role of facts technology on transmission grid … of facts technology on transmission grid...
TRANSCRIPT
Role of FACTS Technology on Transmission Grid
Reliability
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IEEE San Francisco PESSpring BanquetMay 15, 2003
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Hitchhiker’s Guide1) to FACTS Technology describes the role technology plays in increasing reliable power transfers thereby relieving transmission congestion.1) Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, BBC miniseries
1981 http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/hitchhikers
FACTS Technology – Need a Guide?
FACTS
STATCOM
TCSC
UPFC
SVC
RPFC
SSSCGPFC
VSC
DVR
TCR
TSC
SCR GTO
IGBT
IGCT
PWM
N-1
RTO FERC
RAS
NERC
LLPWECC
PAR
ITC
LMP
FTR
HVDC
CRR
SMD
LCI
PLL
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Hitchhiker’s Guide – Table of ContentsTransmission Characteristics
Impact of Deregulation on Transmission – Theory of Indeterminacy
Transmission Provider Response – Marvin the Paranoid Android
Cost of Congestion
Congestion Relief Technologies – Don’t Panic!System AnalysisReconductoringFACTS – Infinite Improbability DriveHVDC – Hyper Space Bypass
Application Examples
Conclusions – Restaurant at the End of the Universe
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AC Transmission Network Characteristics
Power flow uncontrolledCircuits may be overloaded or underutilizedReserve capacity required for contingenciesVariable reactive power demandRequires voltage control and dynamic reactive power reserve Often limited to less than thermal by instability or inadequate voltage support Transmission capacity a function of distance and intermediate voltage supportFinite limit to cable lengthSynchronous
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Impact of Deregulation on TransmissionTransmission transactions growing Transmission investment decliningResource diversity decliningGenerators access to markets limitedMore regional transmission assessment by non-owners Regulatory power struggleMarket manipulation - e.g. DeathstarTransmission congestion is increasing– attack of the free-ridersEconomic incentives to relieve congestion inadequate
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Public oppositionLengthy and uncertain processAsset utilizationWill it be bypassed? Regulatory uncertainty How will market risk be rewarded?Financial viabilityObligation to serve
Barriers to Transmission Investment
Theory of Indeterminacy
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Response of the Transmission Provider
Cut costsSell assets Merge, spin off, change nameDiversifyJoin an ISO1), form an RTO2)
Never mind - form a larger RTOIf I build it, will anybody come? Accept regulated rate of return?FTR’s, CRR’sDo I really want to be in this business?Marvin the Paranoid Android
1) Independent System Operator2) Regional Transmission Organization
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Cost of Congestion
FERC estimated costs for 16 individual constraints that ranged up to $700M/y (eastern NY) - Electric Transmission Constraint Study
ISO New England estimates the costs of congestion in New England are $125-600M/y - 2001 Regional Transmission Expansion Plan
Cost of congestion on Path 15 > $222M over 16 mo prior to 12/00 - California ISO
Congestion relief – overall net efficiency gain but there are individual winners and losers!
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Interregional Congestion
Source: National Transmission Grid Study - DOE May, 2002
Congestion curtails economic dispatchInterregional or localizedCongestion - time is money Raise limits by new lines or by technologySolutions – FACTS1) & HVDC 2)
1) Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems2) High Voltage Direct Current
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Congestion Relief Technologies – DON’T PANIC!
System Analysis – Limits and Cost of Congestion
Re-conductor – Increases Reactive Power Demand
FACTSDynamic Shunt Compensation – SVC and STATCOMControlled Series Compensation - TCSCPower Flow Control – UPFC and SSSC
HVDCConventional - LCICapacitor Commutated Converter – CCCVSC Based TransmissionGrid Power Flow Controller – GPFC
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FACTS Benefits
AC transmission lines generally operate below their thermal capacity
Limitations often due to VoltageStability
FACTS devices raise transfer capability towards thermal limit
Transmission constraints as functions of line lengthSource: Eric Hirst, Edison Electrical Institute
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PDCI(N2S) Power Flow Duration Curve When Price Cap is 250 $/MWH in 2004
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Hours
Pow
er F
low
(MW
)
PDCI-3100MWPDCI-1650MWPDCI-1100MW
Cost of Congestion - Case Study Pacific DC Intertie
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Comparison of 1033 kcmil 54/7 SSAC 1) and ACSR2)
Increase in line capacity by reconductoring but must supply theadditional reactive power demand – application for FACTS!
Line Re-conductoring
ACSR SSAC % ChangeLine Current Rating (A)Normal Summer (95 ºF)
1300 2190 168%
Line Rating (MVA)Normal Summer (95 ºF) 168%
Maximum Line InductiveReactive Power Demand(excluding Vll2 Bc)
3*(1300)2 Xl 3*(2190)2 Xl 284%
√ 3(1300)Vll √ 3(2190)Vll
1) Steel-Supported Aluminum Conductor2) Aluminum Conductor Steel-Reinforced
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Study - New TechnologyFACTS, HVDC, SSAC
Minimal environmental impactMaximize use of existing resourcesAdapted to new electric marketControllableResponsive
Congestion ReliefT
rans
mis
sion
Cap
abili
ty
Technology
Thermal Limit
FACTS& HVDC
Voltage
and
Stability Limit
New Thermal Limit
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SVC and STATCOM - Established Technologies
VSC w. BtB, Eagle Pass, TX
19 VSCs installed since 1997
In service today >1500 MVA
>300 MVA in manufacturing
STATCOM - VSC SVC
>160 SVC utility inst. since 1975
In service today > 32 000 MVA
> 500 MVA in manufacturing
+/- 160 Mvar, 420 kV, Sylling, Norway
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Infinite Improbability Drive
SVC – AC Control of Reactors & Capacitors
STATCOM – Synthesize AC from DC
Increased Transfer with Voltage Support
Maximum power flow depends on network and voltage supportSteady state voltage via slow devices, e.g., switched capacitors, tap changersDynamic reactive power reserve required for contingencies Dynamic voltage support requires fast action, e.g., generators, SVC1)
or STATCOM2) - all VARS are not the same
1) Static Var Compensator2) Static Compensator (ABB SVC Light)
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Increased Transfer with Voltage Support
Top: P-V curve at bus – all lines in service
Middle: P-V curve at bus – post contingency without compensation
Bottom: P-V curve at bus – post contingency with compensation
Normal System Conditions – 2000 MVA Short Circuit
n-1 Contingency – 1500 MVA Short Circuit Level
Improved Post-Contingency Voltage Profile due to Dynamic Reactive
Support by SVC or STATCOM
Yonder there be dragons!
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SVC Building Blocks
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STATCOM – SVC Light
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Power Electronics
SVC - Thyristor ValveControls AC Current – switched (TSC or TCR), phase control (TCR)Anti-parallel thyristors (SCR)Up to 4000 A, ~ 8 kV per single device
SVC Light - IGBT ValvesAC/DC VSC converterInsulated gate bipolar transistorHigh switching frequency for PWMAnti-parallel diodesUp to 1500 A, 2.5 kV per parallel array
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Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
Same IGBT for all applications
The IGBTNominal current 1300 ARated voltage 2500 VSwitching frequency 1350 HzPresspackDiode
partIGBTpart
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TSC/TCR Operation
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Pulse Width Modulation
Va - refu
(1)-max(SPWM)u
dcu
dc- u
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STATCOM – 3-Level Converter with PWM
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Filter Bus Voltage
Voltage at Filterbus, kV. No filter Voltage at Filterbus, kV.
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Harmonic Spectrum
Harmonic spectrum in pu of Ud pole voltage
Harmonic order
RM
S va
lues
in p
u of
Ud
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Current-Voltage Characteristic - STATCOM
SVC curveLimitation due to transformer reactance
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BFC
Es θ V 0XS
P=P (V/V )0 0mp
Q=Q (V/V )o 0mq
BFC
Es θ V 0Xs
P=P (V/V )0 0mp
Q=Q (V/V )0 0mq
BFC
ISTATCOMEs θV 0
XS
XSTATCOM
P=P (V/V )0 0mp
Q=Q (V/V )0 0mq
Shunt Compensation – Fixed + Dynamic
Fixed compensation to hold unity voltage at nominal conditions withSsc=10p.u. (Xs=0.1p.u.)SVC and STATCOM MVAR equal to 0.5p.u. @ 1.00p.u. voltage Load equal to 2.3 + j0.8 p.u. Load voltage sensitivity: power mp=1, reactive power mq=2
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Voltage Regulation v. System Impedance
Both SVC and STATCOM regulate the voltage up to an Xs of about 0.25p.u.Above this level both compensators hit their limitIf the contingency reduces Xs to 0.33p.u., the voltage is about 1.7% less with the SVC
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Overvoltage v. Load RejectionLoad level is increased up to 4.0 p.u. Fixed compensation is increased from 1.1 to 2.5 p.u.Typical SVC can absorb reactive power up to OV of 1.3p.u. until FC are switched off to reach SVC continuous OV rating of 1.1p.u. Typical STATCOM can absorb reactive power up to OV of 1.2p.u. until FC are switched off to reach continuous OV rating of 1.1p.u.
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SVC/STATCOM
P=300 MWp.f.=1.0
162 Mvar153 Mvar
230-kV
25-kV
230-kVSOURCE REC
REC
M
Transient Voltage Stability – Equivalent System
600 MW load, 50% induction motor, 50% resistive Load supplied by two 113 km 230 kV linesThree-phase permanent fault at midpoint of one lineSVC gain supervised to compensate for weaker systems
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Recoveries with Equal Nominal Ratings
SVC – 200 MVAR @ 1.00 p.u. voltageSTATCOM – 200 MVAR @ 1.00 p.u. voltage
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Recoveries with Functionally Sized SVC
SVC – 200 MVAR @ 1.00 p.u. voltage rated 260 MVAR dynamic overloadSTATCOM – 200 MVAR @ 1.00 p.u. voltage
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Shunt Compensation, building blocks
The building blocks are the base, the arrangement is the solution
SVC Light®
STATCOMContinuous control
Classical switched and phase control
VSC
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Series Compensation – Improves Voltage Profile
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Series Compensation – Improves Stability Margin
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Series capacitors – “shorter” lines and improved voltage profileReactive power supply proportional to current squaredPassive – Automatic post contingency reactive support to mitigate voltage dropTurbo available - thyristor control to boost compensation or damp oscillations (TCSC )
Series Compensation – Increases Transfer Capability
Voltage Profile - Uncompensated
Voltage Profile - 50% Compensation
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Series compensation can be boosted, oscillation damped and SSR mitigated by thryristor control, e.g. TCSC
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation
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SSR Mitigation by means of CSC
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Increased Line Loading - Clothes Line Analogy
Elevation = voltage profileAmount of laundry = transmission loadingKeep clothes off ground = stability criterionDistance above ground stability marginMain supports (brown) = on-line generators Props = intermediate reactive power compensation, e.g. SVC, STATCOM, SC
Increased Loading with Support - Remedial FACTS
Improved Post-Contingency Voltage Profile due to Dynamic Reactive Support by SVC, STATCOM, SC
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Static Synchronous Series Compensator
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Unified Power Flow Controller - UPFC
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DC Transmission Characteristics
345 kV AC400 MW
500 kV DC3000 MW
Controllable - power injected where neededBypass congested circuits – no inadvertent flowHigher power, fewer lines, no intermediate S/S neededTwo circuits on less expensive lineNo stability distance limitationReactive power demand limited to terminalsNarrower ROWLower lossesNo limit to underground cable lengthAsynchronous
Hyper-space bypass
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DC Transmission TechnologiesHVDC Classic for the Long Heavy Haul
HVDC Light for the Intermediate Haul
Power controlTerminal reactive power demand by shunt bank switchingBulk power transmissionMinimum system short circuit capacity > twice rated power (or > rated power with series compensation)
Real and Reactive Power controlDynamic voltage regulationUnderground transmissionReplace local inefficient generationModular and expandableBlack start capabilityNo short circuit restriction
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The HVDC Classic Converter Station
Converter station Transmissionline or cable
Converter
Smoothingreactor
DC filter
Telecommunication
Controlsystem
AC filtersShunt
capacitorsor otherreactive
equipment
AC bus
~~
Power Ratings: 500 - 3000 MW
Reactive Power Supply
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The CCC* Converter Station*Capacitor-commutated converter station
TransmissionLine, Cable or Back-Back
Converter
Controlsystem
Contune AC filters
AC bus
Smoothingreactor
DC filter
Telecommunication~~
Commutation capacitors
Weaker SystemsBack-to-Back 100 - 550 MW
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HVDC Light Station
Converter station
Transmission Cable
Voltage Source(d) Converter - VSC
AC filters
AC bus
Controlsystem
PhaseReactor
DC Capacitor
IGBT Valves
Dry DC Capacitor
Strong or Weak SystemsDynamic Voltage ControlUnderground TransmissionUp to ±150kV, 330MW
Infinite Improbability Drive
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VSC Operating Characteristics
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FACTSApplication Examples
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Increased Interchange with FACTSForbes Static Var Compensator
Increases interchange capacityInnovative dynamic overload-150 / 110 MVAR continuous range- 450 / 400 MVAR dynamic overload2 x 300 MVAR 500 kV MSCReduces LLP and OOS TrippingSingle 500 kV line possible due to HVDC controllability
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TCSC case - North/South Interconnection, Brazil
Brazil
North-SouthInterconnection5 SCs + 1 TCSC
Location Rating Voltage
Maraba 348 Mvar SC 500 kVMiracena 161 Mvar SC 500 kVColinas 2x161 Mvar SC 500 kVImperatriz 161 Mvar SC 500 kV
107 Mvar TCSC 500 kV
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Power Oscillation Damping using TCSC
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
time (sec)
Plin
e (M
W)
No TCSC POD active
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
time (sec)
Plin
e (M
W)
North TCSC POD active
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
time (sec)
Plin
e (M
W)
Both TCSC PODs active
No TCSC POD active North TCSC POD active
Both TCSC PODs active
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Eagle Pass, BtB Light® Project sponsored by EPRI
ApplicationVoltage SupportPower Transfer (BtB)
AlternativesClassic HVDC B-t-B combined with SVC
ChallengesShort delivery timeSmall site
SolutionBtB Light®, +/- 2x36 MVA
Foot print +/- 2x36 MVA: 90 x 120 ft
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SVC Light® STATCOM for Industry, AvestaPolarit
ApplicationFlicker mitigation (EAF Steel)
AlternativesNew linesConventional SVC
ChallengesShort delivery time ( 14 month)Flicker reduction > 3 timesHigh avaliabilitySmall site (15 X 20 m)
SolutionSVC Light® : 0/+164 Mvar
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SVC Light® STATCOM for Industry
Recordings with & without SVC Light®, AvestaPolarit Stainless Steel, Finland
1 3 : 0 3 1 3 : 2 3 1 3 : 4 3 1 4 : 0 3 1 4 : 2 3 1 4 : 4 3 1 5 : 0 3 1 5 : 2 3 1 5 : 4 3 1 6 : 0 3 1 6 : 2 30
2 0
4 06 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 01 4 01 6 0
MW
, Mva
r
E A F M W & M va r , N e t w o rk M v a r
E A F M WE A F M va rN e t w o r k M v a r
1 3 : 0 3 1 3 : 2 3 1 3 : 4 3 1 4 : 0 3 1 4 : 2 3 1 4 : 4 3 1 5 : 0 3 1 5 : 2 3 1 5 : 4 3 1 6 : 0 3 1 6 : 2 30 . 9
0 . 9 20 . 9 40 . 9 60 . 9 8
11 . 0 21 . 0 41 . 0 61 . 0 8
1 . 1
F l i c k e r s t a r t i n g 2 0 0 3 - 0 1 - 2 1 1 3 : 0 3 : 0 0
p.u.
3 3 k V b u s v o lt a g e
M e a s u r e dC o m p u t e d
Recordings made during operation of EAF w and w/o SVC Light®First EAF batch w/o SVC Light® (13:03-14:25)Second EAF batch w SVC Light® (14:43-16:10)Reduced flicker guaranteed to >3.0 – actual > 4.0
w/o SVC Light w SVC Light
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ProblemOld inefficient power plant in residential areaEnvironmental concernsRMR generation needed for voltage supportSmall, congested siteAudible noise
Solution±100 MVAR STATCOM (SVC Light)3 x 32 MVAR switched capacitor banksCompact designVariable rating “modular” solution
BenefitsAllows retirement of old generating stationImproves local environmentMaintains reliable transmission service
Holly STATCOM – SVC Light
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PG&E Newark SVCApplication
High load growth, increasing importVintage synchronous condensers used for voltage/ VAr Control
AlternativesReplace synchronous condensersNew generation/ transmissionFACTS: STATCOM or SVC
ChallengesShort implementation timeHigh reliability requirementSmall footprint required, high seismic
SolutionFixed 225 MVAr Shunt Caps, 230 kVDyn. -100/+ 200 MVAr SVC FACTS, 230 kV with 10% capacitive overload
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ProblemInadequate interconnection capacity to LI High location marginal pricing on LILocalized capacity shortages at peakHigh Load growthPlant siting difficultiesAll “roads” go through NYC
Solution330MW, ±150kV HVDC Light Submarine Cable from New Haven, CT to Shoreham, NYInterconnects NEISO and NYISOMerchant TransmissionExpandable Solution
BenefitsImproves system reliabilityRelieves congestion - more economic dispatchProvides for emergency transfer, reserve sharing
Cross Sound Cable – HVDC Light
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Step Response Test
No Change in Reactive Power Demand or AC Voltage
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ProblemInadequate E-W transfer capacityHigh differential energy costsLocalized capacity shortagesRelatively weak ac networksTight Schedule – 19 months
Solution2x100MW modular Back-to-Back TieOptimized aggressive scheduleCapacitor Commutated ConvertersExpandable Solution
BenefitsSolves problem with minimal ac system additionsRelieves congestion - more economic dispatchProvides for emergency transfer, reserve sharing
Basin Electric Rapid City Tie – HVDC CCC
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ProblemUnreliable, aging, obsolete equipmentEnvironmentally unfriendly Hg-Arc ValvesExpensive O&M, contaminationSeismic vulnerability
SolutionReplace vintage equipment with 3100MW, ±500kV bipole housed in 1/3 the spaceElimination of Hg-Arc Valves & auxiliariesReuse existing filtering and switchgear Replace control & protection system
BenefitsDramatic reduction in area, complexity and O&MMeets current seismic requirementsMore reliable & dependable power transfer
Sylmar Replacement – HVDC Classic
Existing Sylmar West 2000MW - circa ’69,’84
Sylmar East with Replacement Converters
1100MW circa ’89 -> 3100MW
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Better Asset Utilization Through Technology
ABB HVDC
HVDC
Markettoday
Environment Environment
TechnologyControllability
TechnologyControllability
HVAC with RPC / FACTS
Future market
Conventional HVAC
DC & AC
Adequate incentives
Fast track permiting
Regional planning
Multiple solutions
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Restaurant at the End of the Universe . . . MenuFACTS
(Flexible AC Transmission System)HVDC
(High Voltage Direct Current)Static Var CompensatorAvoid voltage collapse(Biggie size available, extra value-meal)
SVC Light, a.k.a. STATCOMFor flicker mitigation, dynamic voltage control(Recommended for the light eater, “yuppie fare”)
Series CapacitorTry this to carry heavier loads over longer distances!
Thyristor Controlled Series CapacitorDamps infinite improbability drive oscillations
HVDC ClassicHyper-space bypass for the long, heavy haul(Man-size portions, multi-terminal available)
HVDC Light, a.k.a. VSC TransmissionA favorite on the edge of the galaxy(For smaller appetites, stealthy and healthy)
Capacitor Commutated ConverterAdded zest for the traditional favorite(Portions for 2, strengthen your back-to-back relationship)
DRINKSPan-Galactic Garble BlasterA real knock-out punch! (Warning – the 2nd one will kill you.)
Pulse-Width ModulatorOnly served with SVC Light & HVDC Light(Shaken – not stirred, Marvin’s favorite refreshment!)
FACTS(Flexible AC Transmission System)
HVDC(High Voltage Direct Current)
Static Var CompensatorAvoid voltage collapse(Biggie size available, extra value-meal)
SVC Light, a.k.a. STATCOMFor flicker mitigation, dynamic voltage control(Recommended for the light eater, “yuppie fare”)
Series CapacitorTry this to carry heavier loads over longer distances!
Thyristor Controlled Series CapacitorDamps infinite improbability drive oscillations
HVDC ClassicHyper-space bypass for the long, heavy haul(Man-size portions, multi-terminal available)
HVDC Light, a.k.a. VSC TransmissionA favorite on the edge of the galaxy(For smaller appetites, stealthy and healthy)
Capacitor Commutated ConverterAdded zest for the traditional favorite(Portions for 2, strengthen your back-to-back relationship)
DRINKSPan-Galactic Garble BlasterA real knock-out punch! (Warning – the 2nd one will kill you.)
Pulse-Width ModulatorOnly served with SVC Light & HVDC Light(Shaken – not stirred, Marvin’s favorite refreshment!)
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Would you like another pan-galactic garble blaster before the movie starts?
Dinner and a Movie . . .Restaurant at the End of the Universe
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