romance of the three kingdoms 三国演义

8/22/2019 Romance of the Three Kingdoms

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Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Romance of the Three Kingdoms (), written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century, is a

Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty

and the Three Kingdoms era, starting in 168 and ending with the reunification of the land in 280.It is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, with a grand total

of 800,000 words, 1191 characters, and 120 chapters.

StoryIt must be understood that one of the greatest achievements of the Romance of the Three

Kingdoms is the extreme complexity of its stories and characters. The novel is studded withnumerous "mini-stories", many of which could be developed into full-length novels in their own

right (the Battle of Red Cliffs and the treatment of Guan Yu by Hua Tuo being two examples). As

such, the following effort only serves as a very high level summary of the entire story:

Three Heroes of Three Kingdoms, silk painting by Sekkan Sakurai (1715-1790). This painting isusually hung in the offices of businessmen to show that they are trustworthy, just as these

brothers were to each other.
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The Yellow Turban Rebellion

The story begins in the last years of the Han Dynastywhen incompetent eunuchs deceived the emperor and

banished good officials. The government had become

extremely corrupt on all levels, leading to widespreaddeterioration of the empire. During the reign of the

penultimate Han emperor, Emperor Ling, the Yellow

Turban Rebellion broke out under the leadership ofZhang Jiao, who allegedly practiced Taoist wizardry

and held immortal powers. Zhang pretended to be a

traveling healer curing people of sickness whilesecretly inciting them to revolt. In this time of

turmoil, many of the major characters are introduced;Liu Bei, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Cao Cao, Sun Jian,

etc.The rebellion was barely suppressed by imperialtroops under the command of He Jin, Emperor Lings

brother-in-law and the Supreme Commander of the

armies of the Central Government. Fearing hisgrowing power, the eunuchs under Zhang Rang lured

He Jin alone into the palace following Emperor


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Ling's death and murder that was orchestrated by his rivals. His stunned guards, led by Yuan

Shao, responded by charging into the palace, which turned into an indiscriminate slaughter. In theensuing confusion, the child Emperor Shao and the Prince of Chenliu (later Emperor Xian)

disappeared from the palace.

Dong Zhuo's tyrannical ruleSoon, the Emperor and the Prince were discovered by soldiers belonging to the warlord Dong

Zhuo from Western Liang, who proceeded to seize control of the capital under the pretext of

protecting the emperor. Dng later had Emperor Shao deposed and replaced with the Prince ofChenliu, who became Emperor Xian. Under Dong Zhuos violent rule, the people suffered

greatly. There were assassination attempts on him by both the court physician Wu Fu and Cao

Cao but both attempts failed.Cao Cao managed to escape and issued an edict in the emperor'sname to all governors, calling them to remove Dong Zhuo from power. Under general Yuan

Shao, 18 governors and nobles joined forces in a campaign against Dong Zhuo, but undermined

by poor leadership and conflict of interest, they only managed to drive him from the capital

Luoyang to Chang'an. However, Dong Zhuo was later betrayed and murdered by his own foster

son L Bu, from a dispute over the beautiful Diaochan, in a scheme orchestrated by ministerWang Yun.


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Conflict among the various warlords and nobles

In the meantime, however, the empire was already disintegrating into civil war. Sun Jian,

governor of Changsha, found the Imperial Jade

Seal at the bottom of a well in the ruins ofLuoyang but secretly kept it for his own purposes,

further weakening royal authority. Without astrong central government, warlords began to rise

up and fight each other for land and power. In thenorth, Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan were at war,

and in the south, Sun Jian and Liu Biao. Many

others, even those without title or land, such asCao Cao and Liu Bei, were also starting to build

up power.

Cao Cao took Emperor Xian from Dong Zhuos

former subordinates Li Jue and Guo Si and

established the new court in Xuchang. Even morepowerful now with the emperor in his control,Cao Cao quickly subdued his rivals such as Yuan

Shu, Lu Bu and Zhang Xiu, culminating in his

greatest military victory, over Yuan Shao in thefamous Battle of Guandu despite being

outnumbered 10-to-1. Cao Cao pursued the

defeated Yuan clan and finally united northern


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China, which later served as the foundation for the Kingdom of Wei.

Sun Ce builds a dynasty in Jiangdong

Meanwhile, an ambush had violently concluded Sun Jian's life in a war with Liu Biao, fulfilling

his own rash oath to heaven. His eldest son Sun Ce then delivered the Imperial Jade Seal as

tribute to rising royal pretender Yuan Shu of Huainan, in exchange for much neededreinforcements. Now, like the proverbial tiger that has been given claws, he soon secured himself

a state in the rich riverlands of Jiangdong, on which the Kingdom of Wu would eventually be

founded. Tragically, Sun Ce also died at the height of his career from illness under stress of histerrifying encounter with the ghost of Yu Ji, a venerable magician whom he had falsely accused

and executed in jealousy. However, his successor and younger brother Sun Quan, led by skilled

advisors Zhou Yu and Zhang Zhao, proved to be a masterful and charismatic ruler, inspiringhidden talents from across the land such as Lu Su to join his service, while raising a strong

military which would truly receive a trial by fire in Cao Caos great southern campaign.

Liu Bei's unrealized ambition

Liu Bei, along with his sworn brothers Guan Yu andZhang Fei had sworn allegiance to the Han Dynasty

(in the famous Oath of the Peach Garden) andpledged to do their best to serve the emperor and the

common people. However, their goals and ambitions

had not been realized till the later part of the novel.Liu Bei, ever since he had successfully quelled the

Yellow Turban Rebellion, was not recognized for his

efforts and was made only the magistrate of a smallcounty. Later, Liu Bei joined Gongsun Zan and

participated in the war against Dong Zhuo. Cao Cao

invaded Xuzhou as a revenge against Tao Qian, thegovernor of Xuzhou who unknowingly allowed hissubordinate to kill Cao Caos father. Liu Bei led his

troops from Pingyuan to help Tao Qian and Tao

passed on his post as Governor of Xuzhou to Liu Beibefore he died. At that same time, Lu Bu was at war

with Cao Cao as he also longed to dominate China

ever since he had killed Dong Zhuo. Lu Bu wasdefeated by Cao Cao and he sought refuge under Liu

Bei. Later, Lu Bu repaid Liu Beis kindness with evil

and seized control of Xuzhou. Liu Bei was forced to

join forces with Cao Cao and they defeated Lu Bu.Lu Bu was executed and Liu Bei became officially

recognized by Emperor Xian as the Emperors Uncle.

Liu Bei plotted with some officials to kill Cao Cao asCao Cao wielded far too much power and had the intention of usurping the throne. Liu Bei failed

to kill Cao Cao as the plot was exposed. He seized control of Xuzhou but lost to Cao Cao when

Cao Cao led his troops to conquer Xuzhou. Liu Bei got control of Runan with help from someformer Yellow Turban rebels but was defeated once again by Cao Cao in battle. Liu Bei had no


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choice but to move to Jingzhou to seek Liu Biaos protection. Liu Biao treated Liu Bei with

respect and put him in charge of Xinye. At Xinye, Liu Bei recruited the talented Zhuge Liangpersonally and slowly built up his forces.

Battle of the Red Cliffs

Cao Cao, who declared himself the Prime Minister, led his troops to attack southern China afteruniting the north. At Xinye, he was defeated twice by Liu Beis forces but Liu Bei lost Xinye and

had to move to Jingzhou. Unfortunately, Liu Biao had died by then and left Jingzhou split

between his two sons Liu Qi and Liu Cong. Liu Bei led the civilians of Xinye to Xiangyang,where Liu Cong ruled but Liu Bei was denied entry. Liu Cong later surrendered to Cao Cao, and

Liu Bei had no choice but to move to Jiangxia where Liu Qi ruled. On the way, Liu Bei and the

civilians were pursued by Cao Caos troops and several innocent civilians were killed. Liu Beiand his men managed to reach Jiangxia where he established a strong foothold against Cao Caos

invasion.

To resist Cao Caos invasion, Liu Bei sent Zhuge Liang to persuade Sun Quan in Jiangdong to

form an alliance. Zhuge Liang managed to persuade Sun Quan to form an alliance with Liu Bei

against Cao Cao and stayed in Jiangdong as a temporary advisor. Sun Quan placed Zhou Yu incommand of the forces of Jiangdong (East Wu) to defend against Cao Caos invasion. Zhou Yu

felt that the talented Zhuge Liang would become a future threat to East Wu and tried several

times to kill Zhuge, but failed. In the end, he had no choice but to co-operate with Zhuge Liangfor the time being as Cao Caos armies were at the border. Cao Cao was defeated at the Battle of

Red Cliffs by the combined forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan and forced to flee back to Jingzhou.

Traditional site of Red Cliffs

Tension between Liu Bei and Sun QuanAfter the great battle at the Red Cliff, East Wu and Liu Bei vied for control of Jingzhou. Zhou Yu

led the troops of East Wu to attack Jingzhou and gained a victory, but eventually Jingzhou endedup in Liu Beis hands, as Zhuge Liang had advised Liu Bei to seize Jingzhou while Zhou Yu and

Cao Caos forces were at war. Zhou Yu was extremely unhappy and reported the matter to Sun

Quan. Sun Quan dispatched Lu Su to Jingzhou to negotiate with Liu Bei for Jingzhou. Again andagain, Liu Bei refused to hand over Jingzhou to East Wu. Sun Quan had no choice but to use new

strategies suggested by Zhou Yu to take Jingzhou. One of these was the Beauty Scheme, in which


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Sun Quan lured Liu Bei to Jiangdong (where he intended to hold Liu Bei hostage in exchange for

Jingzhou) by pretending to betroth his younger sister to Liu Bei. However, Zhuge Liangoutwitted Zhou Yu, and Liu Bei returned to Jingzhou safely with his new wife. Zhou Yu tried and

failed repeatedly to take Jingzhou. After being infuriated by Zhuge Liang twice, Zhou Yu

eventually coughed out blood. The third time, he coughed out even more, and died unconscious.

Ma Chao

In the northwest, Ma Chao started a campaign against Cao Cao to avenge his father, Ma Teng,

who was killed by Cao Cao. Ma Chaos forces were formidable as he had the support of Han Sui

and troops from the Qiang minority. However, Cao Cao managed to defeat Ma Chaos forces byusing cunning strategies to make Ma Chao and Han Sui turn against each other. Han Sui defected

to Cao Cao and Ma Chao was left stranded. Ma Chao later sought refuge under Zhang Lu of

Hanzhong, and eventually joined Liu Bei.

Liu Bei controls Xichuan and JingzhouAfter Zhou Yus death, relations between Liu Bei and Sun Quan deteriorated, but not to the pointof outright war. Following Zhuge Liang's advice, Liu Bei invaded and conquered Xichuan, where

the incompetent noble Liu Zhang ruled. He also took Hanzhong, which had been in Cao Caos

control. Liu Bei proclaimed himself King of Hanzhong, while Cao Cao had himself promoted

from Prime Minister to King of Wei; Sun Quan was known as the Duke of Wu. At this time, LiuBei ruled a vast area of land from Jingzhou to Sichuan in the west. This would later serve as a

strong foundation for the founding of the Kingdom of Shu-Han. Meanwhile, Sun Quan and Cao


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Cao were also at war, with defeats and victories for both sides at the battles of Ruxu and Hefei.

The situation among the three major powers almost reached a stalemate after this, until Cao Cao

died due to a brain tumor. The following year, Cao Caos son Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to

abdicate, ending the Han Dynasty which had lasted for centuries. Cao Pi proclaimed himself

emperor and renamed his dynasty Cao Wei. In response to this, Liu Bei declared himself Emperorof Shu-Han, to signify that he still carried on the bloodline of the Han royal family, but was based

in Shu.

Death of Guan Yu

Sun Quan, tired of Liu Beis repeated refusals to hand over Jingzhou, made plans to retake it. He

made peace with Cao Cao and was bestowed the title of Prince of Wu. Liu Bei left his sworn

brother Guan Yu in charge of Jingzhou, and Guan led the Jingzhou troops to attack Cao Cao. SunQuan took advantage of the situation and sent Lu Meng to seize Jingzhou. Lu Meng disguised his

troops as merchants and finessed a quiet entry. As Guan was besieging Wei general Cao Ren, Lu

Meng's forces attacked Guan from the rear , and routed his army with ease. In desperate retreat,his army scattered, Guan Yu was captured. Sun Quan had him beheaded after he refused to

renounce his loyalty to Liu Bei. Liu Bei deeply grieved the death of Guan Yu and the loss of

Jingzhou. He was already planning to avenge Guan Yu when he heard that his other swornbrother, Zhang Fei, had been murdered in his sleep by subordinates who then fled to Eastern Wu.

Liu Bei was determined to avenge both brothers. Disregarding advice from Zhuge Liang and

others, Liu Bei led a formidable army of 750,000 to attack East Wu.

The Battle of Yiling

Sun Quan offered Liu Bei the return of the Jing province and of his sister (Liu's ex-wife Sun

Ren). Liu Bei's advisers, including Zhuge Liang, urged him to accept these terms, but Liupersisted. After initial victories, a series of strategic mistakes due to the impetuosity of Liu Bei

led to the cataclysmic defeat of Han troops in the Battle of Yiling. However, Lu Xun, the

commander of Wu who spearheaded the war against Shu-Han, refrained from pursuing Liu Beisdefeated troops. Famous generals from both Wu and Shu-Han forces perished. Lu Xuns caution


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was vindicated when Cao Pi launched an invasion against Wu, thinking that Wu forces would

still be abroad. The invasion was crushed by strong Wu resistance, coupled with a plagueoutbreak.

An artist impression of Zhuge Liang holding his trademark feather fan.Meanwhile, in Baidicheng,

sixty-two year old Liu Bei, ailing after three years of neglecting his health, died, leaving hisyoung son Liu Shan in the care of Zhuge Liang. In a moving final conversation between Liu Bei

and Zhuge Liang, Liu Bei asked Zhuge Liang to assume the imperial throne himself in place of

Liu Shan, should Liu Shan prove to be inept. He refused to do so, and swore that he wouldremain faithful to the trust that Liu Bei had for him. This promise was to be a raison d'tre for the

rest of Zhuge Liang's life.

Zhuge Liang calmly fends off five armies

Cao Pi, following Sima Yis advice, induced several forces, including Sun Quan, turncoat Shu

general Meng Da, Meng Huo of the Nanman, and the Qiang tribe, to attack Shu Han, in

coordination with a Cao Wei army. Zhuge Liang successfully deployed the Shu Han troops andcaused the five armies to retreat without shedding a single drop of blood. An envoy from Shu

Han named Deng Zhi subsequently persuaded Sun Quan to renew its former alliance with Shu

Han.

In one of his final strokes of brilliance, Zhuge Liang personally led the Shu troops to subdue the

southern barbarian king Meng Huo of the Nanman tribe. The barbarian troops were no match forthe Shu troops and Zhuge Liang captured Meng Huo seven times by using cunning strategies.

The first six times, Meng Huo complained that he had been captured by trickery, and had no


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chance to fight a real battle with the Shu troops. Zhuge Liang agreed to let him go every time,

allowing him to come back again for another battle. The seventh time, Zhuge Liang wanted torelease Meng Huo once again but this time Meng Huo refused. Meng Huo was ashamed of

rebelling against Shu-Han and was so deeply touched by Zhuge Liangs benevolence that he

swore allegiance to Shu-Han forever.

The battle of wits between Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi

At this time, Cao Pi also died of illness and was

succeeded by Cao Rui. Ma Chao died of illness as well,age 48. In Jiangdong, Sun Quan declared himself

Emperor of East Wu. Zhuge Liang then turned his eyes

northwards, and planned to attack Wei to restore the HanDynasty as he had promised Liu Bei at the latters

deathbed. However, his days were numbered and Shu

was far too weak to overcome the material superiority of

Wei. His last significant victory against Wei was

probably the defection of Jiang Wei, a young generalwhose brilliance paralleled his own.

Zhuge Liang had all along had a chronic illness, which

was compounded when he refused to rest even into the

early hours of the morning, so that he would be able tocomplete his analysis of the battlegrounds or to formulate his next plan. He finally died of

sickness at the Battle of Wuzhang Plains, while leading a stalemated battle against the Wei

commander, Sima Yi, with his far superior force. As a final ploy, he set up a statue of himself toscare off Sima Yi in order to buy time for the Shu army to retreat.

The Sima family controls WeiThe long years of battle between Wei and Shu saw many changes in the ruling Cao family inWei. The Cao family gradually grew weak after the death of Cao Rui and Sima Yi slowly plotted

to usurp the throne. Sima Yi removed Cao Shuang, a powerful noble of Wei from power with a

cunning strategy and since then the power of Wei had been in the hands of Sima Yi. After SimaYis death, his sons Sima Shi and Sima Zhao continued

wielding the power of Wei in their hands. Sima Zhao had

Cao Fang removed from the throne and replaced CaoFang with Cao Mao. Later, Cao Mao tried to assassinate

Sima Zhao, who had the intention of usurping the throne,

but was killed by Sima Zhaos subordinate. Sima Zhao

pretended to grieve and mourn Cao Maos death and evenlater had his subordinate, whom he ordered to kill Cao

Mao, executed for committing regicide.

End of the Three Kingdoms

Jiang Wei, who succeeded Zhuge Liangs brilliance,

carried on Zhuge Liangs campaign against Wei for abitter three decades. However, Liu Beis son Liu Shan did


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not heed Jiang Weis advice and listened to the evil eunuch Huang Hao instead. In order to

escape from the rival officials in the court, Jiang Wei decided to resigned from his military titlefor the time being and went off to a fertile land of Tazhong. The Wei general Deng Ai, who was

at war with Jiang Wei, took the chance to attack Shu-Han. Deng Ai and his troops arrived in front

of Chengdu, the capital city of Shu-Han, by taking a shortcut. Liu Shan surrendered without a

battle and ended the Kingdom of Shu-Han. Jiang Wei planned to rebuild Shu-Han by unitingforces with a Wei general, Zhong Hui, who was at odds with Deng Ai. However, he was not able

to see it to the end when his heartache grew intolerable in the midst of the final battle. Seeing the

rebellion has failed, he then killed himself with a sword, marking the last stand of Shu.

In Eastern Wu, there was internal conflict among the nobles ever since the death of Sun Quan.

Zhuge Ke tried to usurp the throne of Eastern Wu but was assassinated by Sun Lin. Later, SunLin himself also lusted for power and had the emperor of Eastern Wu Sun Liang deposed and

replaced with Sun Xiu. Sun Xiu sought help from the old veteran general Ding Feng and had Sun

Lin assassinated, and the power of Eastern Wu went back into the hands of the emperor. This did

not last for long.

In Wei, Sima Yan, son of Sima Zhao, finally forced the last Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate in

the same manner as Cao Pi had forced Emperor Xian of Han to abdicate. Sima Yan establishedthe Jin Dynasty in AD 265, declaring himself the first emperor of the new dynasty. The Kingdom

of Wei came to an end.

Sima Yan ordered the Jin troops to attack Eastern Wu from the former land of Shu-Han and

succeeded in conquering Eastern Wu after a long period of struggle when the last tyrannical

emperor of Eastern Wu, Sun Hao surrendered. Thus the Three Kingdoms period concluded afteralmost a century of civil strife.

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Movie Synopsis

In an age of turmoil, heroes will rise. . . It is the end of the 2nd Century and China isin a state of turmoil. The land is divided by warlords and the country is facingfamine, droughts, and invasion from bordering tribes. On top of the problems thecountry is facing, Zhang Jiao and his brothers begin to rebel against the Han, whileadvocating the arrival of a new era, the era of the "Yellow Dragon," implying that ifpeople followed him, they would lead prosperous lives. Thousands of desperatevillagers flocked to follow Zhang Jiao as they raided government offices and

plundered towns and villages alike in protest of heavy taxation, wearing only a"yellow turban" on their heads. As their strengths and numbers grew, the "Yellow

Turbans" overthrew some of the Imperial Court's best generals and strongestforces. Concerned for their capital in Luo Yang and for the Han empire, the ImperialCourt immediately constructed an "alliance" by requesting volunteers across thecountry to settle the rebellion. Three distinct generals were recruited - Liu Bei, CaoCao, and Sun Jian. Together with their own officers, the Yellow Turban rebellion wasquickly laid to rest and each of the men involved immediately gained popularity and
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power with the people. As their powers grew, however, each continued to seekmore control of their territories and to unite all of China under one rule. One foughtfor hegemony. One fought for ambition. One fought for righteousness. Veteranofficers and generals who shared the same visions swarmed under each leader.

These stalwart souls waged war across the vast expanse of the land and, like bloodthirsty demons, cut down any and all that stood in their way. Thus, the romance of

the Three Kingdoms begins . . . Written byGavin Nelson

Another summary

At the very end of the Han Dynasty, the emperors were losing power. Soon the Empire fell apartinto three independent kingdoms, which were always at war with each other. Each kingdom had

its own king. Liu Bei was the king of one kingdom, Shu Han, in the south-west of China. He was

related to the old Han emperors, so he thought he should rule all of China. Liu Bei had twofriends who helped him: Guan Yu, who always tried to do the right thing, and Zhang Fei, a fierce

warrior. They were known as the Three Brothers (even though they weren't really brothers). Liu

Bei also had Zhuge Liang, a Taoistscholar who gave Liu Bei good advice and sometimesmagical help (kindof like King Arthur's Merlin).

T'sao T'sao ruled Wei, the kingdom in the north. He was Liu Bei's worst enemy. T'sao T'sao was

a general who was also very smart, and loved to write poetry.

In the south-east, Sun Quan was the king of the Wu kingdom. He was not as strong as Liu Bei

and T'sao T'sao. Still, Liu Bei tried to get Sun Quan to help him fight T'sao T'sao. At first SunQuan did help Liu Bei, and together they defeated T'sao T'sao at the Battle of the Red Cliffs.

But then Sun Quan was afraid that Liu Bei would take over Wu himself. So Sun Quan tried to

kill Liu Bei through trickery. He promised to let Liu Bei marry his younger sister, to get him tocome to Wu so Sun Quan could kill him. But when Liu Bei arrived, Sun Quan's mother, LadyWu, decided that Liu Bei was a good guy and should not be killed, and she wouldn't let Sun

Quan kill him. So Liu Bei got away home to Shu Han, and he got to marry Sun Quan's sister,

too.

After a while T'sao T'sao died, and everybody began fighting again over T'sao T'sao's kingdom.

Sun Quan switched sides and made an alliance with T'sao T'sao's son, T'sao Pi. Then Sun Quan

attacked Liu Bei and killed his friend Guan Yu. But Sun Quan wasn't able to keep on fightingLiu Bei, because the treacherous Cao Pi took advantage of Sun Quan's being busy to attack him

back in Wu.

Soon after this, Liu Bei died. His son Liu Shan became king of Shu Han, but Liu Shan was tooyoung and weak to be a good ruler. Zhuge Liang, theTaoist, promised to help Liu Shan

faithfully, and he was the real power of Shu Han. T'sao Pi tried to attack Liu Shan, seeing that he

was weak, but four times he lost his battles. Sun Quan, seeing this, decided to get back on the
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side of Liu Shan. But Liu Shan and T'sao Pi, and their successors, kept fighting for many years,

until finally a descendant of T'sao Pi, Sima Yan, from Wei, brought all of China together again

under the Sui Dynasty.
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romance of the three kingdoms 三国演义

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