rol de la economía social en europa
DESCRIPTION
Rol de la Economía social en Europa: Profesor Gert van Dijk, Universidad de Wageningen, Holanda.TRANSCRIPT
Social Venturing Economics in Europe
Definitions, dimensions and main Characteristics of Social Venturing Economics
2011
Prof. dr. ir Gert van Dijk
*Nyenrode
Business Universiteit
*The Netherlands
Institute for Social Venturing Economics & Cooperative Entrepreneurship
Economics of freedom?
COOPERATIVE BANKS IN EUROPE SURVIVED BEST
Relationship between market share cooperative banks and Z-score in 7 countries
(Z score = (roa +e/a)/ɕ roa)
stab
ilit
y
Market share cooperative banks
Key figures of some cooperative banks
Tier-1 ratio’s en return on equity
Losses caused by the crisis
Ratings (after losses caused by the credit crisis)
COOPERATIVE (MUTUAL) INSURANCE
Trends in legal entities of Mutual Insurance
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1999 2004 2009
Governmental
Limited
Foundation
Cooperative/OWM
Some observations in loyalty between insurers
Difference in service perception
Social Venturing Economics
new forms of entrepreneurship
Social Venturing
To contribute to ‘societal problems’ in a business-like manner
‘Societal problems’ are problems which are not (yet) part of the market system and which cannot be solved by government
Societal venture capitalSocial venturers are experienced, most of
them have ‘harvested’ at least once in their life and are committed
Social Venturing (formal definition)
Social venturing entrepreneurshipSocial venturing entrepreneurship (SVE) is the application of (SVE) is the application of entrepreneurship with the aim to entrepreneurship with the aim to contribute to solving societal goals; in contribute to solving societal goals; in situations where markets do not (yet) situations where markets do not (yet) operate; without seeking profit on the operate; without seeking profit on the basis of shareholder value or basis of shareholder value or entrepreneurial rent.entrepreneurial rent.
social venturing innovation for direct benefits of society
‘wicked’ problems that can be solved by technological and social/institutional innovation - if civic driven
Sustainability
Ecological sustainability is long term
economic sustainability (Planet)
(Social) Sustainability
Social institution development
Entrepreneurship
Long term commitment; however, exit opportunities
are signs of success
Cost of dispute, micro justice
In sum: Social venturing
= Mobilizing the power of enterpreneurship for someone or something else than anonymous
‘shareholders’
Special questions:
1. Measurement of ‘social dividends’
2. Status in public (government-)domain
3. Relationship with corporate investments
4. Methods of finance
5. Governance
Turning a recipient structure for philantropy into SVE recipient structure
Entrepreneurial behaviour
Self-disciplined and autonomy‘we’(new) respect voor institutions:
constitution, clubs and societies, church
nobody is too poor to help
public
private
StateCoercion /
Voice
MarketExchange/Exit/Choice
Community‘For Free’/Love
personal
prof
it
Non
-pro
fitformal
informal
Maa
tsch
appel
ijk
e onder
nemin
g
SVE initiators are entrepreneurs who are able to involve politicians, army leaders, diplomats, governments, NGO's and corporates-the effect should be enhanced entrepreneurship by the recipients-particular attention to be given to the 'recipient structure‘-no gifts, all has to be repaid in due course-no shareholder gains; profits will be allocated to the participating communities-introduction of an independent judge, preferably the final market attached to the supply chain
- countervailing power and cooperative governance throughout the value chain (participation of all participants)
- concomitant policies: education, training, philanthropy by the recipients themselves
- two strategies: cooperation or defection. 1) Always start cooperatively; 2) if the other defects, also defect; 3) be forgiving, if the other is willing to cooperate again, then do so also
- not all parties need to profit to the same extent; no one should be worse off
- most favoured participant clause: if special offers are made to one party in the group, offer these to comparables as well.
Measurement
Financial value (profit is an opinion, cash is a fact)
Economic value (measurable via instrumental nomological methods (Social evaluator)
Social value (micro insurance, micro justice)
Examples
Stewardship wild life landsGaza flower production and
marketing chainUruzgan orchardTendris lightVita valley health
Farmers Coops Agrexco
Suppliers
Auction
CROSSING
AIRPORT
$$$
10 commandments
1. Initiators are entrepreneurs who are able to involve politicians, army leaders, diplomats, governments, NGO’s an corporates.
2. The effect should enhance entrepreneurship by the recipients.
3. Particular attention to be given to the “recipient structure”
Cont’d, 1
4. No gifts, all has to be repaid in due course
5. No shareholder gains; profits will be allocated to the participating communities
6. Introduction of an independent judge, preferably the final market attached to the supply chain
Cont’d, 2
7. Countervailing power and cooperative governance throughout the value chain (participation of all participants)
8. Concomitant policies: education, training, philanthropy by the recipients themselves
9. Not all parties need to profit to the same extent; no one should be worse off
Cont’d 3
10. Most favoured participant clause: if special offers are made to one party in the group, offer these to comparables as well.
COOPERATIVES AND AGRIBUSINESS – THE CASE OF MARKET FAILURE
business operationsof the limited company
(subsidiaries)
members/ownersmember community
member administration
business operationsof the cooperative
owner administration
A typical model of a modern large marketing cooperative
member financing
businessconnection
equity financing
customers
purchase
Externalfinancing,
(occasionally)
Two tier entrepreneurship:
Entrepreneurial strategies: both at farm and cooperative business level
Entrepreneurial-goals
cooperativefirms
Entrepreneurial goalsMember firms
starch
brand-strategy
Marketing,complementaryservices, trade
Product developmentRaw material
meat
dairy
Fruit & vegetables
Flower/auction
trading
Seed potatoes
Animal genetics
Finance, international dairy cooperatives
Problem definition
Farmers have to yield both market and public services as
autonomous firms;
Farmers cooperate in hybrid structures;
Many different interests, stakeholders and specialists;
Various sources of income, incentive mechanisms and organisation cultures.
Developments
Three main strategies can be observed:I. Coops targeting local and niche markets
while serving both on output ànd on input of members (mainly in Mediterranean countries)
II.Strategic mergers and acquisitions; international brands. Financed by reservation strategy.
III.Institutional contracting support of members