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Roma early childhood inclusionCountry report

Presentation of Judit Lannert and Szilvia NémethBudapest, 06/07/2011

Hotel Benczúr

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bennett.paris@gmail.com 2

Early development

and education

Health, Mental

Health and Nutrition

Family Support

Special Needs/ Early Intervention

Early care and education

opportunities in nurturing

environments where children can learn what they need to succeed in school

and life

Economic and parenting

supports to ensure children have nurturing and stable relationships with caring

adults

Early identification, assessment and appropriate services for children with special health care needs, disabilities, or developmental delays

Comprehensive health services that meet children’s vision, hearing, nutrition,

behavioral, and oral health as well as

medical health eeds

The starting point – the framework of the analysis

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Most important connection points among all the actors in the early childhood

intervention-oriented institutional system

Newborn department

/ infant department

Social care institutions

Nursery school, nursing and caring home

for the handicapped,

children’s home

Home care

Social and child protection

signalling

institutions

Perinatalintensive

centre/Neonatal

intensive centre

Health visitor(community

nurse)

Family

paediatrician

Special doctor

Health-care habilitation/

rehabilitation institutions

for children

Pedagogical development institutions

pedagogical special services,

united pedagogical institutes

for the handicapped, conductive pedagogical institutions

Expert committee

Obstetrics

Early development

centre

Source: Judit Kereki: [„Regional status assessment to support the network-based development of the early childhood institutional system (Closing research report)”], 2011.

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1. Background information, data

The estimated number of Roma, regional distribution Regional differences (See map) Main characteristics of Romunghro, Olah Gypsy and Beash

groups Child-rearing patterns Self-perception of Roma

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The estimated number of Roma

In 1993 11% of the newborn babies in Hungary were Roma, while this number was 15% in 2003.

While the proportion of children within the total population below the age of 15 is 16.8%, this proportion in case of the Roma population is 37%, which is partly due to the higher mortality rate of the Roma population and the lower expected lifetime.

In 2001, the proportion of the 0-19 year old was 45.2% among the Roma12 while only 23.2% in the entire .

The proportion of those above 60 years is 20.2% in the total population, while in case of the Roma population this is merely 3.4%

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Regional distribution of Roma

I. The capital and its neighbourhoodII. South-Baranya, Omansag, Drava-valleyIII. Zselic, VölgységIV. Inner-SomogyV. The northern front-parts of Bakony-mountiesVI. Nógrad-basinVII. CserhatVIII. The neighbourhood of OzdIX. The karst of Aggtelek, Szuha-valleyX. The Borsod-basin,, The neighbourhood of MiskolcXI. Cserehat, The mountin of ZemplénXII. BodrogközXIII. The eastern part of Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg countyXIV. The eastern parts of Hajdú-Bihar and Békés countiesXV. The central part of Tisza-neighbourhood, Jaszsag

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Language and cultural specificities Roma population in Hungary is not a homogeneous groupin in the

sense oflanguage and culture

The Roma in Hungary are in general categorized in three major groups:Romunghro with Hungarian mother tongue, Olah Gypsies speaking Romanes and Beásh Gypsies who speak a dialect of the Romanian language. According to the 2003 Roma survey, Hungarian, Romani, Romanian and other languages are the mother tongue of 86.9%, 7.7%, 4.6% and 0.8% of the Roma population, respectively.

The culture of Roma is not uniform in the traditional sense of the word: each group has its own habits and traditions. (focus-groups’ results)

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Child-rearing patterns

Kemény and associates (2003): the Romunghro Gypsies have less children, live in apartments with better public utilities, show a lower rate of residential mobility than the Olah and Beás Gypsies, and they have the best figures in terms of qualification and employment. The size of the family both at the Romungro (4-5 children) and Olah Gypsy (6-7 children) families was significantly bigger than the non-Roma average, however, they decisively differed from one to the other.

According to public stereotypes: the daily routine of child rearing of Roma is highly child driven that could hamper to develop self-regulation. However our interviews and focus group showed more colourful everyday practice of families. These can be categorized into three groups: 1. traditional one where the mother-in-law sets the main principal of child-rearing, 2. child-driven practice, 3- development-oriented conscious approach based on external experts’ advice.

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The most burning problems of the Roma population – ratio of first and total references

First reference Ratio of all references

Unemployment 75 91

Lack of qualification, education-related problems 4 48

Poverty, social conditions 6 39

Housing conditions, housing problems 7 25

Discrimination, segregation 2 10

Cultural and socialization problems 0 6

Faction among the Roma 2 4

Health problems, poor health-care services 0 3

Poor enforcement of interests, lack of information 0 2

Poor traffic conditions, low quality infrastructure 0 2

Lack of government and social support 0 2

Mistaken social politics 0 2

Hopeless future 0 2

Other, individual problems 1 10

Source: Roma társadalom 2010 – gyorsjelentés, Marketing Centrum

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How much Roma trust institutions and organizations (scale)

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Source: Roma társadalom 2010 – gyorsjelentés, Marketing Centrum

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Access of Roma families to health services

Expecting children (pregnancy) (data of health visitors, researches, interview, phocus group)

Data of perinatal centres, early birth giving, infant mortality,Regional disparities of health visiting service (filtering, visiting) What works in Hungary compared to the neighbouring countries:

inoculation, giving birth in hospitals, self-chosen obstetrist, gynecological screening, breast feeding (poverty report)

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Infant mortality by geographical regions (‰) (2007-2009)

8,8

6,15,4 5,4 5,1 5,1

4,45,5

0,01,02,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,0

Source: KSH, calculations of Judit Kereki

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New-borns in the perinatal/neonatal intensive centres by the mothers’ age and geographical regions, New-borns in the perinatal/neonatal intensive canters by weight

and geographical regions (%), 2009

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Centra

l Hung

ary

Centra

l Tra

nsda

nubia

Weste

rn T

rans

danubia

South

ern T

ransd

anubia

North

ern

Hungary

North

ern

Gea

t Pla

in

South

ern G

reat

Plai

n

Hungar

y

2500g and above

2000-2499g

1500-1999g

1000-1499g

500-999g

below 500 g

Source: Perinatal/neonatal centres

database, OGYEI

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Centra

l Hung

ary

Centra

l Tra

nsda

nubia

Weste

rn T

rans

danubia

South

ern T

ransd

anubia

North

ern

Hungary

North

ern

Gea

t Pla

in

South

ern G

reat

Plai

n

Ors

zágo

s

40 and older

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

younger than 19

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Number of children cared for by a single health visitor, in regional breakdown (average)

242,93247,71

231,06

196,6

246,46

235,09

202,48

230,49

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Central Hungary CentralTransdanubia

WesternTransdanubia

SouthernTransdanubia

NorthernHungary

Northern GeatPlain

Southern GreatPlain

Nationalaverage

Source: Tárki-Tudok (2008): The early intervention system in Hungary – Final report

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Children poverty, TÁRKI report

in 2005, 35.2% of the children (aged 0-18) living in a Romahousehold lived below the poverty line. This is over twice the ratio they found among the children in non-Roma households (14.5%)

According to the data of TÁRKI Household Monitor In 2005, 25% of those affected were living in Northern-Hungary, 23% in the Northern Great Plain region. One third lived in a small settlement (below 2,000 inhabitants) and 53% in a household where the head of the household is low educated.

three out of ten Roma households belonged to the extremely poor. Over one fourth of those suffering from extreme poverty belong to the Roma community

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ECEC Regional disparities, poor access to services, overcrowded institutions Segregation in the kindergarten Kindergarten support and its impact Good practice of parental involvement: Good Start, Hungarian Sure

Start Program

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14 - 0-3-year-old children attending day care, as % of the 0-3-year-old population by

counties (2009)

Source: KSH, calculations of the editors (editors’ own calculation)

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Proportion of children attending kindergarten for 3 years, out of the school starters

Source: KIR-STAT and calculations of Annamária Gáti

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Dilemmas

Cultural differences, non-reflective educational and other environment Aministration, finance, strategyDevelopment, implementation, sustainabilityThere are innovationas but how they will be sustainable, that is the

question!Integrated nursery-kindergartenIntegrated pedagogical programme in the kindergartenKindergarten for all from 3-year-old Hungarian Sure Start ProgrammeHelping transition from kindergarten to school Good Start Programme

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What are the main reasons of poor performance of Roma pupils at school?The competency test score gap between Roma and non-Roma pupils is approximately

one standard deviation for both reading and mathematics, which is similar to the gap between African-American and White students of the same age group in the US in the 1980s. After accounting for on health, parenting, school fixed effects and family background, the gap disappears in reading and drops to 0.15 standard deviation in mathematics.

There are three mediation mechanisms that are almost fully responsible for the disadvantages generated:

• these children have no or scarce access to an environment that can help improve their abilities and skills,

• their health condition is much poorer at birth and in childhood and • the school environment is also much more disadvantaged. The findings provide a clear guidance to socio-politics. No major breakthrough can

be accomplished in reducing the backlog of the Roma minority without definitely mitigating early childhood disadvantages and school segregation and without quality education.

Source: Kertesi, Gábor, and Gábor Kézdi. 2011. "The Roma/Non-Roma Test Score Gap in Hungary." American Economic Review, 101(3): 519–25.

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Questions for the working groups

1. What are the main problems arising from your personal practice? Are the problems presented by the report well articulated?

2. What needs to be changed and by whom and how? GRID3. How Roma can be actively involved, how to reach them? How can it be

done bottom-up? What can be the role of civil organizations of Roma? How to avoid patronizing?

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Thanks for your attention.

www.tarki-tudok.hu