2.21556

REPORT

ON

PHASE l EXPLORATION PROGRAM

TOPOGRAPHY, VEGETATION AND SOIL SURVEY,

AND MOBILE METAL ION SOIL GEOCHEMISTRY

FREDART LAKE PROPERTY

NTS52K/15

Belanger Township and Fredart Lake Area (Q-1779)

Red Lake Mining Division

Northwestern Ontario

RECEIVEDJUN 1 3 2001

GEOSCIENCE ASSESSMENT _____OFFICE

June 1O, 2OO1 Tribute Minerals CorporationJ. Gregory Davison,

Vice President Exploration

52K15NW2004 2.21556 BELANGER 010

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Introduction lProperty 2Location and Access 3Previous Work 3Regional Geology and Metallogeny 4Current Program 5

Topography and Vegetation 6Soil 7Mobile Metal Ion Geochemistry 7Enzyme Leach Geochemistry 8

Proposed Program 8

List of Figures

Figure l. Northwestern Ontario Geology with Property Location MapFigure 2. Fredart Lake Property Location MapFigure 3. Claim Location Map -12 claims - 27 unitsFigure 4. Claim Position (GPS Co-ordinates)Figure 5. Claim DimensionsFigure 6. Regional Metallogeny of Confederation Lake AreaFigure 7. Geology and Mineralization of Fredart Lake AreaFigure 8. Ground Survey LocationsFigure 9. Sample Location MapFigure 10. Sample Collection MapFigure 11. Property Topographic Map (1:50,000 Bluffy Lake sheet)Figure 12. Topographic Feature MapFigure 13. Vegetation MapFigure 14. Soil Type MapFigure 15. MMI Soil Geochemistry - CuFigure 16. MMI Soil Geochemistry - ZnFigure 17. MMI Soil Geochemistry - Zn 8s Cu

List of Tables

Table 1. List of ClaimsTable 2. Soil Sample ListTable 3. Soil Sample List - Soil Type DataTable 4. Soil Sample List - Mobile Metal Ion Geochemistry (MMI) SamplesTable 5. Soil Sample List - Enzyme Leach (EL) SamplesTable 6. Soil Sample List - Check and Duplicate MMI and EL Samples

TABLE OF CONTENTS continued

List of Tables

Table 7. Soil Sample Data - Mobile Metal Ion Geochemistry (MMI) Table 8. Soil Sample Data - Duplicate and Check Analyses (MMI) Table 9. Soil Sample Data- Enzyme Leach Geochemistry (EL) Table 10. Soil Sample Data - Duplicate and Check Analyses (EL)

Appendix

1. Property Agreement2. Mobile Metal Ion Geochemistry3. Enzyme Leach Technology

INTRODUCTION

The following report details the recently completed ground surveys carried out over eleven claims comprising twenty-five units of the Fredart Lake property. The work program was completed between May 12th and May 21 st, 2001. Frozen ground conditions during the spring of 2001 delayed the undertaking of the program for approximately one month.

The Property was optioned by Tribute Minerals Corporation from Perry English in August, 2000 (see Appendix).

A proposed Phase l exploration program of ground geological surveys was prepared for the spring exploration season and comprised topographic, vegetation, and soil type mapping, and soil geochemistry. The purpose of the Phase l program was to evaluate and determine whether the soil conditions present on the Property were suitable for the proposed geochemical analyses.

The exploration program included a series of leading edge geochemical analyses comprising Mobile Metal Ion Geochemistry (MMI) and Enzyme Leach Technology (EL), both of which demonstrate advantages over conventional soil geochemistry, to provide vectors toward identification and spatial distribution of base metal and precious metal mineralization. The known strata-controlled base metal mineralization is associated with several electromagnetic (EM) conductors and was confirmed in drill intersections during historical exploration programs.

Upon completion of the investigative program, it was determined that soil conditions would be amenable to the proposed geochemical methods. In view of this field determination, a series of control soil samples were collected for evaluation using the two geochemical methods.

The MMI analyses have been completed and the results are included; the EL analyses are pending and will be provided in the 2002 assessment report.

The results of the Phase l Mobile Metal Ion Geochemistry identified the presence of several base metal (Cu and Zn) soil anomalies.

A followup program of fill-in soil sampling for MMI geochemistry will be completed over the Property to provide enhanced definition of the base metal anomalies and will be correlated with the known mineralized trenches and showings from the historical exploration programs.

All of the exploration work was carried out for Tribute Minerals Corporation by Rainbow Research Associates under the direction of J. Gregory Davison, Managing Director, Rainbow Research Associates, and Vice President Exploration, Tribute Minerals Corporation.

PROPERTY

The Property was optioned by Tribute Minerals Corporation from Perry English in August, 2000 (see Appendix 1) for escalating cash payments, exploration expenditures and a 207o net smelter royalty (NSR).

The Fredart Lake Property is located in the Red Lake Mining Division of northeastern Ontario (see Figure 1) and consists of twelve unpatented claims comprising 27 units situated in Fredart Lake area - G-1779 and at the western boundary of Belanger Township (see Table l and Figure 2).

This report covers the Phase l program over eleven of the twelve claims comprising twenty-five units (see Figure 3).

The property is located at NTS reference 52K/15 on the northern margin of the Lac Seul 1:250,000 scale topographic sheet and the northwestern portion of the Bluffy Lake 1:50,000 scale topographic sheet (EMR Canada).

The geology of the area is shown on the 1:50,000 scale Preliminary Geological Map No. P-2859, "Bluffy Lake Sheet" by the Ontario Geological Survey (1985), 1:50,000 scale Preliminary Geological Map No. P-2858, "Pakwash Lake Sheet" by the Ontario Geological Survey (1985), and the 1:15,840 scale Preliminary Geological Map No. P-2571, "Belanger and Bowerman Townships Sheet" by the Ontario Geological Survey (1982), and the Preliminary Geological Map No. P-349, "Snakeweed Lake Area" by the Ontario Department of Mines (1966).

Airborne electromagnetic and total field magnetometer data covering the Birch-Uchi-Confederation Lakes Area is published on the 1:20,000 scale Map 81653 by the Ontario Geological Survey (1991).

LOCATION AND ACCESS

The property is located approximately fifty (50) kilometres northeast of Ear Falls and is readily accessible on the gravel South Bay logging road. The western portion of Fredart Lake property transects the South Bay road at kilometre marker 45. The claims are accessible on foot via a two (2) kilometre winter trail which transects the Property in an east-west direction. Several winter trails which served as access points for the historical trenching and drilling programs cross on a southeasterly and southerly direction; the majority of the secondary trails are overgrown with spruce and alder.

PREVIOUS WORK

Intermittent exploration has been carried out in the Fredart Lake area since the 1950's with a significant resurgence in the regional activity in the late 1960's upon the discovery by Selco Mining Corp. of the South Bay Zn-Cu deposit on Confederation Lake, and a second period of major activity has occurred throughout the late 1980's and 1990's with regional exploration programs by Noranda, Minnova, Rio Algom, Inco and Homestake among others.

Extensive property exploration by Minnova-Inmet (1990-1994) and later by Noranda (1994-1998) was completed on a number of claim holdings in the Confederation Lake area primarily on the Cycle HI Metavolcanic assemblage; a number of promising drill intersections were reported though the properties have been inactive for much of the past three years (see Figure 6). A large number of claim groups in the Confederation Lake remain in good standing though current exploration activity is limited.

On the basis of prospecting and geological mapping in the Fredart Lake area initiated in the 1950's by Split Rock and Queensland Mines Ltd., a series of pits and trenches exposed variably altered and sheared lithologies, predominantly comprised of altered meta-andesites and siliceous to iron-rich metasediments, containing copper and silver values. Anomalous molybdenum values have been identified in association with diorite on the western and northern areas of the Property.

A group of northeast-trending EM conductors parallel to the altered mineralized zones were identified using government and industry airborne electromagnetic and total field magnetic data. Diamond drilling intersected a parallel series of mineralized horizons with copper values ranging up to 5.24^oCu over two metres.

The entire strike length of the mineralized zones is located on the twelve claim Tribute Minerals' Fredart Lake property. A resource of 425,000 tonnes grading 1.560x6Cu was reported on the original Copperlode occurrence (Rexdale Mines, Westminer Resources) though no further diamond drilling or surface work was completed. Of note, the Fredart Lake (Copperlode Main Zone) copper occurrence remains as the largest base metal (Cu) resource currently identified within the Confederation Lake area.

REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND METALLOGENY

The Uchi-Confederation Lake area is underlain by a mixed submarine metavolcanic and metasedimentary package in the western portion of the Archean Uchi Subprovince of the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield (see Figure 6). The terrane is characterized by northeasterly trending, near vertically dipping, isoclinally folded cycles of mafic through intermediate to felsic metavolcanic flows and pyroclastics with interbedded epiclastic and chemical metasediments. Later granitic, trondhjemitic and dioritic intrusions enclose the metavolcanic sequences.

The Confederation Lake area exhibits metamorphism ranging from greenschist to lower amphibolite grade.

The Fredart Lake property is underlain by southeast-younging amphibolitized mafic flows, andesitic to dacitic flows and pyroclastics, and an upper sequence of chemical metasediments comprising marbles, iron formation and chert (see Figure 7). The metasediments appear to be overlain to the south by a later cycle of mafic to felsic metavolcanics. Mineralized horizons occurred with highly altered intermediate metavolcanics interbedded with chemical metasediments including iron formation and marble.

Three major cycles of volcanism followed by quiescent periods have been identified within the Confederation Lake area; base metal mineralization has been documented only within Cycle III. All of the mineralization has been identified with highly altered footwall sequences with temporal and stratigraphic breaks.

Mineralized metavolcanics typically exhibited chlorite-biotite-garnet- anthophyllite footwall alteration. Lithogeochemical alteration including Mg-enrichment, Na-depletion, and base metal enrichment are typical of the volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) systems.

The South Bay Mine on Confederation Lake is located approximately 40 kilometres northeast of the Fredart Lake property. The Copperlode East zone is located within a few kilometres on the nearby property currently held by Noranda. Copper mineralization on the Fredart Lake property (previously known as the Copperlode Main zone) principally occurs as chalcopyrite with minor to trace gold and silver. Occurrences of molybdenum, copper, silver and gold have been reported throughout the Property.

Figure 6 illustrates the extent of the mineralized occurrences in the area surrounding the Fredart Lake property.

CURRENT PROGRAM

During the period between May 12 and May 20, 2001, a detailed ground survey was carried out on the Fredart Lake property. The survey lines are indicated in Figure 8.

A proposed Phase l exploration program of ground geological surveys was prepared for the spring exploration season and comprised topographic, vegetation, and soil type mapping, and soil geochemistry. The purpose of the Phase l program was to evaluate and determine whether the soil conditions present on the Property were suitable for the proposed geochemical surveys.

Topographic, vegetation and soil mapping with soil sampling was completed on north-south trending compass and blazed claim lines controlled with topofil thread and GPS co-ordinates using the Garmin Etrex. The lines were tied in with east-west trending claim boundaries, as available, and GPS co-ordinates at claim and line posts, where located. The survey lines were completed at 200 metre intervals with sampling stations at 50 metre intervals.

The sampling stations are shown in Figure 9. Figure 10 indicates sampling collection sites and those with no sample; the latter characterized by topographic lows of thick sphagnum bog, and several sites of rocky subcrop under layers of sphagnum moss.

The exploration program included a series of leading edge geochemical analyses comprising Mobile Metal Ion Geochemistry and Enzyme Leach Technology, both of which demonstrate advantages over conventional soil geochemistry, to provide vectors toward identification and spatial distribution of base metal and precious metal mineralization. The known strata-controlled base metal mineralization is associated with

several EM conductors and was confirmed in drill intersections during historical exploration programs.

Upon completion of the investigative program, it was determined that soil conditions would be amenable to the proposed geochemical methods. In view of this field determination, a series of control soil samples were collected for evaluation using the two geochemical methods. The Enzyme leach (EL) samples were collected from a selected area of the Property for comparison with the MMI geochemical response prior to completion of a detailed EL geochemical sampling program.

Topography and Vegetation

The claims generally exhibited relatively flat relief ( 10m) with scattered shallow ridges primarily trending in a northeasterly direction (see Figures 11 and 12) parallel to the major geological structures. Slope breaks with relief of 5-1 Om are limited to the steep, commonly sand-covered, NW and SE terminations of ridges peripheral to spruce and tamarack sphagnum bogs.

The ridges are covered primarily by black spruce and variable proportions ^10^o-75^o) of aspen; the margin of the ridges are dominated by spruce with a steady transition to scrubby spruce and tamarack in the surrounding bogs; undergrowth is comprised typically of thick sphagnum moss with minor to rare brush (see Figure 13).

Alders predominate in narrow streams; beaver dams are common and locally submerge the sphagnum bogs.

The only significant northeasterly trending topographic high, with a relief of 5-15m exhibiting abundant jackpine with lesser aspen and minor spruce with bushy undergrowth, was located in claim #1184988 through #1232748 and #1233729.

Bedrock exposure is limited primarily to ridges, typically with 1-5 metres of relief, trending in a northeasterly direction; several old trenches and stripped areas were observed though overgrowths by lichens, mosses, spruce, tamarack and alder were common.

Low-relief topographic features, typically covered by black spruce, exhibited significant subcrop features under thick layers of sphagnum moss with limited exposure on slope breaks.

Soil

A total of 164 sampling sites were covered by the ground surveys; one hundred and twelve samples were collected for soil characterization (see Table 2 and Figures 9 and 10).

The soil samples comprised glacial materials including well drained moderately to well sorted sands spatially associated with the topographic highs, and a predominance of moderately to poorly drained silty sands and sandy silts in the black spruce-dominant terrain. A listing of the soil types is given in Table 3; the spatial distribution is given in Figure 14.

Glaciolacustrine silty clays and clays, ranging from brown to grey, typically characterized the poorly drained spruce tamarack bogs. Grey clay was common in wet boggy terrain. No discrete color transition with depth was evident. Much of the clay-rich samples contained pockets and layers of ice under the insulation of the sphagnum moss cover.

The sands and silts generally ranged from a pale brown to grey upper layer directly beneath the humus layer to a brown, red-brown, chocolate brown B-horizon sand; the latter locally contained minor to abundant pebbles from less than 1mm to 25mm.

The thickness of the glacial material ranged from less than 10mm to greater than 2m; thick well drained sands were located only on the large topographic high extending northeast from claim #1184988 through claim #1232748 and #1233729.

Several areas of outcrop stripped during previous exploration programs had no soil cover and ridges of moss-covered subcrop commonly exhibited only very thin glacial deposits.

Mobile Metal Ion Geochemist

A total of one hundred and twelve samples were collected for Mobile Metal Ion (MMI) analysis (see Tables 2 and 4, and Figures 9 and 10). A summary of the MMI technique is attached in Appendix 2.

The B-horizon of the sandy to silty sampling stations provides an excellent medium for the Mobile Metal Ion (MMI). The development of the upper grey or bleached layer was highly variable and ranged from nil to 10cm. The clay-rich locales do not exhibit a discrete B-horizon though sampling for MMI was carried out at the standard 10-20cm depth below the A-humus layer.

The results of the Mobile Metal Ion geochemistry indicated several distinct anomalies associated with copper and zinc. Copper values ranged up to 1160 ppb and zinc to a maximum of 1390 ppb. The copper values are shown in Figure 15 and 17; anomalies are indicated by the red star symbol. The zinc values are shown in Figure 16 and 17; anomalies are indicated by the blue star symbol.

A followup survey of infill geochemical sampling is proposed to further define the spatial distribution and extent of the base metal geochemical anomalies, and their relationship with the known mineralized bedrock.

ie Leach Geochemistry

A total of thirty-six samples were collected for preliminary evaluation of the application of Enzyme leach analysis (see Tables 2 and 5, and Figures 9 and 10). A summary of the EL technique is attached in Appendix 2.

The B-horizon of the sandy to silty sampling stations provides an excellent medium for the Enzyme Leach (EL) geochemistry. The development of the upper grey or bleached layer was highly variable and ranged from nil to 10cm. Samples were collected beneath the bleached zones where visible. The clay-rich locales do not exhibit a discrete B- horizon though sampling for EL was carried out on the upper 10-30cm depth below the A-humus layer. Several samples for EL were collected from the clay-rich material and will be evaluated.

The results of the Enzyme leach geochemistry from the selected test areas are pending and will be compared to the MMI data upon receipt.

PROPOSED PROGRAM

With the topographic features, vegetation and soil types determined, the area is deemed amenable to the new technology geochemical techniques. The high percentage of soil samples collected (7007o of available stations), despite the thick cover of spaghnum moss and commonly low swampy terrain, will provide excellent distribution for profiles and contour mapping of the geochemical data from the Fredart Lake property.

A complete evaluation of the forthcoming Enzyme Leach geochemistry from thirty-six (36) soil samples will be undertaken. Base metal, precious metal and trace element anomalies, if identified, will be correlated with the MMI geochemistry, and the known mineralized

trenches and showings from the historical exploration programs.

A followup survey of infill geochemical sampling for MMI geochemistry, and as required for EL geochemistry, is proposed to further define the spatial distribution and extent of the base metal geochemical anomalies. The infill sampling will complete the 50m x 200m coverage of the Property and selected areas will be sampled on a detailed 25m x 100m survey by MMI and/or a combination of MMI and EL.

A followup program of line cutting, detailed geological mapping, stripping and rock lithogeochemistry is planned as many of the topographic highs are characterized by significant areas of moss-covered outcrop and subcrop, many of which are not described in the historical property geology maps.

In addition, the proposed program will include a review of the historical drill core, from the copper, zinc, silver and molybdenum occurrences on the Property, a portion of which is stored on the northwestern corner of the Fredart Lake property near Snakeweed Lake.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

Tribute Minerals Corporation

J. Gregory Davison, M.Se., AGO Vice-President, Exploration

Table 1.List of Claims - Fredart Lake Property

Units1 Claim # 1184988 2

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Rainbow Research AssociatesTable 2.FR series soil samples

1t" ; --:-?3^

•-vv'A"

345

^ii^liK-

89

SSiltliSl;illliilllliiSiPitlv ,,..,..,^ ...,.

14:;;HsrlSiSj?f

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28 Sfe29 SI30313233

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iiljS'*-:4243444546

isqj^sSKs

5051525354555657585960

;::^?sllf626364656667jA;:;'B®iB697071

jpflii1^ili^i

757677787980

w'S 81•^./lig^fe..,^.,,,

848586

:;;;?|^|g|:^i^^ffijjfflillilii

899091

iS 92SI 93 :Asp 94

95,;Uil^fe;,^:g

^IIiHK8®;i{:•SffiHppsliiPS

ilSfcf

101102 i103 ^104105106107108109110111112

C;Hlt^I: ''114115116

S;!^i|j|;ft"!p

119120

121

124125126 i127128129130131132133134135136

s-^iiP^fi-'vS^^Ilii^Kg"W!

140

141 '^J|:i|i|!f142 Sgli^ili143 163144 164145

;^fJHfe;S147148149150151152153154155156

il^fWS:'"'

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160

200201202203204205206207208209

No sample collected

Rainbow Research AssociatesTable 3.FR series soil samples

1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435

Brown Silt-ClayNo sampleBrown Silt-ClayPale Brown ClayBrown Silt-ClayNo sampleNo sampleGrey-Brown ClayGrey ClayNo sampleNo sampleNo samplePale Brown Silt-ClayGrey-Brown Silt-ClayNo samplePale Brown SiltGrey-Brown Silt-ClayNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo samplePale Brown Sift-ClayNo sampleGrey-Brown Silt-ClayDark Brown Silt-ClayGrey-Brown Silt-ClayPale Brown Silt-ClayRed Brown Sand PebblyPale Brown Silt-ClayNo sampleNo sample

3637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970

Soil Type Data

No sampleNo samplePale Brown Silt-ClayRed Brown SandBrown Sand-SiltNo sampleDark Brown Sand-SiltBrown SandDark Brown Sand-SiltRed-Brown Sand-SiltRed-Brown Sand-SiltNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleBrown Sand-SiltGrey-Brown Sand-SiltDark Brown Sand-SiltBrown Sand-SiltRed-Brown Sand-SiltGrey-Brown Silt-ClayPale Brown SiltRed Brown SandBrown SandGrey-Brown Silt-ClayNo sampleGrey ClayGrey-Brown ClayGrey-Brown ClayGrey-Brown Silt-ClayPale Brown Silt-ClayBrown Silt-ClayNo sampleNo sampleGrey-Brown Clay

Pebbly

Pebbly

Rainbow Research AssociatesTable 3.FR series soil samples

1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435

Brown Silt-ClayNo sampleBrown Silt-ClayPale Brown ClayBrown Silt-ClayNo sampleNo sampleGrey-Brown ClayGrey ClayNo sampleNo sampleNo samplePale Brown Silt-ClayGrey-Brown Silt-ClayNo samplePale Brown SiltGrey-Brown Silt-ClayNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo samplePale Brown Silt-ClayNo sampleGrey-Brown Silt-ClayDark Brown Silt-ClayGrey-Brown Silt-ClayPale Brown Silt-ClayRed Brown Sand PebblyPale Brown Silt-ClayNo sampleNo sample

3637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970

Soil Type Data

No sampleNo samplePale Brown Silt-ClayRed Brown SandBrown Sand-SiltNo sampleDark Brown Sand-SiltBrown SandDark Brown Sand-SiltRed-Brown Sand-SiltRed-Brown Sand-SiltNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleBrown Sand-SiltGrey-Brown Sand-SiltDark Brown Sand-SiltBrown Sand-SiltRed-Brown Sand-SiltGrey-Brown Silt-ClayPale Brown SiltRed Brown SandBrown SandGrey-Brown Silt-ClayNo sampleGrey ClayGrey-Brown ClayGrey-Brown ClayGrey-Brown Silt-ClayPale Brown Silt-ClayBrown Silt-ClayNo sampleNo sampleGrey-Brown Clay

Pebbly

Pebbly

Rainbow Research AssociatesTable 3 continued.

FR series soil samples Soil Type Data

7172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105

Pale Brown Silt-ClayNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleBrown SiltBrown Silt-ClayGrey Silt-ClayGrey-Brown Silt-ClayPale Brown Silt-ClayPale Brown SiltBrown ClayBrown ClayGrey ClayGrey Silt-ClayGrey ClayDark Brown Sand-Silt PebblyNo sampleNo sampleRed-Brown Sand PebblyGrey-Brown Sand-Silt PebblyDark Brown Sand-SiltPale Brown Silt-ClayDark Brown Sand-SiltBrown Sand-SiltBrown Silt-ClayNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleGrey-Brown Silt-ClayBrown Silt-ClayGrey-Brown SiltGrey-Brown ClayGrey-Brown Clay

106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140

Dark Brown SandBrown Sand-SiltBrown Silt-ClayGrey ClayBrown SandGrey-Brown Silt-ClayGrey ClayNo sampleGrey SiltBrown SiltRed-Brown SandNo sampleNo sampleBrown Silt-ClayBrown Sand-SiltBrown Sand-SiltNo SampleNo SampleBrown Sand-SiltDark Brown Sand-SiltBrown Sand-SiltGrey-Brown Silt-ClayPale Brown CfayBrown Sand-SiltGrey ClayPale Brown Silt-ClayPale Brown ClayPale Brown ClayBrown Silt-ClayPale Brown ClayPale Brown ClayNo SampleNo SamplePale Brown Silt-ClayPale Brown Clay

Pebbly

Pebbly

Rainbow Research AssociatesTable 3 continued.

FR series soil samples

141142143144145146147148149150151152

Dark Brown Dark Brown Brown Dark Brown Dark Brown No Sample Brown Brown Brown Brown Dark Brown Dark Brown

Silt-ClaySand-Silt Sand-Silt Sand Sand

Silt-ClaySandSandSandSandSand-Silt

Soil Type Data

153154155156157158159160161162163164

Brown Sand-SiltDark Brown Sand-SiltBrown SandPale Brown Silt-ClayNo SampleNo SampleNo SampleBrown ClayNo SampleNo SampleBrown Sand-SiltBrown Sand-Silt

No sample collectedSample collected; awaits pickup at field site

lll

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Table 7.FR series soil samples

Rainbow Research Associates

Mobile Metal Ion Analysis - Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb

Cu (ppb) Zn (ppb) Cd (ppb) Pb (ppb) Cu (ppb) Zn (ppb) Cd (ppb) Pb (ppb)

1234667891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435

170

No sample126

75

128

No sampleNo sample

80191

No sampleNo sampleNo sample

337194

No sample89

362

No sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sample

66No sample

11776

782824

156

No sampleNo sample

250

291198789

103

98

206476

817

127

79

8577

29934174

51

20 221

•^10 236

^0 260^0 317

•dO 25112 197

17 19719 233

18 158^0 548

^0 155

*:10 300dO 26215 127

•dO 176dO 1990*:10 199

3637383940414243444546474849505152636466666768896061626364656667686970

No sampleNo sample

18730

316No sample

96180440362143

No sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sample

84246509118

603124

9099142

No sample607512528152258

No sampleNo sample

145

30 ^069 dO194 11

249 "^10130 dO278 3429 <^0

57 dO

583 31109 dO213 12

97 -;1083 dO

170 'dO56 ^0

1390 14170 t10

98 *^10

98 *10

322 *:10231 dO

37 ^088 -c10

36 ^0

296 19

358397582

259560621487

500

15692

626

363580410

333400

416412

226178

206160429479

125

Rainbow Research AssociatesTable 7 continued.FR series soil samples Mobile Metal Ion Analysis - Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb

Cu (ppb) Zn (ppb) Cd (ppb) Pb (ppb) Cu (ppb) Zn (ppb) Cd (ppb) Pb (ppb)

7172737476767778798081828384888687888990919293949696979899100101102103104105

75

No sampleNo sampleNo sample

17186393274

70117

No sample4898172198

No sampleNo sample

510245295246247779

340No sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sampleNo sample

129130240

4325

251 -dO

171 *:10

65 "^10214 10204 18417 -:10

673 ^0

36 ^0

79 -elO77 t-IO

64 ^0

82 *:10

156 14206 1161 -c|031 ^0

517 14

20 -clO

12 -dO

1050 11123 ^0

40 *:10

35 -clO

77 -MO

359

369175120231

293394

145

231350122404

504254

631453326382509

394

196116

63

250

106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140

988212

859482

36344592

No sample38169235

No sampleNo sample

216284245

No SampleNo Sample

6924131431160

9546865474

81628437

156

No SampleNo Sample

151183

8197

5246

13425

258

14331891

18638

58

3671134217

35211

14916218

6726346

163

64

51

^0 770^0 385•clO 443

*:10 251*:10 432

*:10 378-MO 274

11 217

12 146•clO 617

^0 54918 590

•clO 697

•clO 720•clO 451

•^10 506•s10 260

10 81^0 662•clO 185

11 206^0 112t10 258*:10 424

^0 160

15 238

•MO 31111 141

rRainbow Research Associates

Table 7 continued.

FR series soil samples Mobile Metal Ion Analysis - Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb

Cu (ppb) Zn (ppb) Cd (ppb) Pb (ppb) Cu (ppb) Zn (ppb) Cd (ppb) Pb (ppb)

141142143144145146147148149150151152

173

50362876

No Sample92371941141196

120

50125

3572

12222

3922

128

33

^0 349•s10 377

•MO 39718 563

•c10 509

^0 257

t10 466^0 225^0 495

14 478^0 251

153154155156157158159160161162163164

3053957140

No SampleNo SampleNo Sample

194

No SampleNo Sample

397506

232106

63374

66

2924

-:10 264

^0 224^0 414

10 426

^0 272

^0 494-c10 693

No sample collectedSample collected; awaits pickup at field site

Rainbow Research Associates Table 8. FR series soil samples Duplicates and Check Samples

Check Samples (200 series) - blind samples selected by RRA

Cu (ppb) Zn (ppb) Cd (ppb) Pb (ppb) Cu (ppb) Zn (ppb) Cd (ppb) Pb (ppb)

200201202203206207206209

20

683871

324262298159

Duplicate samples304652627692104111156

78

14346

6986

24643

445

140

23106

1773

118511210

117

- selected29957109

81

6531

3525374

•^lO

<^Q"^10

^0•^10

24

1513

by RRA15

•clO

^0*c10*:10

*^10

*:10

^0

10

207417

518600433318626

354

127

50092198175

45363378

426

149 19 39 -:10 225

155 57 63 ^0 414148 37 22 -clO 466145 76 72 *:10 509110 363 134 -d O 432

93 247 517 14 326116 235 91 -clO 617

107 212 97 -dO 385

30 61

46 121 43 -:10 37352 42 77 -c10 8562 75 322 *:10 178

76 69 69 -:10 15192 292 53 ^0 432104 54 34 -clO 160111 436 22 -c) O 440

156 138 360 ^0 348

Rainbow Research AssociatesTable 8 continued.FR series soil samples Duplicates and Check Samples

Cu (ppb) Zn (ppb) Cd (ppb) Pb (ppb) Cu (ppb) Zn (ppb) Cd (ppb) Pb (ppb)

Duplicate samples - selected by XRAL1 170 250 20 221 1 155 220 15 197

29 76 77 -d O 262 29 69 68 12 28046 362 29 *:10 487 45 330 31 ^0 56068 99 170 *:10 416 59 89 195 -:10 45576 86 65 *:10 175 76 77 58 ^0 19490 245 206 11 254 90 263 194 *:10 228105 25 77 -:10 250 105 25 80 -c10 216119 216 18 -dO 549 119 238 16 -^10 507133 62 67 *:10 258 133 64 60 ^0 256148 37 22 ^0 466 148 36 17 ^0 451164 506 24 ^0 693 164 463 21 ^0 617

Check and Duplicate samples - selected by both RRA and XRAL148 37 22 -c10 466202 38 17 ^0 518148 36 17 -00 451

APPENDIX 2 Geochemistry - Mobile Metal Ion

Mobflt Mrtri Ion MMI

OPERATIONS MANUALmmiTECHNOLOGY

1.0 INTRODUCTION

'Mobile Metal Ions' is a term used to describe ions which have moved in the weathering zone and that are only weakly or loosely attached to surface soil particles. It is a widely held belief that these Mobile Metal Ions are transported from deeply-buried ore bodies to the surface. Studies from Australia and overseas have shown that such Mobile Metal Ions are useful in locating buried mineralization. Mobile Metal Ions are generally at very low concentrations in the soil. To successfully interpret these weak signals, a series of very carefully quality-controlled steps have been developed that, when put together, constitute an integrated package 'The MMI Process'.

The steps, which are necessary to ensure the successful application of Mobile Metal Ion geochemistry for mineral exploration, include:

* A field, commodity and exploration situation appropriate for application of MMI geochemistry;* An understanding of landform and regolith relationships;* Application of appropriate specialized digestions;* Access to advanced ICP-MS analytical equipment/techniques; and* Correct interpretation of the partial extraction analytical data.

Detailed information on a number of these steps remains confidential. At this point in the development of MMI technology and its role in exploration, orientation surveys are recommended, where possible, to develop a level of confidence for any particular prospect or project area.

Currently, the optimum application for MMI geochemistry is to define specific mineralization targets for detailed drilling, making broad reconnaissance RAB programmes redundant. In this scenario, the assumption is that a number of target areas have been defined and MMI is used to prioritize and more accurately define targets for RC drill programmes.

Developmental work is ongoing to allow extension of the technique to a regional application, and ultimately a target definition role is envisaged. Research is also underway to explore its applicability down hole.

Integral to the successful transition to these new applications will be the continued development in the understanding of Mobile Metal Ion anomalies and a competitive cost structure allowing the technique to deliver cost effective exploration programmes aimed at reducing first pass drilling campaigns. Both matters have been addressed via ongoing research programmes, and the initiative to Licence commercial laboratories to undertake MMI digestions and analyses on a non-exclusive basis.

MMIOPERATIONS MANUAL ffi fflT l

TECHNOLOGY

2.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The key attributes of Mobile Metal Ion surface soil geochemical anomalies include:

* Constrained, precise anomalies, vertically above mineralization and occasionally at up-dip projection positions on the surface;

* Commodity elements respond reducing the need for pathfinders;* The anomalies can precisely target base metals mineralization at significant depths

(greater than 700 m);* The incidence of false anomalies is very low in comparison to conventional geochemistry;* Surface soil anomalies are repeatable and persist over time; and* Anomalies have a better signal to noise ratio related to mineralization in a much wider

range of regolith units when compared with conventional techniques.The Mobile Metal Ion geochemical technique has been developed since 1990 and resulted from a series of 13 case studies where the attributes summarized above were first observed. After this initial field testing in Australia and off-shore, a larger scale research and development initiative was instigated culminating in the establishment of The Geochemistry Research Centre at Technology Park in Perth. In an effort to understand and effectively apply MMI geochemistry to mineral exploration, its first project, The Mechanism of Formation of Mobile Metal Ion Anomalies, was supported by 11 mining companies, WAMTECH and the Western Australian State Government. As a result of the success of tile first project a second project titled, Geochemical Anomalies - Their Dynamic Nature and Interpretation, began in late 1995 and ran for a period of two years. Wamtech is still actively involved with the Geochemistry Research Centre today.It is important to realize that the MMI approach to geochemical exploration is significantly different to that used in conventional surveys. The principal aim of the process is to remove the smallest amount of metal ions from the exterior of soil particles whilst leaving the substrate unaffected. This is the essential difference between MMI and other partial digestion techniques that specifically attack substrates, such as iron oxides and manganese oxides. This approach optimizes the use of improved analytical instrumentation with lower detection limits now available. While absolute metal concentration levels are significantly less than those from 'total digestions', the signal to noise ratios are significantly enhanced using MMI procedures.Early case studies clearly suggested that, on an empirical basis, better contrast was achieved over a number of different styles of mineralization using MMI when compared to conventional (total) techniques. It was postulated that the very loosely-attached ions were sourced from mineralization and that input from other sources of metals, for example lateritic or lithological contributions would be minimized.Currently the element suite for MMI analysis includes the following nine elements:

Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cd, Au, Ag, Co, and Pd.

The concept of the MMI Process has been introduced to reinforce the requirement that the method is not simply an analytical technique. It is a series of integrated steps that, when combined correctly and intelligently, is proving to be a powerful addition to the existing exploration geochemistry techniques.A cautionary note: as initial scepticism starts to abate, history confirms the tendency to regard a new technique as a panacea and usually it is grossly mis-applied. MMI technology will be no different. There is a current practical limit to its usefulness and cost effective application. As MMI TECHNOLOGY'S on-going research progresses and a better understanding of the technique continues to develop, those limits will be revised, extended and up-dated in this manual.

Mobflt Mefad Ion SQ^ MMI

OPERATIONS MANUALmmiTECHNOLOGY

3.0 APPROPRIATE LANDFORM AND REGOLITH SITUATIONS

Mobile Metal Ion geochemistry has proved successful in a broad range of landform situations including relict, erosional, and depositional regimes. It is also proving effective in lateritic terrains by identifying primary sources of mineralization from the surface within broader conventional anomalies influenced by specific regolith units.

Surface Mobile Metal Ion geochemistry essentially responds to sources of mineralization, so that weakly-mineralized structures, like subsurface supergene mineralization blankets, are defined at a lower contrast level than the primary zones from which they are derived.

3.1 Relict and Erosional RegimesSurface regolith units developed on relict and erosional landforms respond well to MMI geochemistry. The key advantage is a superior signal to noise ratio over mineralization. Compared to conventional geochemistry, it allows better focusing on follow-up exploration, either further surface sampling or more precise target drilling. Conventional responses are usually broader and maxima are often not directly over mineralization, particularly in deeply-weathered terrains. MMI responses are more constrained, and provided that the correct background levels are applied when calculating MMI Response Ratio values during interpretation, commodity element anomalies are usually closely related to primary mineralization.

This does not automatically ensure that a commercially-viable deposit is identified beneath each MMI anomaly. However, the success rate for ore-grade drill intercepts early within an exploration programme can be significantly improved.

At an operational level, MMI samples can easily be collected from the surface of these regimes in a straightforward manner as discussed in the sampling procedure section

3.2 Depositional RegimesSurface soils on depositional regimes need to be addressed with extra care. Case studies have shown that the MMI technique extends the range of effective surface soil geochemistry further into more complex transported regolith units, when compared to conventional geochemical techniques. Again it is the superior signal to noise or anomaly to background responses provided by MMI geochemistry that allow the technique to identify and highlight anomalous responses from mineralization while reducing the effects of spurious background levels.

Terrain with colluvial soils, where coarser components are obvious, usually respond well to the MMI technique. In terrain with extensive alluvium, particularly within larger tracts of sheetwash with intermittent flood activity, care is required with any geochemical technique. MMI anomalies in this terrain type can be of the order of l ppb or less. At these analytical levels, great care must be taken to ensure quality of data, and correct interpretation.

An effective orientation study is strongly recommended if possible to provide data before embarking on a survey.

M.Mk Metril.,.

OPERATIONS MANUAL ffi, ffi l

TECHNOLOGY

4.0 ORIENTATION STUDIES

Although MMI geochemistry is a powerful technique, it should not be regarded as a panacea for exploration. Field inspection can be important to establish whether any major landform or regolith changes are likely to influence the MMI results. Other relevant background material that can contribute to a successful MMI survey programme and interpretation includes: geological maps, aerial photographs, geophysical data including aeromagnetic maps and any interpretation thereof, conventional geochemistry results showing broader anomalies or corridors, and styles of any known mineralization.

As with any geochemical survey, an orientation programme can provide valuable information if a suitable target can be accessed and soils collected at the surface. Prior to any orientation, it is also important for the explorationist to define the parameters for minimum target size, especially when considering sample spacing for future exploration surveys. An important feature of MMI geochemistry is that it essentially responds to primary mineralization. Weakly-mineralized structures may not respond clearly or distinctly to an MMI programme so an orientation should preferably test a target considered significant.

A 50-metre interval sample spacing along lines is recommended f or orientation surveys.

To obtain the maximum benefit from the analytical data generated using commercial MMI analyses, response ratios (discussed below) should be calculated. Background samples provide the necessary data to allow meaningful response ratios to be calculated and therefore orientation sampling must include soils collected off the known mineralization.

5.0 SAMPLE DENSITY AND GRID ORIENTATION

Density of sampling is largely influenced by the type and style of mineralization being sought. Narrow, higher grade styles require a maximum of 50-m sample intervals along lines spaced according to the required strike length of mineralization considered as an economic target within the specific project area. If the minimum strike length is 200 m, then the maximum line spacing should be 400 m. This is assuming that the target mineralization is likely to produce a geochemical halo, giving rise to an anomaly that may extend further than 200 m (for example along strike of a mineralized structure). However, it is recommended that the line spacing be equal or less than the target mineralization length. Generally for gold targets a sample spacing of 100 m x 50 m will allow a focused drill programme to commence eliminating blanket RAB drilling.

Larger sedimentary styles (for example Mississippi Valley style) can have expanded sample patterns. However, in these cases it is vital that background is also sampled. Very specific targets, for example massive Ni sulphides along basal contacts, have in the past required 25 m x 25 m spacing to allow detailed anomaly definition prior to the first phase of drilling. This pattern density may represent the second or third infill phase of MMI sampling after an initial broader-spaced programme to identify contacts.

One important aspect of incorporating MMI geochemistry into an exploration programme is that it can substantially reduce drilling costs (see Figure 1). If anomalies remain strong along significant strike lengths and more precise targets are desired, it is still more cost effective to undertake infill surface sampling at 50 m x 50 m spacing within the anomalous trend rather than to blanket drill.

Moblt Metal Ion

OPERATIONS MANUALTECHNOLOGY

6.0 SAMPLE COLLECTIONIMPORTANT

There is abundant evidence to suggest that in the overwhelming majority of regolith situations, soilsamples should be collected at or near surface (within 20cm) using picks or shovels. This

represents the best position within the soil profile for sampling. Unless dearly shown by orientationsurveys within specific landforms, sampling deeper in soil profiles brings with it a range of

complications, particularly for interpretation that can be avoided by sampling nearer surface. _

6.1 Sampling Position

Do not vary depth, or target a specific layer/feature of a soil profile when sampling. - Extensive research has shown that element concentrations can vary markedly with a change in sampling depth. Any significant variation in sampling depth and technique can cause severe problems for interpretation. It is imperative that all samples are collected in a consistent manner.

In undisturbed environments samples should be collected approximately 50 to 200 mm below the surface at a consistent depth. - The initial step in taking an MMI soil sample requires the surface soil layer to be scraped away eliminating loose organic matter, debris, and any possible contamination. In cases where there is an extensive organic horizon (O or Ao) at the surface, (e.g. Canada), the sample should be taken 50 to 200mm below the lower interface, i.e. into the A horizon. Before actually taking the soil sample material, equipment should be brushed to eliminate residue from previous samples and preferably flushed with the soil from the new sample site. During sample collection and handling, no jewellery (watches, rings, bracelets, and chains) should be worn, as this can be a major source of contamination.

Moist Samples. - Damp samples should be collected in a similar manner to soils in dry environments. Samples should not be dried in ovens or pulverised in crushers or mills. In the case of dry plastic clays, sample material can be desegregated by crushing with a mallet between disposable plastic sheets. Sieving should be avoided if there is any possibility of serious cross-contamination during sample collection via the sieve. In this case, larger rocks and twigs/leaves etc can be removed by hand.

Organic Material. - Organic material in the form of fine roots and hairs, decomposing leaf material and other fine organic debris WILL NOT adversely affect MMI analyses. Experimental work has shown that variability in sampling depth has a more significant impact on element responses.

Contaminated Sites. - Where there is a potential contamination problem, samples should be collected at a depth so as to avoid any contaminated material and the sampler's judgment must be relied upon. Another option available to the sampler if there is possible site contamination is to sample in the lee of a tree and/or under a thick layer of organic litter.

6.2 Equipment* A 30-cm diameter plastic garden sieve or kitchen colander with minus 5-mm apertures,

available from hardware and super markets, is ideal for sample collection;* Plastic collection dish with similar diameter and a kitchen floor brush used for cleaning

the sieve and dish between samples;* A bare steel (no paint) garden spade; and* Plastic snap seal bags, do not use calico.

Mobfle Alrial Ion f^ MMIOPERATIONS MANUALmmi

TECHNOLOGY

6.3 Sample Specification

A 500-gram sample is collected and stored in a plastic bag (a 90 x 150-mm plastic snap seal sample bag is recommended). Once sealed in the snap seal plastic bags, samples should be placed in polyweave sample dispatch bags (maximum 40 per bag). Stored in this manner, samples can be carried on tray-back vehicles during summer without problems and be stored for long periods.

6.4 Sample Site

Sample sites should be undisturbed and preferably away from any major contamination: creek beds, drainage, drilling lines, pads, roads, etc. Wind borne contamination should also be eliminated during sample collection by sampling just below the surface.

MMI SOIL SAMPLING - IN SUMMARY

* Use one laboratory wherever possible.* For a particular survey, avoid submitting samples in small batches (if possible). If this

cannot be avoided, calculate Response Ratios for each batch, BEFORE combining the data.* Always sample consistently 50 - 200mm below surface.

6.5 Other Assistance

MMI TECHNOLOGY has assembled a number of technical bulletins to assist users with their sampling programs. This information can be accessed via the MMI Web Page or copies can be obtained from MMI Technology or its licensed laboratories worldwide. MMI staff can be made available to visit survey sites, discuss sampling procedures, train personnel, and perform samplecollection.

Relevant MMI Technical Bulletins available

1. TB01 Sampling Procedures in Active Desert Terrain2. TB02 Size Fraction Analysis3. TB03 Improving Anomaly Resolution4. TB04 Repeat Sampling Study5. TB05 The Application of MMI Geochemistry in Tropical Environments6. TB06 MMI Geochemistry in Deeply Weathered Lateritic Environments7. TB07 MMI Geochemistry in Porphyry Systems8. TB08 The Application of MMI Geochemistry in Carbonate Environments9. TB09 Geochemical Programme Specifications10. TB l O Analysis for Path Finders11. TB12 Gold and Silver in Carbonate Environments

Mobile Metd Ion

OPERATIONS MANUALmmiTECHNOLOGY

6.3 Sample Specification

A 500-gram sample is collected and stored in a plastic bag (a 90 x 150-mm plastic snap seal sample bag is recommended). Once sealed in the snap seal plastic bags, samples should be placed in polyweave sample dispatch bags (maximum 40 per bag). Stored in this manner, samples can be carried on tray-back vehicles during summer without problems and be stored for long periods.

6.4 Sample Site

Sample sites should be undisturbed and preferably away from any major contamination: creek beds, drainage, drilling lines, pads, roads, etc. Wind borne contamination should also be eliminated during sample collection by sampling just below the surface.

MMI SOIL SAMPLING - IN SUMMARY

* Use one laboratory wherever possible.* For a particular survey, avoid submitting samples in small batches (if possible). If this

cannot be avoided, calculate Response Ratios for each batch, BEFORE combining the data.* Always sample consistently 50 - 200mm below surface.

6.5 Other Assistance

MMI TECHNOLOGY has assembled a number of technical bulletins to assist users with their sampling programs. This information can be accessed via the MMI Web Page or copies can be obtained from MMI Technology or its licensed laboratories worldwide. MMI staff can be made available to visit survey sites, discuss sampling procedures, train personnel, and perform sample collection.

Relevant MMI Technical Bulletins available

1. TBO l Sampling Procedures in Active Desert Terrain2. TB02 Size Fraction Analysis3. TB03 Improving Anomaly Resolution4. TB04 Repeat Sampling Study5. TB05 The Application of MMI Geochemistry in Tropical Environments6. TB06 MMI Geochemistry in Deeply Weathered Lateritic Environments7. TB07 MMI Geochemistry in Porphyry Systems8. TB08 The Application of MMI Geochemistry in Carbonate Environments9. TB09 Geochemical Programme Specificationsl O. TB l O Analysis for Path Finders11. TB12 Gold and Silver in Carbonate Environments

APPENDIX 3 Geochemistry - Enzyme Leach

Concepts and Models for Interpretation of Enzyme Leach Data for Mineral and Petroleum Exploration

byJ. Robert Clark

Enzyme Laboratories Inc7778 Lewis StreetArvada, Colorado

USA 80005

AbstractThe Enzyme Leach is a highly selective analytical extraction used primarily for detecting

extremely subtle geochemical anomalies in 5-horizon soils. Pattern recognition is the key to proper interpretation of Enzyme Leach data, since anomaly patterns are quite different from conventional geochemical data.

Many ore bodies are buried beneath thick sequences of overburden, lake beds, or younger volcanic rocks. In other situations ore bodies or petroleum reservoirs lie deep within rocks that contain no evidence of the resource below. Given geologic time, extremely small amounts of trace elements related to the underlying body can migrate by.various mechanisms to the surface, where they would tend to be trapped by various oxide precipitates coating mineral grains in the soil. One of the most effective of these traps is amorphous MnO2, which is a very small portion of the total manganese oxides in the soil. Amorphous precipitates of MnC*2 should be a very effective trap for a wide variety of cations, anions, and polar molecules that may be migrating to the surface. Because of the efficiency of this trapping material, the locations of Enzyme Leach anomalies are generally independent of the quantity of leachable Mn in the soils. The Enzyme Leach makes use of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction to selectively dissolve the most reactive form of MnO2 in soils, the amorphous form of the compound. Consequently, a very small portion of the Mn©2 in the samples is dissolved, and the presence of traces levels of H2O2 in the leach solution helps lower the solubility of Fe over what it normally would be. Because of this selectivity, the background leachable concentrations of many trace elements that are determined are in the low part-per-billion (ppb) range. Thus, the anomalies often have very dramatic contrast above background. Currently Enzyme Leach anomalies can be classified two ways. Morphologically, there are three commonly recognized anomaly forms: 1. halo anomalies; 2. apical anomalies; 3. combination anomalies. Genetically, there are also three classes: A. oxidation anomalies (sometimes referred to as oxidation halos, where they form a morphological halo); B. diffusion anomalies, which result from the gradual thermodynamic dispersal of a highly concentrated source; C. mechanical/hydromorphic dispersion anomalies.

Oxidation anomalies appear to be caused by very subtle electrochemical cells that develop at the top of reduced bodies in the subsurface. These anomalies are characterized by very high contrast values for a suite of elements, the "oxidation suite," which includes CI, Br, I, As, Sb, Mo, W, Re, Se, Te, V, U, and Th. Often, rare-earth elements will accompany the oxidation suite. Base metals can be anomalous in the same soil samples, but usually with lower contrast. Anomalous contrasts are often quite dramatic, in some cases exceeding 50- times background. Oxidation anomalies often take the form of an asymmetrical halo or partial halo around the buried reduced body, and that body underlies much of the central low within that halo. They have been found associated with reduced bodies located as much as 2 Km below the surface. Generally, the

contrast of the anomaly and the number of anomalous elements in the halo decline as the depth of the reduced body increases. They can be associated with any reduced body: porphyry-Cu deposits, base metal massive-sulfide deposits, epithermal-Au deposits, lode-Au deposits, petroleum reservoirs, geothermal systems, barren massive sulfides, barren disseminated pyritic alteration, blocks of barren pyritic shale or black shale isolated as a horse within a fault or occurring as a graben between two normal faults. Any body of rock that contains more oxidizable material than the surrounding rock has the potential to produce one of these anomalies. The suite of trace elements in the halo often is not indicative of the composition of the source. However, relative differences in some trace elements, and the appearance of some quite rare elements, such as Re, in the anomaly can provide clues about the chemistry of the source. Evidence suggests that volatile halide compounds and halogen gases, which can form at the anodes of electrochemical cells, migrate to the surface along joints and faults in rock and through permeable overburden to form these oxidation anomalies at the surface. Base-metal "rabbit ears" anomalies associated with oxidation suite halos may form as a result of cations being pushed along electrochemical gradients. Electrochemical gradients also appear to produce differentiation patterns for the halogens based on the differing electrode potentials required to oxidize chloride, bromide and iodide to C\2, Br2, and \2- These patterns are seen around some larger mineral deposits and some petroleum reservoirs. A flux of CO2 generated in the area of the electrochemical cell may act as a carrier to aid in the migration of oxidation suite volatiles to the surface.

Apical anomalies are the most common morphological form of Enzyme Leach anomalies, and most of these are related to faults. Trace elements that are representative of the source are found as an anomaly directly over that source. If the source is a mineral deposit, many of the commodity/pathfinder/alteration trace elements that characterize the source are anomalous at the surface. When an apical anomaly is found associated with a sulfide-rich mineral deposit, it is because something is preventing a strong oxidation halo from forming. The deposit may be too deep for a strong oxidation cell to develop, there may be a barrier, such as permafrost, between the deposit and the surface, or the top of the deposit may have been destroyed by deep weathering. Metals and pathfinder elements enriched in an underlying mineral deposit may be transported to the surface as a consequence of biomethylation of those elements by bacteria. Dimethyl and trimethyl compounds of many elements are highly mobile as gases. Therefore, it is possible that many apical Enzyme Leach anomalies over deep sulfide-rich deposits result from vapor phase transport of trace elements to the surface. Trace elements that characterize the porphyrins in a petroleum reservoir will often form an apical anomaly over the reservoir. Microseepage of hydrocarbons would carry these compounds to the surface. Faults that are mineralized, that intersect mineralization, or that intersect geochemically unusual rocks will produce a linear anomaly at the surface that follows the subcrop of the fault in the subsurface. If a fault passes through or near an oxidation cell, then oxidation suite elements will commonly form a very high-contrast anomaly over the trace of the fault. Supposedly immobile high-field-strength elements, such as Zr, Nb, Hf, and Ta, will often form very high-contrast anomalies over faults in areas where oxidation is going on in the subsurface.

Combination anomalies have characteristics of both apical and oxidation anomalies. They usually are found where there is a weak to moderately strong oxidation cell in the subsurface. As the strength of the oxidation cell increases, the trace elements that characterize the source migrate more and more into the halo anomaly, until the apical anomaly disappears.

A variety of geological situations can complicate Enzyme Leach anomalies, making interpretation more uncertain. Oxidation nalos are often irregular in shape, spotty, or highly asymmetrical. Therefore, it would be very easy to misinterpret a pattern, simply because a single traverse passed through the wrong part of an anomalous area. Closely spaced mineralized bodies can produce interference patterns between adjacent oxidation halos. Graphitic host rocks tend to have a strong quenching effect on an oxidation cell, diminishing the contrast of the anomaly and making the source appear to be much deeper than it actually is. Anomaly patterns can shift substantially with time, due to intense weathering of the top of a deposit, changes in the water table, and other factors. Active and relic anomalies in the same areas will complicate the interpretations. Geochemical barriers in the subsurface, such as strongly oxidized sedimentary units, can attenuate or completely block the formation of an Enzyme Leach anomaly.

1. IntroductionThe Enzyme Leach is a new highly selective extraction developed for detecting extremely subtle

geochemical signatures in surficial geological materials. Many exploration geologists hope for a new exploration technology that can be used as a "black box;" i.e. they are looking for something that will save them from the uncertainties of doing geology. The Enzyme Leach is not a "black box." Rather, it is like conventional geochemistry or geophysics in that it is another tool to help exploration geologists develop geological models about the area that is being explored. It is best employed as an aid in detecting structures and mineralized bodies deep within the subsurface. Regardless of the tools that are used to make geological interpretations, they still must be tested, usually by drilling, to determine how well the model fits the reality of the rocks beneath the surface.

Pattern recognition is the key to interpretation of Enzyme Leach data, and in most situations the patterns are completely different from those produced by conventional geochemical methods. Conventional geochemical concepts for the most part are not useful. In order to understand the patterns, it is necessary to understand how they are detected, what chemical constituents of the soil are being analyzed, and have a model regarding how the anomalies are migrating to the surface, even if that process is only partially understood. Knowledge of the geological problem and the history of the development of the exploration models is important for being able to interpret Enzyme Leach data.

1.1 Nature of geological problemLayers of glacial till and glaciolacustrine sediments cover large areas at high latitudes in the

Northern Hemisphere, and in many areas of the world much of the bedrock has been buried by basin fill and volcanic rocks. The problem, when trying to perform geochemical exploration in terranes that are covered by transported overburden, is that the overburden is usually exotic to the bedrock that it covers. In tropical regions, laterite has formed due to intense weathering, which in many areas has stripped the surficial material of the original chemical signature of the parent rock. In some regions bund mineral deposits occur deep beneath the surface where the overlying rocks contain no sign of the underlying ore bodies (Yeager et al., this issue). Conventional chemical analyses would reveal only the composition of the overburden or obscuring rock and would not give any indication of the underlying bedrock. Total methods of analysis and stronger-leaching techniques produce results that are dominated by the overburden or cover rock signature, and random variations in this signature often dramatically outweigh any anomalous chemistry emanating from underlying mineralized rocks. In the past, drilling has been

the only means of collecting useful geochemical samples in areas of extensive overburden or rock cover. An inexpensive means is needed for detecting subtle geochemical dispersion through transported or deeply weathered overburden and providing some indication of the chemistry of the bedrock.

Trace elements released by gradual weathering of mineral deposits in the bedrock can migrate up through overburden or cover rock by such means as groundwater flow, capillary action, or diffusion of volatile compounds. However, the amount of these bedrock-related trace elements is typically a very small component of the total concentration of these elements in the overburden or residual soil. The goal is to determine the amount of a trace element that has been added to the overburden rather than the total amount in the overburden sample. Upon reaching the near surface environment, many of the trace elements migrating through overburden or cover rock will be trapped in manganese oxide and iron oxide coatings, which form on mineral grains in the soils. One of the most effective traps for trace elements migrating toward the surface is amorphous manganese dioxide, which is usually a very small component of the total manganese oxide phases in the soil sample. Not only does amorphous manganese dioxide have a relatively large surface area, but the irregular surface and the random distribution of both positive and negative charges on that surface make it an ideal adsorber for a variety of cations, anions, and polar molecules. Thus, an analytical technique that would tend to preferentially dissolve coating materials rich in amorphous MnO2 could provide very useful information in exploration for blind mineral deposits.

l .2 Selective analysisIn most cases the chemistry that is done before instrumental determinations are made is critical to the quality of the geochemical interpretations made from the resulting data. Most laboratory procedures for wet-chemical analyses of geological materials employ either a total digestion, strong leach, or fusion of the sample to put the elements of interest into solution in preparation for instrumental determinations. Even though partial digestions and leaches of the sample materials are less destructive than a total digestion or fusion, these methods frequently use relatively strong concentrations of reagents, resulting in a significant dissolution of many of the constituent minerals in the rock, soil, or sediment (Church et al., 1987). When the geochemist is trying to detect very low level trace element anomalies, it is more important to analyze for trace elements "on" the soil particles, not "in" the constituent mineral grains. Trace elements bound "on" the solid matter of the soil are much more likely to have been transported from an obscured source. Partial leaches employing a wide variety of leaching agents have been found useful for selectively analyzing geological materials for weak signatures of transported trace elements. The history of selective geochemical analysis has been reviewed by Chao (1984) and by Hall (this issue).

A selective leach has been developed that employs an enzyme reaction to selectively dissolve amorphous manganese oxides in soils and sediments. The enzyme catalyzes a reaction between sugar oxygen and water, generating trace amounts of hydrogen peroxide, thus:

Dextrose + C*2 + H2O > (Glucose Oxidase) > Qluconic Acid + H2O2-

While concentrated hydrogen peroxide has been widely used as an oxidant in selective leaching processes, it can also function as a reducing agent for several metallic oxides. In an aqueous solution, it will react with manganese dioxide, consuming hydrogen ions, resulting in the manganese being reduced to the divalent state, which is soluble, thus:

2H+>

(Robinson, 1929; Rose and Suhr, 1971; Filipek et al., 1981; Filipek and Theobald, 1981). In the process, trace elements trapped in the manganese dioxide coatings are released. Because amorphous manganic dioxide is far more reactive than is the crystalline form of the compound, the trace of ̂ 2^2 produced by the enzyme-induced reaction tends to selectively dissolve the amorphous MnO2 present in soils (Clark, 1995). When all the amorphous manganese dioxide in the sample has been reacted, and hydrogen peroxide is no longer being consumed at a rapid rate, the H2O2 concentration builds up to a low-part-per-million threshold, the enzyme reaction slows, and the leaching action also slows. Because the enzyme leach tends to be self limiting, there is minimal leaching of silicate and iron oxide mineral substrates in the sample. Thus, background concentrations for many elements determined are extremely low and the anomaly/background contrast is dramatically enhanced. Leachable concentrations for many trace elements in soils are the mid-to-low part per billion range.

1.3 Current level of knowledgeModels for Enzyme Leach anomaly pattern interpretations discussed here in are based on the

current level of knowledge after four years of commercial application of the technique. These models are subject to revision as new studies become available for public dissemination. Three morphological types of geochemical anomalies are recognized with the Enzyme Leach: l. "halo" anomalies; 2. "apical" anomalies (which includes most "fault-related" anomalies); 3. "combination" anomalies (showing attributes of both halos and apical anomalies). Of these, apical anomalies are by far the most common. A genetic classification is also being developed that includes: 1. oxidation anomalies; 2. simple diffusion anomalies; 3. "mechanical/hydromorphic dispersion" anomalies. Vegetation has been observed to play a role in recycling and enhancing Enzyme Leach soil anomalies for some trace elements in temperate climates (Clark, 1993) and in humid tropical climates. In areas where there is a very deep weathering profile, distinct shifts in anomaly patterns have been observed. In a high altitude arid environment, low teachable Mn content of the soils has been observed to produce diminished Enzyme Leach anomaly contrasts. In most cases agricultural activity has little effect on Enzyme Leach anomalies. One notable exception is described in Yeager (this issue). Using the Enzyme Leach in areas of thick glacial overburden has been covered in detail by Jackson (1995), Rogers and Lombard (this issue), and Bajc et al. (this issue).

2. MethodsThe preferred sample material is 5-horizon soils, where they are available. Generally, the

greatest concentration of active amorphous manganese dioxide is in the upper ten to thirty centimeters of the B horizon. Usually, 100 to 200 grams of sample material is adequate. In coarser grained soils, more sample material maybe needed. Where soils are poorly developed, C- horizon soil or weathered scree, the lower (mineral-rich) A-horizon soil, and fine-granular layers above caliche also can be usable sample media, with lower anomaly contrast than would be found with the B-horizon. Samples, collected from the "bleached" ,40-horizon usually are not suitable. Dense layers of caliche, calcrete, and gypcrete cannot be used as sample media and are to be avoided. A detailed description of sampling protocols is in the Appendix. Samples should be air dried if at all possible. If they are artificially dried, the temperature should not exceed 400 C.

Samples should not be exposed to excessive heat (such as in an enclosed truck camper shell, a closed trailer, or a shed exposed to intense sunlight in hot weather). When overheating occurs, halogens and trace elements that associate with halogens in oxidation anomalies are lost, while leachable concentrations of certain other trace elements may increase (data presented in Appendix). Sample preparation commonly consists of sieving the samples for the minus-60-mesh fraction (O.25 mm). In some cases, the minus-80-mesh fraction, the minus-240-mesh (silt and clay fractions), or the minus-60- mesh/plus-240-mesh fraction (fine-sand and very-fine-sand fractions) are used, depending upon what has been found to work best for the soils in the area where the grid of samples was collected.

A detailed description of the Enzyme Leach process can be found in Clark (1995). In summary, l .00 g is leached for one hour with 15 mL ofl 07o (w/v) dextrose and 0. l mL of glucose oxidase solution. All stock solutions are prepared in 18 M-ohm water. After leaching, 10 mL of the solution is removed and saved for analysis. Leach solutions are immediately stabilized with 0. l mL ultrapure nitric acid. An isotopically pure spike of an internal standard solution is added. Determinations are made by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for a package of 60 elements: Li, Be, CI, Se, Ti, V, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Mb, Mo, Ru, Pd Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, and U. Of these, Li, Be, CI, Se, Ti, and Hg are determined semiquantitatively, due to limitations of the instrumental technology. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) can be used to determine B or Fe.

Enzyme Leach data can be presented in a variety of ways. By the far, the most effective is to sample on a regular grid, where the sample spacing will be suitable for the scale of deposit that you are looking for. The data for each element that shows interesting contrast above background are then contoured. If sampling is done along isolated traverses, then the best method of data presentation is to use a spreadsheet program to graph the data, producing a geochemical profile for each element that shows contrast. Most of the data that are presented in this paper are shown as geochemical profiles, because many of the projects shown here were pilot studies, where the traverses to be sampled were often selected by the host companies.

3. Observations and Discussions3.1 Leach selectivity

Only a small portion of the total manganese oxides in a typical soil is dissolved by the Enzyme Leach. A typical 5-horizon soil sample from northern Minnesota contains ^00 ug/g (parts per million or ppm) total Mn, and most of the Mn in these soils would be present as manganese oxides. In a study of 1670 soils from northern Minnesota with the three leaches, the Enzyme Leach removed about five-times more Mn than a simple water wash (1.5 ppm vs. 0.3 ppm), while a stronger version of the Enzyme Leach dissolves about 10-fold more (17 ppm) than the Enzyme Leach leach (Clark, 1993, p. B22). The strongest of these three leaches typically dissolves less than y/o of the manganese oxides in these soils. Thus, it is logical that the Enzyme Leach is dissolving the most reactive forms of MnO2- Interestingly, the anomalous threshold for Co in this sample set was 42 ppb for the Enzyme Leach, and it was 675 ppb in for the stronger version of the Enzyme Leach (Clark et al., 1990; Clark, 1993). In some soils certain trace elements will produce similar ranges of values with the Enzyme Leach and a water wash. However, the populations produced by the two leaching techniques for those elements will usually be quite different (Clark et al., 1990, p. 196).

Although the Enzyme Leach can be used as a partial-analysis method for virtually any surficial geological material, the sample media most commonly analyzed with this method is 5-horizon soils. Research to date indicates that amorphous MnO2 in soils is most abundant in the B horizon. This horizon is the most chemically active part of the soil, with regard to the formation of oxide coatings on mineral grains. Studies in both arid and humid climates indicate that the sampler should be careful to collect soil samples from the B horizon when at all possible. The following information is based on observations from studies in glacially-buried terrane in northern Minnesota and Canada, desert pediments in Nevada, areas of extensive overburden in South America, test sites in the Colorado Front Range, and over oil fields in western Wyoming and southeastern Texas. Soil horizons vary in appearance and depth, even within relatively small areas. It should be emphasized that the samplers should be collecting material from a consistent soil horizon, rather than a consistent depth. Samplers should be encouraged to expose the soil profile whenever they encounter soil zoning that varies from previous observations. Before beginning, it is a good idea to observe soils profiles in ditches and trenches in and near the area to be sampled. The best potential sample sites are those that appear to be undisturbed and that have mature vegetation growing on and around the site. Samples collected from trenches and pit cuts are also good, as long as a fresh surface is scraped on the face of the soil profile to be sure that you are collecting freshly exposed material. Ditch banks, on the side away from infrequently used roads, under most circumstances can also be good sample sites, after digging into the bank to expose fresh material. The sampler should observe the conditions at such sites and make a judgement about the potential for contamination or of excessive disturbance. Road fill (new or old) is not usable sample material. Also, roads are often contaminated with a variety of pollutants that can linger for centuries. Plowed fields can provide usable samples, if an undisturbed site is not available. It is better to move a sample site a relatively short distance rather than to use a bad site just because it is at the specified spot.

5.1.1 Desert soils.There is an adage to the effect that desert soils are not zoned (azonal). In many cases this is not

true. The appearance of the horizons is different from soils in humid climates, but they are still frequently zoned. The current surface on many desert pediments is more than one million years old, which is more than sufficient time for soil horizons to develop. Relatively little organic matter is found in .4-horizon soils in desert climates. The A horizon is typically a light-gray to light- grayish-tan, loose, fine sand to silt. Descending through the soil profile, the B horizon begins where the soil is more cemented and slightly darker in color, often becoming slightly more brown than the overlying loose material. The brown color often becomes darker farther down into the B horizon, but in other cases, the color difference between the A and B horizons is almost imperceptible. Where the color changes are minimal, a key criteria is that the cementing of the grains in the 5 horizon often produces a weak blocky fracture that is absent in the A horizon, hi areas that have a history of previous mining activity, the upper centimeter of the A horizon can be highly contaminated with many trace elements. Rarer elements, such as gold, can be enriched by as much as 10- to 100-times background. The A horizon should be scraped from the area around the spot to be sampled for a radius large enough to prevent this contaminated material from trickling into the sample material.

In areas of extreme aridity, such as the Atacama desert of South America, the sampler often will not find soil horizons. At most locations in that region the best level to sample is 25 cm to 40 cm beneath the surface. Most of the projects undertaken in deserts to date have used "5-horizon"

soils collected above the caliche layer, where something resembling a B horizon can be identified. In the Atacama desert a fine granular, almost sugary textured, reddish layer will often be encountered just above the caliche layer. This reddish color results from oxide coatings on granular selenite that has formed in the soil. The presence of granular selenite in the soil does not detract from the results, and this layer is a very usable sample media. Recent aeolian material deposited directly on top caliche is not a suitable media for the Enzyme Leach.

5.1.1.1 CalicheDo not sample from the caliche layer or immediately beneath it Caliche will produce extremely

erratic Enzyme Leach data, with numerous, unreproducible false anomalies. Where caliche comes too close to the surface to collect a sample, move the sample site a short distance or abandon it.

5.1.2 Humid climate soils.Sample sites with the best developed soil horizons are usually found in groves of trees. In

northern climates, aspen groves are the best The A horizon consists of an upper humus layer, a dark layer of mixed organic and mineral matter, and there may be a bleached mineral layer at the bottom, the A Q horizon. The bleached layer results from the reducing action of the overlying organic-rich layers, which dissolves oxide coatings on mineral grains. The top of the B horizon is the point below which there is no organic matter and where oxide coatings are found on mineral grains. Iron oxide coatings typically give 5-horizon soils colors that are some shade of brown or red (dark brown, medium brown, light brown, brick red, tan, orange, etc.). Where the A horizon is quite thick, such as around bogs, there is often a faintly gray layer beneath the bleached layer of the A horizon. The faint gray color is due to manganese oxides, and this material is usable B horizon, if a darker colored 5-horizon layer is not available. In a humid, forested area all the material comprising the A horizon of the soil (decaying leaf litter, humus, and organic-rich mineral layers) should be scraped away to reveal the B horizon. The sample is collected from 10 to 30 centimeters into the top of the B horizon, ^-horizon contamination of 5-horizon samples should be avoided as much as possible.

When driving probes through bogs, a grayish-blue clay layer is often found under the peat. This material is analogous to a fire clay under a coal seam. (Given a few million years, that is what it would be.) It is chemically different from the glacially derived material below it, and it will give different background values for a number of elements determined with the Enzyme Leach.

5. l .3 Hard pan at the surfaceIn some areas either caliche or laterite is at the surface or so close to the surface that a usable

sample can not be collected. There are cases where loose wind blown silt lies directly on top of the caliche. This material cannot be used as a sample media, since it has not been in place long enough to begin to equilibrate with dispersion processes from the underlying bedrock. In order to collect a usable sample in areas like these, it will be necessary to either dig through or drill through the hard pan. The distance below the hard pan layer that you must go to get a valid sample will vary from area to area, and pilot studies must be carried out in each new situation to determine the optimum sampling depth.

5. l .4 Mountain soils and glacially scoured terrane.

Due to the rapid rate of mechanical weathering in mountainous areas, there are localities where the soil is truly azonal. Also, during Pleistocene glaciation, the regolith was completely removed in many areas and a chemically mature soil profile has not had sufficient time to redevelop. In such cases the sampler should dig deep enough to obtain soil material that is as free of organic matter as possible.

5.1.5 Rock-chip samplingIn areas where barren volcanic or sedimentary cover rock is all that is present at the surface, an

Enzyme Leach survey can still be done with limitations. Look for joints and fractures that contain oxide coatings just beneath the surface. Use a rock hammer to break up the rock so that you can collect chips from within the fractures. Make sure that the chips you collect have as much of that fracture surface as possible. Sample handling is identical to that for soils. In the laboratory, the chips are dropped into a clean jaw crusher to reduce them to millimeter-scale material. The weathered surfaces from the chips tend to end up in the fines that come out of the crusher. The sample is then screened for the minus-60-mesh fraction and treated as if it were a soil. The Enzyme Leach data from these rock-chip samples have substantially reduced anomaly contrast compared to soils from the same region, but the anomaly morphologies are the same.

5.2 Sample handling5.2. l Quantity of sample to collect

Samples should consist of about 100 to 200 grams of material depending on the fineness of the soil. Coarser soils require more material to assure adequate sieved sample material for analysis.

5.2.2 Sample bagsThere has been a fair amount of discussion about the type of bags to use with Enzyme Leach

samples. Most sample bags are suitable. Polyolefin well cutting bags work very well. They are free of contamination and they allow the samples to dry through the porous material. Polyethylene bags and plastic sandwich bags work well. They are free of contamination, but wet samples will not dry in them, requiring extra sample handling to ensure that the samples dry property. Craft paper soil-sample bags are sturdy when wet samples are placed in them, and they allow the samples to dry through the paper. Some people are concerned about trace element contaminants in the paper getting into the samples. Several tests have been run in which the outer l mm of a clay-rich sample that had been stored wet in a craft paper bag was scraped off and analyzed separately. There was not a discernible difference between the rind in contact with the paper and the core of the sample. If the samples are damp, then the mass flow is out of the sample, through the paper, and into the atmosphere, the wrong direction to take contaminants from the paper and carry it into the sample. Common paper bags tear easily, especially when damp, and are not suitable collecting soils for any type of analysis.

5.2.3 Sample dryingIf at all possible, the samples should be air dried. If circumstances require the use of a drying

oven, the temperature should not exceed 400C, and the drying time should not be longer than is necessary to dry the sample. Too high a drying temperature alters the chemistry of the amorphous manganese dioxide coatings and drives out the volatile halogens and halide compounds (Fig. 26). At the same time the leachable amounts of some metals like Cu can increase (Fig. 26). David Cohen (personal communication) attributes this increase in leachable

metals to the collapse of amorphous coatings as H2O is driven out. This would result in metals that are not compatible with the collapsing structure being forced to the outside of the material, where they would be more readily dissolved by the Enzyme Leach.Most laboratory drying ovens are not suitable for drying Enzyme Leach soil samples. They are designed for drying laboratory glassware, and their thermostats are designed for operating at substantially higher temperatures than 400 C. The interval between heating and cooling cycles of the thermostats can be as large as 150 C. If one of these cheaply thermostats sticks during a heating cycle, the temperature can quickly rise to 600 C, or more. Forced-air drying ovens are prone to do the most damage. Although they do have a more uniform temperature distribution in the oven, the heat transfer rate to the samples is much greater with moving heated air than for slowly convecting air. Moving air is also going to disperse volatiles in the samples at a much higher rate than is stagnant air. The reader should look at Fig. 26 and then make a decision about whether or not to use a drying oven If in doubt, let the service provider perform the sample preparation, or air dry the samples. They know which sieve sizes to use, and what steps must be followed to maintain the geochemical integrity of the sample material. Pulverized samples have been "cooked" by the heat that is generated in the grinding mill. The grinding process also destroys the coating on mineral grains. Samples which were collected previously for some other purpose and were pulverized during preparation are not suitable for analysis with the Enzyme Leach.

5.2.4 Sample handling in the fieldWhen presented with this information about not overheating samples, many geologists become

quite concerned, because the surface temperature on a hot day in many deserts often goes well above 500 C. Earth is an outstanding thermal insulator. Ten centimeters below the surface the temperature will be approaching constant level that is much cooler and will be fairly consistent from day to day. Most samples are collected at 30 cm or greater depth. Once the samples are collected, they should not be stored in a place where the temperature can rise much above 400 C for several hours. Enclosed trailers and camper shells that are sitting still in the sun are a definite hazard. Samples should be kept in the shade if it is a hot sunny day. Also, samples that are stored together in a pile have greater thermal inertia and will heat up slower than samples that are laid out individually on the ground.

APPENDIX 4 Geochemistry - MMI Analytical Certificates (XRAL)

RECEIVEDV

SEPGEOSCIENCE ASSESSMENT

OFFICE

XRAL XRAL LaboratoriesA Division of SGS Canada Inc.

1885 Leslie Street Don Mills, Ontario Canada M3B 3J4

5 - 5?55 CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS Work Order: 063619

To: Rainbow Research AssociatesAttn: J.Gregory Davison Date : 06/06/01

1 288 Hopewell Avenue PETERBOROUGH ONTARIO/CANADA/K9H 6T3

Copy 1 to :

Copy 2 to

P.O. No. Project No. No. of Samples Date Submitted Report Comprises

129 Soil24/05/01Cover Sheet plusPages 1 to 4

Distribution of unused material: Pulps: STORE Rejects: STORE

Certified By

ISO 9002 REGISTERED

Dr. Hugn de Souza, General Manager XRAL Laboratories

Subject to SGS General Terms and Conditions

Report Footer: L.N.R. = Listed not received l.S. s Insufficient Sample n.a. = Not applicable -- s No result *INF = Composition of this sample makes detection impossible by this method M after a result denotes ppb to ppm conversion, "/o denotes ppm to Vo conversion

Member of the SGS Group (Societe Generate de Surveillance)

XRAL XRAL LaboratoriesA Division of SGS Canada Inc.

Work Order: 063619 Date: 06/06/01 FINAL Page l of 4

Element. Method. Det.Lim.Units.

RRA-FR-1M RRA-FR-3M RRA-FR-4M RRA-FR-5M RRA-FR-8M

RRA-FR-9MRRA-FR-13MRRA-FR-14MRRA-FR-16MRRA-FR-17M

RRA-FR-26M RRA-FR-28M RRA-FR-29MRRA-FR-30M RRA-FR-30M Dup

RRA-FR-31M RRA-FR-32M RRA-FR-33M RRA-FR-38M RRA-FR-39M

RRA-FR-40MRRA-FR-42M RRA-FR-43M RRA-FR-44M RRA-FR-45M

RRA-FR-46M RRA-FR-46M Dup RRA-FR-51M RRA-FR-52M RRA-FA-52M Dup

RRA-FA-53M RRA-FA-54M RRA-FA-55M RRA-FA-56M RRA-FA-57M

RRA-FA-58M RRA-FA-59M RRA-FA-60M RRA-FR-62M RRA-FR-62M Dup

RRA-FR-63M RRA-FR-64M RRA-FR-65M RRA-FR-66M RRA-FR-67M

Cu Zn Cd PbMMI-A MMI-A MMI-A MMI-A

5 5 10 20ppb ppb ppb ppb

170126

7512880

19133719489

362

66117767861

2824

15618730

31696

180440362

1431218424642

509118603124

9099

1426069

7512528

152258

250291198789103

98206476817

•127

798577

299316

34174513069

194249130278

29

5743

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2139783

17056

1390170989881

322231

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400416412226198

178206160429479

Member of the SGS Group (Societe Generate de Surveillance)

XRAL XRAL LaboratoriesA Division of SGS Canada Inc.

Work Order: 063619 Date: 06/06/01 FINAL Page 2 of 4

Element. Method. Det.Lim. Units.

Cu Zn Cd PbMMI-A MMI-A MMI-A MMI-A

5 5 10 20ppb ppb ppb ppb

RRA-FR-70M*Blk BLANK*Std MMISRM07RRA-FR-71MRRA-FR-75M

RRA-FR-76MRRA-FR-76M DupRRA-FR-77MRRA-FR-78MRRA-FR-79M

RRA-FR-80MRRA-FR-81MRRA-FR-83MRRA-FR-84MRRA-FR-85M

RRA-FR-86MRRA-FR-89MRRA-FR-90MRRA-FR-91MRRA-FR-92M

RRA-FR-92M DupRRA-FR-93MRRA-FR-94MRRA-FR-95MRRA-FR-101M

RRA-FR-102MRRA-FR-103MRRA-FR-104MRRA-FR-104M DupRRA-FR-105M

RRA-FR-106MRRA-FR-107MRRA-FR-108MRRA-FR-109MRRA-FR-110M

RRA-FR-111MRRA-FR-111M DupRRA-FR-112MRRA-FR-114MRRA-FR-115M

RRA-FR-116MRRA-FR-119MRRA-FR-120MRRA-FR-121MRRA-FR-124M

145<5603

75171

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701174898

172

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292247779340129

130240

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6569

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617549590697720

Member of the SGS Group (Societe Generate de Surveillance)

XRAL XRAL LaboratoriesA Division of SGS Canada Inc.

Work Order: 063619 Date: 06/06/01 FINAL Page 3 of 4

Element. Method. Det.Lim. Units.

RRA-FR-125M RRA-FR-126M RRA-FR-127M RRA-FR-128M*Blk BLANK

*Sld MMISRM07RRA-FR-129MRRA-FR-130MRRA-FR-131MRRA-FR-132M

RRA-FR-133M RRA-FR-134M RRA-FR-135M RRA-FR-136M RRA-FR-139M

RRA-FR-140M RRA-FR-141M RRA-FR-142M RRA-FR-143M RRA-FR-144M

RRA-FR-145M RRA-FR-147M RRA-FR-148M RRA-FR-149M RRA-FR-150M

RRA-FR-151M RRA-FR-152M RRA-FR-153M RRA-FR-154M RRA-FR-155M

RRA-FR-156MRRA-FR-156M Dup RRA-FR-160M RRA-FR-163M RRA-FR-164M

RRA-FR-200M RRA-FR-201M RRA-FR-202M RRA-FR-203M RRA-FR-206M

RRA-FR-207M RRA-FR-208M RRA-FR-209M*Dup RRA-FR-1M*Dup RRA-FR-29M

Cu Zn Cd PbMMI-A MMI-A MMI-A MMI-A

5 5 10 20ppb ppb ppb ppb

413143

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7481

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. 509257466225495

478251264224414

426348272494693

207417518600433

318626354197280

©5(55 Member of the SGS Group (Societe Generate de Surveillance)

XRAL XRAL LaboratoriesA Division of SGS Canada Inc.

Work Order: 063619 Date: 06/06/01 FINAL page 4 of 4Element. Cu Zn Cd PbMethod. MMI-A MMI-A MMI-A MMI-ADet.Lim. 5 5 10 20Units. ppb ppb ppb ppb

*Dup RRA-FR-45M 330 31 < 10 560*Dup RRA-FA-59M 89 195 < 10 455*Dup RRA-FR-76M 77 58 < 10 194*Dup RRA-FR-90M 263 194 < 10 228*Dup RRA-FR-105M 25 80 < 10 216

*Dup RRA-FR-119M 238 16 < 10 507*Dup RRA-FR-133M 64 60 < 10 256*Blk BLANK O <5 < 10 42*Std MMISRM07 629 4180 11 464*Dup RRA-FR-148M 36 17 < 10 451

*Dup RRA-FR-164M 463 21 < 10 617*Blk BLANK <5 O < 10 ^0*Std MMISRM07 632 4190 10 455

©5G5 Member of the SGS Group (Societe Generate de Surveillance)

QNTMIO MINISTRY OF NORTHERN DEVELpPMENT AND MINES

Work Report Summary

Transaction No: W0120.30263

Recording Date: 2001-JUN-11

Approval Date: 2001-SEP-10

Client(s):

1 2961 7 ENGLISH, PERRY VERN

Survey Type(s):

ASSAY

Status: APPROVED

Work Done from: 2001 -MAY-1 3

to: 2001 -MA Y- 18

GCHEM

Work Report Details:

Claim*

KRL 1184988

KRL 01 232748

KRL 1233024

KRL 1233056

KRL 1233057

KRL 1233058

KRL 1233059

KRL 1233060

KRL 1233062

KRL 1233372

KRL 1233728

KRL 1233729

External Credits:

Reserve:

Perform

S945

SO

SO

S700

S700

S700

5700

S700

SO

S3, 707

S2.400

SO

S1 0,552

Perform Approve

S945

SO

SO

S700

S700

S700

S700

S700

SO

S3, 707

S2.400

SO

510,552

SO

Applied

SO

S800

S400

S400

S400

S400

S400

S400

31,200

S2.800

S1.200

S1,600

S10.000

S552 Reserve of Work

Applied Approve

SO

S800

S400

S400

S400

S400

S400

S400

51,200

52,800

51,200

S1.600

510,000

Assign

5393

SO

50

S300

5300

S300

5300

S300

SO

S907

S1.200

SO

54,000

Assign Approve

393

0

0

300

300

300

300

300

0

907

1,200

0

S4.000

Reserve

5552

SO

SO

SO

SO

SO

50

SO

SO

SO

SO

SO

5552

Reserve Approve

S552

SO

SO

50

SO

SO

50

SO

SO

SO

SO

SO

5552

Due Date

2002-MAY-28

2002-JUN-10

2002-JUN-10

2002-JUN-10

2002-JUN-10

2002-JUN-10

2002-JUN-10

2002-JUN-10

2002-JUN-10

2002-JUN-10

2002-JUN-10

2002-JUN-10

Report*: W01 20. 30263

S552 Total Remaining

Status of claim is based on information currently on record.

52K15NW2004 2.21556 BELANGER 900

2002-Mar-05 14:05 Armstrong-d Page 1 of 1

Ministry ofNorthern Developmentand Mines

Date: 2002-MAR-06

Ministere du Developpement du Nord et des Mines Ontario

GEOSCIENCE ASSESSMENT OFFICE 933 RAMSEY LAKE ROAD, 6th FLOOR SUDBURY, ONTARIO P3E6B5

PERRY VERN ENGLISH BOX 414SOURIS, MANITOBA ROK 2CO CANADA

Tel: (888)415-9845 Fax:(877)670-1555

Dear Sir or Madam

Submission Number: 2.21556 Transaction Number(s): W0120.30263

Subject: Approval of Assessment Work

We have approved your Assessment Work Submission with the above noted Transaction Number(s). The attached Work Report Summary indicates the results of the approval.

At the discretion of the Ministry, the assessment work performed on the mining lands noted in this work report may be subject to inspection and/or investigation at any time.

The revisions outlined in the Notice dated August 30, 2001 have been corrected. Accordingly, assessment work credit has been approved as outlined on the Declaration of Assessment Work Form accompanying this submission.

If you have any question regarding this correspondence, please contact BRUCE GATES by email at bruce.gates@ndm.gov.on.ca or by phone at (705) 670-5856.

Yours Sincerely,

Ron GashinskiSenior Manager, Mining Lands Section

Cc: Resident Geologist

Perry Vern English (Claim Holder)

Assessment File Library

Perry Vern English (Assessment Office)

James Gregory Davison (Agent)

Visit our website at http://www.gov.on.ca/MNDM/LANDS/mlsmnpge.htm Page: 1 Correspondence 10:16338

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