Rome’s First Rome’s First TriumvirateTriumvirate

60 60 B.C.E. – B.C.E. – 53 53 B.C.EB.C.E

By: Jim EllisBy: Jim Ellis

Rational Rational

► To better gain an understanding of the political and To better gain an understanding of the political and social history of the world we live in, it is important social history of the world we live in, it is important for middle school world history students to be for middle school world history students to be introduced to cultures other than their own. By introduced to cultures other than their own. By introducing the students to these ancient world introducing the students to these ancient world cultures they can begin to gain a better understanding cultures they can begin to gain a better understanding of the current world they live in andof the current world they live in and how it progressed how it progressed to its current state.to its current state.

Grade LevelGrade Level

►I will be teaching this I will be teaching this lesson to seventh lesson to seventh

grade world history grade world history studentsstudents..

Content StandardContent Standard

► Grade 7: World Studies: Ancient Times to 1750Grade 7: World Studies: Ancient Times to 1750

► In the seventh grade students begin the four-year historical In the seventh grade students begin the four-year historical sequence with a study of the ancient world. This study includes sequence with a study of the ancient world. This study includes not only history but incorporates each of the other six standards not only history but incorporates each of the other six standards into the chronology. Students learn that each historic event is into the chronology. Students learn that each historic event is shaped by its geographic setting, the culture of the people, shaped by its geographic setting, the culture of the people, economic conditions, governmental decisions and citizen action. economic conditions, governmental decisions and citizen action. Students also expand their command of social studies skills and Students also expand their command of social studies skills and methods. methods.

ObjectivesObjectives

► The seventh grade world history students will: The seventh grade world history students will:

1.1. Identify the members of Rome’s first triumvirate with 100% accuracy.Identify the members of Rome’s first triumvirate with 100% accuracy.2.2. Explain the personal qualities of each ruler in the triumvirate, as well what Explain the personal qualities of each ruler in the triumvirate, as well what

each member had to gain by forming the triumvirate.each member had to gain by forming the triumvirate.3.3. Identify how the triumvirate was unique and important in the evolution of Identify how the triumvirate was unique and important in the evolution of

Roman society and life.Roman society and life.4.4. Prepare a one page analytical paper discussing the importance of the Prepare a one page analytical paper discussing the importance of the

triumvirate in Roman history and what effect, if any, the triumvirate had on triumvirate in Roman history and what effect, if any, the triumvirate had on the future of Rome and its governance.the future of Rome and its governance.

5.5. Based upon the criteria and examples discussed in class, each student must Based upon the criteria and examples discussed in class, each student must construct a model of Caesar and his army crossing the Rubicon River and construct a model of Caesar and his army crossing the Rubicon River and returning home to Rome.returning home to Rome.

6.6. Support or refute the idea that Rome’s first triumvirate rule was a pivotal Support or refute the idea that Rome’s first triumvirate rule was a pivotal turning point in the direction of Roman rule and history.turning point in the direction of Roman rule and history.

What is a Triumvirate?What is a Triumvirate?

► Tri-um-vi-rateTri-um-vi-rate – – a government of a government of three officers or magistrates three officers or magistrates functioning jointly. functioning jointly.

Members of the Triumvirate Members of the Triumvirate

1.1.Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus – “Pompey Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus – “Pompey

the Great” (106-48 BCE)the Great” (106-48 BCE)

2.2.Marcus Licinius Crassus – (112-53 BCE)Marcus Licinius Crassus – (112-53 BCE)

3.3.Gaius Julius Caesar – “Julius Caesar” Gaius Julius Caesar – “Julius Caesar”

(100-44 BCE)(100-44 BCE)

Who Were These Men?Who Were These Men?

Gnaeus Pompeius MagnusGnaeus Pompeius Magnus“Pompey the Great”“Pompey the Great”

► Pompey, who lived from 106-48 BCE, Pompey, who lived from 106-48 BCE, was a general in the Roman army under was a general in the Roman army under the rule of Sulla. When Sulla died in 78 the rule of Sulla. When Sulla died in 78 BCE Pompey took this opportunity to ask BCE Pompey took this opportunity to ask the Senate for a series of special high the Senate for a series of special high commands so he could deal with the commands so he could deal with the revolts that were plaguing the Republic at revolts that were plaguing the Republic at that time. Pompey quickly dealt with the that time. Pompey quickly dealt with the many problems plaguing Rome while all many problems plaguing Rome while all the time gaining more Senate approved the time gaining more Senate approved powers. In 70 BCE Pompey joined powers. In 70 BCE Pompey joined forces with the newly elected Consul, forces with the newly elected Consul, (and future triumvirate member), Crassus. (and future triumvirate member), Crassus. Before Pompey joined the triumvirate he Before Pompey joined the triumvirate he single-handedly redrew the map of the single-handedly redrew the map of the Eastern Mediterranean by developing Eastern Mediterranean by developing new cities through conquest. Pompey, new cities through conquest. Pompey, through his victories had increased through his victories had increased Rome’s annual income by 70 percent.Rome’s annual income by 70 percent.

Marcus Licinius CrassusMarcus Licinius Crassus► Crassus was know in late Republic Crassus was know in late Republic

as Rome’s richest man. Though not as Rome’s richest man. Though not born into a life of money, Crassus born into a life of money, Crassus gained much of his wealth through gained much of his wealth through greedy schemes by becoming the greedy schemes by becoming the cities greatest landlord. Crassus used cities greatest landlord. Crassus used this money to support political this money to support political ambitions, which lead to his being ambitions, which lead to his being appointed Consul in 70 BCE. appointed Consul in 70 BCE. Crassus’s biggest military Crassus’s biggest military achievement was his defeat of achievement was his defeat of Spartacus and the slave revolt in 71 Spartacus and the slave revolt in 71 BCE. Crassus, had joined forces in BCE. Crassus, had joined forces in 70 BCE with Pompey, and would 70 BCE with Pompey, and would eventually help form Rome’seventually help form Rome’s triumvirate by 60 BCE. triumvirate by 60 BCE.

Gaius Julius CaesarGaius Julius Caesar► Caesar, who was a military genius, Caesar, who was a military genius,

was elected Consul in 59 BCE with was elected Consul in 59 BCE with the help of his triumvirate friends, the help of his triumvirate friends, Pompey and Crassus. Today Caesar Pompey and Crassus. Today Caesar is one of the most celebrated figures is one of the most celebrated figures in all of Roman history. Caesar is in all of Roman history. Caesar is known most notably for his known most notably for his impressive victories in Gaul, impressive victories in Gaul, (modern-day France). Caesar (modern-day France). Caesar remained in Gaul for seven years remained in Gaul for seven years during his conquests which began during his conquests which began shortly after his being elected Consul shortly after his being elected Consul in 59 BCE. By the end of his in 59 BCE. By the end of his conquests in Gaul, Caesar had gained conquests in Gaul, Caesar had gained a huge section of land for the Roman a huge section of land for the Roman Republic stretching from the Republic stretching from the Pyrenees mountains in modern-day Pyrenees mountains in modern-day Spain and the Atlantic coast to the Spain and the Atlantic coast to the Rhine river of modern-day Germany.Rhine river of modern-day Germany.

The TriumvirateThe Triumvirate

► With the alliance of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar in 60 BCE With the alliance of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar in 60 BCE Rome’s first triumvirate was born. Immediately following the Rome’s first triumvirate was born. Immediately following the formation of the triumvirate Caesar left to conquer Gaul for the formation of the triumvirate Caesar left to conquer Gaul for the next seven years leaving Pompey and Crassus to govern much of next seven years leaving Pompey and Crassus to govern much of the Republic. Together the three rulers controlled most of the the Republic. Together the three rulers controlled most of the Roman military. Crassus, wanting to further his name and status, Roman military. Crassus, wanting to further his name and status, left to conquer Syria but was killed in 53 BCE. With the death of left to conquer Syria but was killed in 53 BCE. With the death of Crassus as well as Pompey’s wife, who happened to be Caesar’s Crassus as well as Pompey’s wife, who happened to be Caesar’s sister, the triumvirate disintegrated into a two man alliance. sister, the triumvirate disintegrated into a two man alliance. Finally in 52 BCE with Caesar still in Gaul, Caesar’s enemies Finally in 52 BCE with Caesar still in Gaul, Caesar’s enemies persuaded the Senate to declare Caesar a “public enemy” and persuaded the Senate to declare Caesar a “public enemy” and asked Pompey to “save the Republic” The alliance of Pompey asked Pompey to “save the Republic” The alliance of Pompey and Caesar was now in serious disarray. The civil war that was to and Caesar was now in serious disarray. The civil war that was to follow would prove to be a great power struggle between Pompey, follow would prove to be a great power struggle between Pompey, Caesar, and the Senate, which there could be only one winner.Caesar, and the Senate, which there could be only one winner.

Civil War and the Civil War and the fall of the republicfall of the republic

► As the civil war began Caesar and his army marched on Rome. While As the civil war began Caesar and his army marched on Rome. While crossing the Rubicon river which served as the northern boarder of Italy crossing the Rubicon river which served as the northern boarder of Italy Caesar declared, “the die is cast,” meaning, there was no turning back. Caesar Caesar declared, “the die is cast,” meaning, there was no turning back. Caesar easily swept to victory over the Senatorial army lead by Pompey in 48 BCE, easily swept to victory over the Senatorial army lead by Pompey in 48 BCE, and completely destroyed them in 45 BCE. Also in 45 BCE Pompey was and completely destroyed them in 45 BCE. Also in 45 BCE Pompey was stabbed to death while coming ashore in Egypt as he fled the wrath of Caesar. stabbed to death while coming ashore in Egypt as he fled the wrath of Caesar. Caesar was now the sole ruler of Rome, and by 44 BCE Caesar had declared Caesar was now the sole ruler of Rome, and by 44 BCE Caesar had declared himself. “dictator for life.” That same year Caesar life was cut short as he was himself. “dictator for life.” That same year Caesar life was cut short as he was assassinated by sixty Senators fearing his grip on power. The assassination of assassinated by sixty Senators fearing his grip on power. The assassination of Caesar was the first assassination of a head of state in Rome in eighty-nine Caesar was the first assassination of a head of state in Rome in eighty-nine years and would signal the start of the pattern of political scandal and murder. years and would signal the start of the pattern of political scandal and murder. The Republic was now dead and the age of the Emperor was in place, Rome The Republic was now dead and the age of the Emperor was in place, Rome would stay much the same until the demise of the Western Empire in 476 CE. would stay much the same until the demise of the Western Empire in 476 CE.

Learning Center GuidelinesLearning Center Guidelines

► Students can use the learning center during the last fifteen Students can use the learning center during the last fifteen minutes of class each day, lesson permitting, and throughout the minutes of class each day, lesson permitting, and throughout the period if they have shown that all other work has been period if they have shown that all other work has been completed. I will manage their use by keeping a record of who completed. I will manage their use by keeping a record of who has accessed the center and for what period of time, to has accessed the center and for what period of time, to accomplish this each student must sign their name, the date, and accomplish this each student must sign their name, the date, and the time the entered and left the center before and after each the time the entered and left the center before and after each visit. The students will be allowed to use the center as much as visit. The students will be allowed to use the center as much as they like as long as their work is completed and the lesson for the they like as long as their work is completed and the lesson for the day has been completed. The students will get instructional day has been completed. The students will get instructional feedback from the teacher as they are using the center and by feedback from the teacher as they are using the center and by completing and scoring the worksheets located in the learning completing and scoring the worksheets located in the learning center. center.

Assorted Pictures of Assorted Pictures of Ancient RomeAncient Rome

(Flavian(Flavian Amphitheater) Amphitheater) ColiseumColiseum

Coliseum InteriorColiseum Interior

Imperial ForaImperial Fora

Trajan's Column Trajan's Column detail of Tiber river warfdetail of Tiber river warf

Basilica Julia: Basilica Julia: overview looking Southoverview looking South

The PantheonThe Pantheon

Various Ancient Rome WebsitesVarious Ancient Rome Websites

► Julius Caesar WebsiteJulius Caesar Website► http://homepages.iol.ie/~coolmine/typ/romans/romans6.htmlhttp://homepages.iol.ie/~coolmine/typ/romans/romans6.html

► Welcome To The Romans PageWelcome To The Romans Page► http://ireland.iol.ie/~coolmine/typ/romans/intro.htmlhttp://ireland.iol.ie/~coolmine/typ/romans/intro.html

► Ancient RomeAncient Rome► http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/curriculum/soc_studies/rome/Rome.htmlhttp://www.kent.k12.wa.us/curriculum/soc_studies/rome/Rome.html

► Feminae Romanae: The Women of Ancient RomeFeminae Romanae: The Women of Ancient Rome ► http://dominae.fws1.com/http://dominae.fws1.com/

► Ancient Rome: Images and PicturesAncient Rome: Images and Pictures► http://clawww.lmu.edu/faculty/fjust/Rome.htmhttp://clawww.lmu.edu/faculty/fjust/Rome.htm