RomeRome

From RepublicFrom Republic

ToTo

EmpireEmpire

509 BCE -- 476 CE509 BCE -- 476 CE

KMHSKMHSAP World HistoryAP World HistoryMrs. FarbacherMrs. Farbacher

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

What were the significant differences b/w What were the significant differences b/w Republican Rome and Imperial Rome? [C/C]Republican Rome and Imperial Rome? [C/C]

How did the Romans acquire and How did the Romans acquire and successfully administer their vast empire?successfully administer their vast empire?

What inequities, both political and economic, What inequities, both political and economic, could be possible sources of internal could be possible sources of internal conflict?conflict?

What were the benefits and “cost” of Pax What were the benefits and “cost” of Pax Romana to both Rome and the empire?Romana to both Rome and the empire?

PeoplePeople

Gaius & Tiberius Gaius & Tiberius GracchusGracchus

Gaius MariusGaius Marius Gaius Julius CaesarGaius Julius Caesar Octavian> Caesar Octavian> Caesar

AugustusAugustus Marcus Tullius CiceroMarcus Tullius Cicero Paul of TarsusPaul of Tarsus Jesus of NazarethJesus of Nazareth

EtruscansEtruscans HannibalHannibal EssenesEssenes SenateSenate ConsulsConsuls PatriciansPatricians PlebeiansPlebeians

Concepts & TermsConcepts & Terms

Punic WarsPunic Wars LegionsLegions LatifundiaLatifundia Pater-FamiliasPater-Familias Pax RomanaPax Romana Mare NostrumMare Nostrum Jewish DiasporaJewish Diaspora

Twelve Tables Twelve Tables Republic / EmpireRepublic / Empire Cult of MithrasCult of Mithras Mystery religionsMystery religions Bread & CircusBread & Circus

Roman EmpireRoman Empire

EtruscansEtruscans

Predecessors [of Romans]Predecessors [of Romans] Indo-Europeans from AnatoliaIndo-Europeans from Anatolia

2000 BCE2000 BCE Dominated Italy Dominated Italy

88thth to 5 to 5thth Centuries BCE Centuries BCE Invaded by Gauls Invaded by Gauls

[Celts from France][Celts from France] Defeated by Greek fleetsDefeated by Greek fleets

EtruscansEtruscans

Kingdom of RomeKingdom of Rome

Kingdom on Tiber RiverKingdom on Tiber River Trade routes convergeTrade routes converge in Romein Rome

Defeated Etruscans 509 BCEDefeated Etruscans 509 BCE Established the Republic of RomeEstablished the Republic of Rome

Green Area > GreeksGreen Area > Greeks

Roman ConstitutionRoman Constitution

Created two consulsCreated two consuls Military & civilianMilitary & civilian

SENATESENATE Elected assemblyElected assembly

Advised the ConsulsAdvised the Consuls Ratified major decisionsRatified major decisions

Dominated by patriciansDominated by patricians Wealthy aristocratsWealthy aristocrats

Roman Law [Twelve TablesRoman Law [Twelve Tables]]

Class StruggleClass Struggle PATRICIANSPATRICIANS

Wealthy land ownersWealthy land owners Dominated Roman Dominated Roman

politics [Senate]politics [Senate] Agreed to share powerAgreed to share power Created Tribunes of the Created Tribunes of the

PlebeiansPlebeians

PLEBEIANSPLEBEIANS Common or poor Common or poor

peoplepeople Threatened to Threatened to

secedesecede Granted political Granted political

power by patricianspower by patricians TribunesTribunes

Power to vetoPower to veto

Roman Republic’s ExpansionRoman Republic’s Expansion

Dominated Italy [5Dominated Italy [5thth & 4 & 4thth Cent. BCE] Cent. BCE] Consolidated all kingdomsConsolidated all kingdoms

The Punic Wars [264-146 BCE]The Punic Wars [264-146 BCE] Defeated CarthageDefeated Carthage

Conflict: [5 wars] to expand eastConflict: [5 wars] to expand east Antigonids & SeleucidsAntigonids & Seleucids

Preeminent power in MediterraneanPreeminent power in Mediterranean

Punic WarsPunic Wars

Roman Domestic ProblemsRoman Domestic Problems

Huge gap b/w wealthy & poorHuge gap b/w wealthy & poor Wealthy control the landWealthy control the land

Do not employ workersDo not employ workers Own Latifundia worked by slavesOwn Latifundia worked by slaves

Latifundia – large plantations [food for Latifundia – large plantations [food for export]export]

DemeterDemeterGoddess of AgricultureGoddess of Agriculture

Social ReformsSocial Reforms

Gracchi propose land reformGracchi propose land reform Tiberius & GaiusTiberius & Gaius

Both assassinated by aristocratic Both assassinated by aristocratic landownerslandowners

Social Reform & Civil WarSocial Reform & Civil War

Leads to civil warLeads to civil war General Gaius General Gaius

MariusMarius ReformerReformer Created personal Created personal

army army Allegiance to Allegiance to

himself instead of himself instead of civilian authoritycivilian authority

Social Reform & Civil WarSocial Reform & Civil War General Lucius Cornelius SullaGeneral Lucius Cornelius Sulla

Aristocrat took control after Marius Aristocrat took control after Marius dieddied

Five years of terror during his ruleFive years of terror during his rule

Foundations of EmpireFoundations of Empire Gaius Julius CaesarGaius Julius Caesar

Popular liberal generalPopular liberal general Conquered GaulConquered Gaul Seized Rome in 49 BCESeized Rome in 49 BCE Proclaimed himself “Dictator for Life”Proclaimed himself “Dictator for Life”

46 BCE46 BCE Centralized controlCentralized control Social reformsSocial reforms

Assassinated by aristocracy in 44 BCEAssassinated by aristocracy in 44 BCE

Ides of MarchIdes of March

Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Caesar AugustusCaesar Augustus 27 BCE27 BCE [Octavian][Octavian]

Gaius Julius’s nephewGaius Julius’s nephewAdopted as his heirAdopted as his heir

Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Monarchy disguised as republicMonarchy disguised as republic Preserved traditional republican Preserved traditional republican

formsforms Took all power into his own handsTook all power into his own hands New standing army under his controlNew standing army under his control

Imperial institutions beginImperial institutions begin ““Imperial” meaning expansionaryImperial” meaning expansionary

Imperial RomeImperial Rome

Expansion:Expansion: Gaul, Southern Germany, Britain, SpainGaul, Southern Germany, Britain, Spain

Access to resourcesAccess to resources Local elites build statesLocal elites build states

Control resources for benefit of RomeControl resources for benefit of Rome Cities emergeCities emerge

Paris, Lyons, Cologne, London, ToledoParis, Lyons, Cologne, London, Toledo

CeltsCelts

Map of Roman ExpansionMap of Roman Expansion

Surrender of VarusSurrender of Varus

Turning PointTurning Point RomeRome

Rhine River Rhine River boundaryboundary

Limited Roman Limited Roman Influence over Influence over GermaniaGermania

Pax RomanaPax Romana

Roman peaceRoman peace 250 years250 years

Facilitated trade & communicationFacilitated trade & communication Mesopotamia to AtlanticMesopotamia to Atlantic Roman Roads> facilitatedRoman Roads> facilitated

Roman LawRoman Law Twelve Tables enacted> 450 BCETwelve Tables enacted> 450 BCE Innocent until proven guiltyInnocent until proven guilty

Rule of LawRule of Law Right to face accuserRight to face accuser Judicial reviewJudicial review

The Roman army was the military The Roman army was the military powerhouse that conquered most powerhouse that conquered most of the known world in classical of the known world in classical times.  It acted as a well-oiled times.  It acted as a well-oiled machine: efficient, exacting, and machine: efficient, exacting, and victorious.  Learn the true meaning victorious.  Learn the true meaning of of I came, I saw, I conqueredI came, I saw, I conquered by by exploring the organization, history, exploring the organization, history, and methods of the Roman war and methods of the Roman war machine. machine. 

SPQR:SPQR:SenatusSenatus

Populusque Populusque RomanusRomanus

Five Great EmperorsFive Great EmperorsTRAJANTRAJAN

HADRIANHADRIAN

MARCUS MARCUS AURELIUSAURELIUS

ANTONINUS ANTONINUS PIUSPIUS

NERVUSNERVUS

Trade & UrbanizationTrade & Urbanization

LatifundiaLatifundia Commercial Commercial

agricultureagriculture

Mediterranean tradeMediterranean trade Sea lanes linkedSea lanes linked Roman navyRoman navy

Maintained peaceMaintained peace Free of piratesFree of pirates

City of RomeCity of Rome Urban developmentUrban development

Fueled by prosperityFueled by prosperity

Built:Built: BuildingsBuildings Temples Temples BathsBaths RoadsRoads

11STST USE OF USE OF CONCRETECONCRETE

Roman RoadsRoman Roads

Mare NostrumMare Nostrum

Roman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts

Roman Arches & DomesRoman Arches & Domes

PANTHEONPANTHEON

Roman BathsRoman Baths

Roman FrigidariumRoman Frigidarium

Roman Central HeatingRoman Central Heating

Roman ForumRoman Forum

Roman Coliseum [Concrete]Roman Coliseum [Concrete]

FLAVIANFLAVIANAMPITHEATERAMPITHEATER

Circus MaximusCircus Maximus

Family & SocietyFamily & Society

PATER FAMILIASPATER FAMILIAS patriarchalpatriarchal Women had some Women had some

influenceinfluence W/I family & businessW/I family & business

Father could:Father could: Determine dutiesDetermine duties PunishPunish Sell into slaverySell into slavery Even executeEven execute

UNEQUAL WEALTHUNEQUAL WEALTH Most land controlled by Most land controlled by

wealthy wealthy

Cultivators & urban Cultivators & urban poor lived:poor lived: At subsistence levelsAt subsistence levels Became serious problemBecame serious problem

No social policyNo social policy No social welfareNo social welfare Just bread & circusesJust bread & circuses

Roman SlaveryRoman Slavery

SlavesSlaves 1/3 of population1/3 of population

Chained together in teamsChained together in teams Worked latifundiaWorked latifundia

Spartacus> led slave uprisingSpartacus> led slave uprising Urban slaves Urban slaves

Could hope for manumissionCould hope for manumission

                                                                 

Pater-FamiliasPater-Familias

Roman VillaRoman Villa

Roman SlaveryRoman Slavery

Religion & PhilosophyReligion & Philosophy

Greek influenceGreek influence Roman deitiesRoman deities

Mirrored Greek deitiesMirrored Greek deities

Later:Later: Religions of Religions of

salvationsalvation ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism

Cult of Cult of Mithras Mithras

Greek influenceGreek influence CiceroCicero

Roman philosopherRoman philosopher StoicismStoicism

Emphasized:Emphasized: Moral independence& Moral independence&

tranquilitytranquility Cultivated by:Cultivated by:

Strict discipline of Strict discipline of body & mindbody & mind

Roman Pantheon of GodsRoman Pantheon of Gods

Cicero & StoicismCicero & Stoicism

CiceroCicero

““To be ignorant of history is to remain To be ignorant of history is to remain always a child” Ciceroalways a child” Cicero

Judaism & ChristianityJudaism & Christianity

JudaismJudaism State cults = State cults =

blasphemyblasphemy Jewish WarJewish War

66-70 CE66-70 CE DiasporaDiaspora

Romans forced Jews Romans forced Jews to leave Palestineto leave Palestine

Dispersed over worldDispersed over world

Jesus of NazarethJesus of Nazareth Charismatic teacherCharismatic teacher

Devotion to God & Devotion to God & love of otherslove of others

TaughtTaught ““Kingdom of God is Kingdom of God is

at hand”at hand” Romans fearedRomans feared Crucified in 30s CECrucified in 30s CE

Diaspora of JudaismDiaspora of Judaism

Roman CrucifixionRoman Crucifixion

Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity Jesus becomes “Christ” after deathJesus becomes “Christ” after death

Disciples spread wordDisciples spread word He did not intend to create new religionHe did not intend to create new religion

Only intended to reform JudaismOnly intended to reform Judaism

Paul of TarsusPaul of Tarsus Spread word to gentilesSpread word to gentiles No longer have to be a JewNo longer have to be a Jew

Christianity becomes missionary religionChristianity becomes missionary religion

Early ChristianityEarly Christianity

Despite Roman repressionDespite Roman repression Grows and spreadsGrows and spreads

Strong appeal to:Strong appeal to: Dignity to:Dignity to:

WomenWomen Poor or lower classesPoor or lower classes

Spiritual equalitySpiritual equality Promise of salvation to true believersPromise of salvation to true believers

Fall of Rome Fall of Rome CAUSESCAUSES

POLITICAL [Military Anarchy]POLITICAL [Military Anarchy]Barracks emperorsBarracks emperors: series of generals : series of generals seized power [Romans killing Romans]seized power [Romans killing Romans]

Caused violent changes from 235 – Caused violent changes from 235 – 284 CE284 CE

Emperor Diocletian divided empire into Emperor Diocletian divided empire into twotwo

Western Empire centered in RomeWestern Empire centered in RomeEastern Empire centered in AnatoliaEastern Empire centered in Anatolia

ConstantineConstantine> new capital in > new capital in ConstantinopleConstantinople

Bad EmperorsBad Emperors

Maxuminus of ThraxMaxuminus of Thrax

COMMODUS COMMODUS 180-192 CE180-192 CE

Philip the Arab Philip the Arab

244-249244-249

Decius Decius

249-251249-251CaracallaCaracalla

Order Restored DiocletianOrder Restored Diocletian

Roman Empire DividedRoman Empire Divided

Fall of RomeFall of RomeCAUSESCAUSES

EconomicEconomic: : Contraction of economies due to Contraction of economies due to

epidemic diseases [biological]epidemic diseases [biological] Invasions strain military / weaken Invasions strain military / weaken

empireempireSize of empire inhibits power to Size of empire inhibits power to

controlcontrol

Economic DeclineEconomic Decline

Fall of RomeFall of RomeCAUSESCAUSES

Military InvasionsMilitary InvasionsGermanic Settlers [I.E.] VisigothsGermanic Settlers [I.E.] Visigoths

Settled agriculturalists on borders of Settled agriculturalists on borders of EmpireEmpire

Kept by Rome as bufferKept by Rome as bufferHunsHuns

Attila lead expeditions out of C. Asia 5Attila lead expeditions out of C. Asia 5thth C. CE C. CE Disappear after death of Attila in 476 CEDisappear after death of Attila in 476 CE

Fall of RomeFall of RomeCAUSESCAUSES

Germanic InvasionsGermanic Invasions Hun pressure pushes Germans into Hun pressure pushes Germans into

EmpireEmpire Alaric [Visigoth] sacked Rome 410 CEAlaric [Visigoth] sacked Rome 410 CE Odovacer [German general] deposed last Odovacer [German general] deposed last

Emperor Romulus AugustusEmperor Romulus Augustus Roman Empire survives in eastern portionRoman Empire survives in eastern portion Nomadic Germans set up state in:Nomadic Germans set up state in:

Spain, Gaul, Britain, and ItalySpain, Gaul, Britain, and Italy

Map of Germanic OriginsMap of Germanic Origins

Hun InvasionsHun Invasions

Attila the HunAttila the Hun

Fall of RomeFall of Rome CAUSES CAUSES

Cultural ChangesCultural ChangesProminence of ChristianityProminence of ChristianityProfound changes in Roman Profound changes in Roman

culturecultureCultural conflict b/w militarist Cultural conflict b/w militarist

Romans & peaceful ChristiansRomans & peaceful ChristiansUltimately changed Roman Ultimately changed Roman

identityidentity

Identity CrisisIdentity Crisis

Enduring QuestionsEnduring Questions

Be prepared to examine the fall of Rome Be prepared to examine the fall of Rome and compare it to other empires and compare it to other empires throughout history, including our own.throughout history, including our own.

Be prepared to evaluate all of Rome’s Be prepared to evaluate all of Rome’s numerous legacies to Western Civilization.numerous legacies to Western Civilization.