role of nuclear power in indian power system

D.K.GOYAL

Station Director

Narora Atomic Power Station

ROLE OF NUCLEAR POWER

IN

INDIAN POWER SYSTEM

• INDIA IS SIXTH LARGEST COUNTRY IN TERMS OF POWER PRODUCTION (US, CHINA, JAPAN, RUSSIA AND CANADA ARE THE FIRST FIVE) BUT THE ELECTRICITY SHORTAGE IS 10% WITH PEAK SHORTAGE OF ABOUT 14%.

• AT THE START OF PLANNING STAGES THE GENERATION CAPACITY WAS 1750 MWe WHICH HAS NOW INCREASED TO 135000 MWe.

ENERGY DEMANDENERGY DEMAND

• TO SUSTAIN A GROWTH RATE OF 8-9 % IN GDP, THE REQUIRED CAPACITY ADDITION IS AROUND 10000 MWe PER YEAR.

• THE NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY AIMS TO PROVIDE ELECTRICITY FOR ALL IN THE NEXT FIVE YEARS i. e BY 2012.

ENERGY DEMANDENERGY DEMANDCONTCONT……..

• THE ACTUAL CAPACITY ADDITION IN THE 10TH

PLAN WAS 21180 MWe.

• DURING THE 11TH PLAN THE CAPACITY ADDITION OF 78577 MWe COMPRISING OF 50.7% IN CENTRAL SECTOR , 35.6% IN STATE SECTOR AND 13.7% IN PRIVATE SECTOR HAS BEEN PROPOSED.


• INDIA IS DEPENDENT MOSTLY ON DEPLETING FOSSIL FUEL FOR ENERGY AND IS ALSO IMPORTING OIL / GAS AT EXORBITANT COST BOTH OF WHICH ARE CRITICAL FROM SUSTAINED AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY AT AFFORDABLE COST .

• THE POPULATION INCREASE IS CAUSING WIDE GAP BETWEEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF ENERGY AND IS PUTTING ENORMOUS PRESSURE ON THE ENERGY SECTOR.


THE PROPOSED CAPACITY ADDITION IN THE 11TH

PLAN ENVISAGES 58668 MWe FROM THERMAL, 16553 MWe FROM HYDRO AND 3380 MWe FROM NUCLEAR.


THIS PROPOSED TARGET IS BASED ON THE PLAN ON CAPACITY ADDITION , RENOVATION AND MODERNIZATION IN THE POWER SECTORS.

ENERGY DEMANDENERGY DEMAND CONTCONT……..

ENERGY SUPPLYENERGY SUPPLY

All India Generating Installed Capacity (MW) as on 30-09-2007

87226

34261

4120 10175

135782

020000400006000080000

100000120000140000160000

Thermal Hydro Nuclear RES Total

THE GAP BETWEEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY CAN BE BRIDGED BY THE FOLLOWING MEASURES.

• PARTICIPATION OF THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTORS.

ENERGY SUPPLY ENERGY SUPPLY CONTCONT……..

• ADDITION OF NEW ENERGY RESOURCES.

• CONSERVING THE ENERGY BY EFFICIENT USE OF THE EXISTING RESOURCES.


• USE OF IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY AND ENCOURAGEMENT FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY.

• EXPLORATION OF THE SUFFICIENT SCOPE.


• EFFECTIVE DEALING WITH TRANSMISSION AND COMMERCIAL LOSES.

• EXPANSION OF ENERGY RESOURCE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES.


• THE INDIAN POWER SYSTEM COMPRISE OF STATE ,CENTRAL AND PRIVATE SECTORS .

• THE CONTRIBUTION OF CENTRAL SECTORS IN GENERATION IS ABOUT 42% WITH A SHARE OF NUCLEAR POWER TO ABOUT 7% IN INSTALLED CAPACITY AND GENERATION CAPACITY.

INDIAN POWER SYSTEM INDIAN POWER SYSTEM

INDIAN POWER SYSTEM INDIAN POWER SYSTEM CONTCONT……..

All India Installed CapacityPrivate

11%

Centre32%State

57%


Generation Private

9%

Centre42%

State49%


C ent ral Sect o r Shares

Nucl ear 7%

Hydr o13%

T her mal 80%

NUCLEAR POWER IS ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY

TECHNOLOGICALLY PROVEN, ECONOMICALLY

COMPETETIVE AND ASSOCIATED WITH THE

ADVANTAGE OF ENERGY SECURITY AND DIVERSITY.

NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER

AT PRESENT NPCIL , A PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANISATION OPERATES 16 NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS WITH AN AVERAGE CAPACITY OF 4120 MWe.

NUCLEAR POWERNUCLEAR POWERCONTCONT……..

RAWATBHATA (RAJ)

TARAPUR (MAH)

KAKRAPAR (GUJ)

2x 220 MWe

KAIGA (KAR)

KALPAKKAM (TN)

KUDANKULAM (TN)2x 1000 MWe

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN INDIA

2x 220 MWe 500 MWe (PFBR)

~ 800 Kms

Coal Fields

NARORA (UP)

2x 220 MWe

2x 540 MWe2x 160 MWe

4020 MWe -3160 MWe -

14 PHWR & 2 BWR3 PHWR, 2 LWR, 1 PFBR

1x 200 MWe 2x 220 MWe 2x 220 MWe

1x 220 MWe

2x 220 MWe1x 220 MWe

Y E A R W I S E E L E C T R I C I T Y G E N E R A T I O N

5678 79

83 9068

9618 11

174

1246

0

1669

6 1919

9

1924

2

1778

3

1670

9

1732

4

1863

4

0

5 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

1 5 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0

2 5 0 0 019

94-9

5

1996

-97

1998

-99

2000

-200

1

2002

-200

3

2004

-200

5

2006

-200

7

Mill

ion

Uni

ts

NUCLEAR POWERNUCLEAR POWER

NUCLEAR POWERNUCLEAR POWER

NPCIL CAPACITY ADDITION

Excluding RAPS-1

1960

2620 2620 2620 2670 2670

3260

38004020

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

MW

e

• NUCLEAR ENERGY IS A SIGNIFICANT COMPONENT OF WORLD ELECTRICITY SUPPLY .

• 435 REACTORS ARE CONNECTED TO THE GRID IN SOME 30 COUNTRIES.

• NUCLEAR POWER GENERATES 16 % OF THE WORLD’S ELECTRICITY.

NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER CONTCONT……..

• 16 COUNTRIES RELY ON NUCLEAR POWER FOR AT LEAST A QUARTER OF THEIR ELECTRICITY NEED.

• TWO COUNTRIES FRANCE AND LITHUANIA OBTAIN MORE THAN 70% OF THEIR ELECTRICITY NEED FROM NUCLEAR.


NUCLEAR POWER IS A CARBON FREE SOURCE WITH MINUTE SECONDARY EMISSION OF CARBON DIOXIDE RESULTING FROM FUEL CYCLE STEPS AND PROCESSES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES .


THE PER KILO WATT HOUR ELECTRICITY GENERATED , THE NUCLEAR ENERGY CHAIN EMITS 2.5 TO 5.7 GRAMS OF CARBON EQUIVALENT AS COMPARED TO 100-350 GRAMS FOR FOSSIL FUEL CHAINS AND 2.5-75 GRAMS FOR VARIOUS RENEWABLE ENERGY CHAINS.


SUBSTITUTING NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS FOR FOSSIL FUEL UNITS CAN SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE CARBON INTENSITY OF THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR .


• INDIA COMMENCED ITS JOURNEY IN NUCLEAR POWER FIELD IN 1969 WHEN TWO UNITS OF BOILING WATER REACTORS STARTED COMMERCIAL OPERATION . THEREAFTER, THE PRESSURISED HEAVY WATER REACTORS WERE INSTALLED AT SIX SITES.

• INDIA HAS RECENTLY COMMISSIONED 540 MWe FOR PRESSURISED HEAVY WATER REACTORS AT TARAPUR .

INDIAN SCENARIO INDIAN SCENARIO

INDIA HAS COMPREHENSIVE CAPABILITY IN ALL FACETS OF NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR TECHNOLOGY - FROM SITE SELECTION TO CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND LIFE EXTENSION OF THE EXISTING REACTORS.

INDIAN SCENARIO INDIAN SCENARIO

THE SAFETY PERFORMANCE RECORDS OF REACTOR OPERATION, ENVIRONMENTAL CARE AND ABILITY TO SET UP REACTORS IN SHORT DURATION ARE COMPARABLE TO THE WORLD STANDARDS.

INDIAN SCENARIO INDIAN SCENARIO CONTCONT……..

THE NUCLEAR POWER IS COST COMPETITIVE AND EFFORTS ARE ON TO REDUCE THE COST OF NUCLEAR POWER.

INDIAN SCENARIO INDIAN SCENARIO CONTCONT……..

• NPCIL IS PURSUING THE MANDATE OF EXPANDING THE NUCLEAR POWER BASE IN THE COUNTRY IN ACCORDANCE WITH PLANS AND SCHEMES OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.

• THE FIRST STAGE, WHICH IS ALREADY IN COMMERCIAL DOMAIN , COMPRISES OF SETTING UP OF PHWRs THAT USE NATURAL URANIUM AS FUEL.

VISION INDIA VISION INDIA

• THE SECOND STAGE ENVISAGES SETTING UP OF FAST BREEDER REACTORS . ONE SUCH REACTOR OF 500 MWe IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION AT KALPAK AM.

VISION INDIA VISION INDIA CONTCONT……..

• THE THIRD STAGE POWER PROGRAMME IS BASED ON THE UTILIZATION OF THORIUM IN ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTORS.

OPERATION OF NPPOPERATION OF NPP

• NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS ARE DESIGNED FOR BASE LOAD STATION.

• IN PAST DECADES OF 1970s, THE GRID SIZE WAS COMPARATIVELY SMALLER AND THE GRID PARAMETERS WERE NOT STABLE.

OPERATION OF NPPOPERATION OF NPPCONTCONT……..

• NUCLEAR PLANT OUTAGES WAS CAUSING GRID DISTURBANCE OR THE GRID DISTURBANCE WAS CAUSING UNIT OUTAGE.

• NUCLEAR STATION WAS MISSING THE OPPORTUNITY OF ESTABLISHING THE RELIABILITY OF OPERATION.


• THE PHWRs HAVE A CHARACTERISTIC THAT ONCE THE REACTOR TRIPS, IT GETS POISONED OUT, IF NOT STARTED WITHIN THE POISON OVERRIDE PERIOD .

• TO SUSTAIN A GRID TRANSIENT, THERE IS ISLANDING OPERATION MODE WHERE IN THE STATION FEEDS TO THE DEDICATED RADIAL FEEDER.


• THE MAINTENANCE OF THIS RADIAL FEEDER REQUIRES REGULAR ATTENTION OF THE GRID OPERATORS TO ENSURE SEPARATION OF THE NUCLEAR STATION FROM REST OF THE GRID DURING THE TRANSIENT TO AVOID THE UNIT OUTAGE.

• ON MANY OCCASIONS THE ISLANDING OPERATION OF THE NUCLEAR STATION HAS BEEN HELPFUL FOR EXTENDING THE STARTUP POWER SUPPLIES TO THE OTHER STATIONS.


THE COOPERATION AMONG THE GENERATING STATIONS AND THE GRID OPERATORS HAS ALSO A ROLE TO ENSURE STABLE OPERATION OF THE NUCLEAR STATIONS.

IN ADDITION TO THE EFFORTS OF CREATING THE STRATEGIC STOCK OF THE FOSSIL FUEL TO MEET THE CONTINGENCY MEASURE FOR STRENGTHENING ENERGY SECURITY ,EFFORTS ARE NEEDED TO PURSUE AND PROMOTE THE NUCLEAR ENERGY AS THE FOSSIL FUEL WOULD NOT LAST FOREVER.

OUTLOOK OUTLOOK

OPERATION OF NPPOPERATION OF NPP

OVER THE YEARS, THE CONTINUAL AND CONCERTED EFFORTS HAVE GONE THROUGH BY THE AGENCIES LIKE THE GOVERNMENT, POWER GRID, REGULATORY COMMISSION, CEA AND PFC FOR IMPROVEMENT IN GRID OPERATIONS.

THERE IS CONSIDERABLE SCOPE OF GROWTH OF NUCLEAR ENERGY THROUGH THE ROUTE OF FAST BREEDER REACTORS OF THE SECOND STAGE AND ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTORS, USING ABUNDANT RESERVE OF THORIUM, IN THE THIRD STAGE.

OUTLOOK OUTLOOK

THE STABLE GRID CONDITIONS WILL FURTHER STRENGTHEN THE ASSURANCE TO THE RELIABLE NUCLEAR POWER THUS MAKING THE NUCLEAR POWER A VITAL CONSTITUENT IN THE INDIAN POWER SYSTEM.

OUTLOOK OUTLOOK

THE CHANGING PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND ACCEPTANCE OF THE COST COMPETITIVE NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY CAN PLAY A VITAL ROLE IN THE POWER SYSTEM.

OUTLOOK OUTLOOK

VIEW OF REACTOR CORE

VIEW OF FUEL BUNDLE

PHWR FLOW DIAGRAMPHWR FLOW DIAGRAM

role of nuclear power in indian power system

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