role of nuclear power in india’s power-mix anil kakodkar department of atomic energy
TRANSCRIPT
Role of nuclear power in India’s power-mix
Anil Kakodkar
Department of Atomic Energy
Scenarios for Total Installed Power Capacity in India
(DAE-2004 and Planning Commission-2006 studies)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
GW
e
DAE PC_GDP-Growth 8% PC_GDP-Growth 9%
Nuclear Base & Pessimistic Scenarios - Installed Capacity
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Year
GW
e
Additional Import of 6GWe
No Additional Importbeyond Kudankulam
NPCIL 40
Stage – I PHWRsStage – I PHWRs
• 14 - Operating14 - Operating• 4 - Under construction4 - Under construction• Several others plannedSeveral others planned• Scaling to 700 MWeScaling to 700 MWe• Gestation period has Gestation period has
been reducedbeen reduced• POWER POTENTIAL POWER POTENTIAL
10,000 MWe10,000 MWe
LWRsLWRs• 2 BWRs Operating2 BWRs Operating• 2 VVERs under 2 VVERs under constructionconstruction
8991 9086848479
75
6972
90
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
Ava
ilabi
lity
Three Stage Nuclear Power ProgrammeThree Stage Nuclear Power Programme
Stage - IIStage - II Fast Breeder ReactorsFast Breeder Reactors
• 40 MWth FBTR - 40 MWth FBTR - Operating since 1985Operating since 1985
Technology Objectives Technology Objectives realisedrealised
• 500 MWe PFBR- 500 MWe PFBR- Under ConstructionUnder Construction
• POWER POTENTIAL POWER POTENTIAL 530,000 MWe530,000 MWe
Stage - IIIStage - III Thorium Based ReactorsThorium Based Reactors
• 30 kWth KAMINI- Operating30 kWth KAMINI- Operating
• 300 MWe AHWR-300 MWe AHWR- Under DevelopmentUnder Development
POWER POTENTIAL IS POWER POTENTIAL IS VERY LARGE VERY LARGE Availability of ADS
can enable early introduction of Thorium on a large scale
World class performance
Globally Advanced Technology
Globally Unique
Comparison of Fuel Characteristics
• Calorific value of fossil fuels (kcal/kg)Domestic Coal: 4000, Imported Coal: 5400, Naphtha: 10500, LNG: 9500
• Indian uranium-ore contains only 0.06% of uranium (Canada’s 18%), but this provides– 20 times more energy per tonne of mined material than coal
when uranium is used in once through open cycle in PHWRs
– 1200 to 1400 times more energy per tonne of mined material than coal when used in closed cycle based on FBRs
• 1000 MWe Nuclear Power Plant needs movement of 12 trucks (10 Te/truck) of uranium fuel per year
• 1000 MWe Coal Power Plant needs movement of 3,80,000 trucks (10 Te/truck) of coal per year
Based on IAEA Bulletin 42, 2000
External Costs for various Electricity Generating Technologies
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006
Worldwide average per capita dose from natural and man- made radiation
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
Natural sources
Diagnostic medical X-ray examination
Atmospheric Nuclear testing
Nuclear Power Production
Wor
ldw
ide
annu
al p
er c
apita
eff
ectiv
e do
se (
mS
v)
Relative environmental impact of differentRelative environmental impact of differentTechnologies of electricity generationTechnologies of electricity generation
BiomassTechnologies
Nuclear
Wind
Natural gastechnologies
Existing coal technologies
no gas cleaning
New coaltechnologies
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA,Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006April 2006
Air
pol
luti
on im
pact
s (P
MA
ir p
ollu
tion
impa
cts
(PM
1010)
and
oth
er im
pac
ts)
and
oth
er im
pac
ts
Greenhouse gas impacts
Low
Low
High
High
Levelised costs of generation of different power sources in various countries
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006
Photovoltaic
Offshore wind
Onshore wind
Hypower
Oil
Natural gas
Coal
Nuclear
Overnight Cost @ 2003 price level
0
500
1000
1500
2000
USA FRANCE CANADA S.KOREA IND-LWR IND-PHWR
USD/kWe
Source NEA/ OECD Study, India: NPCIL Study
1000 MW
1600
950 1000 700
700
Levelised Cost of Generation Paise/ kWh at 2005-06 price level
Source MW Cr/ MW Years Lev/ CostNuclear: 700 5.2 5 152Coal : 500 4.0 3 164Gas : 500 2.7 2 182Assumptions:Discount rate: 5%, PLF 80%Gas @ 3$/ mmBtu,Coal:Delivered Rs1344/TIf uranium is available at international prices,
levelised cost of nuclear generation can come down to about 115
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006
Nuclear electricity generation and capacity addition since 1966
500 MWe Fast Breeder 500 MWe Fast Breeder Reactor – Construction Reactor – Construction launched on launched on October 23, 2004October 23, 2004
Fast Breeder ReactorFast Breeder Reactor
ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTORADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTOR
4
15
5
6
10
911
13
1214
16
17
8
3
2
7
1
2 Primary Containment
1 Secondary Containment
3 Gravity Driven Water Pool4 Isolation Condenser
5 Passive Containment Isolation Duct
6 Vent Pipe
7 Tail Pipe Tower
8 Steam Drum
9 100 M Floor
10 Fuelling Machine
11 Deck Plate
13 Header
14 Pile Supports
15 Advanced Accumulator
17 Passive Containment Cooler
16 Pre - Stressing Gallery
12 Calandria with End Shield
• Structured peer Structured peer review review
completedcompleted
• Pre-licensing Pre-licensing design safety design safety appraisal by appraisal by AERB in AERB in progressprogress
• • BASIC DATABASIC DATA
FUEL : U-233/THORIUM MOX FUEL : U-233/THORIUM MOX + Pu-239/THORIUM MOX+ Pu-239/THORIUM MOX
COOLANT : BOILING LIGHT COOLANT : BOILING LIGHT WATER WATER
MODERATOR : HEAVY WATERMODERATOR : HEAVY WATER
POWER : 300 MW(e)POWER : 300 MW(e)
920 MW(t)920 MW(t)
Accelerator based energy technologyAccelerator based energy technology
• Growth with Growth with Thorium systemsThorium systems
• Transmutation of Transmutation of long lived long lived radionuclidesradionuclides
LONG TERM R&D EFFORTS NEEDED LONG TERM R&D EFFORTS NEEDED
Accelerator Beam Channel
Collimator
Proton Beam
Fission233U Fission fragments
DRIVER TUBE
CONTROL TUBEMOLTENMETAL
HEATER
PLENUMLOWER
POOL OF
START-UP
UPPER
PASSIVEHEAT REMOVAL
GAS HEADER
REGULATINGSYSTEM
GAS HEADER
PLENUM
RECEIVERGAS
INSULATION
GAS GAP
REGULATINGMECHANISM
HIGH 'K' MATERIAL
Pb/Pb-Bi COOLANT
INSULATION
LIQUID METAL (Zn)
HIGH TEMP. Pb-Bi RESISTANT MATERIAL
HIGH TEMP. MATERIAL
STEEL
COPPER/
CORE - ACCIDENT CONDITION HEAT PIPES
NORMAL OPERATION - HEAT PIPES
FUEL (U-233 Based)
GRAPHITE
UPPER PLENUM - ACCIDENT CONDITION HEAT PIPES
BeO
HEAT UTILIZING SYSTEM INTERFACE VESSELS
HEAT PIPESRADIAL
Compact High Temperature ReactorCompact High Temperature Reactor
• Fluid fuel substitutes Fluid fuel substitutes (Hydrogen)(Hydrogen)
• Other high Other high temperature heat temperature heat applicationsapplications
Steady state superconducting tokamak (SST-1)Steady state superconducting tokamak (SST-1)
• BASIC OBJECTIVE IS TO STUDY PHYSICS OF PLASMA PROCESSES IN TOKAMAK UNDER STEADY STATE CONDITIONS
• SST-1 HAS BEEN FABRICATED AND ASSEMBLED.
• COMMISSIONING IS IN PROGRESS
Pictures of SST-1 Tokamak at IPR, Gandhinagar
Schematic of the prototype fusion breeder reactor
India is a member of India is a member of ITER groupITER group
Fusion EnergyFusion Energy
Challenges and strategies
• A country of the size of India cannot afford to plan its A country of the size of India cannot afford to plan its economy on the basis of large scale import of energy economy on the basis of large scale import of energy resources or energy technologyresources or energy technology
• Indigenous development of energy technologies based Indigenous development of energy technologies based
on domestic fuel resources should be a priority for us.on domestic fuel resources should be a priority for us.
• Nuclear power must contribute about a quarter of the Nuclear power must contribute about a quarter of the total electric power required 50 years from now, in total electric power required 50 years from now, in order to limit energy import dependence in percentage order to limit energy import dependence in percentage terms at about the current level.terms at about the current level.
Thank You