role of moored data buoys in scientific campaigns ... · k. premkumar national data buoy programme...

K. PREMKUMARNational Data Buoy Programme

National Institute of Ocean Technology(Department of Ocean Development, Govt. of India)

Pallikaranai, Chennai-601 302

Role of Moored Data Buoysin Scientific Campaigns

including ARMEXand its future extension

National Institute of Ocean Technology

To develop, promote and demonstrate technologiesfor specific applications in Ocean related areas

MANDATE

Mission Areas of NIOT

Ocean Energy (Wave Energy, OTEC)

Deep Sea Technology and Ocean Mining

Coastal and Environmental Engineering

Marine Instrumentation

Ocean Science and Technology for Islands

Low Temperature Thermal Desalination Plant

Indo-Russian Center for Gas Hydrates

ARGO

ROSUB

Operational Programmes

National Data Buoy Programme

Vessel Management Cell

National Data Buoy ProgrammeEstablished in 1997

@National Institute of Ocean Technology

ByDepartment of Ocean Development

Government of India

Objectives of the Programme

To collect real-time met-ocean parameters in Indian seas

To monitor the marine environment

To generate and supply data and its products to various end users

To improve the weather and ocean state prediction

To validate satellite data

Indigenisation of Buoy Technology

SEAWATCH BUOY WAVESCAN BUOY

Sensors

•Air Pressure•Air Temperature•Wind Speed •Wind Direction•Wave Height•Wave Direction•Surface Currents•Water Temp. •Conductivity

• Weight : 924 kg• Diameter : 2.8 m• Height : 6.75 m

• Weight : 450 kg• Diameter : 1.76 m • Height : 7.5 m

Acquired Buoy Technology in 1997

Damages Due to Vandalism

Bio-Fouling

Extreme conditions during deployments/retrievals

Characteristics:

Diameter : 2.2 mOverall height with : 5.85 mWeight : 950 kg.Reserve Buoyancy : 2000 kg. Colour : Yellow

Air Pressure Air Temperature HumidityWind Speed and Direction Sea Surface TemperatureSalinity/ConductivityCurrent Speed and DirectionWave Parameters include

Significant wave height.Average wave period.Average wave direction, whole spectrum.Significant wave height, band ‘a’ (Swell wave height).Average wave period, band ‘a’ (Swell wave period).Average direction, band ‘a’ (Swell wave direction).Significant wave height, band ‘b’ (Sea wave height).Average wave period, band ‘b’ (Sea wave period).Average wave direction, band ‘b’(Sea wave direction).Maximum wave heightPeriod of the highest WaveZero crossing wave period

Met-Ocean Parameters Measured

Indian Data Buoy(NIOT/DOD Product)

Buoy Network Achieved( 1997 to end 2005)

12 Buoy Network (1997 to 2002) 20 Buoy Network (2003 to 2005)

Present Network (25 mooring stations)

56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94

56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94

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OB6

OB4

OB3

MB12

MB9

MB2

MB1

SRILANKAIndira PointMaldives

OB8

Lakshadweep

OB10

OB12

OB2

MB11

MB10

MB7MB6

MB5

MB4

MB3

PB8

PB7

PB6

PB5

PB4

PB3

EB8

EB7

EB2

PB1

Machilipatnam

Culcutta

Cochin

Gulf of Kutch

EB-Environmental BuoysPB-Port BuoysOB-Ocean BuoysMB-Met Buoys

OB5

OB7

Andaman &Nicobar

Vizhakapatnam

OB9

Tuticorin

Gulf of Cambay

Mumbai

Paradip

Goa

Mangalore

Chennai

EB4

EB5

EB6

EB3

PB2

EB1

OB11OB1

Bay of BengalArabian Sea

INDIA

NIOT

Future Buoy Network (40 nos. by end 2007)

Sensor FitAir TemperatureHumidityAir Pressure Wind (speed & direction)Wave parametersCurrent (speed & directionSST & Salinity/Conductivity

Simple Met Buoys

Sensor FitChlorophyllDissolved OxygenConductivity/SalinitypHTurbidity

SST

Environmental Buoys

Sensor Fit

Wind speed & directionAir pressureAir temperature SSTWaveCurrent speed & direction

Ocean BuoysProduction Target : 15Achieved : 10Deployed : 10

Production Target : 10Production Achieved : 02Deployed : Nil

Port/Shallow Water Buoys

Sensor Fit

Air pressureHumidityAir TemperatureWind speed & DirectionSSTConductivity/Salinity

Production Target : 15Achieved : 10Deployed : 10

Production Target : 10Achieved : 05Deployed : 05

The data sampling sequence of sensors

Sensor Specification

Sensor Make Range Accuracy Resolution Samplingduration/frequency

Air pressure Vaisala 700–1100 hPa ± 0.1 hPa 0.01 hPa 1 min, 1/sec

Air temperature Omega Eng. 10 – 50oC ± 0.1oC 0.01oC 10 min, 1/sec

Wind* (spd, dir) Lambrecht 0 – 60 ms−1,0 – 360o

±1.5%FS ± 3.6o 0.07 ms−1,0.1o

10 min, 1/sec

Water temperature** NE Sensortec -5 – 45oC ± 0.1oC 0.01oC 10 min, 1/sec

Conductivity** NE Sensortec 2 – 77m mho cm−1

± 0.06 m mhocm−1

0.01 m mho cm−1

10 min, 1/sec

Surface current**

(spd, dir)NE Sensortec 0 – 6 ms−1,

0 – 360o± 3% FS, ± 2o 0.005 ms−1,

0.36o10 min, 1/sec

Wave (full spectrum) Seatex± 20m,0 – 360o ± 10 cm, ± 5o 1 cm, < 0.1o 17 min, 1/sec

Relative Humidity Rotronix 0-100% ±1% 1% 10 min, 1/sec

Near Real Time End Users Of Buoy Data

New Delhi

Chennai

Head Quarters (New Delhi)

East (Chennai)

West (Mumbai)Andaman (Port Blair)

HQ WNC, Mumbai.

Kochi.Visakhapatnam

Port Blair

Data is given in GTS format to IMD to disseminate to WMO for their activates

such as understanding global climate and forecast.

6World Meterological Organisation (WMO) Geneva -

5Indian National Centre for Ocean

Information Services (INCOIS) Hyderabad

Use

To support Potential Fishing Zone notification and validation of ocean state

forecasting model

24 X 7 X 365(Daily 8 times)

24 X 7 X 365(Daily 8 times)

24X7X365(Daily 8 times)



3 Indian Coast GuardTo ensure safety of life at sea as well for

their ship operational requirements.

4Indian Navy (Command Met

Office)For their strategic planning and

management of operations

1India Meterological Department

(IMD)For their day-to-day operational weather

forecasting and cyclone warning

2

National Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting

(NCMWRF) New Delhi

This organisation receives buoy data from IMD for validation of their

forecasting model

Sl. No End User Place Data Supply

Delayed Mode End Users Of Buoy Data

7 National Hydrographic Office (NHO) Dehradun Monthly For issuing sailing notificationEnnore

TuticorinMangalore

Goa

Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC),

ThiruvananthapuramIISc, Bangalore

Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi

12Naval Physical Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL) Kochi On Request For their research activities

13Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited Mumbai

Specific project requirements

Environmental monitoring for Oil exploration activities in East and West Coast of India

AndhraKerala Agricultural University,

KochiMangalore

15Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) Kochi On Request For various research activities

For their research activities

Climate research

8 Ports MonthlyFor vessel traffic management and port development activities.

9Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

Space Application Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad

On RequestFor satellite Data Validation and allied research uses

National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) Goa On Request

10Indian Climate Research Programme (ICRP) On Request

Use

14 Universities On Request For research and academic purposes

Sl. No End User Place Data Supply

11

Buoy Data Available Online

Online View Of Buoy Data

Support for Climate Research Programmes

BOBMEX (July to August 1999)

Scientific objectives of BOBMEX was to document and understand different phases of convection, the variationsof the following in Bay of Bengal

1. The vertical stability of the atmosphereand the structure of the atmosphericboundary layer

2. Fluxes at the surfaces of the ocean

3. The thermohaline structure and the upper ocean currents.

DS4A

BOBMEX (July to August 1999)Simultaneous time series observations were carried out in the northern and southern Bay of Bengal from ships and moored buoys (DS3, DS4 and DS4A). ORV Sagar Kanyawas at TS2 location near to DS4 & DS4a buoy and INS Sagar Dhwani at TS1 location near to DS3 buoy.

The inter comparison of met-ocean data between buoys and two ship Sagar Kanya and Sagar Dhwani showed consistency and good agreement

Result :

Sagar Dhwani Sagar Kanya

Super Cyclone in Bay of Bengal (October 1999)

Super Cyclone Wave Observations

Contributions for ARMEX

• NIOT has provided meterological and oceanographic data from the twodeep-water buoys DS1 & DS2 andfour shallow water buoys SW1, SW2, and SW3 & SW4.

Location of Data Buoys

ARMEX Phase I (2002)

Buoy-Id Lat (oN) Long (oE)

DS1 15.52 69.26

DS2 10.67 72.51

SW1 20.88 71.49

SW2 18.59 71.04

SW3 15.41 73.76

SW4 12.93 74.72

ARMEX Phase II (March to June 2003)

Buoy-Id Lat (oN) Long (oE)

DS2 10.625 72.510

DS6 8.300 72.760

DS6A 8.350 72.720

DS7 8.315 72.664

DS7A 8.310 72.650

• Four Buoys are deployed in the Arabian Sea especially for warm pool observations

• The data buoys were equipped with sensors to measure surface met & ocean parameters

Location of Data Buoys

Intricacies faced by NIOT in up keeping the ARMEX Buoy Network• NIOT Team replaced the data buoy system in two occasions in the month of

April/May 2003 even during very bad weather period to ensure data continuity.

• On one occasion NIOT had difficult time to make alternate arrangements to transport the complete buoy system when there was a nationwide lorry strike. Materials were ultimately transported through Tempo travelers / Mahindra Van. Three such vehicles were used to transport materials to Cochin on 18th April 2003.

Data Return During ARMEX Phase II

Characteristics of Warm Pool Observed

from Moored Buoys

CycleMin.

SST (oC)Max.

SST (oC)Increase in SST (oC)

I 29.09 30.31 1.22

II 29.57 30.82 1.25

III 29.86 31.26 1.4

IV 30.63 31.71 1.08

V 30.37 31.45 -1.08

1. A pronounced pre-monsoon warming of SST over a period of two months was observed in the warm pool, with a maximum value of 31.71oC on 18th April 2003. SST observations show that warm pool attains the mature stage much before the monsoon onset.

2. The SST observations exhibit high amplitude diurnal oscillations (0.5oC) during the warming phase.

3. Biweekly oscillation in SST is observed in the warm pool region during the pre-monsoon warming phase. The similar oscillations have been reported in air temperature, which supports the role of net surface heat flux in warming up the warm pool region.

Sig. Results:

Results published in Mausam 2005 Vol. 56(1), pp 161-168

Characteristics of Warm Pool Observed from Moored Buoys . . .

Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment (ARMEX) Symposium

National Scientists gathered at Workshop Session

Dignitaries Guests on daisThe Venue of the Workshop “Sagar Sangamam”,Conference Centre, NIOT

Venue : Sagar Sangamam, NIOT

Date : 22 –23 December 2003

Participants : 150

Papers Presented : 81 papers

Oral : 41 papers

Posters : 40 papers

Organized Jointly by : Dept. of Science & Technology

National Institute of Ocean Tech.

Observations of Currents During ARMEX Experiments in 2005

Integrated Sustained Ocean Observational Network(ISOON)


Indian Coastal Indian Coastal Ocean Observational Ocean Observational

NetworkNetwork(ICOON)(ICOON)

Open Ocean Open Ocean ObservationalObservational

NetworkNetwork(OOON)(OOON)

Indian EEZIndian EEZObservationalObservational

NetworkNetwork(IEON)(IEON)

Need for Integrated Sustained Ocean Observational Network (ISOON)

Present ocean observing systems is largely designed to

accommodate components for a single use and a specific time

period.

Multiple, in-situ systems are often deployed independently in

the same ocean regions, each justified for its own specific

uses.

An integrated system that is responsive to a broad spectrum of

user needs through the combined use of in situ and remote

measurements of multidisciplinary environmental variables

from shared platforms.

Goal of ISOON is a locally relevant, fully coordinated, cost

effective ocean observing system for multiple uses.

Advantages of ISOON

Coordinated data collection efforts to minimize duplication, reducecosts, and maximize data availability.

Development of an integrated ocean observation management plan toensure continuous data-streams, timely delivery of data, and adequate quality control.

The ability to meet the requirements of multiple users by integratingobservations collected for different purposes.

Adaptability to new and changing user requirements for ocean dataand products.

Optimizes the number of required observations using the availableresources (financial and manpower).



Expendable Buoys

Port Buoys

Moored Profilers

Environmental Buoys

Tide Gauges

HF Radars

Coastal Weather StationsI

COON Tsunami Buoys

Gliders

XBT Profilers

Reference Platforms

Current Meter Moorings

Ocean Buoys

IEON

Ocean Odyssey Buoys

Argo Floats

Drifter Buoys

Met BuoysOOON

Real timeEnd Use

Research &Development

ModellingForecast,

Early Warning

Indian Coastal Ocean Observational Network (ICOON)

ICOON Work Packages

Expendable BuoysWP7

Port BuoysWP5

Moored ProfilersWP6

Validation PlatformsWP8

Environmental BuoysWP4

Tide GaugesWP3

HF RadarsWP2

Coastal Weather StationsWP1

Work PackageID

WP – Work Package

WP1- Coastal Weather Stations Objectives

Continuous monitoring of various meteorological

parameters along the coastal area.

Sensor Fit

Atmospheric pressure

Air temperature

Relative humidity

Wind speed and direction

Rainfall

Solar radiation, etc.

End Application

Coastal Zone Management

Land Sea interaction studies

Marine/offshore operational activities

Status

Existing and is currently operated by IMD in land.

ISRO has developed Automated weather stations with

INSAT communication.

Locations of Coastal Weather Stations with Real Time Data Communication

66 70 74 78 82 86 90 94

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SRILANKAIndira Point

MALDIVES

Bay of Bengal

Arabian Sea

INDIAKandla

Okha

Portbandar

Jafarabad

Bhavnagar

Valsad

Mumbai

Ratnagiri

Malavan

Mormu GaoKarwar

Bhatkal

Mangalore

Cannanore

Calicut

Cochin

Trivandrum KulasekarapatnamTuticorin

Nagappattinam

Pondicherry

Chennai

Kakinada

Cuddalore

Vishakhapatnam

KalingapatnamBaruva

ParadipDhamara

Kavaratti

Port Blair

Machillipatnam

KanniyakumariTaka-Roait

G. Nicobar

Little Andaman

North Andaman

Kottapatnam

DurgarajapuramTherunattam

Haldia

Minicoy

Chilka Mouth

Murua

EEZ

A total of 50 to 60 CWS are proposed to be installed along with proposed Tide Gauge network along the coastal area

WP2 - HF Radar Network

TransmitAntenna

ReceiveAntenna

Objectives

Realtime spatial measurement of current and

waves

To study the circulation, coastal dynamics and

mitigation of hazards

End Application

Early cyclone & tsunami warning

Navigational purpose

Modelling coastal dynamics

Vessel tracking, etc.

Status

Not existing, NIOT has procured one such

system and will be installed shortly

Locations of HF Radar Network

A total of 20 HF Radar are proposed to be installed along the coastal area64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

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HF19

HF18

HF17

HF15

HF13

HF11

HF9

HF7HF6

HF3

Ratinagiri


MALDIVES

Kavaratty

Kolkata

Cochin

North Andaman

Vishakhapatnam

Mumbai

Paradip

Goa

MangaloreChennai


INDIA

Tuticorin

Nagapatnam

Machillipatnam

HF1

HF4

HF4

HF5

HF8HF10

HF12

HF14

HF16

HF20

EEZ

Car Nicobar

Port Blair

Minicoy

Okha

Pipavav HF2

Kanyakumari

Kadmat

WP3 - Tide Gauge Network

Objectives

To observe sea level rise due to various phenomena and help in determining the extent of inundation.

Improve and validate the models to predict the extent of inundation due to storms and Tsunamis.

Realtime data availability through satellite communication

End Application

Tsunami reference station

Storm surge study


Global warming

Status

The existing tide stations are older generation and are generally installed at ports and managed bySurvey of India.

Currently NIOT operates 8 Acoustic Tide Gauges.

Locations of Tide Gauge Network with Real Time Data Communication

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MALDIVES

Bay of Bengal

Arabian Sea

INDIAKandla

Okha

Portbandar

Jafarabad

Bhavnagar

Valsad

Mumbai

Ratnagiri

Malavan

Mormu GaoKarwar

Bhatkal

Mangalore

Cannanore

Calicut

Cochin

Trivandrum KulasekarapatnamTuticorin

Nagappattinam

Pondicherry

Chennai

Kakinada

Cuddalore

Vishakhapatnam

KalingapatnamBaruva

ParadipDhamara

Kavaratti

Port Blair

Machillipatnam

KanniyakumariTaka-Roait

G. Nicobar

Little Andaman

North Andaman

Kottapatnam

DurgarajapuramTherunattam

Haldia

Minicoy

Chilka Mouth

Murua

A total of 50 to 60 Tide Gauges are proposed to be installed along the coastal area and will be installed in various ports

WP4 - EnvironmentalBuoys

Environmental Buoy

Objectives

Exclusive monitoring of water quality parameters

Designed for onsite maintenance/service

Sensor Fit

Nutrient sensor Chlorophyll

Dissolved Oxygen Current

Hydrocarbon CO2

Sediment trap Turbidity

End Application

Pollution monitoring

Productivity studies

Coastal Zone Management

Status

Not existing.

Eight such systems are planned to be deployed by 2007 by NDBP and can be expanded depending upon theperformance and needs.

A total of 8 Environmental buoys will be deployed by NDBP in the coastal waters by 2007. The numbers could be increased in XI plan period and may be discussed.

Locations of Environmental Buoys

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Ratinagiri


MALDIVES

Lakshadweep

Kolkata

Cochin

Gulf of Kutchh

Andaman &Nicobar

Vishakhapatnam

Gulf of Cambay

Mumbai

Paradip

Goa

Mangalore Chennai


INDIA

Tuticorin

Mahabalipuram

Nagapatnam

Machillipatnam

EB1

EB2

EB3

EB4

EB5

EB6

EB7

EB8

EEZ

Shallow waterregion

WP-5 Port Buoys

Port Buoy

Objectives

Met-ocean observations in the vicinity of Ports to cater their various requirements.

Realtime availability of data for Vessel Traffic Management System.

Sensor Fit

Air Pressure Air Temperature

SST Wind

Wave Current

Salinity Humidity

End Application

Port and developmental activities

Vessel Traffic Management

Oil Spill monitoring

Status

Port buoys are presently operated by NDBP with Portsupport.

Presently Goa, Mangalore, Tuticorin and Ennore Portsutilise this facility.

A total of 8 Port Buoys will be deployed by NDBP in the coastal waters by 2007, numbers could be increased in the XI Plan

Locations of Port Buoys

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Ratinagiri


MALDIVES

Lakshadweep

Kolkata

Cochin

Gulf of Kutchh

Andaman &Nicobar

Vishakhapatnam

Gulf of Cambay

Mumbai

Paradip

Goa

Mangalore Chennai


INDIA

Tuticorin

Mahabalipuram

Nagapatnam

Machillipatnam

PB1

PB2

PB3

PB4

PB5

PB6

PB7

PB8

EEZ

Shallow waterregion

WP-6 Moored ProfilersObjectives

Complete vertical profile eliminating the need for multiple sensors on the mooring line.

Pre-programmable to dwell at depth for set periods of time.

Flexibility to carry a variety of payloads

Sensor Fit

CTD

Optical sensors

Acoustic sensors

End Application

Upper ocean Dynamics and variability

Improve the model prediction and validation

Status

Not existing in Indian waters.

Types of Moored Profilers

Sea Horse Mooring Profiler

The Seahorse profiler uses waveenergy and a one-way clamp toclimb down a mooring line. Once at the bottom, it waits for a user-defined time when the clamp opens and the buoyant device floats upthe line.

Designed for shallow waterapplications.

Produced by Brooke OceanTechnology, Ltd. of Dartmouth,Nova Scotia, Canada.

Development of the instrument was funded by the Canadian Panel onEnergy Research and Development (PERD).


McLane Moored Profiler

The McLane Moored Profiler (MMP) is an

autonomous, profiling, instrument

platform.

Developed as a collaboration between

the McLane Research Laboratories, Inc.

(MRL) and the Advanced Engineering

Laboratory and the Department of

Physical Oceanography of the Woods

Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI).

The Moored Profiler utilizes a small,

battery-powered traction motor to climb

up and down a standard surface

mooring

A total of 12 Moored Profilers may be considered

Proposed Locations of Moored Profilers

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Ratinagiri


MALDIVES

Lakshadweep

Kolkata

Cochin

Gulf of Kutchh

Andaman &Nicobar

Vishakhapatnam

Gulf of Cambay

Mumbai

Paradip

Goa

Mangalore Chennai


INDIA

Tuticorin

Mahabalipuram

Nagapatnam

Machillipatnam

EEZ

Shallow waterregion

MP1

MP2

MP3

MP4

MP5

MP6

MP7

MP8

MP9

MP10

MP11

MP12

WP-7 Expendable Buoys

Objectives

Low cost expendable buoys to increase SST and Salinity data in the coastal waters.

Quick deployments in extreme events.

Sensor Fit

Conductivity

SST

End Application

Coastal ocean dynamics and variability


Status

Not existing in Indian waters, but is available internationally.

Expendable BuoyThe expendable buoys are singlesensor oceanographic data buoys.

Provided complete with mooringline, anchor and mooring hardware.

This buoy and mooring design areunusually rugged, and weredeveloped for deployment in fullyexposed shallow water locationssubject to relatively high currentsand high levels of solar radiation.

Produced and marketed by SoundOcean Systems, Inc., USA.

SOSI Model SST-001 Sea Surface Temperature (SST) buoys

A total of 20 Expendable buoys may be considered

WP8 – ValidationPlatform

Objectives

Stable platform for multi layer met-ocean studies

Testing of new instrumentation is best carried out on an easily accessible platform where a basic set of observations are routinely taken so that data from the new instrumentation can be readily analyzed and validated.

Immediate availability of data for analysis, assimilation into models, and calibration of satellite sensors.

Sensor Fit

Meteorological sensors

Oceanographic sensors

Water quality sensors

Any additional sensors to be tested

End Application

Sensor testing and validation

Air-Sea interaction studies

Status

Not existing in Indian waters and is existing internationally.

Acqua Alta Oceanographic Platform

A typical validation platform is operational in the

Northern Adriatic Sea, East of Italy, 16 km off the

coastline of Venice, at 16 m depth maintained by

Istituto di Scienze Marine-Venezia

Its basic structure is a four leg, framed template

extending 4 m above the sea surface. The

template is firmly fixed on the bottom, the poles

penetrating 22 m inside the sediments.

The three floors are at 4.5, 6.7, 9.3 m above the

mean sea level. The terrace floor is at 12.3 m.

Starting from the second floor, a large platform

extends horizontally 7 m in the southeast

direction. Two smaller platforms protrude towards

the southwest and northeast.

The tower is not continuously manned. People

move on board either for specific needs or for

maintenance. Also a living quarters is available on

the third floor.

Two platforms of smaller size are proposed to be installed at Ennore and Goa Port limits

Location of Validation Platform

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Ratinagiri


MALDIVES

Lakshadweep

Kolkata

Cochin

Gulf of Kutch

Andaman &Nicobar

Vishakhapatnam

Gulf of Cambay

Mumbai

Paradip

Goa

Mangalore Chennai


INDIA

Tuticorin

Mahabalipuram

Nagapatnam

Machillipatnam

EEZ

TP2

TP1

Indian EEZ Observational Network(IEON)

IEON Work Packages

Autonomous VehicleWP6Tsunami BuoysWP7GPS & Hydrophone BuoysWP8Geophysical ObservatoryWP9

Glider FloatsWP5XBT ProfilersWP4Reference PlatformsWP3

Current Meter MooringsWP2Ocean BuoysWP1

Work PackageID

WP – Work Package

WP1 - Ocean Buoys

Ocean Buoy

Objectives

Met-ocean observations in the EEZ of India .

Long term climate and oceanographic variability studies.

Sensor Fit


SST Wind

Wave Current

Salinity Humidity

Thermistor chain* Profiler*

* OptionalEnd Application

Early cyclone warning.

Monsoon dynamics and climate research.

Improve and validate met-ocean models

Status

Ten such buoys are presently operated by NDBP.

Ten such buoys are operational and two more will be deployed by 2007

Locations of Ocean Buoys

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Ratinagiri


MALDIVES

Lakshadweep

Kolkata

Cochin

Gulf of Kutchh

Andaman &Nicobar

Vishakhapatnam

Gulf of Cambay

Mumbai

Paradip

Goa

Mangalore Chennai


INDIA

Tuticorin

Mahabalipuram

Nagapatnam

Machillipatnam

OB1

OB2

OB5

OB7

OB9

OB11

OB3

OB4

OB6

OB8

OB10

OB12

EEZ

WP2 - Current Meter Mooring

Objectives

To study the surface and subsurface characteristics.

Identify the circulation pattern in Indian Seas.

Sensor Fit

ADCP

Current meters

CT elements

End Application

Ocean dynamics and circulation studies.

Improve and validate met-ocean models with additional input of profile data.

Status

Occasionally operated by various agencies for specific applicationsfor a short period.

Deep Sea Current Meter Mooring . . .

Current meter mooring is a fixed mooring that can accommodate

many instruments, including current meters, temperature and salinity

recorders.

Sensors are arranged at predetermined depths, and a sub-surface

buoy and elastic tether keep the wire taut.

ACOUSTIC RELEASE

DATA BUOY

DEPTH 500m

BOTTOM MOUNT UP LOOKING ADCP

ADCP CURRENT MEASUREMENT WITH BUOY UP TO 500m DEPTH

1000m

RCM11 AT 980mTURBITY

ACOUSTIC RELEASE

RCM11 AT 900m

CURRENT METER MOORING AT 1000m

800m

ADCP unit top and Bottom lookingat 400 m depth

400m

3000m


ACOUSTIC RELEASE


RCM11 AT 2750m

75 KHz AT 1200m

RCM11 AT 1800m

RCM11 AT 2100m

RCM11 AT 2400m

ADCP unit top and Bottom lookingAt 400 m depth

ADCP unit top and Bottom looking

1600m

800m

1500m


ACOUSTIC RELEASE

RCM11 AT 1000m

RCM11 AT 1200m

800m

ADCP unit top and Bottom lookingat 400 m depth

400m


A total of 10 current meter moorings are proposed to be installed

Locations of Deep Sea Current Meter Mooring

64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Ratinagiri


MALDIVES

Lakshadweep

Kolkata

Cochin

Gulf of Kutch

Andaman &Nicobar

Vishakhapatnam

Gulf of Cambay

Mumbai

Paradip

Goa

Mangalore Chennai


INDIA

Tuticorin

Mahabalipuram

Nagapatnam

Machillipatnam

CM1

CM2

CM3

CM4

CM5

CM6

CM7

CM8

CM9 CM10

WP3 - Reference Platforms

Objectives

A permanent network of ocean observatories at critical locations fitted with all kinds of Meterological, oceanographic, biogeochemical sensors capable of continuoustime series observations within the EEZ.

Reference for other observations including remote sensing.

Sensor Fit

Fields of surface winds over water, surface atmospheric pressure, and waves

Surface and interior fields of currents, temperature, salinity, dissolved nutrients,dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a, and carbon

Heat, water, and carbon fluxes across the air-water interface

Inputs of sediments, nutrients, aerosol and contaminants from land/atmosphericsources

Distribution and abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and Living MarineResources in the context of environmental (water depth, temperature, salinity,dissolved oxygen, flow, and wave fields) and habitat conditions; and abrupt climate change.

Schematic Diagram of Reference Platform

End Application

Validation of sensors for met ocean observation.

Air-sea interaction and climate variability study

Status

Not existing in Indian waters and is exiting internationally.

A total of 6 reference platforms are proposed to be installed

Locations of Reference Platforms

64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Ratinagiri


MALDIVES

Lakshadweep

Kolkata

Cochin

Gulf of Kutch

Andaman &Nicobar

Vishakhapatnam

Gulf of Cambay

Mumbai

Paradip

Goa

Mangalore Chennai


INDIA

Tuticorin

Mahabalipuram

Nagapatnam

Machillipatnam

RB1

RB2

RB3

RB4

RB5

RB6

EEZ

WP4 - XBT Profilers

Objectives

To measure vertical temperature profile .

To study the upper ocean thermal structure and its variability

Sensor Fit

Water Temperature

End Application

Monsoon dynamics and climate research.

Improve and validate met-ocean models

Status

Presently operated by NIO, Goa along majorshipping route.

WP5 - Glider FloatsObjectives

Subsurface sampling at regional scale.

To map the dynamic (Temporal & Spatial) features in the EEZ waters.

Sensor Fit

Conductivity

Temperature

Chlorophyll

Fluorescence

Any additional biological, chemical & physical sensors.

End Application

Upper ocean dynamics and variability


Status

Not existing in Indian waters, but is operated by many international agencies.

Types of Glider Floats

Electric Glider

It is a uniquely mobile unit capable of moving to specific locations and depths, both horizontally

and vertically.

It can be programmed to patrol for weeks at a time, surfacing to transmit their data to shore

while downloading new instructions at regular intervals.

Costing ranges from 50,000 to 70,000/- USD depends on the depth range and endurance

Weight : 52 Kg

Hull Diameter x Length : 21.3 cm x 1.5 m

Depth Range : 4 - 200 meters

Energy : Alkaline Batteries

Endurance : Dependent on measurement and communication, type. 30 days

Communications : RF modem, Iridium satellite, ARGOS, Telesonar modem

Produced & Marketed by : M/s. WEBB Research Corp.,USA.

Glider's Features


Thermal GliderWeight: 60 Kg

Hull Diameter x Length : 21.3 cm x 1.5 m

Depth Range :4 - 2000 meters

Energy :Batteries charged by Environmental (thermal engine)

Endurance : 5 years

Communications :RF modem, Iridium satellite, ARGOS

Produced & Marketed by : M/s. WEBB Research Corp.,USA.

Weight: 51.8 Kg

Hull Diameter x Length : 20 cm x 2 m

Maximum Depth :1500 meters

Energy : Alkaline Battery

Communications : Iridium satellite

Developed by : Scripps & Woods Hole Scientists

Spray Glider

A total of 6 nos can be considered

Objectives

Subsurface sampling.

Sub-bottom acoustic profiling.

Bathymetry and sidescan sonar measurements

Sensor Fit

ADCP Transmissometer Turbulence probe

Echo sounder Oxygen sensor Sonars

CTD Manganese sensor Swath bathymetry

Water sampler Flow cytometer Digital cameras

Fluorometer Any additional sensor

End Application

Bathymetric Survey

Sea bottom sampling

Acoustical, physical and bio-geo chemical ocean research

Status


WP6 – Autonomous Vehicle

AutoSub Features

Autosub is a long range, deep diving AUV with a wide

range of possible applications

The vehicle navigates using DGPS on the surface and

using ADCP velocity data in underwater

Data are restored on board and sub-set of vehicle data

can be transmitted acoustically or by radio link in real

time

Approx. cost 1.5 to 2.0 Million USD

Dimensions : Length 7 m, 0.9 m diameter.

Batteries: Mn alkaline providing more than 500 km range or 6 days endurance

Maximum depth rating : 1600 m

Maximum range : 800 km

Propulsion : DC brush less motor

Navigation : Bottom or ceiling tracking using doppler log

Scientific payload : 1 cubic meter or 100 kilograms in water

Developed by : Southampton Oceanography Center, UK.

WP7 – Tsunami Buoy

Objectives

To detect tsunamigenic waves

Sensor Fit

Bottom Pressure Recorder

Any surface met-ocean sensors*

• Optional

End Application

Early Tsunami Warning

Improve the tsunami model prediction

Status

Not existing in Indian waters, but is operated by NOAA/PMEL.

Locations of Tsunami Buoy

A total of 12 Tsunami buoys are proposed to be installed

64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Ratinagiri


MALDIVES

Lakshadweep

Kolkata

Cochin

Gulf of Kutch

Andaman &Nicobar

Vishakhapatnam

Gulf of Cambay

Mumbai

Paradip

Goa

Mangalore Chennai


INDIA

Tuticorin

Mahabalipuram

Nagapatnam

Machillipatnam

EEZ

TB1

TB2

TB3

TB4

TB5

TB6

TB7

TB8

TB9

TB10

TB11

TB12

WP8 - GPS Buoys with Hydrophone Array

Objectives

To measure sea surface fluctuation of wide range frequency.

Sea level measurements

To study underwater earthquake.

To identify submarines and marine mammals.

Sensor FitGPS Receiver

Hydrophones

End Application

Early Tsunami Warning

Studies of Storm Surge, wave, swell and tides.

Submarines detection

Marine Mammal studies

Satellite altimeter data validation

Status


Seal GPS Buoy

The GPS-buoy was developed as a calibrating

tool for satellite radar altimetry (RA) in the

North Sea.

The buoy also measure the instantaneous sea

level with higher accuracy and utilized for early

tsunami warning.

Developed by GeoForschungs Zentrum

Postdam, National Research Centre for

Geosciences, Germany.

Hydrophone Array

HYDROPHONES

GPS Buoy

Wave noise

Ship

ship noise

BiologicalSound

T-Waves

A hydrophone array is made up of a number of hydrophones moored in a vertical line in the water

column with GPS buoy

Sound arriving at the array from a distant source, such as a submarine, earth quake or marine

mammals, will reach each hydrophone at slightly different times, depending on the direction from

which the sound is coming.

This time difference is known as the time-of-arrival-difference and can estimate the direction of the

source.

Locations of GPS Buoys with Hydrophones complementing Tsunami Buoys

A total of 10GPS buoys with Hydrophones are proposed to be installed

64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Ratinagiri


MALDIVES

Lakshadweep

Kolkata

Cochin

Gulf of Kutch

Andaman &Nicobar

Vishakhapatnam

Gulf of Cambay

Mumbai

Paradip

Goa

Mangalore Chennai


INDIA

Tuticorin

Mahabalipuram

Nagapatnam

Machillipatnam

EEZ

GPS1

GPS2

GPS3

GPS4

GPS5

GPS6

GPS7

GPS8

GPS9GPS10Tsunami Buoys

GPS Buoys

Objectives

Long term seismic observations in the seafloor.

To study earth's deep interior.

To study global plate tectonics.

Sensor Fit

Geomagnetism (3-component flux-gate magnetometer, scalar magnetometer,absolute direction sensor, tilt sensor)

Geodesy (4 precision transponders)

Seafloor Oceanography (pressure sensor, horizontal electric field)

Seismology (3-componet broadband OBS and long-period pressure sensor)

End Application

Seismic Studies

Studies of internal structure and properties of earth's mantle.

Status

Not existing in Indian waters and is exiting internationally

WP9 - GeophysicalObservatory

A junction box sits on the seafloor near the mooring to which an array of ocean bottom

seismometers and sensors buried in the mud for regional seismic studies are connected.

Nearby a seafloor magnetometer, for geomagnetic studies, and seafloor geodetic sensors for

regional and global tectonic investigations are installed which are also connected to the

junction box.

Vertical hydrophone array is moored in the SOFAR channel nearby, for detecting regional

seismicity and for meso- and basin-scale acoustic thermometry.

A surface buoy connected to the junction box transmits the data in realtime

DEOS Ocean Observatory

Locations of Geophysical Observatory

One Geophysical Observatory is proposed to be installed

64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Ratinagiri


MALDIVES

Lakshadweep

Kolkata

Cochin

Gulf of Kutch

Andaman &Nicobar

Vishakhapatnam

Gulf of Cambay

Mumbai

Paradip

Goa

Mangalore Chennai


INDIA

Tuticorin

Mahabalipuram

Nagapatnam

Machillipatnam

GPH1

EEZ

Open Ocean Observational Network (OOON)

OOON Work Packages

Ocean Odyssey BuoysWP4

Ice BuoysWP5

Argo FloatsWP3

Drifter BuoysWP2

Met BuoysWP1

Work PackageID

WP – Work Packages

WP1 - Met Buoys

Met BuoyObjectives

Long term realtime surface met data collection

To study the air sea interaction, monsoon and

climate variability in Indian Seas

Sensor Fit

Air pressure

Air Temperature

Humidity

Wind speed & Direction

SST

End Application

Advance monsoon prediction

Early cyclone warning

StatusExisting and is operated by NDBP

Four Met buoys are currently operational by NDBP and eight more will be deployed by 2007

Locations of Met Buoys

64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Ratinagiri


MALDIVES

Lakshadweep

Kolkata

Cochin

Gulf of Kutch

Andaman &Nicobar

Vishakhapatnam

Gulf of Cambay

Mumbai

Paradip

Goa

Mangalore Chennai


INDIA

Tuticorin

Mahabalipuram

Nagapatnam

Machillipatnam

EEZ

MB1

MB2

MB3

MB4

MB5

MB6 MB7MB8

MB9

MB10

MB11

MB12

WP-2 Drifter Buoys

Drifter buoys are currently coordinated by NIO Goa

Drifter BuoyObjectives

To understand the circulation pattern in Indian

Seas

To study the air sea interaction process

Sensor Fit

Air pressure

SST

Can estimate current direction & speed

End Application

Improve the general circulation models


StatusExisting and is currently operated by NIO, Goa.

WP-3 Argo FloatsArgo Floats

Indian Argo Programme is coordinated by INCOIS, Hyderabad.Deployment and indigenous development carried out by NIOT,Chennai.

ObjectivesQuantitatively describe the upper ocean dynamics and the

patterns of ocean climate variability

To document seasonal to decadal climate variability and its

predictability

Sensor Fit

SST

Salinity

Pressure/Depth

End Application

To initialise ocean and coupled ocean-atmosphere forecast

models

Improve the understanding of the ocean's role in climate

Improve the general circulation models


StatusExisting and is currently operated by INCOIS, Hyderabad.

WP5 – Ocean Odyssey Buoys

Ocean Odyssey Buoy

ObjectivesTo study the role of ocean in global climate

variability and El-Nino

To understand the global circulation pattern

Sensor Fit


SST Wind

Wave Current

Salinity Humidity

Solar Radiation CT profilerEnd Application

Better understanding of ocean dynamics and air-

sea interaction

Facilitate weather forecasts and monsoon

prediction

Status

Existing in tropical Pacific and Atlantic

A total of 21 buoys considered for internal cooperation

Locations of Ocean Odyssey Buoys

64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

Ratinagiri


MALDIVES

Lakshadweep

Kolkata

Cochin

Gulf of Kutch

Andaman &Nicobar

Vishakhapatnam

Gulf of Cambay

Mumbai

Paradip

Goa

Mangalore

Chennai


INDIA

Tuticorin

Mahabalipuram

Machillipatnam

EEZ

WP4 – Ice Buoys

ObjectivesTo track ice movement and variability.

To validate sea ice models and climate change

detection

To investigate the distribution and properties of

subsurface eddies.

Sensor Fit

ADCP

CTD

Water Column Profiler (Estimates the krill biomass

using sound waves)

End Application

Better understanding of subsurface eddies

Improve the understanding of the sea ice's role

in climate

Status

Existing and is operational in Arctic/Antarctic

Ice Buoy



Expendable Buoys

Port Buoys

Moored Profilers

Validation Platforms

Environmental Buoys

Tide Gauges

HF Radars

Coastal Weather StationsI

COON Geophysical Observatory

Autonomous Vehicle

Tsunami Buoys

GPS & HydrophoneBuoys

Gliders

XBT Profilers

Reference Platforms

Current Meter Moorings

Ocean Buoys

IEON Ice Buoys

Ocean Odyssey Buoys

Argo Floats

Drifter Buoys

Met BuoysOOON

Real timeEnd Use

Research &Development

ModellingForecast,

Early Warning

PRINCIPAL PARTICULARS

Length over all : 60.00 m

Breadth : 11.00 m

Depth upto Main Deck : 05.00 m

Draft : 03.20 m

Speed (Guaranteed) : 11.5 Knots @ 90% MCR

Complements

Crew: 18 Scientist : 11

Buoy Handling Facility:

• 2 Nos. articulated electro-hydrauliccranes each having 5 T SWL with an out reach of 8 m.

• 1 No. ‘A’ frame to lift 12 tones of load

Propulsion : Twin Screw FPP

Station Keeping : Two Steerable

water jet propulsion

Contract Value : Rs. 2199.25 lakhs

M/s. Hindustan Shipyard Ltd., Visakhapatnam has been awarded with the order for construction of

Buoy tender Cum Research Vessel to meet the maintenance of increased buoy network. The

design and building specification for the vessel has been prepared by National Ship Design and

Research Centre (NSDRC), Visakhapatnam. The vessel is under advanced outfit. Entire ship

construction progress is monitored by NDBP.

Ship Acquisition - Buoy Tender Cum Research Vessel“Sagar Manjusha”

Buoy Tender cum Research Vessel ‘Sagar Manjusha’, is in advanced out-fit

Ship profile Deck

Main Propulsion Engine DG sets

Captain’s room Fore peak

Wheel House Mast & Navigational equipment

Thank You

role of moored data buoys in scientific campaigns ... · k. premkumar national data buoy programme...

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