routes of drug administration ii
TRANSCRIPT
8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II
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DR.MADHAVI M.D
ASST.PROFESSOR
DEPT OF PHARMACOLOGY
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Drugs are injected into large muscles such as
deltoid,
gluteus maximus
lateral aspect of the thigh inchildren.
A volume of 5-10 ml can be given at a time.
ADVANTAGES:
Absorption is more rapid as compared to oralroute.
Mild irritants, depot injections, soluble substances
and suspensions can be given by this route.
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Aseptic conditions
are needed. Intramuscular
(i.m.) injections arepainful and maycause abscess.
Self-administration is
not possible. Injury to the
nerves.
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Intradermal route
The drug is injected into the layers of the skin, e.g.BCG vaccination, drug sensitivity tests, etc.
SUBCUTANEOUS
The drug is injected into the subcutaneous (s.c.)
tissue, e.g. adrenaline, insulin, etc.
ADVANTAGES: Self-administration is possible, e.g.Insulin.
Depot preparations can be inserted into thesubcutaneous tissue, e.g. Norplant for
contraception.
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The drug is administered in the form of patchesthat deliver the drug into the circulation forsystemic effect .
Eg:Scopolamine - motion sickness
Nitroglycerine - angina
Oestrogen - hormone replacement therapy (HRT)Fentanyl – analgesia
Nicotine – smoking cessation
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Patch size 5-20 cm2
Site of application :
chest,
abdomen,
upper arm,
lower back,
buttock,
mastoid region
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ADVANTAGES :
Self-administration is possible.
Patient compliance is better. Duration of action is prolonged.
Systemic side effects are reduced.
Provides a constant plasma concentration of the drug.
DISADVANTAGES :
Expensive.
Local irritation may cause dermatitis and itching.
Patch may fall off unnoticed. Route is unsuitable when drug dose is large
Large molecular size drug makes absorption difficult
Route is unsuitable for highly hydrophilic drugs
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Volatile liquids and gases e.g. generalanesthetics ,
Bronchodilators & steroids –local effect
ADVANTAGES :Quick onset of action.
Dose required is very less, so systemic toxicityis minimized.
Amount of drug administered can beregulated.
DISADVANTAGES :
Local irritation -- increased respiratory
secretions and bronchospasm.
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Simplest mode of administration of a drug atthe site where the desired action is required.Systemic side effects are minimal.
1. TOPICALDrug is applied to the skin or mucous membrane
at various sites for localized action
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A.ORAL CAVITY : As suspension, e.g. nystatin; asa troche, e.g. clotrimazole (for oral candidiasis),
etc.
B. GI TRACT: As tablet which is not absorbed, e.g.neomycin (for sterilization of gut before surgery)
C. RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL: As enema
D. EYE, EAR AND NOSE: As drops, ointments,sprays, etc.
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E. BRONCHI: As inhalation, e.g. salbutamol,ipratropium bromide, etc.
F. VAGINA: As tablet, cream, pessary, etc.
G. URETHRA: As jelly, e.g. lignocaine
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Injecting adrug into theartery
Used fora) cancerchemo therapy
b) Diagnostic-angiograms
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intravenous 30-60 seconds intraosseous 30-60 seconds inhalation 2-3 minutes sublingual 3-5 minutes
rectal 5-30 minutes intramuscular 10-20 minutes subcutaneous 15-30 minutes ingestion 30-90 minutes transdermal (topical) variable (minutes to hours)
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Liposomes are colloidal, vesicular structures composed
of one or more lipid bilayers
Size range is 25-5000nm
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Cancer Therapy
Cystic fibrosis
Treatment of Leishmaniasis
Fungal Infection
Immunological Adjuvant
Immunoliposome
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Defined as particle sized below 1µm,formed bymonolayer of phospholipids
Uses :
Rolipram as nanoparticles used in Crohn’s disease
Nanosuspensions & nanocrystals
Polymeric nanoparticles
Colloidal gold in treatment of cancers
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Free flowing powders consists of spherical particles
of size less than 125µ
Each particle is a matrix of drug in polymer
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Monoclonal antibodies are derived from asingle hybrid cell or clone of cells .
Single species of antibody that recognise & react
with a specific antigen only.Based on origin :
Murine
Chimeric (partly human– partly mouse)
Humanised
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Eg. Trastuzumab – breast cancer
Rituximab – lymphoma
Infliximab – rheumatoid arthritis
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