rqmts_core at ia summit barcelona
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A seven-step methodology using cognitive graphing in a soft systems framework
Scott M. Confer
User Experience Manager
Sears Holdings Corporation
Joanna Wiebe
Information Architect
Orbitz Worldwide
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http://onemind.wetpaint.com
Download this presentation at:
Fractal image by Digon3
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(Cognitive Organization for
Requirements Elicitation)
integrates twoanalytical
methodologies
3 Amigurumi photo by Ashley Ringrose (MrTruffle)
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CORE characteristics
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CORE hasseven steps
5 Amigurumi photo by Ashley Ringrose (MrTruffle)
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Example Mess: late night, guests, need stimulantFirst there is is...
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Example Mess: late night, guests, need stimulant
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Example Mess: late night, guests, need stimulant
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Good requirements are:
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How do we get out of a mess?
10 Coffee cup photo by Zesmerelda, at Leonardos in Chicago, IllinoisFractal image by Digon3
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structure the mess: form your team
problem-solver
investigator subjectmatterexpert
customer/client
problem-owner
11 Amigurumi by anapaulaoli and others
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Example: Rich Picture for making coffee
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draw a Rich Picture
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Creative Commons license. Wiebe & Confer, 2007P.J. Lewis, 'Rich Picture building in the SSM,' European Journal of Information Systems
Rich Picture example
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Rich Picture example
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define the system . . .
17 Coffee cup photo by Zesmerelda, at Leonardos in Chicago, Illinois
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conceptualize the problem space . . .
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Event: Needstimulant Initiates
Goal: stay awake Concept: CoffeeRefers-to
Goal - Action:Decide to make your
own
Means
Reason
Goal: Brewcoffee
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1 2
3
theyrule.net Network Diagrams of Conspiracy
Mark Lombardi
Internet Search
Dubberly Design Office
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The Budget Graph
Jesse Bachman
example network diagrams of concepts
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closeup network diagram: no grammar
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conceptual graphs dont have to be fancy
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a diagram of nodes connected by arcs
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FamilyOrbitz requirements
sources
BudgetCalculatorBR13ShoppingCartBR12Recommendation EngineBR11TripBuilderBR10RoadTripToolBR9CommunityBuildingBR8CareBR7
EnhancedFilteringBR6EnhancedMappingBR5ExclusiveFamilyContentBR4FamilyTravelDealsBR3PurchaseTravelBR2GeneralBR1
Area of FocusID
BudgetCalculatorBR13ShoppingCartBR12Recommendation EngineBR11TripBuilderBR10RoadTripToolBR9CommunityBuildingBR8CareBR7
EnhancedFilteringBR6EnhancedMappingBR5ExclusiveFamilyContentBR4FamilyTravelDealsBR3PurchaseTravelBR2GeneralBR1
Area of FocusID
Family Orbitz requirements sources
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Family Orbitz conceptual graph structure
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Family Orbitz visual layout concept
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Concept: registereduser role
Concept:unregistered user
role
State: temp profilecreated for
unregistered role
Hascons
equence
Goal: Manageevent travel
Concept: customer
service agent role
Goal: Confirmtraveler itinerary
Goal - Action: Applytravel policy
Means
Mea
ns
Concept: Thirdparty event site
Concept: TravelArranger role
Ha
sco
nse
que
nce
Event: User dataenters system
State: registeredrole profile
prepopulated
Hasconsequence
Goal - Action:Create participant
types
Goal - Action:Create policy
Before
After
Conceptual Graph Structure
Meeting Site IntegrationCustomer perspective: A system to enable customers to book and
manage travel online at the same time that they register for meetings,without having to make a second login.
Relevant system
Taxonomy Goal hierarchyCausal network
Hasproperty
Haspart
Haspart
Haspa
rt
Haspart
Concept: Emailaddress
Refers-to
Concept: Thirdparty database
Goal: Displaytraveler itinerary
Before
State: datavalidated
Has
consequen
ce
Haspart
Concept:Archived policy
Goal - Action:Single sign on
Concept: Roles
Has part
V. 1.0
V. 2.0
Version
Style: behind thescenes
Manner
Event:user passed to
system Initiates
Refers-
to
Hasconsequence
Another Orbitz Worldwide project
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Spatial relations
Concept: Paymentmodule
Concept: Servicefees
Has
part
Concept:Reservation page
Has part
b k t th ff l l hi h
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back to the coffee example: goal hierarchy
Event: needstimulant
Initiates
Goal - Action:Decide to make
your own
Means
Goal: Brew hotcoffee
Before
State: SleepyOr
Initiates
Goal - Action: Getstimulant
Goal: stay awake
Event: want to bestimulated
Initiates
Reason Means
Reason
Goal - Action: Drinkcoffee
Means
Reason
During Before
Goal hierarchy
b k t th ff l t i t k
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Event: needstimulant
Initiates
Goal - Action:Decide to make
your own
Means
Goal: Brew hotcoffee
Before
State: SleepyOr
Initiates
Goal - Action: Getstimulant
Goal: stay awake
Event: want to bestimulated
Initiates
Reason Means
Reason
Goal - Action: Drinkcoffee
Means
Reason
During Before
Goal hierarchy Taxonomic networkConcept: Coffee
Refers-to
Concept:stimulating drink
Is-a
Concept: brewedcoffee
Has-instance-of
Concept: espresso
Has-instance-of
Concept: Food
Is-a
Concept: water
Concept: Coffeegrounds
Has-part
Has-part
back to the coffee example: taxonomic network
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Event: needstimulant
Initiates
Goal - Action:Decide to make
your own
Means
Goal: Brew hotcoffee
Before
State: SleepyOr
Initiates
Goal - Action: Getstimulant
Goal: stay awake
Event: want to bestimulated
Initiates
Reason Means
Reason
Goal - Action: Drinkcoffee
Means
Reason
During Before
Goal hierarchy Taxonomic networkConcept: Coffee
Refers-to
Concept:stimulating drink
Is-a
Concept: brewedcoffee
Has-instance-of
Concept: espresso
Has-instance-of
Concept: Food
Is-a
Concept: water
Concept: Coffeegrounds
Has-part
Has-part
back to the coffee example: more detailed goals
Goal hierarchy: moredetailed level goal
Event: decide tomake own coffee
Initiates
Event: coffee usedup
State: coffeegrounds left in
makerOr
Goal - Action:
empty out oldcoffee and grounds
Initiates
Initiates
Means
Goal - Action: make
fresh pot with newwater and groundsBefore
Means
Goal - Action: start
brew
Means
Before
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nodes
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Event:
Goal - Act ion:
State:
Concept:
Style:
Goal:
NODE TYPE DEFINITION
Agoal node indicates a circumstance, situation, state of affairs or event desired by a person or an agent
(such as a software application). It does not indicate how the goal is accomplished.
Agoal-action nod e indicates either:
- action(s) performed by the person or agent to attain a goal, or
- a mix of both goal and activity/activities of a person or agent toward a goal.
Anevent node indicates a condition of transition between one stable state and another stable state.
Aconcept node indicates a single entity, idea or construct, with a single name, which can be a word or
phrase.
Astate node indicates a relatively stable situation, circumstance, manner or condition of being.
Astyle node indicates:
- a quality of a goal-action, such as duration or speed, or
- an instrumentality of a goal-action (what agent or person does it?)
Event:
Coffee brews
Goal - Action:Make coffee
State:Hot coffee ready
Concept:Stimulating
drink
Style:Home-brewed
Goal:Stay awake
EXAMPLES
nodes
From: (Gordon et al.)31
arcs
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ARC TYPE DEFINITION
Reason
Means
Before
During
After
Initiates
Has-consequence
Refers-to
And
Or
Manner
Is-a
Equivalent-to
Has-instance-of
Has-property
Has-part
Implies
Spatial relations
Why or how something is done.
How something is done, or the action by which a goal or goal-action is performed.
Something happens or exists before something else.
Two things happen or exist simultaneously; neither happens or exists before the other.
Something happens or exists after something else.
Something starts, cues, or causes an agent to acquire a goal or perform an action.
Indicates an action has had some result.
Indicate that a node is composed of at least one other concept.
Two things co-occur, order not important, and a temporal relationship between the nodes does NOT exist.
Indicates that only one of a group of things, usually two, occurs, but NOT both.
A specific way in which something is done.
A concept is one in a group of similar concepts that are types or kinds of another broader based concept.
A concept is functionally the same as another concept, and differs only name.
Indicates that there is a specific, concrete example or illustration of a concept.
The presence of particular characteristics or dynamic features of a concept.
A concept is one in a group of physical or conceptual pieces, or components, of another concept.
When the presence of a particular state, event, or style infers another is present, but is not caused by the first.
on, contains, above, below, left-of, right-of, etc. for common locations
arcs
From: (Gordon et al.)
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legal combinations
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Goal hierarchy substructure
SOURCE NODE ARC TYPE
Means
Initiates
Reason
During
Before
AfterGoal -
Action:
Goal:
TERMINAL NODE
Goal -Action:
Goal:
Goal -Action:
Goal:
Goal -Action:
Event:
State:
Style:
Goal -Action:
Goal:
Manner
Has-consequence
And
Or
Goal -Action:
Goal -Action:
Style:
Event:
State:
Style:
Goal -Action:
TERMINAL NODE
Is-a
Equivalent-to
Has-instance-of
Has-property
Taxonomy substructure
Concept: Concept:
Concept: Concept:
Event: Event:
State: State:
Concept:
Event:
State:
Goal -Action:
Goal:
SOURCE NODE ARC TYPE
Has-part
Causal network substructure
Event:
State:
Style:
Implies
Has-consequence
And
Or
Event:
Manner
Event:
Style:
Style:Style:
Manner
Event:
State:
Before
During
After
Event:
State:
Event:
State:
Style:
Refers-to
Concept:
SOURCE NODE ARC TYPE TERMINAL NODE
Event:
State:
Style:
Spatial relations substructure
Concept: Concept:
< any spatial relation >
SOURCE NODE ARC TYPE TERMINAL NODEGoal -
Action:
Concept:
Goal:
legal combinations
Download Visio smartstencils and viewexamples of Cognitive Graph Structuresat http://onemind.wetpaint.com
TM
From: (Gordon et al.)33
how to make
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context
how to make
34Amigurumi book by Weenah3
how to make
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write requirements
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write requirements
agree on requirements
implement into information architecture
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CORE works in all design contexts
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CORE works in all design contexts
37 Photo bypapixulooo37
FREEdownloads
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y Amy Clampitt
Scott M. ConferUser Experience ManagerSears Holdings Corporation
Key references
Checkland, P.B. (1981). Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. John Wiley & Sons.
Gordon, S. E. & Gill, R. T. (1997). Cognitive Task Analysis. In C. Zsambok & G. Klein,(Eds.), Naturalistic Decision Making (pp. 131-140). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gordon, S.E., Schmierer, K.A., & Gill, R. T. (1993). Conceptual graph analysis: Knowledgeacquisition for instructional system design. Human Factors, 35, 459-481.
Joanna WiebeInformation ArchitectOrbitz [email protected]
http://onemind.wetpaint.com
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