rodrigo rivera-reyes geol 1104/1114 updated october 2012 · 2018-09-09 · rodrigo rivera-reyes...
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Rodrigo Rivera-ReyesGEOL 1104/1114 Updated October 2012
GEOL LAB Midterm 1 Study Guide
1. Scientific Method.O Observation.- Something is noticed and causes a question to be asked.H Hypothesis.- Proposed SOLUTION to the question. P Prediction.- What would occur if my hypothesis is correct. E Experiment.- Predictions are tested and data gathered. E Evaluate.- If hypothesis is correct-> look for another prediction and test it. If hypothesis not correct-> Modify and re-test it.
*Theory= If all available testing support a hypothesis. *Law= Theory that continually passes all tests over long periods of time.
Using an example:Observation.- Why won´t my car start?Hypothesis.- Maybe because it is out of gas.Prediction.- If I am out of gas, my gas level indicator should be on Empty.
then Experiment and finally Evaluate
2. Dynamic Ocean Floor. *Mid-ocean ridges.- Chain of submarine mountains. Associated with Divergence <- ->*Deep-ocean trench.- Long, narrow depression in the ocean floor. Convergence -> <-*Earthquakes.- distribution and depths
*Paleomagnetism.- “Ancient magnetism”. It is used to determine the rate at which plates are forming and moving away from the ridge crest.
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*Rates of Spreading.- Use ruler only based on the scale given (no calculation needed)
*Distance over time.- Dist.(cm) / Time (yr)Instructions: Multiply km by 100,000 and divide by years.
*Hotspots.- arises from a plume of molten material moving upward from the mantle and remains constant for millions of years. *Min/Max Velocity.- V= cm/yr
Plate boundaries:Convergent.- -> <- Mountain formation in continental. Subduction in oceanic Divergent.- <- -> . Construction of oceanic lithosphere.Transform.- up and down.
Q. Relationship between Igneous rocks and volcanism- Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
3. Minerals. *Luster.- Manner in which light reflects from a mineral surface. Types: Metallic, Non-Metallic most common. *Hardness.- Degree of resistance of given mineral to scratching. Use of the Mohs´ScaleF Fingernail= hardness of 2.5,P Penny= 3.5,I Iron Nail= 4.5G Glass= 5.5 andS Streak plate= 6.5.
*Hard minerals have a hardness of 5.5 or greater and scratch glass.*When scratching mineral against object. If it powders= Softer than object. If it scratches= harder than object. *Streak.- Color of mineral in powdered form (use the streak plate for results). *Cleavage and fracture.- Tendency of certain minerals to break in distinct planes. Cubic 3 Directional 2 Direc. 1 Direc.Halite-> Calcite-> Fieldspar-> Mica->
Remember Fracture: Break in random places instead of cleaving. Obsidian Quartz
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*Color.- Just the color of the mineral. *Other properties: -Striation: parallel groves
Minerals Classification Table
Name Luster Hardness Streak Cleavage/Fracture
Color Picture
Augite /Pyroxene n-m 5.5 - Good Black
Green
Biotite/Mica n-m 2.5 no streak 1 direction Black
Calcite n-m 3 White Perfect C. White
Fluorite n-m 4 no streak Perfect C. Green
Galena m 2.5 gray/black Perfect Black
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Name Luster Hardness Streak Cleavage/Fracture
Color Picture
Garnet m 3.5 no streak uneven brown/green
Gympsum n-m <2.5 White Perfect White
Halite n-m 2.5 White Perfect Cubic
white clear pink
lightblue
Hematite m 6< Red/Brown None Black
Magnetite m 5.5 black None Black
Muscovite n-m 2.5 White Perfect C.White Gray Silver
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Name Luster Hardness Streak Cleavage/Fracture
Color Picture
Olivine n-m Glassy 6< White Good Yellow
Green
Orthoclase (Potassium Feldspar)
n-m Glassy 6 White Perfect Pink
Plagioclase n-m Glassy 6< White Good White
Pyrite m 6< green/black Conchoidal Fracture Yellow
Quartz n-m 6< White Conchoidal Fracture -
Talc n-m Pearly <2.5 White Perfect C. White
*n-m: Non-metallic *m: Metallic
4. Igneous Rocks. Color Index of Igneous Rocks:*Mafic.- rock with dark-colored minerals. = Magnesium + Iron
Remember what MAFIC rocks are made off !Made with: Olivine Pyroxene Amphibole Ca-Rich Plagioclase
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*Felsic.- rock with light-colored minerals. = feldspar + silica
Remember what FELSIC rocks are made off !Made with: Quartz Potassium Feldspar Muscovite Na-rich Plagioclase
*Intermediate.- Combination of both felsic and mafic.
Terms:*Extrusive.- Igneous rock formed from lava. Rapid solidification. Small size. *Intrusive.- Crystallizes below earth´s surface.
Texture of Igneous Rocks:*Vesicular.- volcanic rock texture. *Phaneritic.- (coarse grained) Mineral grains Easily visible open spaces, bubbles.
*Aphanitic.- (Fine grained) very small grains. *Porphyritic Texture.- mixed small and big grains.
*Glassy.- No crystals visible. *Volcanic texture.- volcanic ash *Frothy texture.- More bubbles than rock
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Igneous Rocks Classification Table
Name Texture Minerals Present Mafic / Felsic Intrusive or
Extrusive Picture
Andesite AphaniticNa-rich
Plagioclase, Pyroxene
Intermediate Extrusive
Basalt Aphanitic Pyroxene Mafic Color Extrusive
Diorite PhaneriticFeldspar, Pyroxene
QuartzIntermidiate Intrusive
Gabbro Phaneritic Ca-rich Plagioclase Mafic Intrusive
Granite Phaneritic Feldspar, Quartz Felsic Intrusive
Obsidian Glassy Silicon Dioxide *Felsic Extrusive
Pumice Vesicular Potassium Feldspar Felsic Extrusive
Rhyolite Aphanitic Quartz, Felspar Felsic Extrusive
Vesicular Bassalt Frothy
Pyroxene, olivine,
amphibole Mafic Extrusive
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Name Summary
Q. Igneous rocks in the Wichita Mountains. - Wichita Mountains are rocky promontories and rounded hills made of red and black igneous rocks, light-colored sedimentary rocks, and boulder conglomerates. The Wichita Mountains were formed in four distinct geologic episodes. Granite
5. Sedimentary RocksType: Clastic *Clastic.- Comprised of pieces of other rocks (called clasts). If you can see clasts is the rock is clastic. 1. Clast size: Large-Gravel MediumLarge-Sand MediumSmall-Silt Small-Clay 2. Sorting: Well sorted (clasts of equal size) or poorly sorted (small and large clasts) 3. Roundness: Angular or rounded.
*Chemical.- Non-clastic 1.- Mineral Composition: (eg. chert=quartz,; limestone=calcite; carbon= coal) 2.- Texture: Made of cystallized material (like chert) or shell fragments (like coquina)
Sedimentary Rocks Classification TableCLASTIC
Name Clast Size Sorting Roundness Picture
Arkose >1/16mm Poorly sorted Angular
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Name Clast Size Sorting Roundness Picture
Breccia >2mm Poorly sorted Angular
Conglomerate >2mm Well Sorted Angular
Sandstone 1/16-2mm Well Sorted Rounded
Shale <1/16mm Well Sorted Rounded
Sedimentary Rocks Classification TableChemical
Name Mineral Comp Texture Picture
Chert Quartz Crystallized material
Coal Calcite Crystallized material
Coquina Calcite Shell fragments
Fossiliferous Limestone Calcite Shell fragments
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Name Mineral Comp Texture Picture
Limestone Calcite Crystallized material
6. Metamorphic Rocks 2 types:*Foliated metamorphic rocks.- such as gneiss, phyllite, schist and slate. Well defined, parallel alignment of minerals. Linear structures= FOLIATED
*Non-foliated metamorphic rocks.- such as marble and quartzite which do not have any parallel structures.
Name Foliated/ Non Foliated Parent Rock Picture
Gneiss Foliated Schist
Marble Non-foliated Limestone
Phyllite Foliated Mudstone
Quartzite Non-foliated Sandstone
Schist Foliated Slate
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Name Foliated/ Non Foliated Parent Rock Picture
Slate Foliated Mudstone
6. Geologic Ages. *Doctrine of Uniformitarianism.- “The present is the key to the past”*Principle of original horizontality.- Because of this we know that sedimentary rocks that are not horizontal were moved from their horizontal position by later events, such as tilting. *Law of superposition.- states that, in undisturbed strata, newer layers will be placed over older layers.*Principle of inclusions.- If a rock contains fragments of another rock, the fragments must be older than the rock containing them. *Principle of Cross-cutting relationships.- Cross cutting rock is younger than the rock surrounding it.*Principle of fossil succession.- states that fossil organisms originate, coexist, and disappear from the geologic record in a definite sequential order.*Unconformities.- The relation between adjacent rock strata whose time of deposition was separated by a period of nondeposition or of erosion.
Also learn: Rock Cycle
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And the...5 Principles of Stratigraphy:1. Superposition2. Original Horizontality 3. Inclusions4. Cross-Cutting5. Law of lateral continuity
Note: The use of this guide is for studying purposes only.