roots of european civilisations · rome of the kings six kings ruling rome after romulus: −numa...
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Roots of European Civilisations
Rome
© Andrzej Anders 2007
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Rome - „Eternal city”
Birth of Rome Rome of Kings Republic Conquests of Romans Imperium Romanum Migration period Late empire and the Fall of Rome
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Birth of Rome 753 B.C - Romulus is founder of
Rome (Roma) – 21 April (Parilia) Legend of Romulus & Remus
− Romulus and Remus were sons of Rhea Silvia - only doughter of King of Alba Longa (Castel Gandolfo) Numitora
− They were thrown int Tiber in a basket, and when found they were nursed by a she-wolf .
− When adult they decided to build a city – to decide who was to be a king they referred to augury: Remus saw 6 vultures, and Romulus 12.
− When Remus ridiculed Romulus, the later killed his brother.
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Rome of the Kings Six kings ruling Rome after
Romulus:− Numa Pompilius, − Tullus Hostilius, − Ancus Marcius, − Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, − Servius Tullius,− Lucius Terquinius Superbus
Three last kings were Etruscians
Time of Kings was a beginning of Roman statehood and power
Jacques-Louis David – Oath of the Horatii
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Roman society
Roman society was divided into classes by birth:
− Patricians − Plebeians
Roman society was divided into classes by wealth:
Cnoty rzymskie (wybór):− Pietas – poszanowanie bogów i porządku
społecznego− Gravitas – poczucie odpowiedzialności− Veritas – uczciwość− Iustitia – sprawiedliwość− Dignitas – poczucie godności− Prudentia – mądrość i ostrożność− Salubritas – zdrowie i czystość
Katon Młodszy
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Roman society Roman virtues:
− Auctoritas "Spiritual Authority" The sense of one's social standing, built up through experience, Pietas, and Industria.
− Comitas "Humour" Ease of manner, courtesy, openness, and friendliness.
− Clementia "Mercy" Mildness and gentleness. − Dignitas "Dignity" A sense of self-worth, personal pride. − Firmitas "Tenacity" Strength of mind, the ability to stick to
one's purpose. − Frugalitas "Frugalness" Economy and simplicity of style,
without being miserly. − Gravitas "Gravity" A sense of the importance of the matter at
hand, responsibility and earnestness. − Honestas "Respectibility" The image that one presents as a
respectable member of society.
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Roman society Roman virtues:
− Humanitas "Humanity" Refinement, civilization, learning, and being cultured.
− Industria "Industriousness" Hard work. − Pietas "Dutifulness" More than
religious piety; a respect for the natural order socially, politically, and religiously. Includes the ideas of patriotism and devotion to others.
− Prudentia "Prudence" Foresight, wisdom, and personal discretion.
− Salubritas “Wholesomeness" Health and cleanliness.
− Severitas "Sternness" Gravity, self-control.
− Veritas "Truthfulness" Honesty in dealing with others.
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Republic
508 r. p.n.e – Lucius Terquinius Superbus is exiled and Republic proclaimed
During Republic period the formal highiest power was held by comitia – assemblies of citizens
Highest administrative power - Senate Highest officials: 2 consuls elected for 1
year plus (praetors, censors, quaestors tribunes)
SPQR - Senatus Populusque Romanus – Senate and People of Rome
Consuls of Rome
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Punic WarsPunic Wars between Rome and
Carthage – wars for domination in Western Mediterranean
I Punic War 264 - 241 B.C.− Mainly Naval Warfare – beginnings of
Roman Navy II Punic War 218 – 202 B.C.
− Hannibal Barca an splendid successes of Carthage (ie. Battle of Cannes – death of 50-70 thousands Romans, 11 thousands captured (216 B.C)
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Mediterranean World before I Punic War
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Mediterranean World before II Punic War
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Punic Wars III Punic War 149 – 146 B.C. Carthage which after the II Punic
War was left indebted and without army, quickly rebuilt its wealth
Cato the Elder expressed concern about Carthae: "Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam." - „Ponadto uważam, że Kartagina musi zostać zniszczona” "Furthermore, I think Carthage should be destroyed"
146 B.C. consul Scipio Aemilianus destroyed Carthage
Sack of Carthage - Tiepollo
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Mediterranean World before expeditions of Jules Caesar
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Gallic Wars 58 – 51 B.C.
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Gallic Wars 58 – 51 B.C.
58 B.C – Ceasar begins conquest of Gaul
52 B.C – uprising under Vercingetorix
52 B.C. defeat of Gauls at Alesia
51 B.C. - Gaul is a Roman province
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Mediterranean World at Ceasar's death
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Beginning of Roman Empire
Ceasar was murdered in 44 B.C after he proclaimed himself dictator for life.
New civil wars erupted – leading to rule of Octavian Augustus, who proclaimed himself princeps – and the whole system was called principate (though it was imperium in fact), to preserve illusion of the Republic
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Mediterranean World at Augustus' death
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Thank you for attention
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Trajan – last „conqueror” Trajan – 98 – 117 A.D. - first
emperor born outside Rome (in Spain)
Conquered Dacia, Arabia, Armenia i Mesopotamia
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Mediterranean World at Trajan's death
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Mediterranean World at Marcus Aurelius' death
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Imperium Romanum during civil wars 2nd half of III c. A.D.
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Diocletian and rebirth of empire
Diocletian ruled in years 284 – 305 A.D.
He divided empire into two halves each with ruling Augustus and junior co-emperor Caesar
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Diocletian – palace in Split
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Constantine the Great 306 A.D. – Caesar later
Augustus of the West, 324 AD – of whole Empire – untill 337 A.D
312 A.D - Battle of Milvian Bridge – defeat of usurper Maxentius
− During this battle Constantine Army used labrum standard – a standard with christian Chi – Ro sign.
313 A.D. Together with Licinius he issued Edict of Milan – tolerance for Chrstianity
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Imperium Romanum after Constantine's death
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Fall of Roman Empire in the West
From the end of IV c. A.D. - decline of the West
402 A.D. - Ravenna is capital of the West410 A.D – Visigoths sacked Rome
456 A.D. Battle of Catalaunian Plains – victory of Flavius Aetius over Attila the Hun
460 A.D. Vandals sacked Rome
23 IV 476 – German chieftain Odoacer dethroned last Emperor of the West - Romulus Augustuls
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Why Rome has fallen?
Financial crisis End of territorial
expansion Decadence of elites Demographical
changes Legions involved in
politics
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Imperium Romanum (Byzantium) and Barbarian World in 500 A.D.
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Miasto Rzym – Forum Romanum
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Rome – Forum Romanum
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Rome – Centre and Constantine's Arch
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Pantheon
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Rome – Domus Aureus of Nero
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Rome – Trajan's Market
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What to remember Roman Law Administration Roman Army Roads and cities Culture
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Roman Law Roman Law was codified
throughout the ages – its final form was given to it by emperor Justinian in 534 A.D.
Law of Justynian consisted of: Digesta, Codex Justinianus, Institutiones and Novellae and was used in bisantium till the end. It is so called Corpus Juris Civilis
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Army
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Art - mosaics
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Art - sculpture
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Literature - przykłady
Poetry− Lucretius− Ovid− Horace− Lucian− Virgil
Prose− Caesar− Petronius− Apuleius
Historiography− Livy− Tacit
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Justinian I the Great
Ruled 527 – 565 A.D. Tried to rebuild the Empire Build Haghia Sophia Codified Law
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Haghia Sophia which might have been
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Haghia Sophia
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Thank You