Roundtable for ASEAN Chief Justices on Environment

Dr. Thomas PanellaPrincipal Water Resource Specialist Asian Development Bank

7 December 2011Jakarta, Indonesia

Citarum River Basin and Water Resources Challenges

CITARUM AT GLANCEThe biggest and the longest river in West Java Province

Catchment Area: 6,614 Km2

River basin management area:13,000 Km2

Average rainfall: 2,300 mm/year

Average flow: 5.7 billon/m3/year

Citarum covers : 9 districts (1)Kab. Bandung,(2)Kab.Bandung Barat, (3)Kab.Cianjur (4)Kab.Purwakarta, (5)Kab.Karawang, (6) Kab.Bekasi, (7)Kab.Subang , (8)Kab.Indramayu, and (9) Kab.Sumedang and 3 cities:

(1)Kota Bekasi, (2)Kota Bandung, and (3)Kota Cimahi

Population along the river over 10 million(50% Urban and growing rapidly)

Total population in the basin: 15,303,758 (50% Urban) (Data BPS 2009)

Total Population in West Java41,483,729 (Gov. West Java Statistic)

Supplies water for 80% of Jakarta citizens (16 m3/s)

Irrigated area: +300,000 Ha

Reservoirs:- Saguling 982 million m3

- Cirata 2,165 million m3

- Jatiluhur 3,000 million m3

Electricity output: 1,400 Mwatt

Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum

CITARUM AT GLANCE

Specific Challenges

Population Growth and Urbanization

Watershed Degradation, Erosion & Sedimentation

Flooding and Water-Related Disasters

Water Pollution(industrial, domestic, organic and solid waste)

Excessive Groundwater Exploitation

Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum

Coastal Degradation

Water Allocation, infrastructure and climate change

Wayang Mount 5

Watershed Degradation, Erosion and Sedimentation

Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum

Solutions include:• Improved spatial planning, zoning regulation and enforcement • Conservation, land rehabilitation and reforestation• Sustainable farming practices and provision of alternative sources of

livelihoods

Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum

Severe and Recurrent Flooding

Flood in DayeuhkolotKab. Bandung (Pikiran Rakyat, Friday, 19 Feb 2010)

Subsidence is severe and basin wide:

• From 1988 more than 3-4 meter subsidence in some places

• Severe impact on river hydraulics (and flooding)

• Irreversible aquifer damageProfile Transect of Subsidence Annual Average, 1994-2009

Solutions include:

• Improved groundwater regulation , licensing and enforcement

• Ground water pricing• Groundwater recharge• Increase surface water supply

especially for industry

Excessive Groundwater Exploitation

INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC POLLUTION• 1,500 industries in Bandung and surrounding area: • 280 ton of chemical waste dump into Citarum

everyday• Lack of sanitation and waste water treatment

facilities • Water quality monitoring in the late 1990s shows

that annual average of BoD concentrations as high as 300 mg/liter.

Solution Include:

Law enforcementIndustrial and domestic waste water treatment plantsProvision of sanitation facilities

Low cost water treatment technologyPhoto Doc: Cita-Citarum

Solutions Include:• Improved regulation, licensing and

enforcement of water quality standards• Improved monitoring• Industrial and domestic waste water

treatment plants• Provision of sanitation facilities• Low cost water treatment technology

ORGANIC WASTE

190 Tons of organic waste from farmingdump into the river everyday(8,000 cows produce 24 kg of waste each)

Solutions include:

• Organic fertilizer production to supply downstream farms

• Biogas generation• Improved waste

management

Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum

SOLID WASTE

Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum

The annual uncollected garbage that invariably ends up accumulating in the drainage system and rivers amounts 500,000 m3/year

13

Solutions Include:• Improved solid waste management regulation ,

zoning and enforcement • Development of solid waste facilities and

collection services• Recycle, Reuse, Reduce (3R) facilities• Behavioral changes

Citarum Tributary, Citepus river, Bale Endah, 2010

Photo by: Adhi Wicaksono/Doc Cita-Citarum

Ciwalengke Village, Majalaya, 2011

• Coastal abrasion• Biodiversity

degradation• Increased flooding

Solutions include:• Mangrove rehabilitation and improved coastal ecosystems • Flood control • Coastal protection through dykes and coastal infrastructure

COASTAL DEGRADATION

Urban water (local need) = 0,3%

Industriy= 2,0%

Irrigation= 86,7%

Others = 5,0% Drinking waterFor Jakarta = 6,0%

Utilized7,5 billion m3/year = 57,9%

(Citarum ± 6 billion m3/year And other rivers ± 1.5 billion m3/year

Potential for utilization± 5,45 billion m3/year

= 42,1%

WATER USAGE

THREE CASCADES RESERVOIR OPERATIONS

Saguling and Cirata dams operated by Indonesia power and Juanda dam operated by PJTII

• Greater coordination required• Updating of the operation procedures for flood and

drought

Photo by: Diella Dachlan/Doc Cita-Citarum

Photo by: Ng Swan Ti/Doc Cita-Citarum

Walahar Weir, Karawang District, 2010

Jatiluhur reservoir, Purwakarta District, 2010

Klari Weir, Karawang District, 2011

Asia – Water Insecurity and Climate Change

THANK YOU

Photo Doc: Cita-Citarum