeBOOTecKoö h npenoâBaTeJüCKoft Ä6HT6JIBH0CTH. Kohohho, npH nepeBoae nparMaTireecKafl ananTamw TpeöyeT yêTa B cex coBpeMeHHux TetweHmift h ocoöeHHo Taicoro öo- jie3H6HHoro Bonpoca, xax pa3JonHoro poaa mcKpvMmauw, Beja. bto Boirpoc, b nepayn ovepeja , nojmTinecKHÄ. H oulhökh Moryr Btra- BaTB BecBMa ÄaJieKO anymne nocJieacTBHH. IlpineM jneT OTHomeraw r ceKGHSMy b cpeae ajpecaTa He orpamraiBaeTCH oähhm HcnoJiBsoBaHHeM MecTOHMeHHUx $opM, oh Mo*6T 3aTparnBaTB h $opMy, h coÄepxaHHe ne-

peBCOTMoro TeKCTa.B CBH3H c 3thm HHTepec npeflCTaBJweT peauxoiH peaaKTopoB - hch<

CHTeJieft H3HKa Ha CTaTtn, onyöJiHKOBaHHyi) b ra3eTe "Mosoow newa". CTaTBH nocBflmeHa Xn BceumpHOMy $ecTHBaJin M0Ji0ae*n h CTyneHTOB

b Mocrae. CoaepataHHe bto# CTaTBH npn3HaH0 nHTepecraai h bbähmm j m

dpirraHCKoro 'iHTaTeJin. OjwaKo OTAejamie $opMyjuipoBKH 0Ka3HBa»TCH

HenpHeMJieMHMH jyw coBpeMeHHux aHrJureaH 1 MoryT cbocth Ha HeT bccb .

nponarawuicTCKHÄ sapaii nydJiHKaumi.SaMenaHHA KacaRTCS caMoro nepBoro ad3ana CTaTBH. 3to "lead"

HJIH " i n t r o " , KOTOpiIÜ, KaK M3B6CTH0, HBJItfeTCfl HaHÖOJiee BaiKHUM b

cTpyK Type ra3eTH oft CTaTBH, TaK KaK oh BKpam e JiaeT HHiJopMaumo 060 BceM coaepisaHHH CTaTBH h npHBJieKaeT BHHMaHHe HHTaTeJiH.

- 121 -

IlepBHÄ 0Öpa3en CT3TBH "G attin/ ; to Know Eaoh O ther, We Oaln

S tren g th ", HaMHHaeTCH $pa30tt :■ " A l l g i r l a lo o k fr e s h and l o v e ly ,

but f a r from a l l lo o k i n t e l l i g e n t . Th ia i s why p eop le were so

lm pressed by the a le r t and i n t e l l i g e n t eyea o f the g i r l a gatharad a t the F e s t i v a l ' s Centre f o r the R igh ts o f Young Women. T h e ir

d iseu s8ion s o f the r o le ln the s a c ia l and p o l i t i c a l l i f e o f t h e i r c o u n tr ie s e q u a lly lm pressed me. Women d e le g a te s were spea-

k in g about th em selves, about the o r g a n iz a t i^ is th ey rep resen ted ,

and ab ou t■women's problem s. (Mosoow news, 11. 09.8 5 , M 32, 13) .

HocJie npoTTeHHH noôdHott $pa3H, Bnojwe öesodmwo SByramefi b pyccKOM OpHTHHaJle, aHTJIKÖCKHÄ THTSTeJIB Bpau JM 3HXOT6T 03HaK0- mhtbch c ÄaJiLHefcuHM conepx&HHeM CTaTBH. Ho 9T0 eute nanöeAU. 'S

anpecaTa moxot Boodme cjioxmtbch HenpaBHJiBHoe BneqaTJieHHe o coim- aracTmecKoft fleMOJcpaTira h noJioxeHHH kohiuhh b CCCP.

He roBopn o tom, t t o am aravniftcKorö hshks HexapaKTepHO

oöoömeHHe ( TparonpioHHo npe.mio’iTHTeJieH HwufBiMyaJiBHHft noÄXOÄ k

jdo«hm ), ynoTpeöJieHHe cJioBa " g i r l s " b äshhom cjiynae HenpHenuie-

MO no OTHOIlieHH» KO BC6M MOJIOÄHM KeHUJHHaM. Bo-nepBHX, 8T0 H6B03-

MOXHO H3-3H CepB63HOrO CTHJLfl CTaTBH, 8 CepB63HUfl GTKJCb B 0TJDTIH6 o t cthjih MaccoBofl dypxyasHoft npeccu äh ktyb t cboh TpedOBaHHH. Bo- BTOpHX, 3T0 CT8TBH 0 K6HCKOM ÄBHXeHHH, 0 ÖOpBÖe X6HHIHH 38 paBHO-

npaBHe h npoTHB ceKCH3Ma. SaecB, k e k mn\ne, one^yeT Öhtb o c to - po*HMM k cnocoöy BupaxeHHfl mkcjih. ( B nucBMe pesavptH raaeTu «3o- ▼iet Weekly" no noBo^y flaHHofl nyöJWKamm saMeêHO, h to fi cepBes-

hoä npecce Ha aHrjmflcKOM hsukö HHKorna He HcnojiBsyeTcn cjiobo "boy"npHMeHHTeJÜHO KO BC6M MOJIOAHM MyXMHH8M ) . 1

IlpoÔJUteHHe $pa3U " lo o k fr e s h and lo v e l y " , iiomhmo H6K0T0—

POÄ HTpKBOCTH, X&paKTOpHSySTCA HeCOOTBeTCTByBUieÄ P8CCT8H0BK0Ö aK- ueHTOB. IIoJiyqaeTCH, h to bhciuhho JiaHHue saHUMajor npeodJiananuee no- JIOX6HH6 B XapaKTepHCTHKe MOJIOÄHX npeÄCTaBKTeJIBHHII ÄeMOKpaTHTeCKOÜ MOJioAexH. 3t o oim tb xe HenpaewneMo am ctvuw cepBesHott raaen i. CJieÄyTOHe CJiOBa " f a r fro n a l l g i r l s lo o k in t e l l i g e n t " a sy ro r noTTK ocKopöHTeJitHO, TaK itax ohh nojtpa3yMeBa»T, t t o no nepBOMy

BHeniHeMy BnenaTJieHHD moxho caanaTB oKOHraTeJiBHutt bhboa o BHyrpeH-

Heft KyjüType mojioaoM xohhihhh. BHemKHe (JawropH b HacTO/mee BpeuH

I IIxcbmo Öiuio onyÖJiHKOBaHO B "Mosoow nawa" ( I I .Ö 9 . 85 , M 32).

- 1 2 2 -

HecKOJüKO yTpaTHJiH CBoe 3Ha^enne jym 3anauHoro oömecTBa. KpoMe t o -

ro, ceKCHCTCKoe oTHoiuemie k uteHmHHe npoonexüBaeTCfl b stoö $ p a se ,

TaK k s k OHa nonpasyM eBaeT, h to Mojiojuje mjoicmhhu, BepoHTHo, B cer fla

bhtjlhaht Ö ojiee coBepmeHHUMH b HHTeJureKTyajiiHOM OTHoniemtH.

T ekhm oöpasoM , aHrjioH3HMHHß HMTaTeJn> nocJie caMux nepBux c t p o k

noJiyHaeT HeÖJiaronpiwTHoe BneHaT-neme oö iweflHux no3HUHHX aBTopoB

CTBTBH.

HecKOJibKO b MeHLraefl CTeneHH, ho Tarace Hey^aHHHM 0Ka3HBaeTCfl’

H BTOpoft a03an CTaTBH: "Beeauae of her cropped haireut Sylvie Dieu, a slim and unpretentiously dreased young woman from France, resembles a boy. Aa i t turne out, however, ehe ia a aerioue and dedioated worker and an aetiv ia t of the Communiat Youth movement". (Hoecow newa.11.08.85, N 32, 13).

IIoAoöHoe onncaHHe xeHmHHH moxho b c t p b t h t b b 3anaAHoft Macco- boH npecce.Cp.: "Jane Smith, 43, b lo n d e , buety mother o f f o u r " . (The M ir ro r , 4.06.86,4). Oho noApa3yMeBaeT oiihtb x e npeirnymecTBeHHO $H3HHecKHe .

xapaKTepHCTHKH xeHuiHHu. B cepBe3Hofl x e cTaTBe cepBesHoft raseTH

noÄOÖHufi n oaxo fl HeyMecTeH.

B tbko m xe Jünone pa3BKBaeTCH h npOflOJüteHHe $pasu: "Sylvie Dleu, a 8lim ........ young woman from Pranoe, reaemblea a boy".Bo H3ÖexaHHe oöBHHeiurfi b ceKcnsMe cJie^yeT nocTaBHTB Ha nepBoe MecTO t o , h to roBopHT k AeJiaeT 3Ta xemuHHa, a He ee BHemHocTB.

$pa3a BM ecTe c ee npoaoJixeraieM "Ae i t turne out, however, ehe ie a eerioua and dedieated worker, an activ iet of the Com- muniat Youth Hovement", no MHeHH» aHTJimaH, HMeeT ABa bo3Moxhux

B apH am a npoH Teraw :

1 ) . XapaKTepncTHKa repoHHH noJioxHTeJiBHan, TaK kok OHa xemuHHa,

x o th BHeuiHe h n oxoxa Ha MajiBHHKa.

2 ) . HecMOTpn Ha ctpo ö h o c tb h npocTOTy repoHHH, yjiHBHTeJiBHO, h to

ohe MOxeT öhtb cepBesHHM h npeAaHHHM AeJiy e k th b h c to m .

H t o 0 A p y ro e TOJiKOBaHHe HenpnewneMo h jih coBeTCKoö ra3eTH h, KaK

npeÄCTaBJweTCH, He OTpaxaeT 3aMHCJia cbmhx e b to p o b CTaTBH.

B 3aKJH0HeHHe X0T6JI0CB 0h CKfl3aTB, HTO JU1H nepeBOAHHKa Hpe3- BHHaftHO BaxeH yneT oömecTBeHHHx TeHnerajHft b XH3HH CTpaH HOCHTeJiefl H3HKa h hx JiHHTBHCTHHecKH onocpejoßaHHoe BupaxeHHe. Be3 yneTa 9thx rfaKTopoB HeJiB3H roBopHTt oö aueKBaTHOCTH nepeBo.na.

- 123 -

CCUAKH HA MTEPATypy

1. J.Coates. Language and Sezeam. The B ritish Association fo r Applied L inguistics. - Newsletter, H 23, 1965* - F .41-65.

2. F.Howard. New Words fo r Old.- L.-UNWIH Paperbacks, 1977, 125 p.

3. K.Wales. Probiens of Pronoun Concord or No one's Sexist, Are They? // UEA Papers in Lingu istios. - L.t UEA Press, 1984. -- P .28-45.

H.A.Khpotbhko

/ffiKCHKO-CEMAOTMECKAfl BAPMATMBHOCTB CJTOBOCOWAHHfl B AMEPHKAHCKOM M BPMTAHCKOM BAPHAHTAX AHTJMKCKOrO H3UKA

KAK IIEPEBOOTBCKAfl HPOEJLEMA*

UeJU> nepeBo.na - t o t h o h aneKBaTHO n e p e A a n cpeACTBator a p y -

r o r o HaiiKa cMHCJioBoe coaepataHHe opürnHaJia, coxparare e r o c th jih c th -

Tecra ie xapaKTepHCTHKH, B tom cJ iy rae , K orjta H3HK nepeBOAa ( IIH ) HBJiaeTca HauHOHaJQ>HO—HeroMoreHHUM, t o b c tb HcnoJEbayeTca He o a -

HOft, a HeCKOJIiKKMH HaUHHMH ( HanpHMep, aHTJtHÄCKHfl H3UK BKJOWaeT

HaiiHOHam>Hue BapHawru BeJWKodpHTaHHH, CUIA, KanaAU, ABOTpaJDnt, Ho- Boft 3eJianHHH h Äpyrnx amvioroBopHmHX CTpan ) b sanavy nepeBOjpmKa

bxoamt Tarate yreT ocoöeHHocTeü Hanno HaJüHoro BapxaHTa UH, orpa- xaoaero cneuwjaixy nsirna x KyjiBTjrpu AaHHoft Hamm.

OönmpHoe reorpa^tnecKoe pacnpocTpaHeme auvuiitcKoro H3UKa, a Taxxe sHaHHTeJCbHult odiew BunoJuweMux hm (JjyHwpilt oömchhkt k BU3UB8J0T CBOeoOpasne (fyHKKHOHHpOBaHHH H3UK8 B K8XS0M B3 aHTJtO- flsmHux rocyflapcTB. Ojmajco, no mhohhi) n.CTpHBOHca, Boe CTpaHU, JVM KOTOpUX aHTJIHttCKHÄ HBJLH6TCA pOÄHHM, MOryT ÖHTB ÜOÄeJieHH Ha k b b rpynnu: CTpaHU, TflroTemme k awepKKaHCKOMy BapaaHTy (American Bngliah fam ily ), H CTpaHU, THTOT60KHS X ÖpHTaHCKOMJT BapHHHTy (B ritish Bnglish fa m ily )[l . C. 1 ej . JlaHHaH KJiaccH$HKamw He 03Ha- TaeT HTHopHpoBaraw HauHOHaJttHoro maopHTa aHrjixftcxoro Hanna b Kaxsoft .is aoH pacnpocTpaHeHiw hjih noÄHHHeHHoro noJioxeraM Kaxoft-

- .124 -

jihöo H3 ero paanoBnuHOCTeü, o h s jimub yita3HBaeT Ha B03HHKHOBeHHe TBKOrO aeJieHHH BCJleflCTBHe "H3NKOBOrO KOHTaKTa" C BeJIMKOdpHTaHHett HJIH CIIIA [i. C. 18] .

IlepeBOflHecKaH cJiyxöa b Eßpone, 3aMenaeT H.EepJiim, np0B0AHT êTKoe pa3rpaHmeHiie Mexny aMepHKaHCKMM h dpHTaHcram aHrraflcKHM: "KraeHTa HenpeMeHHo cnpaniHBaioT, Ha KaKoll H3 bthx "h3mkob", no e r o

xeJiaHHio, CJiejyeT nepeBecTH MaTepnaJi" [2 . C.292] .B 3TOfl CBH3H ÖCOÖNfi HHTepec BU3UB36T H3jrq6HHe HepT CXOÄCTBa

H pa3JIHTOH HMepUKaHCKOrO ( AE ) H ÖpHTaHCKOrO ( BE ) BapHaHTOB KaK AByX OCHOBHHX BapHaHTOB aHTJIKÜCKOrO H3UK8, flJlH COBpeMeHHOrO 3Tana pa3BHTHfl KOTOpuX XapaKTepHO HX B3aHMOjeÜCTBHe Ha Bcex ypOBHHX H3U-

AE h BE odHapyraiBaJOT paq pacxoauieHHÄ $OHeTireecKoro, Mop&o- JiorinecKoro, JieKCHKO—ceMaHTinecKoro h cHHTaKciraecKoro xapaKTepa, M H o rn e H3 K O T o p u x öhjih npeANteTOM cneuwaJDbHKX HccJieÔBarorit. H a H M e -

Hee HsyêHH MexBapiiaHTHNe p a c x o w e m w b CTpyKType h JieKcmecKOM HanOJIHeHHH CJIOBOCOêTaHHH, TO eCTB BapttaTKBHOCTB CJIOBOCOHeTaHJW KBK OAHH H3 acneKTOB BapHaTHBHOCTH H3UKa BCJieACTBHS ero $yHKHHO- HHpoBaHHH b pasmix apeajiax.

BaatHOCTB Hsyiemw cJioBocoHeTaraw odycJioBJieHa t o m , h t o HMeHHO b cJioBoco’ieTaHHH JieKOHêcKaH ejoiHHua peajiH3yeT c b o h noTeHum/iiKHe B03MPXH0CTH, HTO CJlOBOCOHeTcLHHe KaK "eÄMHima B CTpOeHHH peHH"(TepMHH A.H.CMHpHHUKOrO) H KaK MHHKMaJIBHHÄ OCMHCJI6HHHÄ 0Tpe30K pe^H Hepe3 npeafloaceroie b x o a h t b c-Jiepy KOMMyHHKaunH, o ä k h m h 3 aK- t o b KOTopoft HBJweTCH nepeBOA.

B CTETBe CTaBHTCH saABHa BUHBHTB CB0e0Öpa3H6 (JjyHKUHOHHpOBa- hhh jieKcireecKHx ejiHHKii b AE h BE Ha ypoBHe cJi0B0C0HeTaHHH, onpe- AeJIHTB djäKTOptl Me*BapnaHTHHX paCXOJIWeHHÄ H nOKa3aTB HeOÖXOAHMOCTb h b£urhoctb yêTa sthx pacxoameradl ajih ocymecTBJieHHH aneKBaTHoro nepeBOAa. OöteKTOM HccjieAOBaHHH nocJiyxiuiH CBOÖOAHne ( nepeMeHHiie) cJioBocoHeTaHHH h ycToÄ^HBue coneTaHHH He$pa3eoJiorHêcKoro xapaK-i Tepa.

HoBue yeJIOBHH cymecTBOBaHiw aHTJUiiicKoro H3HKa Ha aMepHKaHCKOM KOHTHHeHTe, HenOCpeACTBeHHO CBH3aHHHe C OTAajieHHOCTBB H HSOJlHpO- BaHHOCTBK) SMepHKaHCKIIX KOJIOHHft OT AHTJIHH, CneiIH$HKOtt aMepHKEHCKOft AeftcTBHTeJiBHOCTH, a Tarate ninpoKHe KOHTaKTH c H3HitaMH aÖopKreHOB

- 125 -

H K0J10HHCT0B H3 ApyTHX CTpaH CIIOCOÖCTBOBam $OpMHpOBaHHD OTJUTOI— TeJliHHX T ep T aHT-MtÄCKOrO H3UKa B CUIA.

B 0CH0B6 OTKJIOHeHHÄ SMepHKaHCKOrO BapHaHTa OT öpHTaHCKOrO

JiHTepaTypHoro oöpa3ua, HocmreJWMH KOToporo öhjih nepßue nepeceJieH -

Uti K3 Ahtjihh, jie xa jio qacTHTHoe HecoBnaAeHHe h3ukobhx HHHOBauHÖ,

B03HHKaBUlHX B AByX CTpaH aX. UeHTpOM HHHOBaimÄ, KaK npaBHJlO, ö lü la

A h t j ih h , ho /laneKo He Bce HHHOBaijHH .n ocT K ra jw CLUA. Hh h o b8 u h h b o 3 -

HHK8JIH H B CUIA, HO HeperyJLHpHOCTi CBH36ii m xpy KOJIOHHHMH H M6TJI0-

j io jiH e fi npHBOAHJia k TOMy, m to s t h h b jic h h ä hochjih pa3H0BpeMeHHuft h

OTJiHMHTeJiiHHft x a p a K T ep b AMepHKe h A h t j ih h .

■ Il03T0My oahhm H3 iteKTopoB, oöycJioBJiHBaiomHx pacxoaweHHH B C0- HeTaeMOCTH H3Uk o b k x ejwHHU M eawy AE h BE, cJ ieayeT CHHTaTB HcnoJib- 30BaHHe OAHHM H3 BapHaHTOB H3UK3 B COCTaBB CJIOBOCO’ieTaHZH 3JleM6H- tob, apxamHux äjih coBpeMeHHoro coctohhhji Ä p y ro ro BapHaHTa,

Bhxoädm hs ynoTpeÖJieHHH b Ahtjihh h coxpaHeroieM b CUIA f a l l B BHaMeHHH "autumn" MU 0<5H3aHK T8KHM CJlOBOCOHeTaHHHM B AE, KBK

f a l l faBhions, f a l l leaves , e tc . (CJIOBOCOHeTaHHH autumn fash lons, autumn leaves , e to . OTHOCHTCfl K OÖmeaHTJlHftCKOMy HJtpy (G K ).

The a lr was b r lsk ly ooo l, f a l l leavea were blowing in a

guBty wind . . . (A .H a iley , 96).C A p y ro ft ctopohh, b cJioBape BE bmbiotch bahmhuu, y xe hb BCTpo—

TanujHeCH B AE - f o r t n i g h t ( " t w o weekB"), f o r t n i g h t l y , noanroMy cJlo-

BOCOTeTaHHH, B COCTaB KOTOpUX OHH bxoaht, xapaK Tep ra JBHIII. ÄJIH BE: a f o r t n i g h t l y v i s i t , f o r t n i g h t l y o r d e r a , s a l l i n g s t o Bombay.

B03HHKH0BeHHB B OÄHOM H3 BapHaHTOB J10K8JU.H0 MapKHpOBaHHOTO, to een. TeppHTopHajQHo orpaHHHeHHoro, jibkchko—ceMaHTimecKoro BapHaHTa ( JICB) b ceMaHTHMecKoß CTpyKType oömeaHTJiHÄcKoro CJioBa BU3UB8JI0 pacXOXAeHHH B CJIOBOCOTBTaBMOCTH eAHHJm B AE H BE. Ü09T0- My BTOPUM $aKTOpOM, OÖlHCHSWUtHM MBXBapHaHTHUB paCXOXKBHHH B CTPJTK— Type H JieKCHTBCKOM HanOJlHBHHH CJIOBOCOTBTaHHH, HBJ1HBTCH HaJIHHHe B AE h BE jiOKaJüHO MapKHpoBaHHoro JiCB b CTpyKType oJioßa, npHHait— Jiexauiero k odmeaHTJinftcKOMy dupy.

Kbk rrpaBHJio, öojuuihhctbo 3HaMBHHfl s thx cjiob coBnanaeT b oöo -

h x BapnauTax, h jihuu, msctb npHcymmc hm 3HaqeHHft xapaKrepua a m

AE K BE, HTO npOHBJlfleTCH B CnBUH$HKB COTBTaBMOCTH 3THX. 6AHKHU B

KaKOM—jihöo BapHaHTe. TaK, HanpHMep, y «epexoAH oro r jia ro jia to

- 126 -

chefck - OÖmeaHTJIHttCKHe 3HaHeHHfl "to atop, restrain" - to check the f i r e , the enemy'a advance, "to test, vertfy" - to cheok f i — gures, atatements, "to find out and note" - to cheok the temperature COcymeCTByiOT C SMepHKaHCKHMH: I ) "to aend (baggage) on a trav e le r 's ticket to a particu lar place" - I ahall check my bag through to Chicago [j5. P .3 47 .

2) "to plaoe (something) somewhei - t o be looked a fter" - In the next club there was a strip show. Eluine followed Benjamin through the door, removed her ooat and checked i t (C.Webb, 98).

B ceMHHTMHecKofl CTpyKType rjiarojia to hire Hapumy c oöm e-

aHTJmftCKHMH 3HaMeHKHMH "to get the uae of (something) fo r a special occasion on payment of a sum of money" - to hire a boat, clotheaj "to employ (someone) fo r a time fo r payment" - to hire a teaoher, a consultant, a caterer HMeeTCfl 3HaHeHHe, cneumJälHHoe JPUJ AE "to borrow money at intereat" - to hire money. PJiarcwi to adopt b coneTaHHH to adopt a candidate HcnojiBsyeTcn b 3H a -

HeHHH "to accept as the candidate of a p o lit ic a l party fo r e lec - tion" t o j ib k o B BE.

AMepHKäHH3MaMH HJIH öpMTHUH3MaMH B ÄSHHHX COHeTaHHJDC HBJLHMTCH

TJiarojiH b cbohx ototjibhhx 3HaMennHX, a He bo Bceä noJiHOTe ceMaH- TireecKoro oÖieMa, to eCTB JICB oöiiieaKTJizflcKioc cjiob, hto hhxoäht cB oe npoHBJieHHe b ÄHCTpHöynHOHHHX pa3Junnüx, noica3aTeJieM KOTopnx cjijtkht nepeMetiHuü JieKCHHecrarit KOHTeKCT.

BoJiee fflHpoKyio coneTaeMocTB b AE HMe»T TaKHe rjiarojiu, Kan to f ix , to ra iae . nepeMeHHHÄ JieKCHHeCKH« KOHTeKCT KOHCTpyKUHH H o f ix + cym ecTBH TeJiBH oe" cB itueTeJiBCTByeT o peajiH3amm cepHH JICB r j i a r o j i a , x a p a K T ep m cc MX AE - "to repair, get ready, cook, oomb, conooct, put in order" - to f ix breakfast, ooffee, a drinki to f ix one'a hair, one’ B face.

B aH ajiorsrcH oß KOHCTpyKUHH rjiaroji to raise npeiaiymecTBeHHO p a cn p ocT p a H eH b AE B sHa^eHMiDC "to produoe, cause to grow or in- crease, and look a fte r ( l iv in g th ings); bring up (ch ild ren )* -

to ralse a fam ily; to raiae horses, chickens; to raiae w heat,po- tatoea. The farmer ralaes chickens and corn [j3. P . 17 2 5 ] .

OcoÖeHHocTH JieKCHHecKoli coneTaeM OCTH r j i a r o j i a to C h r is te n g

- 127 -

BE bhhbjudotch H3 coHeTaHüft to Christen a oar, motor-cycle, e te ., m e r jia ro ji HCiiaJiB3yeTCH b sHaneHHH "to use fo r the f i r s t time":

flpeHMymecTBeHHO b AE npmiaraTeJiBHoe cheap peajmayeT sHane-

He'a the cheapest man in town, he'a never bought any of hia friends a drink | 4 . C. 175~j .

He3äBHCHMHfl nyTB pa3BHTHH aHTJiüftcKoro Hsmca b ClllA h Ahtjihh

cosjiaBaJi npeOTOcuJiKH äjlh cBoeodpasHOtt pea jm 3aunn b kbm om H3 a p e a -

J10B B03MO*HOCTeÖ, 3aJI0*6HHUX B CHCTeMe aHTJIHÖCKOrO H3HKE, HTO HpO- HBOflOCB, BO-nepBHX, B ^OpMHpOBEHHH y OÖmeaHTJIHfiCKmC e^HHHIl CHH— TaKCHHecKHX ocoöeHHOCTeft (AE - to protest a decislon t GB - to protest agalnst at a decislon ), H, BO-BTOpux, B OÖpasOBfiHHH JI0K8JIBHD MapKHpOBaHHHX JICB C OTJIHHHTeJliHHMH CHHTaKCHHeCKHMH nOTBH- Hühmh b CTpyKType oömeaHrjmflcKHX cjiob.

Mmshho cHHTaKcinecKafl MOJieJiB CJiOBocoHeTaHHH to v is it in/at aome place buhbjihst npHcymee JiHmi AE sHaneHHe "to atay"« Anyone who'a v ls lt in g ln Edinburgh ought to go and see the oastle . We a l -waya v is it at the Saroy Hotel when we're in London 4. C .1227 .

OcoöeHHOCTb» AE HBJWeTCH h HcnoJiBsoBaHne r j ia r o j ia t o v i a i t b

coHeTaHHH t o v i s i t w ith a p e rso n - " t o t a lk s o o i a l l y w ith a p e r -

a o n ". '

COBOKynHOCTB JlBKCHHeCKOrO H. CHHTaKCHHeCKOrO K0HT6KCT0B TJia-

roJia to cloae cnrHaJW3npyeT o peaJiH3am m b AE b coneTaH ioi to oloae out gooda sHaneHHH "to try and get rid of (gooda) by se llin g at reduced pricea" h b BE B coHeTaHHHx to olose with a person, an o ffe r 3HaHeHMÄ "to come to an agrewnent with a ■person; to agree to an o ffe r".

Thia ahop la oloaIng out everythlnn next week.The 2 miniatera didn*t cloae with each other un til near the

end of the meeting. | 4. C. 198~| .TpeTBKM $aKTopoM, npeÄonpefleJwnuHM pacxoxaeHHH Mexny AE ■

EB Ha ypoBHe cjioBocoHeTajma, cJieflyeT HasBaTB ceMaHTinecKHe c ä b h t h , KOTOpue npuBejm b HecoBnaaeiono ceMaHTHHecraa odieMOB JICB oömeaHr-

jmftcKHX cjiob B AE h BE. TaK, HanpHMep, b AE to graduate (fron ) 03HanaeT to oomplete an educational oourse h ooneTaeTCH He ito c cymecTBHTeJiBHHMH eollege, univeraity, KaK B BE, h o h high

Have you chriatened your

HH6 "careful with money, tight" B cOHeTaHHHX a cheap man,boy,etc

- 128 -

a o h o o l, a a o h o o l o f o o o k e ry , e t c . , t o eCTB c HassaHiieM Jüodoro

y re ö H o ro 3aBeAeH M ( b BE eMy cooTBeTCTByeT rJiarcui t o l e a r e —

to le a v e a c h o o l ) .You s t i l l look aa though you're Just about to graduate from

high achool■( I.Shaw, 54.)JICB r jia ro jia t o hunt - " t o chase in o r d e r t o o a toh and k i l l

(a n im a ls and b i r d a ) e i t h e r f o r fo o d o r f o r a p o r t " HcnoJn>3yeTCH

B AE A M 0Ö03HaHeHHH Juoöoro BHAa oxoth - Ha nTimy h Ha 3BepH, B

BE oh ynoTpeöJweTCH junni, a m homhhbioih oxoth Ha 3Bepa ( KaK npa- BHJIO, Ha JioinaAHX C COÖaKaMH ) - t o hunt fo x e a , h a re a , d e e r , e t c . ,

a t o s h o o t AAfl 0Ö03HaqeHHH oxoth Ha nTimy - t o sh oo t du ck*,

g e e s e , e t c .

BE - t o go a h o o t in g - t o g o a f t e r

an im a ls o r ' (m ore o f t e n ) b ir d a

BE - t o go h u n tin g - to chaae th e

an im a l u s in g a number o f doga

He goea to Scotland every year to ahoot w ild duck.l~4« P . 1029J.Cobm6U16HH6m B ceM aH TinecKO « odseMe r j ia r o j ia to rent b AE

3HaT6HHÄ to pay rent fo r the use of a room, houae, etc. h to pay money fo r the use of a car, boat, suitor clothea oÖtHCHHeTCfl

ero öojiee umpoKan con eTaeM ocT t b AE no cpaBHeHmo c BE, rA e jtc io t-

peöJLfDOTCH ABa rJ iarana to rent h to hire a m BiipaxeHHH c o o tb 6 t -

CTBJTOmHX nOHHTHll.

B yCJlOBHHX CaMOCTOHTeJtbHOrO (JyHKIOIOHHpOBaHHH aHTJIHltCKOrO H3H- Ka Ha aMepHKaHCKOM KOHTHHeHTe h EpjrraHCKHX ocTpoBax HOMKHarpiH ho- . Bhx npeAMeTOB h hbjishhü oRpyrnameft aeftcTBHTeJtbHocTH b KajmoM ■ m BapHaHTOB ocymecTBMJiaci> KaK nyTeM HcnoJQ»3oBaHHH uMeiooierocH JieK- cmecKoro- MaTepn&na, TaK h nyTeM co3AaHHfl hobhx eAHran, cneipi$H,i- hhx a m ASHHoro apeana. Ü03T0My b KanecTBe neTBepToro $aKTopa pac- ' xojiweHHft Mejttny ABynrn BapHaHTaMB moxho yKa3aTi> Hcn0Jii.30BaHHe pas- JIOTHHX CpeACTB HOMHHaUHZ A M 0Ö03HaTeHHH OAHHX h Tex *e npeAMeTOB H HBJieHHÄ B AE H BE.

Hoßue Ji0KaJEbH0 MapicnpoBaHHue eÄHHmm bkjuonähmet b cocthb CJioBocoqeTaHHlt, K0T0pHe HHorAa odHapyxHBaJiH ncuiHHÄ napaJLneJiH3M

b abjtx BapnaHTax, HanpHMep, AE - to take the aubway : BE - to tak* the tubej AE - to buy on (the) instalment plan : BE - to buy

on hire purohase.

- 129 -

B apyrmc cJiynaflx npoHcxoÄJUio ncwmoe rix nacTUHHoe H3MeH6HH6

cTpyKTypu cJioBOcoMeTaHUH:AE - to stand ln line i BE - to queue (up ).OcoÖeHHocTH npoueccoB HOMHHamra b Kaxuo# hs 3oh pacn p ocT p a-

H6HHH «IHTJIKfiCKOrO H3HKH npOHBJlHJIHCi TSJOHe B HCII0Jn>30BaHHH p a3HHX

H3UX0BHX CpeÄCTB A M OÜHCaHHH OÄHHX H T6X *6 0Tp63K0B JjeÄCTBHTani-

h o c th : AE - to run fo r congreas s BE - to stand fo r parllament.HaHdcutbiuHit HHTepec w HccJiejiOBaHHH pacxaxueHHÄ b co n eT a e -

.mocth MeawyAE h BE npeflCTaBJiHBT Te CJiynaH, K oraa npH iweHTKHHOc-

th cHHTaKcinecKOÄ MO,neJiH cJioBocoHeTaHHH h ee JieKCHMecKoro Hanoji-

HeHKH B OÖOHX BapHaHTBX CJIOBOCOHeTaHHe HMeeT PB3HH8, a HepeJXKO

npoTHBonojioxHiie sHaneraiH b AE h BE. CJioBocoHeTaHHH TaKaro poaa

moxho od'bejiHHHTt b rp yn n y JieKCHKo—ceMaHTHHecKHX ÄKBepreHTOB, y

KQTOpHX npH OÖIUHOCTH IUiaHa BUpaxeHHH HaÖJUtWaBTCH paCXOJMeHHfl B

njiaHe ccmepxaHHH.

F . Xopymui b npeOTCJioBHH k CBoeMy cJioBap» nmueT, hto "MHorne aHaKOMue CJiOBa ynoTpeöJiraoTCH b AMepHKe b apyroM sHaneHmi hjih c nOÄTeKCTOM, OTJIHHHHM OT TOrO, KOTOpUÄ OHH HM6I0T B AHrJIHH" [ 5 ,C .v j.

A homely woman b AE 03HanaeT "HeBspaHHa«, HeKpacHBafl xemuH-

H a", b noHHMaHHH aHTJunaHHHa a homely woman - "MHJiaa, n p o cT a «

b oöpameHHH xemoHHa". Hajurcne HeraTHBHoro KOMnoHeHTa b ceMaHTirae-

ckoJI CTpyKType npm iaraTeJiBHoro homely b AE onpejjeJiHeT CBoeoöpä-

8H6 CeMaHTHKH CJIOBOCOHeTaHHÄ, B COCTEBe KOTOpHX HMeDTCH CyiHÖCTBH—

TeJtbHue, 0Ö03HaHajauHe HeJioBeKa, e r o bhoiuhoctb hjih OKpyxeHHe, KaK

HanpHMep, a homely chlld (u g ly ), homely household (not attr&etlve ln appearanoe).

"The chlld was homely. brulsed ln the faoe and shoulders, •oratched, daced. Hls 11p was swollen and d lacolored." 6 ,P .290 .

"Thle household was p laln , homely. evan alovenly." 6 ,P .330 .B Tex x e cbmux coneTaHHHX b BE npHJiaraieJitHoe homely öyjjeT

ynoTpeöJLHTtcfl b SHaneHHH simple, p la ln , unpretentloua.PasHue 3HaH6HHfl peajiH syeT npm iaraTejn>Hoe a io k b AE h BE b

coHSTaHHfix t o ba ( f e e l ) s le k » AB "1 1 1 » * BE " v o m it ln g o r

ln o l ln e d t o v o m lt " .

"The la st man I was with", aha aaid alowly, "waa alwaya folng to the dootor. but I t dldn’ t halp too «auch. He waa Alwaya lmagln- ln « ha waa slok". [ß . P.-327J

- 1 3 0 -

"In th« covered tunnel leading out of the olrcus tent, among th« puahing orowd of people, Kingshaw waa violently slek"ß r . P . 2 0 9 ] .

CJie^yeT otmbthti., tto pacxoamemw Meawy äbjtmh BapnaHTaMH Ha- ÖJuanajoTCH tojibko np« (JyHiamoHHpoBaHHH eick b KanecTBe npeÄHKa- t h b e , Bce spyrne cJi0B0C0HeTaHHH, rue aick BUCTynaeT b (^hkuhh aTpadyTHBa, npHHamiejuaT k odmeaHrjuräcKCMy aupy (a siok man, sick thoughts, e t c . ) .

B ÖOJitmHHCTBe cJiyMaeB He oä h h KOMnoHeHT cJioBocoHeTamtH ( HanpHMep, homely), a Bce cjiOBOCOTeTaHHe oöHapyKHBaeT ÄraepreHTHue e B o fte T B a b AE h BE.

Pa3Hoe coflepxaHHe BKJiamiBaeTCH b coTeTaraie oöntested e iec - tion b ÄByx Bapwanrax aHTJiHßcKoro H3HKa - AE "ohallenged eleo - tion resu lt" s BE "election in which ther« are two or more candi- dat«s". KaK yTBepawaeT ae'GyHLHK, cchüianct Ha Oxford English Diotionary, coBpeMeHHoe aMepuKaHCK oe jo io T p e d J ie H iie .naHHoro c j i o b o -

coqeTaHKH dmio paHee CBOÄCTBeHHO h BEj_8. C.22J .CJioBocoHeTaHHe to stand in line (AE), dpuTaHCKHM aHajioroM

KOToporo HBJweTCH to queue (up ), ynoTpedJweTCÄ b BE, no .uaHHiiM aHKeTHoro onpoca HHtJopMaiiTOB, n p o B e a e n n o r o hsm h b 1 9 7 7 rofly, b

t o m CJiyrae, Koraa pe*n> nneT 0 n ocT p oeH H H co J w a T b SHa^eum "to stand side by side": The soldiera stood in llne to be inapected.

(H3 aHKeT HHtftOpMaHTOB—aKTJlHTaH)I n t a guy while I waa standlng ln llne at the movies.

( H3 aH KeT HHtbopMaHTOB—HMepHKaHIieB)H H TepecH böt cJ iy ra Ä äjih aH aJM 3a n p e jc T a B J iß e T c o ö o ä a n o B o c o g e T a -

H ue a n open town (c it y ), r a e n p o T H B o n o cT a a n e H H e , b OTJurene o t

B ce x BuueynoMHHyTttx Ä H B epreH T O B , npoxo^HT n o jikhkm GE s ae - (fo r - merly) a town (c ity ) without fo rt ific a tion a ; (modern use) a town • (c ity ) which, ita inhabltanta declare, w il l not be defended i f attacked, e .g . Paris, Rome in World War I I : a town in which gaa- bling, drinking saloona, etc. are allowed without restrictions, e .g . LaB Vegas. 9. P .598 .

T okh m o d p a a o M , coTeTamie an open town no-pa3HOMy dy.neT hh-

T ep n p eT n p oB a T iiC H b s e b h c h m o c t h o t T o r o , e B p o n e ft c iu if l hjih aM epH kaH -

CKHft r o p o f l HMeeTCH b B n n y .

Cyrydo aMepHKaHCKoe 3HaTeHMe cJioBocoveTaHHÄ to break up a

- 131 -

pereon - "to amuse greatly" npHMO npoTHBonoJiOJKHO oömeaHTJmöcKOMy

"to (cause to) Buffer serere anxiety and pain", TTO BUHBJIH6TCH

TCWtbKO Ha $OHe Bce story broke me up.

T aK oro p o «a cJi0B0C0'ieTaHHfl M oryT cJiyxHTB h ctothhkom H eaopa-

iTOKCTax, r a e O TcyrcTByeT y u a -

hhh, B03HHKiiier0 Ha leHeBCKoö KOH$epeHUHH n o paaopyiceHHio b 1962 r .

M eM y aMepjfKaHCKoll h aHTJWßcKofl êJieraiXHHMH, Kor.ua npe^cTEBHTeJm

BeJraKOÖpHTaHHH npeßJiOKHJm to table their motion, <ito o ^ e m y m -

BHJIO aMepHKBHUeB, TBK KEK OHH HaiMH np08KT aHTJIMTaH ÄOBOJtbHO pa-

SyMHHM. HCTOMHMKOM HeÄ0pa3yM6HHH B ÄaHHOft CHTyamiH HBHJIOCB H ara-

HH6 y r j ia r o jia to table b coTeTaHHH to table a motion, (proposal) npoTHBonojio*HHx 3HaTeHHÄ B AE h BE : "o t j io x h tb oöcyaw eH H e n p e jy io -

xeHHfl" ( AE) h "b u c te b h t l n p e A n o x e m ie Ha o ö c y jw e H H e " (BE).ßjm KOHKpeTHsamra 3HaMQHHH cjiOBOCOTeTaHHH—ÄHBepreHTa TpeöyeT-

ca yKa3aTeJEbHHÄ mhhhmjtm, nosBOJMnmHfl onpeêJoiTB, Kaxoe hmbhho 3Ha-

TeHHe peajm syeTCH y .naHHoro cJioBocoqeTaHHH - aMepHKaHCKoe, öpHTaH-

CKoe hjih oömeaHTJmÄcKoe.

IlpoBejeH H oe HccJieaoBaHHe n03B0JmeT cêJiaTB buboä o tom , h to jwu(

aueKBaTHoft nepeaaTH coAepxam M b nepeBoê Ha aHTJiHficKHfl hjih c

aHTJinttcKoro H3UKa HeoöxoÄMMa ÄOCTaTOTHO HeTKaH opaeH Tam w n ep erioa -

HHKa b HopMaTHBHUx pacxoaweHHHx wenwy AE h BE Ha ypoBHe cJiOBooo’ i e -

TaHHH. IIpoöJieMa MexBapnaHTHHx pacxoameHutt CBH3aHa npn nepeBoae Ha

aHTJIHÜCKHä C BMÖOpOM OÄHOrO H3 KOHKypHpyKXUHX BapHaHTOB OJlOBOCOHe-

TaHHfl, a npn nepeBoae c am vu iticKoro - c o cmhcjioboH h CTHJiHCTHHe-

ckoä HHTepnpeTauneft hcxoäho# $pa3u .

1. P.D.Strevens. B ritish and American Bnglish. - C o llie r - Maemillan Publishers, 1972. - 104 p.

2. C .B e r llt » . Nativa Tongues. - Granada, 1983. - 340 p.3. The World Book Dictionary Bd.by Barnhart C .L ., Barnhart

R.K. - Chioago i Doubleday & Co., 1976. - 2430 p.

Th* bad news w il l

npHBOÄHT npHMep HejionoHHMa-

CCRUKM HA JIMTEPATypy

C Bnglish. - Longaan

5. H.W.Horwlll. A Dictionary of Modern American Usage. -

Oxford Univ. Prass, 1935. - 360 p.6. J . C.Oats. Wonderland. - Greenwich, Conn t Fawoett Pub li-

catlons In c ., 1973. - 480 p.7. 3 .H i l l . I'm th« King of the Castle. - Penguln Book«, 1974»

- 223 p.8 . W .Q . de Funlak. Amerloan-Britlsh Diotlonary and Helpful.

Hlnta to Travelers, 3d. ed. - San Francisco: Orbit Graphic Arts-, 1967| - 188 p.

9. A .3 .Hornbv. Oxford Advanced Leam er's Diotlonary of Current Engliah , 3d Edition. - Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 1977.- 1055 p.

10. H.Moss. What's the Dlfference? British/American Dictionary. - 1973. - 153 p.

ÜHTHpyeMaH JMTepaTypa

A.Hailey. Vheels. - L. : Pan Book» LTD, 1976.C.Webb. The Graduate. - L. : Penguln Books 1970.I . Shaw. Nightwork. - L. : Pan Books LTD, 1976.

- 133 -

3AKJDD4EHMEIlpeflCTaBJieHHNe b cöopHHKe MaTepnanu, paayvieeTC«, He Hcêp-

nuBanr Tott cjioatHott m MHororpaHHoft npoöjiemi, KOTopan BUHeceHa b

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