roping us(tehnologie)

8/20/2019 Roping Us(tehnologie)

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UNIVERSITATEA DE ŞTIINTE AGRICOLE ŞI MEDICINĂ VETERINARA „ION

IONESCU DE LA BRAD” DIN IAŞI

FACULTATEA DE AGRICULTURĂ

SPECIALIZAREA TPPA

TEHNOLOGIA DE OBŢINERE A NECTARULUI DE PERE ÎN CANTITATEDE 10.000l ÎN 16 ORE AMBALATE ÎN STICLE DE 1l

CUPRINS


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INTRODUCERE

Capitolul 1 NOŢIUNI GENERALE DESPRE PRODUSUL !INIT

Capitolul " CARACTERISTICILE MATERIEI PRIME

2.1 Soiuri ! "!r! #o$o%i&! $' o()i*!r!' *!+&'ru$ui

2.2 M'&!rii 'u,i$i'r!

2.- C'r'+&!ri%&i+i #ii+o / +0ii+!

2..C'r'+&!ri%&i+i$! #ii+! '$! "!r!$or

Capitolul # CARACTERISTICILE PRODUSULUI !INIT

-.1 C'r'+&!ri%&i+i %!*ori'$! 3i #ii+o / +0ii+!

-.2 D!#!+&! '$! "rou%u$ui

Capitolul $ TEHNOLOGIA DE !ABRICAŢIE

.1 S+0!' &!0*o$o4i+5

.2 D!%+ri!r!' #$u,u$ui &!0*o$o4i+

Capitolul % DESCRIEREA UTILA&ELOR !OLOSITE

Capitolul % PRE'ENTAREA UNUI UTILA& CONDUC(TOR

6.1 C'$+u$u$ (i$')u$ui ! '&!ri'$!

BIBLIOGRA!IE

I)t*o+u,-*-

2


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Fru+&!$! %u*& "rou%! 0or&i+o$! +u o '+ii&'&! 'i rii+'&5 i* "u*+& ! 7!!r! or#o$o4i+.

C!' 'i 'r! +'*&i&'&! ! "!r! 8* Ro9*i' %! u&i$i!'5 "!*&ru +o*%uu$ 8* %&'r! "ro'%"5&5:

'r %! #o$o%!%+ 3i +' *!+&'r: %u+:u$+!)uri: 4!uri: 4!$'&i*5 %'u +0i'r u%+'&!.

Pri* +'$i&'&!' u*!i '&!rii "ri! %! "o& !#i*i ou5 *o)iu*i; +'$i&'&!' *u&ri)io*'$5 3i +'$i&'&!'

&!0*o$o4i+5. Pri* +'$i&'&!' &!0*o$o4i+5 %! 8*)!$!4! '*%'($u$ ! 8*%u3iri #ii+!: %!*ori'$!: +0ii+! 3ii+ro(io$o4i+! "! +'r! &r!(ui! %5 $! 'i(5 "!r!$! "!*&ru ' "u&!' #i &r'*%#or'&! 8* "rou% #i*i& 7'$oro%

i* "u*+& ! 7!!r! '$i!*&'r 3i %&'(i$ 8* &i". C'$i&'&!' '&!ri!i "ri! !"i*! !; %oi: 4r' !

'&ur'r!: +$i5: %o$: +o*i)ii ! r!+o$&'r!: &r'*%"or& 3i %&o+'r!.

P!r!$! o+u"' $o+u$ &r!i +' "o*!r!: !)i*9* +ir+' 6


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#ru+&! %! #'+ !&!ri*5ri %i "!*&ru +o*)i*u&u$ ! %u(%&'*)5 %o$u(i$5: '+ii&'&! 3i '$&! %u(%&'*)!

"r!75u&! ! *or!$! %'*i&'r!.

N!+&'r!$! ! #ru+&! %! o(&i* +o*#or ur'&o'r!$or r!&!&! ! #'(ri+'&i!;

P!*&ru 1 4 *!+&'r ! #ru+&! +u %u(%&'*&' u%+'&' %o$u(i$' i*i 1 4r'! r!#r'+&o!&ri+!. T'(. 1.1

Sortiment Piure fructe

kg

Sirop zahar kg Acid ascorbic

kg

Acid citric kg

Nectar de pere 40 60 0,01 0,5

6


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Capitolul " CARACTERISTICILE MATERIEI PRIME

".1 Soiu*i +- p-*- olo/it- la oi)-*-a )-,ta*ului

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%&ru+&ur5 3i &!,&ur5 #i*5.

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%#9r3i&u$ $u*ii 'u4u%&.

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4r'!. Fru+&!$! "ro'%"!&! %u*& #!r!: +u o u3o'r5 'ro5 ! 5r. L' !,&!rior: 'r! o +o'5 !,&r! !

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"or&o+'$iu. L' i*&!rior: i!u$ #!r !%&! '$(i+io%: !o% 3i +ro+'*&. Cu &o'&! '+!%&!': 8* +'u$ "!r!$or

'&ur!: "u$"' 8*+!"! %5 "ri*5 +u$o'r!' 'ro*i!: '79* &!,&ur' #5r9i)o'%5 '&u*+i +9* !%&! &5i'&5.Mi$o+u$ #ru+&u$ui !%&! 'i u$& %'u 'i "u)i* %ii$'r +u 5ru$: '79* i%"u%! +!*&r'$ %!i*)!$!

i+i.

For' i#!r5 3i !': ! $' +!' 4$o(u$o'%5 $' +!' +$'%i+5: %u( #or5 ! (u$(.

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".# Mat-*ii au3ilia*-

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8*&r!4u$ui #$u, &!0*o$o4i+. Du"5 !%&i*')i' "! +'r! o 'r! 8* +ur%u$ i7!r%!$or "ro+!%! ! #'(ri+')i!:

'"' %! +$'%i#i+5 8* '"' !%&i*'&5 %+o"uri$or &!0*o$o4i+! @7i*! 8* +o*&'+& ir!+& +u '&!rii "ri! 3i

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i"or&'*& &r'&'r!' +u 7i&'i*' C. P!*&ru &r'&'r!' *!+&'ru$ui %! #o$o%!%&! o %o$u)i! ! 7i&'i*' C

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#." D--,t- al- p*o+u/ului

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(u*5 %"5$'r! 'r! o !#i+'+i&'&! '%!5*5&o'r! +u &r'&'r!' &!ri+5 $' 1C: &i" ! 2?6 i*u&!. C'

ur'r!: ! ou$ 8* +'r! !%&! +o*u%5 %"5$'r!' !"i*! 8* 'r! 5%ur5 +'$i&'&!' "rou%u$ui #i*i&.

L' u*!$! &i"uri ! '3i*i: 7!*&i$'&oru$ %! 8*$o+ui!3&! +u u* +o"r!%or ! '!r: '(!$! '79*'+!$'3i ro$: ! ' r!'$i' ('r(o&'r!' '!ru$ui 8* +u7' ! 8*ui!r! ' '3i*ii ! %"5$'&: 8* 7!!r!'

5riii !#i+'+i&5)ii %"5$5rii.

Sortarea "!r!$or %! !,!+u&5 %!i!+'*i+ "! ('*' &r'*%"or&o'r! 3i +o*%&5 8* !$ii*'r!'

"rou%!$or *!+or!%"u*5&o'r!. Vi&!' (!*ii !%&! ! :1 / :2 Q%.

Eliminarea părţilor necomestibile 8* +'u$ "!r!$or i"$i+5 8*!"5r&'r!' +oi$or: %9(uri$or

+5%u)!i %!i*'$! 3i 8*!"5r&'r!' +oi)!$or. Cur5)'r!' %! !,!+u&5 !+'*i+ +u 'u&oru$ +u)i&!$or +u

"ro#i$ %"!+i'$. Mărunţirea grosieră %! !#!+&u!'5 +u 'u&oru$ "'%'&ri+!i 3i 'r! +' %+o" #'+i$i&'r!' o"!r')ii$or

u$&!rio'r!.

Preîncălzirea !%&! &i"i+5 3i %! "r'+&i+5 8* #'' i*i)i'$5 ' &!0*o$o4i!i. O"!r')i' +o*%&5 8*

8*+5$ir!' "!r!$or $' K2 ? K6C 8*&r! 6 / - i*u&! 8* %+o"u$ 8*ui!rii &!,&urii: ' i*'+&i75rii

!*i!$or o,i'&i7!: r!u+!r!' *u5ru$ui ! i+roor4'*i%!: ' u3ur5rii o"!r')ii$or ! "r!$u+r'r!

u$&!rio'r5: ' 5ririi r'*'!*&u$ui ! o()i*!r! ' %u+u$ui.

*ui!r!' 'r! $o+ +' ur'r! ' 0iro$i!i &!ri+! ' "ro&o"!+&i*!i 3i ' "!+&i*!i +'r! +i!*&!'5

+!$u$!$! )!%u&uri$or 7!4!&'$! 3i +' ur'r! %&r!+ur'r!' %'u "r!%'r!' #ru+&!$or %! #'+! 'i u3or 3i $' u*

r'*'!*& 'i rii+'&.

I*'+&i7'r!' !*i!$or !%&! *!+!%'r5 "!*&ru ' %! !7i&' !4r'5ri$! ! +u$o'r!: '&ori&5

!*i!$or o,i'&i7! @"o$i#i*o$o,i'': "!ro,i'': '%+or(i*o,i'' 3i !%&'(i$ir!' %u+u$ui +'

ur'r! ' '+&i7i&5)ii !*i!$or "!+&o$i&i+!: 8* %"!+i'$ ' "!+&'!i. Co*+oi&!*& +u i*'+&i7'r!'

12


13/25

!*i!$or 'r! $o+ 3i r!u+!r!' *u5ru$ui i*i)i'$ ! i+roor4'*i%! '%i4ur9* +o*i)ii$! i4i!*i+!

*!+!%'r! "!*&ru o()i*!r!' %u+u$ui +u "u$"5.

Mărunţirea fină %! !#!+&u!'5 +u 'u&oru$ r'#i*'&ri+!i 8* ur' '+!%&!i o"!r')ii "'r&i+u$!$! 'u

i'!&r! +u"ri*%! 8*&r! : / :6.

Amestecarea, omogenizarea / A!%&!+'r!' r!"r!i*&5 "ro+!%u$ &!0*o$o4i+ 8* ur' +5rui' "iur!u$ ! "!r! !%&! '!%&!+'& +u %iro"u$ ! '05r @'+!%&' !%&! #i$&r'& 8* '!%&!+5&oru$ +u "'$!&!.

Oo4!*i'r!' 'r! +' %+o" o()i*!r!' ! %u%"!*%ii %&'(i$! 8* &i".N!+&'ru$: +0i'r $' u* 4r' !

5ru*)ir! ! : 'r! &!*i*)' ! ' %!i!*&' 8* &i" +!!' +! '#!+&!'5 '%"!+&u$ +o!r+i'$.

Oo4!*i'r!' *!+'&ru$ui ! "!r! 'r! $o+ 8* oo4!*i'&or.

ezaerarea *!+&'ru$ui 8*'i*&! ! 8(u&!$i!r! 3i "'%&!uri'r! 'r! +' %+o" 8*!"5r&'r!' '!ru$ui

i*+$u% 8* +ur%u$ o"!r')ii$or "r!+!!*&!. A!ru$ %o$u(i$i'& 8* "rou%: '&ori&5 o,i4!*u$ui +o*)i*u&:

u+! $' o,i'r!' %u(%&'*)!$or or4'*i+!: "ri* '+!'%&' i+3or9*u?%! +o*)i*u&u$ 8* 7i&'i*! 3i

r!%"!+&i7 7'$o'r!' *!+&'ru$ui

P!*&ru !$ii*'r!' '!ru$ui i* "rou%u$ "r!$u+r'& %! #o$o%!%+ "ro+!!! &!ri+!: 7'+uu!&ri+!

3i +o(i*'&!. D!'!r'r!' &!0*i+5 "r!%u"u*! 8*+5$ir!' "rou%u$ui. Pri* 8*+5$ir! "r!%iu*!' '!ru$ui

i* %"')ii$! i*&!r+!$u$'r! %! 5r!3&! #')5 ! "r!%iu*!' '&o%#!ri+5 3i %u( i*#$u!*)' i#!r!*)!i !

"r!%iu*! '!ru$ &i*! %5 i'%5 i* "rou%.

D!'!r'r!' %u( 7i +o*%5 8* i*&rou+!r!' "rou%u$ui 8*&r?u* 7'% %u( "r!%iu*!: 8* %&r'& %u()ir!

%'u 8* %&'r! "u$7!ri'&5. M'i r5%"9*i&5 !%&! !&o' +o(i*'&5 ! !'!r'r!: "ri* '+!%& "ro+!!u

"rou%u$ #ii* %u"u% 8* '+!$'3i &i" !#!+&u$ui &!ri+ 3i 7'+uuu$ui. Pasteurizarea r!"r!i*&5 o"!r')i' &!0*o$o4i+5 +'r! %! r!'$i!'5 8* "'%&!uri'&oru$ +u "$5+i 3i

'r! +' %+o" i*'+&i7'r!' i+ro#$or!i i* *!+&'r 3i ' !*i!$or +! "ro7o'+5 '$&!r'r!'. S! ur5r!3&! +'

8* #i*'$ *!+&'r!$! 8*+0i%! 8* r!+i"!*&! %5 #i! $i"%i&! ! i+roor4'*i%! 8* %&'r! 7i!. P'%&!uri'r!' %!

r!'$i!'5 $' o &!"!r'&ur5 'i i+5 ! 1C.

ozarea şi etic!etarea %! r!'$i!'5 +o*+oi&!*& 8* (u&!$ii ! %&i+$5 ! 1$. Bu&!$ii$! ! %&i+$5

%u*& %&!r$i'&! '*&!rior. E%&! o"!r')i' r!'$i'&5 8* %+o"u$ u"$!rii r!+i"i!*&!$or u&i$i'&! 8* '('$'r!.

Do'r!' *!+&'ru$ui %! r!'$i!'5 $' '3i*' ! o'r! $' 7o$u +o*%&'*& +! '%i4ur5 3i

8*+0i!r!' r!+i"i!*&!$or.

Pri* con"iţionarea ambala#elor r!'$i!'5 %"5$'r!' %&i+$!$or: +'r! 'r! o i"or&'*)5 !o%!(i&5

8* '%i4ur'r!' u*or "rou%! ! +'$i&'&! %u"!rio'r5: o"!r')i' ur5ri* ou5 %+o"uri; %&i+$' &r!(ui! %5

#i! "!r#!+& +ur'&5: r!%"!+&i7: %5 #i! &r'*%"'r!*&5: %&r5$u+i&o'r! 8* '#'r' ! "uri&'&!' #ii+5 !%&! *!+!%'r

%5 %! r!'$i!! 3i o "uri&'&! i+ro(io$o4i+5.

1-


14/25

$mbutelierea '%i4ur5 r!'$i'r!' +o*i)ii$or +'r! 7or "!ri&! "5%&r'r!' "! o ur'&5 ! &i"

8*!$u*4'&5. V' '%i4ur' i"o%i(i$i&'&!' "5&ru*!rii '!ru$ui 3i ' '$&or i"uri&5)i "r!+u 3i ' i7!r%!$or

or4'*i%! +'r! "o& !&!rior' +'$i&'&i7 *!+&'r!$! @#!r!*&')i' '$+oo$i+5: o)!&ir!'.

Pri*&r?o 8(u&!$i!r! (i*! !#!+&u'&5 %! r!u+! %"'r4!r!' %&i+$!$or 3i '$&!r'r!' 8* &i"u$

"5%&r5rii. epozitarea sticlelor %! #'+! 8* (',uri '('$'&! '*u'$ 3i !"oi&'&! "! "'$!)i 8* '4'ii +u

&!"!r'&ur' +u"ri*%5 8*&r! 6 3i 1>C: u%+'&!: (i*! 7!*&i$'&! 3i $i"%i&! ! $ui*' %o$'r5.

Etic!etarea : "! !&i+0!&' "rou%u$ui #i*i& &r!(ui! %5 %! "r!+i!! +'&!4ori' ! (5u&ur5:

i*4r!i!*&!$! +'r! 'u #o%& u&i$i'&! $' o()i*!r!' "rou%u$ui. S! "r!+i!'5 &!r!*u$ ! 4'r'*)i! 3i

&!r!*u$ ! 7'$'(i$i&'&!. Su*& "r!+i'&! 3i '*'$i! +0ii+!: !&!ri*'&! $' 1 $ +o*)i*u& !iu;

7i&'i*' C @4=: '05r &o&'$ @4=: '+ii&'&! &o&'$5 @4=: "ro&!i*!: +'r(o0ir')i: 4r5%ii 3i 7'$o'r!'

!*!r4!&i+5 @ %'u +'$. E&i+0!&' &r!(ui! %5 "r!i*&! +5 8* '%' "rou%u$ui *u !,i%&5 '4!*)i !

+o*%!r7'r!. Nu %! 'i&! *o&'r!' "! !&i+0!&5 +u i'4i*i 4r'#i+! ' "!r!$or +'r! *u 'u #o%& u&i$i'&! $'

#'(ri+'r!' "rou%u$ui.

%ivrarea %! #'+! 8* ('' Bu$!&i*u$ui ! '*'$i5 3i ' C!r&i#i+'&u$ui EUR 1.

1


15/25

Capitolul % DESCRIEREA UTILA&ELOR !OLOSITE

Fi4.1.1M'3i*5

! %"5$'& +u ('*5 &r'*%"or&o'r! 3i ('r(o&'r! '!r

1?+u7' ! %"5$'r! ?"r!'?"$i*

2?('*' !&'$i+5 >?+'ru !&'$i+

-?+o*u+&' ! ('r(o&'r! '!r K?r'+or ! 4o$ir! ('i!

?i*%&'$')i! u3uri 1?"9$*i! ! !7'+u'r! "rou%6?7!*&i$'&or 11?&'(ur ! '+)io*'r!

H?4ru" '+)io*'r! 12?i%"oi&i7 ! 8*&i*!r! ('*5

M'3i*' 'r! ou5 o*! ! $u+ru; o*' ! %"5$'r! "ri* ('r(o&'r!: 3i o*' ! +$5&ir!.

P!r!$! %! i*&rou+ 8* ('i* i'r "ri* ('r(o&'r! %u*& "u&!r*i+ '4i&'&! "!*&ru o +9& 'i (u*5 +ur5)ir!.

Prou%!$! %"5$'&! %u*& "r!$u'&! ! ('*' &r'*%"or&o'r! 3i %+5r+'&! "ri* 40!'(u$ ! !7'+u'r!. * &i"u$

&r'*%"or&u$ui: #ru+&!$! %u*& +$5&i&! %u( '+)iu*!' !&uri$or ! '"5 &rii%! '%u"r' $or ! +5&r! u!. A"' i* ('i*

%! r!8"ro%"5&!'5 +o*&i*uu. I"uri&5)i$! %u*& !$ii*'&! o'&5 +u '"' "ri* "r!'?"$i*. Du"5 &!ri*'r!'o"!r')i!i %! o"r!3&! i*%&'$')i' ! ('r(o&'r!: u3'r! 3i &r'*%"or&oru$ +u ('*5. S! 4o$!3&! ('i*u$ ! '"5 "ri*

4ur' ! 4o$ir! 3i %! !$ii*5 i"uri&5)i$!.

16


16/25

Fi4.1.2 E$!7'&oru$

Co*%&ru+)i' 4!*!r'$5 ' !$!7'&oru$ui +u"ri*!; +or"u$ !$!7'&oru$ui: ('*' &r'*%"or&o'r!:

"i+ioru$ !$!7'&oru$ui 3i 40!'(u$ ! '$i!*&'r!.E$!7'&oru$ 'r! ro$u$ ! ' &r'*%"or&' '&!ri' "ri5 r!u$&'&5 8* ur' o"!r')i!i ! %"5$'r! +5&r!

ur5&o'r!' #'5 &!0*o$o4i+5 3i '*u! !$ii*'r!' "5r)i$or *!+o!%&i(i$!.

Fi4 1.- M'3i*5 ! %+o% +'%' %!i*'$' %i &5i'& #ru+&! 8* #!$ii

1H


17/25

1?$'*) &r'*%"or&or 2?"$'+5 %u"or& "!*&ru +!"ii +o*i+i -?+!"i +o*i+i ?%u"or& 6?+u)i& &u(u$'r H?+u)i& "!*&ru

&5i'& #ru+&!$! 8* #!$ii ?&u(uri "!*&ru !$ii*'r!' +'%!i %!i*'$! >?&r'*%"or&or !$+'& "!*&ru !7'+u'& +'%'

%!i*'$5 K?"$'+5 "or&?+u)i&! 1?r!%or&uri 11?+o$o'*! ! 40i'r! 12? !+'*i% +u "9r40ii "!*&ru '+)io*'r!'

"$5+ii "or&?+u)i&! 1-? +'5 1H? ro'&' ! '*&r!*'r! ' $'*)u$ui &r'*%"or&or 1? 3&i#& 1>? ro'&' ! +$i+0!& 1K?

+$i+0!& "!*&ru ($o+'r! 2? 40!'( +o$!+&or 21?ro'&' ! 8*&i*!r! 22? (o$) 2-? (u+35 2? '$!$! $'*)u$ui

&r'*%"or&or 26? "$'+5 i* '%5 "$'%&i+5.

A*&r!*'r!' "5r)i$or '+&i7! '$! '3i*ii ! !$ii*'& +'%' %!i*'$5 %! r!'$i!'5 +u !+'*i%!

+u +'! 3i +$i+0!& +'r! '%i4ur5 %i*+ro*i'r!' 8*&r! i3+'r!' &r'*%"or&oru$ui +u $'*)uri 3i !"$'%'r!'

+u)i&!$or &u(u$'r!.

C'%!$! %!i*'$!: !&'3'&! ! +u)i&!$! &u(u$'r! %u*& +o$!+&'&! 8*&r?u* 40!'( %i !7'+u'&! 8*

"!r'*!*)5 +u u* &r'*%"or&or !$+'&. Prou%u$ #i*'$ @#!$ii$! ! #ru+&! !%&! +o$!+&'& "ri*&r?u* 40!'(

3i iri'& +5&r! +!$!$'$&! o"!r')ii &!0*o$o4i+! '$! "ro+!%u$ui ! i*u%&ri'$i'r!.P'%'&ri+!' !%&! !%+ri%5 +' u&i$' +o*u+5&or.

Fi4. 1. *+5$i&oru$ +u %!r"!*&i*5

1?+'!r5 "rou% 6?%!r"!*&i*5 ro&'&i75

2?+or" !,&!rior H?!$!+&roo&or

-?'*&'

?'r(or!

1


18/25

Tr'*%#!ru$ ! +5$ur5 'r! $o+ +o*+oi&!*& "ri* &r!i !$!!*&!; %u"r'#')' %"ir'$!i: %u"r'#')'

$'&!r'$5 ' 'r(or!$ui 8* i3+'r! ! ro&')i! 3i %u"r'#')' $'&!r'$5 ' +'!r!i ! "rou%. S! '%i4ur5 '%!$

'u+!r!' '%!i ro(i&! '"ro'"! i*%&'*&'*!u ! $' &!"!r'&ur' ! +ir+' KC 3i !*)i*!r!' $'

'+!'%&5 &!"!r'&ur5 - / H i*u&!. A4!*&u$ &!ri+ !%&! '(uru$ %'&ur'& $' "r!%iu*! ! , 1 6 NQ2.

M'*&'u' ! 8*+5$ir! !%&! 8"5r)i&5 8* ou5 +o"'r&i!*&! +'r! %u*& '$i!*&'&! +u '(ur. A(uru$%'&ur'& %! i*&rou+! +o*+oi&!*& 8* 'r(or!$! +!*&r'$ 3i 8* %"ir'$5. E7'+u'r!' +o*!*%u$ui %!

r!'$i!'5 *u'i i* '*&' "ri* o'$' ! +o*!*%. Co*!*%u$ i* 'r(or!$! +!*&r'$ !%&! iri'& i*&r?o

+o*u+&5 $'&!r'$5 8* '*&'. Cor"u$ '"'r'&u$ui !%&! "r!75u& +u ou5 +'"'+! ! +o*&ro$.

Prou%u$ i*&r5 8* "r!8*+5$i&or: '7'*%!'5 '&ori&5 i3+5rii ! ro&')i! ' %!r"!*&i*!i: #ii*

!7'+u'& "ri* "'r&!' o"u%5.

Fi4. 1.6 Gru" ! %&r!+ur'r!; "'%'&ri+!: r'#i*'&ri+!: u$&r'r'#i*'&ri+!

1?"'%'&ri+! K?$'45r

2?r'#i*'&ri+! 1?%i%&! ! ($o+'

-?u$&r'r'#i*'&ri+! 11?ro'&' ! +'*!$uri

?r'+or ! '$i!*&'r! "rou%! ro(i&! 12?ro'&' ! 9*5

6?4ur5 ! !7'+u'r! 1-?1>?3'i(!

H?+o*u+&5 ! '$i!*&'r! %u"r'r'#i*'&ri+! 1K?2?!$!+&roo&o'r!

?r'+or ! !7'+u'r!

>?+'"'+ ! "ro&!+)i!

1>


19/25

Pri*+i"iu$ ! #u*+)io*'r! '$ u$&r'r'#i*'&ri+!i +o*%&5 8* !7'+u'r!' #or)'&5 ' "rou%u$ui 5ru*)i&

"ri*&r?o %i&5 +i$i*ri+5 +u ori#i+ii ! 1:6 / : : %u( '+)iu*!' #or)!i !,!r+i&'&! ! i3+'r!' '$ u*ui

', +u "'$!&!. F'' i%"!r%5?oo4!*5 !%&! !7'+u'&5 "ri* ori#i+ii$! %i&!i: 8* &i" +! #'' r!"r!!*&9*

!3!uri r59*! 8* i*&!rioru$ %i&!i 3i !%&! '*&r!*'&5 ! "'$!&!$! 8* i3+'r! ! ro&')i!. * +'u$ 8* +'r!

%! #o$o%!3&! 8* %!ri! o "'%'&ri+!: o r'#i*'&ri+! 3i o u$&r'r'#i*'&ri+!: %! "o& o()i*! "'r&i+u$! +ui!*%iu*i i!*%iu*i ! "9*5 $' : .

R!4iu$ %&r!+ur5rii: r!%"!+&i7 +'r'+&!ri%&i+i$! "rou%u$ui: "o& #i %+0i('&! "ri* oi#i+'r!'

&ur')i!i "'$!&!$or: ' u*40iu$ui ! 8*+$i*'r! ' "'$!&!$or #')5 ! 4!*!r'&o'r!' %i&!i: 3i ' i%&'*)!i "'$!&!i.

Fi4. 1.H A!%&!+5&o'r! +u "'$!&!

S! u&i$i!'5 ! r!4u$5 $' '!%&!+'r!' %'u '4i&'r!' $i+0i!$or 3i ' %u%"!*%ii$or "ur&9*!*uir!' ! '4i&'&o'r!. * #u*+)i! ! ou$ ! &r'*%i&!r! '$ i3+5rii +5&r! $i+0i; "ri* &!*%iu*!

&'*4!*)i'$5 / &r'*%i&!r!' i3+5rii 'r! $o+ 8* u*40i r!"& #')5 ! ir!+)i' ! i3+'r! ' '4i&'&o'r!$or

"ri* "r!%iu*!' "'$!&!$or !,!r+i&'&5 '%u"r' $i+0iu$ui 'i+5 8* ir!+)i' ! i3+'r! ' '4i&'&oru$ui.

1K


20/25

Fi4.1. I*%&'$')i! ! !'!r'r!

1?7'% ! '$i!*&'r!

2?"o"5 ! 7i

-?!'!r'&or

?"o"5 ! !,&r'+)i! "rou%

6?%u"or&H?7'+uu!&ru

D'&ori&5 i3+5rii 4ro%iii %&r'&u$ui ! "rou% %u"u% !'!r5rii: 5riii 7'+uuu$ui 3i

r!'$i5rii !'!r5rii 8* i*%&'$')ii +u #u*+)io*'r! +o*&i*u5: ur'&' "ro+!%u$ui ! !'!r'r! %?' r!u% !

$' 2 / - i* @ 8* +'u$ !'!r5rii &!ri+! $' 6 / 1 %!+u*!: 'i+5 'i u$& ! 1 ori.

P!*&ru 4r5(ir!' %!"'r5rii 4'!$or i* "rou%!$! $i+0i! : '+!%&!' %u*& "u$7!ri'&! #i*:

r!'$i9*u?%! o 5rir! +o*%i!r'(i$5 ' %u"r'#!)!i "rou%$ui !,"u% !'!r5rii.

Co*%&ru+)i' '+!%&or' +o*%&5 i*&r?u* 7'% 8*+0i% 8* +'r! %! +r!!'5 7'+uu: i'r *!+&'ru$ %u"u%

!'!r5rii %! i*&rou+! 8* u! ! "u$7!ri'r! %'u 8* "!$i+u$5.

2


21/25

Fi4.1.> P'%&!uri'&or +u "$5+i

1?"$5+i %u"or&

2?"$5+i ! "'%&!uri'r!

-?r'+or '$i!*&'r! +u "rou% ! "'%&!uri'&

?r'+or !7'+u'r! "rou% "'%&!uri'&

6?r'+or '$i!*&'r! '4!*& &!ri+

H?r'+or !7'+u'r! '4!*& &!ri+ u'&

P'%&!uri'&oru$ "!ri&! &r'&'r!' &!ri+5 ' %u+uri$or ! #ru+&!: '%!$ 8*+9& '+!%&!' %5 %! "o'&5

"5%&r' "!rio'! 8*!$u*4'&!: #5r5 ' %! !"r!+i'. Tr'*%#!ru$ ! +5$ur' 8*&r! '4!*&u$ &!ri+ 3i %u+ %!

#'+! +u 'u&oru$ "$5+i$or. D! r!4u$5: &!"!r'&ur' ! "!r'*!*& +o*&ro$'&5 ! %i%&!! 'u&o'&!. Su+u$

!%&! i*&rou% "ri* r'+oru$ -: "'%&!uri'r!' '79* $o+ 8* i*&!rioru$ "$5+i$or "ri* i*&!r!iu$ '4!*&u$ui

&!ri+: +! !%&! i*&rou% 8* "'%&!uri'&or "ri* r'+oru$ 6. L' %#9r3i&u$ "ro+!%u$ui: %u+u$ "'%&!uri'&

!%&! !7'+u'& "ri* r'+oru$ : i'r '4!*&u$ &!ri+ u'& !%&! !7'+u'& "ri* r'+oru$ H.

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Fi4.1.K M'3i*' ! o'& %i !&i+0!&'&

R!!r7oru$ 1 %! ro&!3&! 8"r!u*5 +u +'"!&!$! ! u"$!r! 3i "i%&o'*!$! H. (u&!$i!r!'

8*+!"! +u i*&rou+!r!' '('$'u$ui > %u( +'"u$ ! u"$!r! : "ri* ri+'r!' '+!%&ui' +u 'u&oru$

"$'&'*u$ui K.Do'r!' "rou%u$ui %! #'+! "ri* !"$'%'r!' 8* o% ' "i%&o*u$ui H 8* +i$i*ru$ 1 %u( '+)iu*!'

+'!i %"')i'$!. * &i"u$ o5rii: %u"'"' 6 8*+0i! $!45&ur' i*&r! +i$i*ru$ 1 3i '('$'u$ > 3i

!%+0i! $!45&ur' i*&r! r!!r7oru$ 2 3i +i$i*ru$ 1. P! 5%ur5 +! 8*&r!4 '*%'($u$ %! ro&!3&!: %u(

'+)iu*!' +'!i : "i%&o*u$ H %! rii+5: %u"'"' 6 8*+0i! $!45&ur' +u r!!r7oru$: i'r "rou%u$ o'&

i* +i$i*ru$ 1 'u*4! 8* '('$'u$ >. Du"5 4o$ir!' +o*)i*u&u$ui +i$i*ru$ui 1: %u"'"' 6 +o(o'r5

8*+0i9* $!45&ur' +u '('$'u$: 8*+!"! o *ou5 o'r!: &i" 8* +'r! '('$'u$ u"$u& +o(o'r5: !%&!

8*!"5r&'& ! %u( +'"u$ ! u"$!r! 3i u* '('$' 4o$ 8i 7' $u' $o+u$. A('$'u$ u"$u& 83i +o*&i*u5

ruu$ "! $i*i' ! 8(u&!$i!r!: !r49* 'i !"'r&! $' 8*+0i!r!: %i4i$'r! 3i !&i+0!&'r!. U"$!r!'

r!!r7oru$ui 2 %! #'+! "ri* +o*u+&' 1: i'r !*)i*!r!' *i7!$u$ui "rou%u$ui $' o 7'$o'r! +o*%&'*&5 %!

#'+! +u 'u&oru$ %u"'"!i #$o&or -.

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Capitolul 6 DESCRIEREA UNUI UTILA& CONDUC(TOR

Fi4. 2.1 P'%'&ri+!

1? "9$*i! ! '$i!*&'r! ?%i&5

2?!$+ o'&or >?40!'( +o$!+&or

-?%u"or& K: 1?4ur5 ! !7'+u'r!

?', 11?!$!+&roo&or

6?%u"or& "'$!&5 12?'*&' ! &'($5

H?"'$!&5

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P!r!$! #o$o%i&! +' '&!ri! "ri5 8* i*u%&ri' '$i!*&'r5 '&ori&5 i!%iu*i$or $or 'ri *u "o&

#i ir!+& "ro+!%'&! ! '+!!' !%&! *!+!%'r5 5ru*)ir!' $or. Pri* 5ru*)ir! %! i+3or!'5 i!*%iu*i$!

"'r&i+u$!$or %u( '+)iu*!' u*or #or)! !+'*i+! !,&!rio'r!.

Du"5 4r'u$ ! 5ru*)ir! !o%!(i; 5ru*)ir! 4ro%i!r5 8* +'u$ 8* +'r! "'r&i+u$!$! 'u*4

"9*5 $' : 5ru*)ir! i$o+i! +9* "'r&i+u$!$! 'u*4 "9*5 $' 1 3i 5ru*)ir! #i*5 +9* "'r&i+u$!$! 'u*4 $' : .

P9$*i' ! '$i!*&'r! !%&! "r!75u&5 +u u* !$+ o'&or: +'r! '%i4ur5 '$i!*&'r!' u*i#or5 '

'3i*ii: "!*&ru ' !7i&' 8*#u*'r!'. * i*&!rioru$ %i&!i %! i3+5 u* ', '*&r!*'& ! !$!+&roo&or: "! +'r!

%u*& #i,'&! "'$!&!$! 8*+$i*'&! $' 1:6 / 2.

Fu*+)io*'r!' "'%'&ri+!i %! ('!'5 "! i3+'r!' "!ri#!ri+5 ' "rou%u$ui 8* i*&!rioru$

+i$i*ru$ui "!r#or'&: i3+'r! o()i*u&5 '&ori&5 ro&')i!i "'$!&!$or #i,!. Su( '+)iu*!' #or)!i +!*&ri#u4!

%u+u$ %i "u$"' &r!+ "ri* ori#i+ii$! %i&!i: 8* &i" +! "i!$i)!$! 3i %!i*)!$! %u*& !7'+u'&! ! "'$!&!$!

8*+$i*'&!: 8* '#'r' +i$i*ru$ui.

Prou+&i7i&'&!'; H261H

1GGGG= $Q0.

6.1 Cal,ulul ila)ului +- 7at-*ial-

∑∑∑∑∑ ++=+ pr iesai M M M M M

∑ a M : r!"r!i*&5 '&!ri'$! 'u,i$i'r!∑ i M ? '&!ri'$! +'r! i*&r5∑ ies M ? '&!ri'$! +'r! i!%

∑ r M ? '&!ri'$! +'r! r59* ∑ p M ? '&!ri'$! +'r! %! "i!r.

kg kg A6................................1GG *!+&'r

1GGGG.................................... x

1----A6

1GG1GGGG=

⋅= x 4 "!r!

1GGGG

HGGGH.G1GGGG

=

=⋅=

ies

e

M

M

1----=i

M 4 "!r! K---1GGGHGGG1---- =−+=−+= iesair M M M M

? "u$"5 = 1--G1:G1---- =⋅=t P

? %iro" H= 1-HH1--1---- =+=∑ i M

HGGG1GGGG1GG

HG=⋅ 4 %iro" 1--K---1GGGGHGGG1-2HH ++=+

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