Roots, Stems, and LeavesRoots, Stems, and Leaves

Chapter 23 – DragonflyChapter 23 – Dragonfly

Chapter 35 – Advanced BiologyChapter 35 – Advanced Biology

Biggest FlowerRafflesia arnoldii The largest flower of any plant in the world is found on the mottled orange-brown and white parasitic plant Rafflesia arnoldii. Each bloom is 35.8 in wide and can weigh up to 24.3 lbs with petals up to 0.75 in think.

You are studying a plant from the arid southwestern United States. Which of the following adaptations is least likely to have evolved in response to water shortages?

a. closing the stomata during the hottest time of the day

b. development of large leaf surfaces to absorb water

c. formation of a fibrous root system spread over a large area

d. mycorrhizae associated with the root system

e. a thick waxy cuticle on the epidermis

A friend has discovered a new plant and brings it to you to classify. The plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system with growth rings evident in cross section and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the new plant?

a. herbaceous eudicot

b. herbaceous monocot

c. woody eudicot

d. woody annual

e. woody monocot

I. Specialized Tissues in PlantsI. Specialized Tissues in Plants

A. Seed Plant StructureA. Seed Plant Structure1. Roots1. Roots

a. Absorb watera. Absorb waterb. Absorb mineralsb. Absorb mineralsc. Anchor the plantc. Anchor the plantd. Prevent erosiond. Prevent erosione. Protect plant from bacteria and fungie. Protect plant from bacteria and fungif. Hold plant uprightf. Hold plant upright

2. Stems2. Stemsa. Carries nutrientsa. Carries nutrientsb. Protects against b. Protects against

predators and diseasepredators and diseasec. Few mm to 100 m longc. Few mm to 100 m longd. Must be strongd. Must be strong

Tallest Cactus SaguaroTallest Cactus Saguaro (Cereus giganiteus or Carnegiea (Cereus giganiteus or Carnegiea gigantea) is the world's tallest cactus. The tallest gigantea) is the world's tallest cactus. The tallest specimen on record was found in the Maricopa specimen on record was found in the Maricopa Mountains, Arizona, USA in 1988 and had Mountains, Arizona, USA in 1988 and had

branches that rose to a record height of 58 ft.branches that rose to a record height of 58 ft.

http://ecoworld.com/plants/ecoworld_plants_home.cfm

3. Leaves3. Leaves

a. Main site of photosynthesisa. Main site of photosynthesis

b. Flat for high surface areab. Flat for high surface area

c. Protect against water lossc. Protect against water loss

d. Adjustable poresd. Adjustable pores

B. Plant TissueB. Plant Tissue Systems Systems

B. Plant Tissue SystemsB. Plant Tissue Systems

1. Dermal Tissue1. Dermal Tissue

a. “Skin” of the planta. “Skin” of the plant

b. Consists of a single layer of epidermal b. Consists of a single layer of epidermal cellscells

c. Thick waxy coveringc. Thick waxy covering

d. Guard cells regulate water loss through d. Guard cells regulate water loss through stomatastomata

2. Vascular Tissue2. Vascular Tissue

a. “bloodstream”a. “bloodstream”

b. Xylemb. Xylem

1) water-conducting tissue1) water-conducting tissue

2) tracheids2) tracheids

a) long, narrow cells with walls that a) long, narrow cells with walls that are are impermeable to waterimpermeable to water

b) have openings that connect cells to b) have openings that connect cells to one anotherone another

c) not alivec) not alive

3) vessel elements3) vessel elements

a) cells that die, lose their end walls, a) cells that die, lose their end walls, and and act as pipes transporting wateract as pipes transporting water

c. Phloemc. Phloem

1) food-conducting tissue1) food-conducting tissue

2) sieve tube members2) sieve tube members

a) similar to vessel elements, but a) similar to vessel elements, but the ends look like a sieve the ends look like a sieve

(sieve (sieve plate)plate)

3) companion cells3) companion cells

a) surround sieve tube elementsa) surround sieve tube elements

b) support the movement of b) support the movement of substancessubstances

d. Vascular cylinderd. Vascular cylinder

1) a solid core of xylem and phloem in the 1) a solid core of xylem and phloem in the rootroot

e. Vascular bundlese. Vascular bundles

1) Strands of xylem and phloem in the root1) Strands of xylem and phloem in the root

3. Ground Tissue3. Ground Tissue

a. All other tissues in plantsa. All other tissues in plants

b. Parenchymab. Parenchyma

1) packed with chloroplasts1) packed with chloroplasts

2) most photosynthesis occurs here2) most photosynthesis occurs here

c. Collenchymac. Collenchyma

1) strong, flexible cells1) strong, flexible cells

2) provide support for larger plants2) provide support for larger plants

d. Sclerenchymad. Sclerenchyma

1) thick, rigid cell walls1) thick, rigid cell walls

2) make cells tough and strong2) make cells tough and strong

Dermal tissue

Vascular tissue

Ground tissue

Stem

Root

Leaf

Root, Stem, and Leaf TissuesRoot, Stem, and Leaf Tissues

e. Pithe. Pith1) ground tissue 1) ground tissue that is internal to that is internal to vascular tissuevascular tissue

f. Cortexf. Cortex1) ground tissue 1) ground tissue that is external to that is external to vascular tissuevascular tissue

4. Plant Growth and Meristematic Tissue4. Plant Growth and Meristematic Tissue

a. Indeterminate vs. Determinate Growtha. Indeterminate vs. Determinate Growth

1) Indeterminate Growth1) Indeterminate Growth

a) growth that occurs throughout a) growth that occurs throughout a a plant’s life – never stopsplant’s life – never stops

2) Determinate Growth2) Determinate Growth

a) organism ceases to grow when a) organism ceases to grow when reaches a certain sizereaches a certain size

b) most animals and some plant b) most animals and some plant organs such as leavesorgans such as leaves

b. Meristem – clusters of tissue that are b. Meristem – clusters of tissue that are responsible for continued plant growthresponsible for continued plant growth

c. Meristematic tissue is the only plant c. Meristematic tissue is the only plant tissue that produces new cells by mitosistissue that produces new cells by mitosis

d. Unspecialized cellsd. Unspecialized cells

e. Apical meristerme. Apical meristerm

1) undifferentiated cells that divide to 1) undifferentiated cells that divide to increase stem and root lengthincrease stem and root length

2) cause the plant to grow in length 2) cause the plant to grow in length (primary growth)(primary growth)

f. Lateral Meristemf. Lateral Meristem

1) cause a growth in 1) cause a growth in

thickness thickness

(secondary growth)(secondary growth)

2) occurs in stems and roots of woody plants2) occurs in stems and roots of woody plants

3) vascular cambium and cork cambium – 3) vascular cambium and cork cambium – adds layers of vascular tissue called adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloemphloem

g. Differentiation – process in which cells g. Differentiation – process in which cells become specialized in structure and become specialized in structure and functionfunction

Concept MapConcept Map

include

includes includes includes

includes includes

Plant Tissues

Concept MapConcept Map

include

includes includes includes

includes includes

Plant Tissues

Dermaltissue

Meristematictissue

Vasculartissue

Groundtissue

Concept MapConcept Map

include

includes includes includes

includes includes

Plant Tissues

Dermaltissue

Meristematictissue

Vasculartissue

Groundtissue

Epidermalcells

Concept MapConcept Map

include

includes includes includes

includes includes

Plant Tissues

Dermaltissue

Meristematictissue

Vasculartissue

Groundtissue

Epidermalcells Xylem Phloem

Concept MapConcept Map

include

includes includes includes

includes includes

Plant Tissues

Dermaltissue

Meristematictissue

Vasculartissue

Groundtissue

Epidermalcells Xylem Phloem

Tracheids Vesselelements

Concept MapConcept Map

include

includes includes includes

includes includes

Plant Tissues

Dermaltissue

Meristematictissue

Vasculartissue

Groundtissue

Epidermalcells Xylem Phloem

Tracheids Vesselelements

Sieve tubemembers

Companioncells

Concept MapConcept Map

include

includes includes includes

includes includes

Plant Tissues

Dermaltissue

Meristematictissue

Vasculartissue

Groundtissue

Epidermalcells Xylem Phloem Parenchyma

cellsCollenchyma

cells Schlerenchyma

cells

Tracheids Vesselelements

Sieve tubemembers

Companioncells

An evolutionary adaptation that An evolutionary adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest isa dense forest is

a. closing of the stomata.a. closing of the stomata.

b. absence of petioles.b. absence of petioles.

c.c. lateral buds. lateral buds.

d. intercalary meristems.d. intercalary meristems.

e.e. apical dominance. apical dominance.

Which of the following is Which of the following is notnot a a characteristic of parenchyma cells?characteristic of parenchyma cells?

a. thin primary wallsa. thin primary walls

b. lack of secondary wallsb. lack of secondary walls

c.c. flexible primary walls flexible primary walls

d. little metabolism and synthesisd. little metabolism and synthesis

e.e. lack of specialization lack of specialization

Which of the following tissues is Which of the following tissues is incorrectlyincorrectly matched matched with its characteristics?with its characteristics?

a.a. Collenchyma – Collenchyma –

b. Epidermis – b. Epidermis –

c.c. Sclerenchyma – Sclerenchyma –

d. meristematic tissue – d. meristematic tissue –

e.e. Parenchyma – Parenchyma –

Which of the following tissues is Which of the following tissues is incorrectlyincorrectly matched with its characteristics?matched with its characteristics?

a.a. Collenchyma - uniformly thick-walled Collenchyma - uniformly thick-walled supportive tissuesupportive tissue

b. Epidermis - protective outer covering of plant b. Epidermis - protective outer covering of plant bodybody

c.c. Sclerenchyma - heavily lignified secondary walls Sclerenchyma - heavily lignified secondary walls

d. meristematic tissue - undifferentiated tissue d. meristematic tissue - undifferentiated tissue capable of cell divisioncapable of cell division

e.e. Parenchyma - thin-walled, loosely packed, Parenchyma - thin-walled, loosely packed, unspecialized cellsunspecialized cells

The vascular bundle in the shape of a The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is single central cylinder in a root is called thecalled the

a. cortex.a. cortex.

b. periderm.b. periderm.

c.c. stele. stele.

d. pith.d. pith.

e.e. endodermis. endodermis.

The photosynthetic cells in the interior of The photosynthetic cells in the interior of a leaf are what kind of cells?a leaf are what kind of cells?

a. parenchymaa. parenchyma

b. phloemb. phloem

c.c. collenchyma collenchyma

d. endodermisd. endodermis

e.e. sclerenchyma sclerenchyma

II. RootsII. Roots

** the surface of the roots of a rye plant once ** the surface of the roots of a rye plant once measured 600 square metersmeasured 600 square meters

A. Types of RootsA. Types of Roots

1. Taproot1. Taproot

a. Dicotsa. Dicots

b. Long and thick rootb. Long and thick root

2. Fibrous root2. Fibrous root

a. Monocotsa. Monocots

b. Branched extensivelyb. Branched extensively

B. Root Structure and GrowthB. Root Structure and Growth

1. Epidermis – outside layer1. Epidermis – outside layer

a. Protectiona. Protection

b. Absorptionb. Absorption

c. Covered with root hairsc. Covered with root hairs

1) provides a large 1) provides a large

surface areasurface area

2. Vascular cylinder2. Vascular cylinder

a. Central cylinder of vascular tissuea. Central cylinder of vascular tissue

3. Large area of ground tissue between the 3. Large area of ground tissue between the epidermis and vascular tissueepidermis and vascular tissue

a. Cortexa. Cortex

1) spongy layer of ground tissue1) spongy layer of ground tissue

b. Endodermisb. Endodermis

1) completely encloses the root’s 1) completely encloses the root’s vascular subsystemvascular subsystem

4. Root cap4. Root cap

a. Protects the root as it growsa. Protects the root as it grows

b. Secretes a slippery substanceb. Secretes a slippery substance

C. Root FunctionsC. Root Functions1. Anchor the plant1. Anchor the plant2. Uptake of Plant Nutrients2. Uptake of Plant Nutrients

a. Soila. Soil1) Earth’s surface layer that 1) Earth’s surface layer that

supports supports plant lifeplant life 2) good soil2) good soil

a) 25% air (COa) 25% air (CO22 and O and O22))

b) 25% waterb) 25% waterc) 45% mineralsc) 45% mineralsd) 5% organic matterd) 5% organic matter

3) minerals3) mineralsa) sand - largesta) sand - largestb) siltb) siltc) clay – smallestc) clay – smallest

4) loam soil - best4) loam soil - besta) 30% sand, 40% silt, 30% claya) 30% sand, 40% silt, 30% clay

b. Nutrients needed by plantsb. Nutrients needed by plants1) atmospheric macronutrients1) atmospheric macronutrients

a) Ca) Cb) Hb) Hc) Oc) O

2) Primary Macronutrients2) Primary Macronutrients

a) Na) N

b) Pb) P

c) Kc) K

3) Secondary Macronutrients3) Secondary Macronutrients

a) Sa) S

b) Cab) Ca

c) Mgc) Mg

4) Micronutrients4) Micronutrients

a) Ba) B

b) Cub) Cu

c) Clc) Cl

d) Fed) Fe

e) Mne) Mn

f) Mof) Mo

g) Zng) Zn

5) Mnemonic5) Mnemonic

C. B. HOPKiNS CaFÈ Mighty good C. B. HOPKiNS CaFÈ Mighty good

Closed Monday Morning See You ZenClosed Monday Morning See You Zen

Role in Plant

Proper leaf growth and color; synthesis of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll

Synthesis of DNA; development of roots, stems, flowers, and seeds

Synthesis of proteins and carbs; development of roots, stems, and flowers; resistance to cold & disease

Synthesis of chlorophyll

Cell growth and division; cell wall structure; cellular transport; enzyme action

Result of Deficiency

Stunted plant growth; pale yellow leaves

Poor flowering; stunted growth

Weak stems and stunted roots; edges of leaves turn brown

Thin stems; mottled, pale leaves

Stunted growth; curled leaves

Nutrient

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Potassium

Magnesium

Calcium

Essential Plant NutrientsEssential Plant Nutrients

3. Active Transport of Minerals3. Active Transport of Minerals

a. Passive transport vs. active transporta. Passive transport vs. active transport

b. Active transport proteins use ATP to b. Active transport proteins use ATP to pump mineral ions from the soil into the pump mineral ions from the soil into the plantplant

4. The high concentration of mineral 4. The high concentration of mineral ions in the plant cells causes water ions in the plant cells causes water molecules to move into the plant via molecules to move into the plant via osmosis (passive transport)osmosis (passive transport)

a. osmosis – movement of water from a. osmosis – movement of water from an area of high concentration to an an area of high concentration to an area of low concentrationarea of low concentration

5. Osmosis and active transport move water 5. Osmosis and active transport move water and nutrients into the Vascular Cylinderand nutrients into the Vascular Cylinder

a. The casparian strip allows nutrient ions a. The casparian strip allows nutrient ions and water to move into the vascular and water to move into the vascular cylinder, but not out – they are trappedcylinder, but not out – they are trapped

6. Root pressure - Because the nutrient ions 6. Root pressure - Because the nutrient ions and water molecules are trapped, they can and water molecules are trapped, they can only go uponly go up

The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is due primarily to

a. continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root.

b. continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the center of the apical meristem.

c. elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem.

d. A and B only.

e. A, B, and C.

Transport in RootsTransport in Roots

QuestionsQuestions Water AbsorptionWater Absorption Nutrient UptakeNutrient Uptake

Transport in RootsTransport in Roots

QuestionsQuestions Water AbsorptionWater Absorption Nutrient UptakeNutrient Uptake

1. How does 1. How does the process the process occur?occur?

Transport in RootsTransport in Roots

QuestionsQuestions Water AbsorptionWater Absorption Nutrient UptakeNutrient Uptake

1. How does 1. How does the process the process occur?occur?

2. List in 2. List in order the root order the root tissues tissues involved in involved in this process.this process.

III. StemsIII. StemsA. Stem Structure and FunctionA. Stem Structure and Function

1. Functions1. Functions

a. Produce leaves, branches, and a. Produce leaves, branches, and flowersflowers

b. Hold leaves up to the sunlightb. Hold leaves up to the sunlight

c. Transport substances between roots c. Transport substances between roots and leavesand leaves

d. Some photosynthesized. Some photosynthesize

e. Some also serve as storage (tuber, e. Some also serve as storage (tuber, bulb, corm, rhizomebulb, corm, rhizome

2. Structure2. Structure

a. Nodea. Node

1) the point where 1) the point where

leaves attachleaves attach

b. Internodeb. Internode

1) region between nodes1) region between nodes

c. budc. bud

1) contain undeveloped tissue that can 1) contain undeveloped tissue that can produce new stems and produce new stems and

leavesleaves

B. Monocot and Dicot StemsB. Monocot and Dicot Stems1. Monocot1. Monocot

a. Vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) a. Vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) are scattered throughout the stemare scattered throughout the stem

2. Dicot2. Dicota. In dicots and most gymnosperms a. In dicots and most gymnosperms vascular bundles are arranged in a vascular bundles are arranged in a cylindercylinderb. Pithb. Pith

1) the parenchyma cells inside the 1) the parenchyma cells inside the ring of ring of vascular tissuevascular tissue

C. Primary Growth of StemsC. Primary Growth of Stems1. Primary Growth1. Primary Growth

a. New cells are produced at the tips of a. New cells are produced at the tips of roots and shootsroots and shoots

2. occurs at the tips of 2. occurs at the tips of

roots and shootsroots and shoots

3. takes place in all 3. takes place in all

seed plantsseed plants

D. Secondary Growth of StemsD. Secondary Growth of Stems1. Secondary Growth1. Secondary Growth

a. Stems increasing in widtha. Stems increasing in width

b. In conifers and dicots, secondary growth b. In conifers and dicots, secondary growth takes place in lateral meristematic tissues takes place in lateral meristematic tissues called vascular called vascular

cambium and cambium and

cork cambiumcork cambium

c. Vascular cambiumc. Vascular cambium

1) lateral meristematic tissue produces 1) lateral meristematic tissue produces vascular tissue increasing stem widthvascular tissue increasing stem width

d. Cork cambiumd. Cork cambium

1) produces outer covering of stems1) produces outer covering of stems

2. Formation of Wood2. Formation of Wood

a. Heartwooda. Heartwood

1) older xylem that no longer conducts 1) older xylem that no longer conducts waterwater

b. Sapwoodb. Sapwood

1) surrounds the heartwood, is usually 1) surrounds the heartwood, is usually lighter in color, and still conducts lighter in color, and still conducts waterwater

3. Formation of Bark3. Formation of Bark

a. Barka. Bark

1) all of the tissues outside the vascular 1) all of the tissues outside the vascular cambiumcambium

2) includes phloem, cork cambium, 2) includes phloem, cork cambium, and and corkcork

Which of the following is true about secondary growth in plants?

a. Flowers may have secondary growth.

b. Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves.

c. Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

d. Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant.

e. Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem.

The vascular system of a three-year-old eudicot stem consists of

a. 3 rings of xylem and 3 of phloem.

b. 2 rings of xylem and 3 of phloem.

c. 2 rings of xylem and 2 of phloem.

d. 3 rings of xylem and 1 of phloem.

e. 2 rings of xylem and 1 of phloem.

IV. LeavesIV. LeavesA. FunctionA. Function

1. carry out photosynthesis1. carry out photosynthesisB. Leaf StructureB. Leaf Structure

1. Blade1. Bladea. Thin, flattened sections to collect a. Thin, flattened sections to collect

sunlightsunlightb. Simple or compound (consisting of b. Simple or compound (consisting of

many leaflets)many leaflets)2. Petiole2. Petiole

a. Attaches blade to stema. Attaches blade to stem

C. Leaf FunctionsC. Leaf Functions1. Photosynthesis1. Photosynthesis

a. Mesophylla. Mesophyll

1) this is where photosynthesis occurs1) this is where photosynthesis occurs

b. Palisade mesophyllb. Palisade mesophyll

1) closely packed columnar cells that 1) closely packed columnar cells that absorb lightabsorb light

c. Spongy mesophyllc. Spongy mesophyll

1) loose tissue with many air spaces 1) loose tissue with many air spaces connected to stomataconnected to stomata

d. Stomatad. Stomata

1) porelike openings in the underside 1) porelike openings in the underside of of the leaf that allow COthe leaf that allow CO22 and O and O22 to to

diffuse in and out of the leafdiffuse in and out of the leaf

e. Guard cellse. Guard cells

1) control the opening and closing of 1) control the opening and closing of the the stomatastomata

2. Transpiration2. Transpiration

a. The loss of water through leavesa. The loss of water through leaves

3. Gas Exchange3. Gas Exchange

a. Plants keep their stomata open just a. Plants keep their stomata open just enough to allow photosynthesis to take place enough to allow photosynthesis to take place but not so much that they lose an excessive but not so much that they lose an excessive amount of wateramount of water

b. High water pressure causes the guard b. High water pressure causes the guard cells to open the stomatacells to open the stomata

c. Guard cells work to maintain c. Guard cells work to maintain homeostasishomeostasis

Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function?

a. Sclerenchyma -

b. Periderm -

c. Pericycle -

d. Mesophyll -

e. ground meristem -

Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function?

a. Sclerenchyma - supporting cells with thick secondary walls

b. Periderm - protective coat of woody stems and roots

c. Pericycle - waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots

d. Mesophyll - parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves

e. ground meristem - primary meristem that produces the ground tissue system

All of the following cell types are correctly matched with their functions except

a. mesophyll-photosynthesis

b. guard cell-regulation of transpiration

c. sieve-tube member-translocation

d. vessel element-water transport

e. companion cell-formation of secondary xylem and phloem

V. Transport in PlantsV. Transport in PlantsA. Water TransportA. Water Transport

1. root pressure, capillary action, and 1. root pressure, capillary action, and transpiration provide enough force to move transpiration provide enough force to move water through the xylem up any plantwater through the xylem up any plant

2. Capillary Action2. Capillary Action

a. Cohesiona. Cohesion

1) molecular attraction of like substances1) molecular attraction of like substances

b. Adhesionb. Adhesion

1) molecular attraction of unlike 1) molecular attraction of unlike substancessubstances

c. Capillary actionc. Capillary action

1) the upward movement of a fluid 1) the upward movement of a fluid against the force of gravityagainst the force of gravity

2) due to cohesion and adhesion2) due to cohesion and adhesion

3. transpiration3. transpiration

a. As water is lost through stomata, osmotic a. As water is lost through stomata, osmotic pressure moves water out of the pressure moves water out of the

vascular vascular tissuetissue

Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves.

Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.

B. Nutrient TransportB. Nutrient Transport

1. nutrients are pushed through phloem1. nutrients are pushed through phloem2. Source to Sink2. Source to Sink

a. Pressure-Flow hypothesisa. Pressure-Flow hypothesis - “When nutrients are pumped into or - “When nutrients are pumped into or

removed from the phloem system, the removed from the phloem system, the change in concentration causes a movement change in concentration causes a movement of fluid in that same direction. As a result, of fluid in that same direction. As a result, phloem is able to move nutrients in either phloem is able to move nutrients in either direction to meet the nutritional needs of direction to meet the nutritional needs of the plant.”the plant.”

Movementof water

Movementof sugar

Sugarmolecules

Source cell

Sink cell

Phloem XylemPhloem Phloem TransportTransport

The EndThe End

Movementof water

Movementof sugar

Sugarmolecules

Source cell

Sink cell

Phloem XylemPhloem Phloem TransportTransport

THE ENDTHE END