Roman Citizenship:

Rights: incl. immunity from summarypunishment, ability to vote, right toparticipate in politics

Obligations: incl. paying taxes

In Augustan period limited to Italy,Cisalpine Gaul, colonists

Roman Citizenship:

Gained by:

Being born of citizens

Freed slave

Reward for service

Sometimes awarded without vote

Classes (Orders) of Citizens:

Patricians (patricii)

Knights (equites)

Plebeians (plebs)

Patricians

Old nobility

Major land-holding class

Source of most senators

Knights

Origins in cavalry of Early Republic

Wealthy non-patricians engaged inbusiness ventures

Source of some politicians

Plebeians

The common people, both urban and ruralcitizens

Still enjoying rights of citizens, even ifvotes of questionable value inImperial Period

Prisoners of war

From slave-traders

Criminals

Debtors

Slaves

Slaves

Slave gangs: agriculture, mining, etc.

Household slaves: e.g. Greek tutors, maidscooks, cleaners, etc.

Lots of slaves in Roman world

Treatment as property

73-71 BC Slave revolt led by Spartacus

Capua

Vesuvius

Crassus (d. 53 BC)

Appian Way

Slaves

Slaves

Improvements in treatment of slaves:

Allowed to keep earnings, buy freedom

Allowed to marry, have children

Being freed

Regulation of treatment of slaves byAugustus

Daily routine: Dawn:

Men: get up, dress (if needed), wash(barely), breakfast, shoes, out

Women: get up, wash (barely), put ondress, hair, make-up, jewelry, stola, shoes, out

Rural work: farming coloni

Urban work: merchants and craftspersons

Texiles: Patavium, Tarentum, Cos andAlexandria

Glasswares: Aquileia and Campania

Pottery: Arretium

Metalwares: Aquileia, Puteoli, Tarentumand Capua

Importation of marble from Greece, AsiaMinor, Egypt and Numidia

Daily routine: Midday:

End of working day

Light lunch

Entertainments!

Daily routine: Late Afternoon:

(Long) dinner, then bed