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Charting a Career Path: Sharing the Learning and Lessons

Conference Proceedings of the Regional Studies Association Student and Early Career Conference November 2017 Compiled by: Wanda Miczorek November 2017 ISBN No: 978-1-897721-64-3 Regional Studies Association Sussex Innovation Centre Falmer Brighton BN1 9SB United Kingdom

Regional Studies Association Student and Early Career Conference 2017

I

TABLE OF CONTENTS WORKSHOP ABSTRACTS PAGE THE ROLE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CITIES: URBAN CASE EXAMPLE Nor Harlina Abd Hamid

1

ORGANIZED CRIME IN IRELAND: THE EFFECT OF THE MOTORWAY NETWORK ON BURGLARY RATES Kerri Agnew

1

ENGAGEMENTS OF UNIVERSITIES FOR RURAL SME SECTOR EMPOWERMENT:LESSONS FROM UNIVERSITY - AGRO SME INTERACTIONS IN SRI LANKA Sidath Alwis

2

THE IMPACT OF EMPLOYMENT SKILLS SUPPORT AND INEQUALITIES AT WORK IN THE INCENTIVES TO MIGRATE: A CASE STUDY OF KOSOVO Vlora Berbatovci-Sojeva

2

WATER POVERTY, AUSTERITY AND CITIZEN VULNERABILITY IN THE UK WATER INDUSTRY Fiona Calder

3

THE DONUT OF DESPAIR: CULTURE-LED REGENERATION AND SPATIAL INEQUALITY IN A MID-SIZED POST-INDUSTRIAL UK CITY – A CASE STUDY Donna Carmichael

3

AGENCY AND STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS IN TRANSITIONAL REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Camilla Chlebna

4

SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT IN THE GREATER DUBLIN REGION Sheila Convery

4

CREATIVE CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT AS A TOOL TO INCREASE COMPETITIVENESS OF CITIES: CASE STUDY SLOVAKIA Lukáš Danko

5

THE SUSTAINABILITY OF GREEN BELTS: CRITICAL ASPECTS AND ENABLING CONDITIONS IN THE RE-MAKING OF THE CITY-REGION RELATIONSHIP IN VITORIA-GASTEIZ, SPAIN Rebeca Dios Lema

5

KNOWLEDGE FLOWS IN CLUSTERS AS AN ADAPTATION FACTOR FOR FIRMS, SHAPING REGIONAL RESILIENCE IN TIMES OF CRISIS – A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO FURNITURE DISTRICTS: IN POLAND AND ITALY Wojciech Dyba

6

JUDICIARY AND LITIGATION PROCESS IN THE TURKISH PLANNING PROCEDURE: A CASE STUDY OF THE ISTANBUL THIRD AIRPORT Ozge Erbas

6

II

TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL PATTERNS IN SPATIAL INEQUALITIES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCES FROM A PANEL OF COUNTRIES Mihail Eva Ema Corodescu-Rosca Lucian Rosu Corneliu Iatu

7

CREATING NEW PATHS: THE CONVERSION AND DIVERSIFICATION OF NORTH SEA PORTS Lewis Evans

7

HOW CAN CHINESE PLANNERS DEAL WITH CONFLICTING RULES IN URBAN GROWTH? Xin Feng

8

WHAT’S NEW IN COHESION POLICY? IMPLICATIONS OF THE USE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FOR POLICY GOVERNANCE Claudia Gloazzo

8

HOW URBAN DESIGN IS BEING HANDLED, MANAGED OR CONTROLLED WITHIN THE PLANNING PROCESSES OF ENGLAND AND GERMANY? CASE STUDY EXAMPLES OF LIVERPOOL ONE, WESTFIELD LONDON, MALL OF BERLIN AND THIER GALERIE DORTMUND. Adeleh Haghgoo

9

HACKATHONS, OPEN DATA, AND CLIMATE CHANGE Diogo Pereira Henriques

9

EU REGIONAL SPENDING IN ENGLAND AND WALES AND BREXIT Christopher Huggins

10

CAN THE REUSE OF REDUNDANT SPACES CONTRIBUTE TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN WEAK MARKET CITIES? Ian Jones

10

GLOBALIZATION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND THE CHANGE IN THE SPATIAL DIVISION OF LABOR OF JAPANESE CHEMICAL COMPANIES Natsuki Kamakura

10

A STUDY ON THE PRESENT CONDITION OF SHARED HERITAGE IN DALAT Keigo Kubishiro

11

WATER STEWARDSHIP BEYOND THE ‘FARM GATE’? DRIVING NEW GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES FOR A GREEN ECONOMY IN THE WESTERN CAPE’S COMMERCIAL HORTICULTURE INDUSTRY Nora Lanari

11

CHANGES IN UNIVERSITIES PERFORMANCE - CASE OF SLOVAKIA Alexandra Lešková Miroslav Šipikal

12

GLOCALISING INCLUSIVE AND EQUITABLE QUALITY EDUCATION: EXPLORING WITH TEACHERS THEIR CRAFT KNOWLEDGE OF INCLUSIVE PEDAGOGY Eddy K.W. Li

12

III

REGIONAL PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AS ENTREPRENEURIAL BRICOLAGE: THE CASE OF MARSEILLE John McArdle

13

ECONOMIC GROWTH BY DEMAND SATURATION AND DEMAND CREATION Hiroki Murakami

13

THE ROLE OF THE REGIONAL AIRPORT IN THE LOCAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT (THE CASE OF THE NEWCASTLE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, THE UK) Alena Myshko

14

RETHINKING SEASONAL MIGRATION: THE CASE OF BOZCAADA, TURKEY Duygu Okumus

14

OVERVIEW OF RICE PRODUCTION & PRACTICES IN NEPAL AND FUTURE CHALLENGES Ishwar Pun Toshihiro Hattori Eiji Yamaji Baburam Niraula

15

WHY HAVE NEW PARADIGM REGIONAL POLICIES IN THE UK BEEN INEFFECTIVE? A LOOK AT THE POWER OF OLIGOPOLISTIC FIRMS Ivan Rajic

15

‘GETTING THE MEASURE OF FUEL POVERTY’: THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUEL POVERTY INDICATORS IN ENGLAND Caitlin Robinson

16

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT-AT-NIGHT HELPS TO IDENTIFY SPATIAL CONCENTRATIONS OF QUATERNARY INDUSTRIES IN EUROPE Nataliya Rybnikova Boris Portnov

16

THE IMPACT OF FOOD QUALITY SCHEMES ON LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU Gosia Slusarczyk Ignazio Cabras

17

EMERGING ALTERNATIVES TO DEVELOPMENT – BETWEEN DEGROWTH AND BUEN VIVIR Jakob Sparn

17

BETWEEN ACTIVE CITIZENRY AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY: COMMUNITY WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICAN CITIES Kathleen Stokes

18

THE EVOLUTIONARY IMPACT OF FDI ON A LOCAL ECONOMY IN AN OLD INDUSTRIAL REGION Dzulfian Syafrian John Mawson Tony Chapman

18

IV

MIGRATION AND HOUSING MARKETS - EVIDENCE FROM SWEDEN Adam Tyrcha Maria Abreu Thies Lindenthal

19

JOB POLARISATION AND PROGRESSION FROM LOW PAY: AN ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL ADVANCEMENT IN BRITISH LOCAL LABOUR MARKETS Sanne Velthuis

19

THE ‘DUTY TO COOPERATE’ AND STRATEGIC SPATIAL PLANNING PRACTICE IN SHEFFIELD CITY REGION Kirsten Ward

20

FUNDING THE PUBLIC GOOD IN URBAN REGENERATION David Williams

20

BUILT ENVIRONMENT AS AN INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM – INTEGRATING URBAN AND BUILDING MORPHOLOGY IN THE STUDY OF THE URBAN INTERFACE IN NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE Agnieszka Wir-Konas Kyung Wook Seo

21

EVALUATING SMARTNESS OF NUTS2 REGIONS VIA USING NATIONAL STATISTICS: CASE OF TURKEY Burcu Yaşlak

21

THE URBAN BLOCK: REDEFINING INFORMALITY IN CAIRO, EGYPT Eman Zied Alice Vialard Ruth Conroy Dalton

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WORKSHOP ABSTRACTS

THE ROLE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CITIES: URBAN CASE

EXAMPLE

Nor Harlina Abd Hamid, University of East London, United Kingdom

The broader concept of sustainability will specifically bring the local communities towards the

implementation. A community’s cognitive challenges for sustainability could include understanding

and managing the relations between human systems and the natural environment. It has yet to be

explored which human attitudes and behaviour may help building sustainable communities in line

with resilience or well-being.

The research will yield novel insights from empirical research of UK’s local communities. The aim of

the research is to understand sustainability activities that pose how the actors would interact within

local communities in different roles and different organisational contexts. This research pursues to

build explorative cases from expert interviews that come from decision makers to reveal the logics

and practices of the effective engagement within communities and other partners. Actors studied in

that local context are multinational firms, the local authorities, entrepreneurs and non-market actors

such as Charitable Organisations, Community-Interest companies, Business Improvement Districts,

and Citizen Association.

Based on the case studies, this research demonstrates few kinds of collaborations from the

organisation of sustainability and the process of engagement with the involved people through the

informal or formal procedure. The findings could conceptualise the relationship among the partners

in local community’s context, and it would contribute to the knowledge of communities on how

communities facilitate the same goals for environmental sustainability.

ORGANIZED CRIME IN IRELAND: THE EFFECT OF THE MOTORWAY NETWORK ON BURGLARY RATES

Kerri Agnew, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

A high quality road network promotes trade in an economy, but it may also facilitate illegal activities.

Media reports in Ireland describe how criminal gangs are using the motorway network to commit

burglaries. Criminals can abuse the high speed limit and lack of traffic barriers on motorways to avoid

detection by police forces. In a fixed effects framework, this study attempts to identify a causal link

between the number of burglaries in an area and motorway accessibility, by exploiting variations

across time and space. This paper contributes to our understanding of the spatialities of organised

crime. An annual panel dataset consisting of the layout of the motorways and crime rates in 563 sub

districts is assembled. Motorway accessibility is measured by the distance from sub district to the

nearest motorway exit, and by dummy variables indicating the presence of a motorway within a

certain radius. An optimal road network is constructed and used as an instrumental variable.

Preliminary results show that when an area becomes closer to a motorway exit, the area experiences

an increase in burglaries.

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ENGAGEMENTS OF UNIVERSITIES FOR RURAL SME SECTOR EMPOWERMENT:LESSONS FROM

UNIVERSITY - AGRO SME INTERACTIONS IN SRI LANKA

Sidath Alwis, Finland

University engagement in regional economic development is not a process only limited to urban

regions but also it can bring vital benefits to rural regions and upgrade their economies competitively.

Although such engagements can provide crucial underpinnings for rural economic development of

developing and emerging countries, most of those countries still experience limited contribution from

universities. While university involvement is vital for those issues, it remains still unclear about diverse

potentials and possible pro-active and inducing approaches of universities of emerging countries.

Based on some specific initiatives implemented by a leading university in Sri Lanka (University of

Colombo), this study aims to examine how university can involve to empower rural SME sectors and

contribute for rural economic development through “Co-adaptive academic entrepreneurship”. In

particular it explores the background reasons on institute establishment, engagement approaches

taken by the institute, institutional level adaptations and inducements, commitments of rural sectors

and effectiveness of engagement approaches for the development of rural economy. The findings

reveals that as well the university internal environment should be adjusted considering the place-

based needs, their inducements on rural sectors are important to develop better interactions and

make promising economic impacts as well as social benefits to rural agribusinesses.

THE IMPACT OF EMPLOYMENT SKILLS SUPPORT AND INEQUALITIES AT WORK IN THE INCENTIVES

TO MIGRATE: A CASE STUDY OF KOSOVO

Vlora Berbatovci-Sojeva, London Metropolitan University, United Kingdom

Between 1969 and 2011, Kosovo lost 380, 826 (21.4%) of its total population through emigration. Main

official reasons for this migration are family reunification, war and study or work arrangements. Other

reasons emerged with the latest exodus from Kosovo of around 100,000 people during 2014-2015.

Studies suggest that this happened due to poverty, unemployment, and political instability.

Nevertheless, I believe there are also some other factors that influenced these migrations, such as the

employment skills support and inequalities at work.

To explore these factors, I focused my PhD research in two components: 1) migration and work

experience of migrants/return migrants and the dynamics of their decision to migrate and 2) how well

the employees’ rights are respected at work and the support provided to job seekers in their job hunt

process.

The interest to explore these dynamics leads to the following research questions: To what extent does

the lack of employment skills support and inequalities at work play a part in the incentives to migrate?

What are the employment laws and the efforts of government and other relevant institutions on its

effective implementation?

To answer these research questions, I conducted secondary research and 30 interviews with

migrants/return migrants, employees, employers, job seekers, labour inspector, trade union members

and analysts.

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The preliminary results suggest that job seekers have difficulties to find a job and make a living in

Kosovo and many of those who are employed experience violation of their employment rights,

therefore they tend to migrate for a better living.

WATER POVERTY, AUSTERITY AND CITIZEN VULNERABILITY IN THE UK WATER INDUSTRY

Fiona Calder, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom

It is predicted that by 2033, 35% of households in England and Wales will be suffering from water

poverty. Water poverty is most commonly defined as spending more than 3% of a household’s net

income on paying the water bill. Austerity measures have increasingly impacted upon citizens’ ability

to pay, leading to issues such as hygiene poverty being on the rise; which disproportionately affects

women. In 2015 the Water Services Regulation Authority for England and Wales (Ofwat) introduced

criteria that require water companies in England and Wales to help ‘vulnerable’ customers. The

definition of what constitutes a vulnerable customer is varied and there is no set definition across the

sector. Experts have voiced their concern in the past about the efficacy of the schemes available being

able to assist those who are experiencing water poverty, believing that they have a narrow reach and

nineteenth century overtones. This research uses the case study of Northumbrian Water to investigate

more fully the plans, structures and mechanisms that are in place to help people in water poverty. The

case study, based at the company headquarters in North East England, is ethnographic, and will make

use of documentary analysis, open-ended interviews, observations and focus groups. This paper will

present the findings of the study so far, critiquing the schemes, which are in place to help ‘vulnerable’

customers.

THE DONUT OF DESPAIR: CULTURE-LED REGENERATION AND SPATIAL INEQUALITY IN A MID-SIZED

POST-INDUSTRIAL UK CITY – A CASE STUDY

Donna Carmichael, University of Birmingham (UK), Canada

According to a growing number of economic and social policy thinkers, inequality is one of the defining

issues of our times. The assumption that economic growth will lead to reductions in poverty and

income disparity between groups is now being seriously questioned, along with the underlying

fundamental assumptions of capitalism and neo-liberal policy. Culture-focused renewal strategies

have been embraced by declining post-industrial cities as an opportunity to regenerate and re-brand

cities ravaged by de-industrialization, with the expectation that physical, economic and social

revitalization can be achieved; however, some recent longitudinal studies examining the longer-term

impact of culture-based regeneration initiatives have indicated that, rather than reducing inequalities

and socio-economic polarization, such initiatives are actually exacerbating the problem of spatial and

income disparities in cities.

For example, a study by Arbaci & Tapada-Berteli (2012) of the longer-term impacts of culture-led

regeneration in Barcelona indicated an increase in socio-economic deprivation in the already most

deprived areas outside of the revitalized zones in the city. They concluded that the socio-economic

and spatial distance between the deprived communities and the wealthier populations has actually

increased, and thus the overall objective of reducing inequality and economic disparity has not been

achieved in Barcelona. The increasing wealth disparity based on spatial segregation has been

described as the ‘donut of despair’, wherein investment in regeneration occurs in the urban core,

while peripheral areas continue their historic slide into deeper socio-economic decline.

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Dundee saw massive demolition of decrepit and overcrowded inner city housing in the 1950’s and

1960’s, and the moving of residents to the newly-built peripheral estates – which in the 1980’s and

1990’s became neighbourhoods of intense social and economic deprivation. The current culture-led

regeneration strategy, with the building of the V&A Museum of the Design on the revitalized

waterfront, and the pursuit of the 2023 European Capital of Culture title, has resulted in significant

investment and redevelopment in the urban core of Dundee; however, there is concern that the

massive deprivation in peripheral estates will not be addressed via the intense investment in the core

of the city, and that the ‘donut of despair’ in Dundee will only be exacerbated as a result of the culture-

led revitalization strategy. This paper will present a review of economic and spatial inequality in

Dundee, and the potential impact of the culture-led regeneration strategy on both core-city and

peripheral neighbourhoods.

AGENCY AND STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS IN TRANSITIONAL REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Camilla Chlebna, University of Vienna, United Kingdom

Recent accounts of transitional development have emphasised the importance of agents who are seen

as reflexive individuals who play multiple roles in processes of transformation and new path

development. The relationship between agents and institutions has been conceptualised as reciprocal

and continuously evolving. Agents are influenced by institutions but may also amend them if they feel

this is important. The aim of this paper is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the key actors

of change in sustainable transition processes. Such an agency focused approach inherently carries an

interest in local and regional dynamics as human agency does not stand in isolation from context.

Beyond cultural and social context, physical location and neighbours are important.

Academics have identified a research gap in our lack of understanding and conceptualisations of lower

level dynamics and inter-relationships, their spatial variation and their relation and influence on

‘higher level’ structures and processes. Therefore this paper offers a taxonomy of functions that key

actors of transitional change need to fulfil in varying spatial contexts. Agents are conceptualised not

merely as receptors for but as pro-active drivers, carriers and amplifiers of transitional development.

In addition the paper draws on existing taxonomies of institutional structures, seeks to deepen our

understanding of those structures relevant for transitional development, and then goes further to

offer a conceptualisation of processes of interaction between agency and structure in transitions.

SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT IN THE GREATER DUBLIN REGION

Sheila Convery, University College Dublin, Ireland

Extreme shifts in the fiscal context in Ireland in recent years have led to a stop-start pattern of

transport infrastructure investment and delivery. Following significant investment in the motorway

network and limited investment in public transport initiatives in the Dublin region the National

Transport Authority published a strategy for 2016-2035 but with no strict timeline for implementation

or confirmed budget availability. National debate continues therefore, as to what projects should be

prioritised and financed and outcomes are likely to be subject to the vagaries of the political decision-

making system.

The paper presents an overview of transport initiatives in the Greater Dublin Region, since the

publication in 2005 of ‘Transport 21’ a comprehensive transport investment programme for Ireland

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which was subsequently shelved in 2011 due to the economic crisis. The elements of the programme

delivered in the Dublin City Region are analysed and travel behaviour trends are examined to assess

the effectiveness of this and subsequent policies on meeting the stated aims of promoting sustainable

transport and meeting ambitious targets for reductions in emissions from transport in the region.

Urban modelling approaches have been applied to look at potential scenarios of development in the

region and to examine the impacts of alternative settlement patterns. In this way, the paper examines

how urban and regional policy aspires to support sustainable transport initiatives. Included is the

presentation of empirical evidence from a household travel survey conducted in winter 2016. The

survey results suggest that the land use transport interface needs to be better supported to ensure

that sustainable transport targets are met, given the strong influence of land use transport

configurations on peoples’ everyday travel behaviour.

CREATIVE CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT AS A TOOL TO INCREASE COMPETITIVENESS OF CITIES: CASE

STUDY SLOVAKIA

Lukáš Danko, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Czech Republic

The concepts of cluster development and cluster policies are targets of various international initiatives

of regional development and increasing competitiveness of cities and regions. Support for cluster

development and creativity is a measure to support and spread innovation with spill-over effects that

go beyond the borders of administrative regions. Thus, the cultural and creative industries (CCI)

provide a progressive economic area, with high share of micro-enterprises and SMEs. Moreover, the

CCI there is an opportunity to increase competitiveness of cities and regions as a driver of innovation.

Therefore, a methodology is proposed to deliver recommendations for identifying natural clusters in

the CCI in Slovakia. The methods consist of Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) with respect to

socio-economic conditions of the CCI. The quantitative analysis identified spatial patterns of natural

clusters that are associated with the regional development theories, and spatial distribution of

economic activities with respect to economic geography. Furthermore, empirical findings are linked

to the theoretical background of clusters as a tool for the development regions and cities focused on

the smart specialization. Main objective was to raise awareness and benefiting the discussion

regarding theoretical approach towards the CCI and city-regions development, within Slovakia as a

member of the Visegrád Four.

THE SUSTAINABILITY OF GREEN BELTS: CRITICAL ASPECTS AND ENABLING CONDITIONS IN THE RE-

MAKING OF THE CITY-REGION RELATIONSHIP IN VITORIA-GASTEIZ, SPAIN

Rebeca Dios Lema, University College London, United Kingdom

Green Belts have over a century of history as planning policies. Discourses around them have evolved

and travelled, being adapted and re-appropriated for different means across geographies and cultures

around the world. This paper looks at how the vision put forward to establish a Green Belt in Vitoria-

Gasteiz more than two decades ago, meant a fundamental shift in this intermediate Spanish city´s

trajectory towards its leadership in sustainability. Thus, the success in the introduction of socio-

ecological planning and environmental policies made it European Green Capital 2012. Through the

analysis of its implementation process, this research shows how and why the steady commitment to

the Green Belt vision has allowed to shape a whole new relationship of the city with its surrounding

region; and it does so by identifying the key enabling conditions and critical aspects that, it is argued,

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have made this process possible. The combination of these factors at each stage, in terms of context,

strategy and viability, allows to define causal relations and lessons learned that may be replicated by

or useful for other cities elsewhere. Finally, this case study outlines an opportunity for a critical re-

evaluation of the potential role of Green Belts in sustainable planning today.

KNOWLEDGE FLOWS IN CLUSTERS AS AN ADAPTATION FACTOR FOR FIRMS, SHAPING REGIONAL

RESILIENCE IN TIMES OF CRISIS – A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO FURNITURE DISTRICTS: IN

POLAND AND ITALY

Wojciech Dyba, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland

Knowledge is believed to flow (on purpose or spontaneously) in clusters – between firms and

institutions representing selected economic sectors. In time of crisis, knowledge flows patterns may

differ. Acquiring, using and developing knowledge (technological and business one, explicit and tacit)

– helps firms in adaptation to changes on the market and can therefore shape regional resilience.

To investigate that issue, empirical research was conducted among firms in two furniture districts:

Kępno located in Wielkopolska (Western Poland) and Livenza in Treviso and Pordenone (Northern

Italy). Surveys and interviews allowed to investigate how knowledge and its flows influence adaptation

of firms after crisis in the two clusters operating in different economic contexts: one renowned

worldwide, with long traditions of furniture production and the second – younger, growing, were firms

still seek for regular contractors and customers. At first, representatives of firms were asked to

compare situation before and after the crisis and then their answers were analysed using statistical

methods. Later on, some cluster agents, selected through the snowball method, were interviewed

about their knowledge management – and their answers served as an input to Social Network Analysis.

The research allowed to formulate two conceptual models of knowledge flows in clusters of different

history and characteristics. These included local and global sources of new technological and business

knowledge, mechanisms of knowledge flows (in the form of transfer and diffusion) between main

clusters’ agents, as well as knowledge externalities in the form of various adaptation patterns.

JUDICIARY AND LITIGATION PROCESS IN THE TURKISH PLANNING PROCEDURE: A CASE STUDY OF

THE ISTANBUL THIRD AIRPORT

Ozge Erbas, Newcastle University, United Kingdom

Through planning procedures, formal government mechanisms are supplemented by different check

mechanism such as semi-judicial inquiries, courts, etc. (Healey, 2010). As all democratic planning

procedures, the judicial system and court cases have a significant role in planning structure, in theory,

in the Turkish planning system. Taking a legal action is one of the objection methods for approved

plans, plan modifications or projects in the Turkish planning system. Moreover, chambers, NGOs or

public are able to appeal the approved plans or projects due to their concerns about them (Procedure

of Administrative Justice Act Act No. 2577, 1982; Development Law No. 3194, 1985). However, in

practice, the litigation process has dissimilarities which are the focal point of this research.

This research is divided into two stages, before proceeding to examine the lawsuits about the case

study project to understand the reasons of plaintiffs and final verdicts of the courts, it clarifies the

judiciary and litigation procedure in the Turkish planning system. Afterward, in order to comprehend

the divergences, it focuses relevant court cases of the case study project; The Third Airport in Istanbul,

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Turkey. The research has been conducted with secondary and primary data collection. The secondary

data; laws related to the judicial system and litigation procedure, and the official documents of the

court cases are reached and the primary data is collected through semi-structured interviews.

TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL PATTERNS IN SPATIAL INEQUALITIES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCES FROM A

PANEL OF COUNTRIES

Mihail Eva, University Francois-Rabelais of Tours, France

Ema Corodescu-Rosca, Francois-Rabelais University of Tours, France

Lucian Rosu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania

Corneliu Iatu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania

Recent decades have seen a good deal of theoretical and empirical studies concerning spatial

inequalities. However, despite the increasing interest, there is remarkably little systemic

documentation of what had happened over the past two decades. Moreover, studies including large

panels of countries are quite rare and almost entirely focused on modelling the temporal patterns of

spatial inequalities, ignoring thus their spatial morphology.

In response to these shortcomings, our approach produces systemic evidences and comparative

results for a panel of 20 countries for a period long enough to extract relevant empirical evidences

(1990-2015). The paper aims at making a step further in the understanding of the evolution of spatial

inequalities by addressing both their temporal and spatial patterns. Thereby, we firstly question the

manner spatial inequalities evolved during the last 25 years. This is done by studying σ-convergence

by means of 5 indexes: weighted coefficient of variation, Gini, Robin Hood, Atkinson and Theil. A

partial confrontation with the Kuznets/Williamson inverted-U-curve is conducted to test for empirical

evidences in its support. An assessment of the impact of economic crisis on spatial inequalities is also

conducted by comparing their evolution before and after the crisis. Finally, the paper describes the

spatial morphology of regional inequalities by employing inferential statistics in the form of global and

local spatial autocorrelation indexes. The results highlight significant changes for developing countries

largely opened to international markets.

CREATING NEW PATHS: THE CONVERSION AND DIVERSIFICATION OF NORTH SEA PORTS

Lewis Evans, Newcastle University, United Kingdom

Ports in the UK and Europe continue to play an important part in the functioning and growth of sub-

national and national economies. Interestingly, ports located on the Humber Estuary and in Northwest

Germany continue to play an important part in the functioning and future growth of their

corresponding sub-national and national economies.

The project aims to better understand how port authorities and associated local institutions deploy

particular port assets and related infrastructures, to connect to new or emerging market opportunities

and create new regional paths of growth. The empirical focus of the project is to gain a deeper

understanding of how two Humber ports (the Port of Hull and the Port of Grimsby) and a comparative

European port (the Port of Cuxhaven), adapt and diversity port-related assets to serve the offshore

wind industry.

Certain concepts situated within Evolutionary Economic Geography (path creation, diversification and

adaptation) are currently discussed in relation to the region. However, this project seeks to apply

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these lines of analysis to the port as a key site of adaptation and diversification, and to the port

authority as a key actor, in relation to stimulating regional path creation. Moreover, port adaptation,

diversification and path creation processes are ultimately shaped by port governance models, external

institutional environments and policy settings. The adaptation and diversification of port-related

infrastructural assets enables ports to serve new or emerging industries, thus shaping regional path

creation.

HOW CAN CHINESE PLANNERS DEAL WITH CONFLICTING RULES IN URBAN GROWTH?

Xin Feng, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom

China is an excellent example for researching how planning professionals deal with a transitional

context, because marketization and decentralization has taken place, empowering planning

professionals in ways they have never seen before. The question in this paper is: how changes in

institutional context influence planners’ practice? Semi-structured interviews were conducted with

planners between 2013 and 2014. These revealed that changing contexts forced planners in face of

conflicting rules in their practice. This presentation selected ‘rule of law’ ‘GDP-oriented urban growth’

and ‘giving legitimacy to local authorities’ to illustrate transition has brought Chinese planners

conflicting rules in their work.

WHAT’S NEW IN COHESION POLICY? IMPLICATIONS OF THE USE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FOR

POLICY GOVERNANCE

Claudia Gloazzo, European Policies Research Centre, United Kingdom

Cohesion policy funding has traditionally been made available to citizens through (non-repayable)

grants. In the last three programming periods however, the share of the budget disbursed in repayable

form has increased. The European Commission promoted financial (engineering) instruments (FI) as a

sustainable, efficient and qualitatively better way to spend EU money. This strong push towards

repayable finance has not yet been accompanied by a reflection on the implications that such delivery

mode has for the governance of Cohesion policy. Whereas for Cohesion policy grants the entire

management of the funds is administered by public officials, in the case of financial instruments actors

of different nature (public, private, mixed) can take over decisive management and implementation

tasks. Moreover FI are implemented through more complex structures than those for grants.

This paper intends to shed light on the various types of governance arrangements used to achieve the

policy objectives and distribute the related funding. Applying a Principal-Agent approach, it also

intends to highlight how different governance arrangements cope with the Principal-Agent problem

of delegation of tasks and responsibilities from public officials to the other actors involved in the

management and implementation of the funds. By looking at three types of governance arrangements

(public/Germany, private/UK and mixed/Italy) and drawing on a mixed database of quantitative and

qualitative resources, the researcher describes how different typologies work in practice and how the

Principal-Agent problem is solved in different governance settings. Finally the researcher will sketch

out potential links between these governance arrangements and performance outcomes.

9

HOW URBAN DESIGN IS BEING HANDLED, MANAGED OR CONTROLLED WITHIN THE PLANNING

PROCESSES OF ENGLAND AND GERMANY? CASE STUDY EXAMPLES OF LIVERPOOL ONE, WESTFIELD

LONDON, MALL OF BERLIN AND THIER GALERIE DORTMUND.

Adeleh Haghgoo, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom

Planning culture and its typically identified components of planning artefact, planning environment

and societal environment have been subject to many previous discussions and scholarly works. One

of the basic principles for the concept of planning culture is that it helps to understand the differences

between places in physical planning terms as well as in terms of the planning systems, planning

processes and the ways in which both systems and processes influence urban design of a certain place.

The aim of this work is to understand the concept of urban design within the planning processes and

respectively the planning systems of England and Germany by reflecting on the culturised planning

model which was developed by Othengrafen and Knieling (2009).

The finding of this paper indicate that by comparing the planning processes and planning systems in

England and Germany and by developing better understanding on how urban design in being handled

within these processes; two major things can be included in regards to both theory and practice. The

first finding indicate that despite the formal differences of planning systems in England and Germany,

in practice there are lots of similarities with regards to the outcome as well as the aims of urban design.

Therefore it can be concluded that although planning approaches may appear very different ‘in theory’

between one national setting and another, there may be many similarities in terms of how things work

‘in practice’. The second finding provides an insight that the ways in which urban design is categorised

and conceptualised within the planning practice is different in England and Germany. Thus this point

suggests that the things that might have been assumed as being rather the same ‘in theory’, in practice

were different.

HACKATHONS, OPEN DATA, AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Diogo Pereira Henriques, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, United

Kingdom

Open data can been seen as a paradigm of grassroots initiatives that aim to engage communities in

both awareness, digitisation, and participatory planning of urban and natural complex systems,

allowing the utilization of data sets previously only available to experts, researchers, institutions,

and/or corporations in closed silos. At the present stage, most of the open data initiatives, either

promoted by local institutions or by governments at a national and international level, are located

within Europe and North America regions.

Moreover, recent examples of ‘hackathons’ organised by some universities in the North America

region to save environmental information to private data infrastructures, thus protecting data sets

from new political policies that seem to be denying climate change effects, might be showing new

paths for research collaborations between private and public infrastructures and organisations.

We study some of these examples and argue that these initiatives can support creativity and

innovation within participatory planning for tomorrow’s cities, both for new generations of users,

planners, stakeholders and communities: sketching a collective vision to successfully navigate from

the past and present time to the near/far future, in a contemporary context of accelerating climate

and societal challenges for the 21s century

10

EU REGIONAL SPENDING IN ENGLAND AND WALES AND BREXIT

Christopher Huggins, Unviersity of Aberdeen, United Kingdom

Anecdotally, one puzzling outcome of UK’s referendum on EU membership was why areas which

received significant EU support voted to leave. This short paper offers an initial step towards exploring

this. It examines what relationship (if any) exists between EU regional spending and support for

‘Remain’ at the local level. This offers a timely contribution to emerging debates, both on the drivers

of the referendum outcome and the effectiveness of EU regional spending to foster EU support. This

is investigated through an analysis of a dataset compiled using 2000-2013 regional policy expenditures

and the EU referendum results, aggregated at the NUTS3 level. The analysis finds little evidence of a

relationship between EU regional spending and the outcome of the UK’s EU referendum. While this

confirms other analyses showing the referendum outcome was driven primarily the mobilization of

voter identity and political cues, rather than economic calculation, it also has implications for policy

practice. The EU has invested large sums in several UK regions, but this did not translate into EU

support and appears to have been ignored by voters. This raises significant questions about the

efficacy of EU regional spending to foster EU support, and how EU regional policy is perceived by

citizens.

CAN THE REUSE OF REDUNDANT SPACES CONTRIBUTE TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN WEAK

MARKET CITIES?

Ian Jones, Newcastle University, United Kingdom

A physical manifestation of the impact of deindustrialisation is the existence of abandoned buildings

and large tracts of brownfield land, which can remain idle for long periods of time and become

derelict. The continued existence of such spaces, if neglected, can have negative impacts on economic,

social and environmental aspects of the sites themselves and the wider city. Such blight may have

aesthetic impacts creating areas where it is difficult to entice investment or attract people to live, but

they can also have major health impacts, attract antisocial behaviour and have negative influences on

the reputation of the wider economy. Although such spaces offer the opportunity for new

developments or even the ability to reconfigure the urban environment, in areas where the financial

return is likely to be relatively poor, alternative arguments need to be made for their future.

Based on the literature review and preliminary site visits, undertaken as part of my PhD, I will outline

the mixed methods case study approach to be adopted in considering the reuse of redundant spaces

and how this might contribute to improving the sustainable development of post-industrial cities, with

an emphasis on the social dimension.

GLOBALIZATION OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND THE CHANGE IN THE SPATIAL DIVISION

OF LABOR OF JAPANESE CHEMICAL COMPANIES

Natsuki Kamakura, University of Tokyo, Japan

An emphasis in manufacturing companies is on innovation that creates new value, and the acquisition

of excellent knowledge and skills is increasingly important all over the world. In this context, domestic

markets are expected to shrink, and, therefore, further development of overseas markets is of urgent

concern to Japanese companies. To deal with the related problems, it is necessary to reconsider the

role of domestic bases with concentrated research and development functions and to build a strategic

11

division of labor in Japan and overseas using the opportunities presented by the locational superiority

of the overseas bases.

This study analyzed three elements (organizational restructuring, location changes, and companies’

knowledge flows) that constitute a spatial division of research and development labor functions. These

three factors and their relationships were examined. For example, we assessed 16 major chemical

companies in Japan.

Although some research and development functions were conducted overseas, technology outflow

regarding the deepening of the enterprises’ core technologies was a major concern. In addition, it was

difficult for Japanese chemical companies to hire excellent workers overseas because these companies

are relatively small compared to the giants of the industry (with which they compete). Hence, the

concentration of research and development in Japan is unlikely to dramatically change. However,

when advancing the globalization of business, it is urgently important to learn the extents of changes

to the research and development functions moved overseas that are recognized by individual

companies.

A STUDY ON THE PRESENT CONDITION OF SHARED HERITAGE IN DALAT

Keigo Kubishiro, Tokyo University of Science, Japan

Despite the increased appreciation of the cultural and heritage value of cities and architecture

constructed by Western powers in former colonized countries in Asia and Africa in recent years, Hill

Stations constructed as summer resorts for the people of the suzerain authority during the colonial

period are rapidly developing and such heritages are being destroyed.

This study focusses on Dalat, Vietnam, a Hill Station constructed by the French colonizers. We clarify

the current degree of shared heritage as well as the level of development in current Dalat by

comparing the colonial period with the present through building type and year of building completion

as the city expanded.

Although the urban planning of Dalat began in 1906, it wasn’t until at least 1915 that buildings were

constructed and roads laid. In 1930 public buildings such as schools and station buildings were

constructed. In 1940 a residential district with many villas was built. A relatively high number of public

buildings remain and are still used today compared to only a few individual residences. Furthermore,

almost of these remaining individual residences were built after 1990. It is thought that this demolition

of old buildings can be attributed to the Doi Moi policy. Based on this, it has become clear that it is

urgent to investigate the preservation and clarify the cultural value of the mainly public buildings that

remain.

WATER STEWARDSHIP BEYOND THE ‘FARM GATE’? DRIVING NEW GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES

FOR A GREEN ECONOMY IN THE WESTERN CAPE’S COMMERCIAL HORTICULTURE INDUSTRY

Nora Lanari, Coventry University, United Kingdom

This paper examines the ways commercial agricultural companies in South Africa’s Western Cape

engage with water governance mechanisms in order to facilitate a transition towards a Green

Economy. The Western Cape’s export-oriented horticulture industry uses 42-87% of available

12

freshwater for irrigation, putting substantial pressure on the region’s already stressed resources. In

the past decade, there has been a call for such water-intensive companies to participate proactively

in water governance in order to achieve a transformation ‘beyond efficiency’. This is exemplified

through the paradigm of water stewardship which refers to the contributions private (agricultural)

companies make towards water management within their own operations as well as beyond their

‘farm gate’. It is based on the assumption of ‘shared water risk’: companies face water risks when

inadequate water security due to wider catchment processes jeopardises their operations;

simultaneously, companies generate water risk when their operations jeopardise the water security

of the wider society. South Africa has translated discourses of the Green Economy into its post-

Apartheid constitution and water features prominently within that rhetoric. South Africa is also one

of the world leaders in terms of water stewardship initiatives. Through semi-structured interviews

with a variety of stakeholders engaged in water governance, such as commercial farmers, invested

NGOs, and different levels of government, this research investigates whether water stewardship in

the heart of the Western Cape’s horticulture industry has been translated into new and emerging

water governance structures that become pathways towards a Green Economy; or whether efforts

remain confined behind the ‘farm gate’ and thus stop short of a meaningful transformation.

CHANGES IN UNIVERSITIES PERFORMANCE - CASE OF SLOVAKIA

Alexandra Lešková, University of Economics in Bratislava, Slovakia

Miroslav Šipikal, University of Economics in Bratislava, Slovakia

Regional policy represents activities which goal is improving of regions that are less developed with

lower economic and social performance. A huge support within the regional policy comes from the

European Union resources with focus mostly on convergence regions so their potential can be fully

used. For the Central European countries were the EU sources crucial for further development and

the impact can be seen also in spatial performance of regions and the institutions located in these

regions. Among the institutions that are under the attention of regional policy belong universities

which are considered to be important players in regional development. In Slovakia - where the EU

sources are indeed decisive for further development - was universities support devoted mostly to the

institutions in convergence regions, especially to their assets. Additionally, universities were receivers

of other grants provided by research agencies. Thus the support should reflect itself in better

performance of these institutions. A main goal of this paper is to find out whether the relative

efficiency of Slovak universities in convergence regions has changed after the first entire programming

period of 2007 – 2013. A Data Envelopment Analysis is applied to measure relative efficiency of public

universities. The results show that universities in convergence regions in Slovakia indeed experienced

average growth of relative efficiency, especially in the area of research.

GLOCALISING INCLUSIVE AND EQUITABLE QUALITY EDUCATION: EXPLORING WITH TEACHERS

THEIR CRAFT KNOWLEDGE OF INCLUSIVE PEDAGOGY

Eddy K.W. Li, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom

While one of the global Sustainable Development Goals (aka SDG4) has brought forth a paradigm shift

from access to quality in the universal education discourse (United Nations, 2015), teachers from

many national settings do not consider themselves as having the pedagogical knowledge and skills to

support the increasing diversity of learners (Forlin, 2012). To bridge this gap between global policy

13

and regional practice, this paper aims to propose a bottom-up approach to inclusive teacher

education. It will discuss the potential value of researching with in-service teachers their inclusive

pedagogy, and its theoretical, ethical, and methodological implications for glocalising inclusive and

equitable quality education internationally. It will also report on a pilot study conducted with six

practitioners in Hong Kong – as a contextual illustration of an inclusive methodological attempt (Seale,

Nind, & Parsons, 2014) that facilitates the transfer of teachers’ professional craft knowledge within

the wider Confucian-heritage Culture.

REGIONAL PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AS ENTREPRENEURIAL BRICOLAGE: THE CASE OF

MARSEILLE

John McArdle, Salem State University, United States

The nature of entrepreneurial ventures involves a substantial amount of risk taking. This is particularly

true in the context of capital-intensive land development. Often, acquisition and transaction costs

can be a substantial barrier to the financing and success of an entrepreneurial venture.

This especially holds true in the development of brownfield or environmentally compromised sites. In

the United States the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,

and Liability Act of 1980 ("CERCLA", and often referred to as the Superfund statute) imposes liability

for environmental contamination to all parties with an ownership interest and/ora right to use

contaminated property. The law is different in the European context, where the E.U. has yet to adopt

a controlling international standard among member states. In France, management of brownfield or

contaminates sites is a regional activity, and there is no retroactive liability imposed.

As a result, the use of a public/private partnership or other intermediary agency in order to acquire

and remediate contaminated sites can be an effective way to reduce transaction costs and spur

regional economic development. This paper will explore this phenomenon by setting the context for

some challenges related to entrepreneurial land development; considering the current state of

environmental regulations; and, considering the specific example of the Euroméditerranée project

established in Marseille in 1995.

ECONOMIC GROWTH BY DEMAND SATURATION AND DEMAND CREATION

Hiroki Murakami, Chuo University, Japan

In this paper, we consider, in terms of the cost and benefit of research and development (R&D), the

effect on economic growth of demand creation induced by product innovation in the face of demand

saturation. First, we represent the phenomenon of demand saturation by regarding the time

derivative of a logistic function as the demand function. Second, we define the parameter that governs

the probability of product innovation as the "birth rate of a new product" and time series of it as an

R&D plan. Third, we derive the optimal R&D plan in terms of maximization of expected profits. Finally,

we calculate the growth rate of expected revenues along the optimal R&D plan. We then find that,

along the optimal R&D plan, the birth rate of a new product is constant over time and the growth rate

of expected revenues converges to it.

14

THE ROLE OF THE REGIONAL AIRPORT IN THE LOCAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT (THE CASE OF

THE NEWCASTLE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, THE UK)

Alena Myshko, Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Italy

Cities and regions are being included in the global process by a variety of networks, including one of

the most important one – the transport. And, the status of the most important transport mean and

central nodes in transport networks were shifting throughout the history: from shipping and seaports

to air transport and airports nowadays. As a ‘key infrastructure project’ for many regions, one of the

major characteristics of the airport is its accessibility and connectivity: both transport connection with

hosting region and connectivity on national and international levels. The expansion of connectivity it

is one of the main directions for airport’s future development and planning.

In the UK, the rapid development of regional airports was stimulated by the introduction of ‘a

sustainable long-term strategy for the development of air travel’ by the UK Department for Transport

in 2003 and, therefore, a production of new master plans with a focus on sustainability as well as

transparency. One of the main objectives of new master plans is to combine local and national

interests by expanding the engagement of a variety of stakeholders, both on national and local levels.

One of the main tools for this was the consulting process with stakeholders as well as with local

communities, in which the important role is played by airport’s consultative committee.

The research investigates the case of the main airport of the North East region of England and is based

on the analysis of expert interviews with representatives of the Newcastle International airport.

RETHINKING SEASONAL MIGRATION: THE CASE OF BOZCAADA, TURKEY

Duygu Okumus, Newcastle University, United Kingdom

This paper focuses on the socio-economic transition of Bozcaada, a small Turkish island in Northern

Aegean Sea. After the downfall of viniculture practices in Bozcaada due to neo-liberal agricultural

policies, the tourism sector became the only option for survivability of the island`s small scale

producers, which constituted the majority of the local community. During this transition period,

tourism has helped to retain the local population in place and prevent outmigration due to economic

reasons. However, the change that tourism initiated on the island was not only limited to the local

economic structure but also the social and cultural life of the island. Nowadays, a decade after the

domination of tourism sector in Bozcaada, outmigration of local population came out on the stage

once more due to seasonality of tourism sector in the island. However, this time out-migration is

temporary, only for winter and not with economic but lifestyle motivations. This paper explores this

unique migration pattern of the local residents of Bozcaada, informed by a qualitative case study

method based on interviews with local stakeholder.

15

OVERVIEW OF RICE PRODUCTION & PRACTICES IN NEPAL AND FUTURE CHALLENGES

Ishwar Pun, Meiji University, Japan

Toshihiro Hattori, Meiji University, Japan

Eiji Yamaji, The University of Tokyo, Japan

Baburam Niraula, The University of Tokyo, Japan

Nepal is a relatively small Hilly country situated between world’s larger countries, India and China. The

population reached 26.5 millions in 2011 Census increasing at the rate of 1.35% per annum. About

20% of land is used for cultivation and 65.6% people depend on agriculture sectors, contributing 33.1%

of its GDP. Rice is a major food crop in Nepal. The total agricultural land occupies of Nepal is 28% of

total land. The rice farming area is 34% of agricultural land. The average paddy yield is 3.17 ton/ha.

In 1960s to 1980s, arable land increased rapidly for agricultural extension purpose to feed the growing

population and decreasing slowly in past 20 years. This is because of population resettlement, internal

migration from Hilly region to Terai. The area for paddy production is slightly increasing but rice

productivity has not achieved in current population and raising rice consumption. Nepal used to export

rice in earlier 1980s but rice imports is increasing from 1980s to onwards. Based on the time-series

data of rice production practices, rice productivity was estimated using independent variables

fertilizer consumption, number of draft animal and tractor, rainfall, temperature, and irrigated

agricultural land. Only significant relation of rice productivity with number of tractors and rainfall was

found. Finally, to increase the rice productivity, it is needed to adopt the advanced agriculture

technologies. The rice production improvement approaches prevailing in Asian countries will be

recommended. The mechanized method practices in Japan such as land use planning in Japan, paddy

field consolidation, land leveling, rice transplanting method, and irrigation development will be

suggested.

WHY HAVE NEW PARADIGM REGIONAL POLICIES IN THE UK BEEN INEFFECTIVE? A LOOK AT THE

POWER OF OLIGOPOLISTIC FIRMS

Ivan Rajic, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom

Successive UK governments have employed various regional policies to tackle the country’s regional

disparities. These policies can roughly be divided into an “old” and “new” paradigm. Generally, the

former focused on attracting or directing external investment to lagging regions, while the new one

focuses on promoting local SMEs. Neither group seems to have been too successful, but the latter

seems to have done worse.

To explain why this is the case, this article takes a different approach to the more usual explanations

based on the lack of political, fiscal and financial decentralization and low public investment in the

lagging regions. Rather, following Perroux and Holland, regional disparities are seen as rooted in the

power of oligopolistic firms. The article argues that new paradigm policies mostly ignore how markets

function, and are thus for the most part irrelevant for regional development. This is shown using ONS

and other data, as well as various reports. The suggestions for more decentralization and public

investment cannot change this situation. Shifting the balance of power away from the management

of large firms and in favor of workers and the state are argued to be the only real solution to the UK’s

regional problem.

16

‘GETTING THE MEASURE OF FUEL POVERTY’: THE GEOGRAPHY OF FUEL POVERTY INDICATORS IN

ENGLAND

Caitlin Robinson, University of Manchester, United Kingdom

The introduction of a Low Income High Cost (LIHC) fuel poverty indicator in England has led to a

significant reduction in the number of fuel poor households, with 771,014 fewer households

considered fuel poor in 2012 compared to the former 10% indicator. Subsequently, the indicator has

been exposed to considerable critique. One facet of the debate concerning the measurement of fuel

poverty that remains unexplored is the effect of the change in indicator upon its distribution between

different locales. Using geospatial analyses we interrogate sub-regional fuel poverty estimates. Three

principle findings are discussed that enhance understanding of the geographic features of fuel poverty

as understood by the LIHC indicator compared to the 10% indicator. Firstly, the reduction in fuel poor

households has disproportionately affected areas with lower housing costs. Secondly, there is a higher

prevalence of fuel poverty in urban areas. Finally, the condition is more spatially heterogeneous with

fewer 'hot-spots' and 'cold-spots'. As a result, each indicator captures different notions of what it

means to be fuel poor, representing particular vulnerabilities, losses of wellbeing and potential

injustices. This has implications for targeting of limited alleviation resources and for alternative

national contexts where the LIHC indicator might be deployed.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT-AT-NIGHT HELPS TO IDENTIFY SPATIAL CONCENTRATIONS OF QUATERNARY

INDUSTRIES IN EUROPE

Nataliya Rybnikova,

Boris Portnov, University of Haifa, Israel

Estimating regional patterns of quaternary industries (QI), the topmost knowledge-based sector of

national economies, may help to assess regional performance and formulate informed development

policies. However, QI data are sparsely reported. According to the accumulated empirical evidence,

artificial light-at-night (ALAN), captured by satellite sensors, helps to differentiate between economic

activities and may thus be used to restore missing information on QI geographic concentrations. The

present study analyzes whether information on QI concentrations in Europe can be restored, using

ALAN level, such industries emit. In our study we used Eurostat data on industrial concentrations in

NUTS3 regions, and combined them with year-2010 data on ALAN intensities, obtained from the U.S.

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. Controlling for other potential predictors, such as GDPpc,

population density, and NUTS3 geographical attributes, we measured the strength of "ALAN –

economic activity" associations, using ordinary least squares (OLS) and spatial dependency (SD)

models. In all models, ALAN emerged as a statistically significant predictor of QI concentrations

(t>8.497; P<0.001), helping to explain, together with other predictors, up to 75% of QI regional

variation. Using the obtained models, and proceeding from data presently available for 44% of NUTS3

regions, we obtained estimates for QI concentrations for about 85% of European NUTS3 regions.

17

THE IMPACT OF FOOD QUALITY SCHEMES ON LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU

Gosia Slusarczyk, Newcastle Business School, United Kingdom

Ignazio Cabras, Newcastle Business School, United Kingdom

Food quality schemes, introduced by the European Union under Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in

1992, have the objective to increase the value of agricultural products and to support rural

development. These comprise three indications: Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), Protected

Geographical Indication (PGI) and Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG). The schemes enable

member states to register the names of regional and traditional products under these indications, so

that producers can improve their position on the market exploiting a competitive advantage based on

certified high quality and protection within the internal market.

Given the increased international competition faced by the EU market, the European Commission is

evaluating recent amendments of CAP in order to move towards simplification of future legislation.

This is to provide producers with more effective instruments to preserve competitiveness and further

secure their business. However, little research has been so far conducted in the field, particularly on

the impact of these schemes on local supply chains and their implications in terms of advantages and

disadvantages for producers and businesses.

The aim of this research study is then to evaluate the impact of food quality schemes on local

economies. The authors explore differences between pre-registration and post-registration period

among products, groups of producers and location at local authority levels, investigating attributes

such as profitability, sustainability, volume of production and sale, and employment. Data will be

collected by means of survey questionnaires and in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders.

Outcomes generated by this study will provide evidence and recommendations for the future

research-based decision, will help to simplify legal framework, achieve a competitive economy based

on knowledge and innovation.

EMERGING ALTERNATIVES TO DEVELOPMENT – BETWEEN DEGROWTH AND BUEN VIVIR

Jakob Sparn, CEDEPLAR - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil

It becomes increasingly obvious, that our conventional approaches towards (regional) development,

which we consider a continuing expansion of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism, are flawed

and, in many cases today, actually decrease human well-being. Thus, this paper wants to contribute

to the emerging dialogue between two alternatives to the current development model – the idea of

degrowth and of Buen Vivir. Starting with a critique of the new development paradigms of “inclusive”

or “green growth”, the paper maps these two concepts in their respective contexts of Europe and

South America. Then the common denominators of this two alternative development approaches are

highlighted, focusing on their institutional requirements and their potential for a transition towards

more sustainability. These underlying principles, such as cooperation, conviviality and care, are then

used to analyze potential policies directed towards sustainable degrowth, specifically in the

dimensions of money, credit and finance.

18

BETWEEN ACTIVE CITIZENRY AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY: COMMUNITY WASTE MANAGEMENT

IN SOUTH AFRICAN CITIES

Kathleen Stokes, University of Manchester, United Kingdom

Over the last two decades, South Africa’s urban municipal services have undergone significant

processes of outsourcing in the pursuit of service improvement and cost recovery (for example,

Barchiesi, 2011; Miraftab, 2004; Millstein & Jordhus-Lier, 2012; Samson, 2010). Meanwhile, state

bodies have deployed community engagement campaigns and procurement schemes encouraging

low-income communities to participate in household waste management, recycling, and cleaning.

Justified by discourses of job creation, green development, and responsible citizenship, these

programmes promote community engagement with waste on the basis of active citizenry and promise

of local economic development. While seemingly distinct, community initiatives are part of waste

management’s broader infrastructural assemblage, informing relations that shape urban waste flows

and labour dynamics (Amin, 2014; Delanda, 2006; McFarlane, 2011).

This paper examines community waste initiatives in Cape Town and Johannesburg, and considers their

implications on local waste infrastructure, labour dynamics, and livelihoods. Following an analysis of

state documentation and semi-structured interviews with institutional representatives and local

participants, the paper compares public discourses underpinning community waste initiatives with

participants’ experiences. While considering the broader recurrence of such initiatives, particular

attention is given to the cases of WasteWise in Cape Town and Bontle ke Botho in Gauteng Province.

While promoting emancipation, improved livelihoods, and green growth, I suggest these initiatives

contribute to the reframing of waste labour as a condition of ‘good’ citizenship or opportunity to

leverage, rather than valuable labour performed on behalf of the municipality.

THE EVOLUTIONARY IMPACT OF FDI ON A LOCAL ECONOMY IN AN OLD INDUSTRIAL REGION

Dzulfian Syafrian, Durham University, United Kingdom

John Mawson, Durham University Business School, United Kingdom

Tony Chapman, St. Chad's College - Durham University, United Kingdom

The notion of “Japanisation” of British industry was very popular in the 1980s and 1990s due to the

massive invasion of Japanese FDI to the UK economy, especially to the old industrial regions like the

North East of England. This “Japanisation” notion argues that Japanese systems has greatly influenced

and transformed how British companies operate, the Japanese companies have transformed the

British companies in the old industrial regions to apply Post-Fordist production methods. However,

much of the literature about this notion was published in the early 1990s-the early stage of Japanese

FDI influx to the UK economy. Since then, many major changes have occurred in the global and

Japanese economy, namely the “industrial 4.0” or the digital revolution led by the Silicon Valley

technologies and also the long recession in Japan or known as the “the lost decade” since the early

1990s until now. Therefore, this study aims to revisit this notion by asking two key questions: First,

what is the (evolutionary) impact of Japanese FDI on the North East Economy? Second, how does

Japanese FDI affect how local companies operate in the North East? The initial findings show that:

First, there is an evolutionary change in the bilateral economic relationship between Japan and the

UK from a competitor (before the 1980s) to a key partner (post-1980s era); Secondly, the notion of

“Japanisation” of British industry was relevant in the 1980s, in particular after the arrival of Nissan at

Washington-Sunderland in 1984, yet it becomes much less relevant now especially after Japan

19

experienced the long recession and the significant change of world’s economy due to digital

technology.

MIGRATION AND HOUSING MARKETS - EVIDENCE FROM SWEDEN

Adam Tyrcha, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom

Maria Abreu, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom

Thies Lindenthal, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom

International migration flows to Sweden have been significant over the past few decades, but the

nature of flows has changed over the years. Strong migration flows have occurred from a number of

different regions, with arrivals ranging from refugees from other continents, to labour migrants from

neighbouring countries. This paper examines the impact of different forms of international and

internal migration on housing markets in Sweden, looking primarily at impacts on house prices. The

data used ranges from 2000 to 2015, and comes from 284 different municipalities. The paper also

studies regional differences, resulting from differing municipal characteristics, in the impacts of

migration on house prices, as well as the impacts of different migrant groups on the housing market,

based on their country of origin.

The findings suggest migration is generally positively associated with house prices. However, the

results reveal stark regional differences in impacts on housing in different parts of the country. House

prices in major cities appear to benefit most from international migration while internal migration has

no effect, while smaller urban areas see greater house price increases from internal migration, with

international migration having no effect. In rural areas, the impacts of internal and international

migration are lower, but similar. Further, migrants with different backgrounds also have dissimilar

impacts on different housing market segments, with refugees having a larger impact than expected in

some cases. These findings are likely to have important implications for housing policy, and integration

policy more generally.

JOB POLARISATION AND PROGRESSION FROM LOW PAY: AN ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL

ADVANCEMENT IN BRITISH LOCAL LABOUR MARKETS

Sanne Velthuis, Coventry University, United Kingdom

Numerous studies have charted the relative decline of employment in moderately-paid routine

occupations, the result of technological advancement and/or trade, resulting in a polarisation of jobs

which has affected the UK alongside other developed countries. Importantly, the UK displays local

variations in the extent to which employment is polarised into low- and high-skilled jobs at the

expense of middle-skilled jobs (Jones & Green 2009; Lee et al. 2015), suggesting that this process has

affected some areas of the UK more strongly than others. Several authors have suggested that the

‘hollowing out’ of the labour market due to the decrease in intermediate, routine jobs may have

impacted on the ability of low-paid workers to advance up the occupational ladder (Social Mobility

Commission 2016; Holmes & Tholen 2013; Crawford et al. 2011; McIntosh 2013). But thus far no

attempt has been made to address this question empirically. My plan is to address this gap by

measuring variations in the degree of polarisation at the local level, and analysing the effect of these

variations on transitions from low-paid occupations to higher-paid occupations. I will present an

outline of the research problem, my proposed methodology for addressing this and (hopefully) some

early results.

20

THE ‘DUTY TO COOPERATE’ AND STRATEGIC SPATIAL PLANNING PRACTICE IN SHEFFIELD CITY

REGION

Kirsten Ward, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom

Planning authorities in England are required to work with their neighbouring authorities to prepare

local spatial plans that strategically align. The ‘Duty to Cooperate’, as defined in the National Planning

Policy Framework, provides a legislative basis upon which this cross-boundary collaborative planning

practice is directed and assessed. But what are the factors that influence an authority’s ability or

willingness to effectively engage with this ‘Duty to Cooperate’, and how do these factors shape

subsequent strategic spatial planning outcomes? Using a detailed study of Sheffield City Council, this

research aims to understand how changing governance arrangements, institutionalised practices and

territorial spatialities influence cross-boundary planning outcomes at the local and city region level.

Through multiple intensive research methods (including ethnographic observation, document analysis

and interviews) the research adopts a relational approach to conceptualise the socio-political and

socio-spatial interactions between actors involved in local plan-making processes, and their evolving

institutional and spatial contexts – a key consideration being the role of the wider Sheffield City

Region. This paper presents preliminary findings from the research which discuss the nature of the

relations between actors involved in cross-boundary planning practices, and how these relations are

simultaneously shaped by and influence the institutional and territorial spatial contexts within which

they are set. The findings offer insight into theoretical conceptualisations of strategic planning practice

at the local level and practical means of shaping a more formalised strategic planning function within

a city region context.

FUNDING THE PUBLIC GOOD IN URBAN REGENERATION

David Williams, University of the West of England, United Kingdom

Urban regeneration is the redevelopment of previously used land for a new purpose. Urban

regeneration projects occur in many countries and are designed to improve the local economy and

enhance the social provision within deprived areas. In the UK urban regeneration schemes have

predominantly been delivered by public-private partnerships, aimed at regenerating an area through

both public and private funding. The paper will explore the UK based case studies for the PARCOUR

project that is exploring the delivery of the public good in urban regeneration schemes in the UK, the

Netherlands and Brazil. This paper will provide a summary of the initial findings of where the money

comes from to deliver the public good in the three case studies of: Bristol Harbourside, Gloucester

Quays and Taunton Firepool in the South West of England.

The research is based on qualitative research gathered through interviews with the key actors

associated with the three case studies to identify what was built, who paid for it and how the wider

public benefited from the development.

The initial findings indicate that in all three case studies a significant level of national government,

governmental organisation and local authority funding was invested to ensure the sites were viable,

de-risked and accessible before they could be developed by the private sector. The paper will outline

what this meant for the public within each of the development towns and cities and whether the

public good was delivered through public money, private money or a combination of the two.

21

This paper forms part of the PARCOUR project is funded by the FAPESP-ESRC-NOW joint call

‘Sustainable Urban Development’.

BUILT ENVIRONMENT AS AN INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM – INTEGRATING URBAN AND BUILDING

MORPHOLOGY IN THE STUDY OF THE URBAN INTERFACE IN NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE

Agnieszka Wir-Konas, Northumbria University, United Kingdom

Kyung Wook Seo, Northumbria University, United Kingdom

In this paper we discuss the importance of treating the built environment as an interconnected

system, rather than a set of isolated elements by looking at the morphologies of the urban interface

between the dwelling and the street. The study of the form of the built environment can be, in a

simplified manner, divided between urban morphology and building morphology with both treated in

isolation in the majority of cases. We argue that when focusing wholly on the urban, or building, scale

without considering the relationships and interfaces between both morphologies, information which

might aid our understanding of the form of the built environment might be lost.

We present findings from a study on the morphology of the spatial interface between dwellings and

street segments, parts of the large scale street network, conducted in Gosforth, a district of Newcastle

upon Tyne. In particular, we focus on the instances where the structure of the urban element varied

because of extrinsic influences. To conclude, our cities are amalgamates of urban and building

morphologies which share interfaces and establish relationships between different elements. In order

to understand the spatial logic of the built environment we should not focus solely on analysing

elements in isolation, but rather treat them as interconnected with the capability to impact each

other.

EVALUATING SMARTNESS OF NUTS2 REGIONS VIA USING NATIONAL STATISTICS: CASE OF TURKEY

Burcu Yaşlak, ITU - School of Architecture, Turkey

“Smart city” has become a widely-used term for urban studies in relation with technological

improvements. In this technological environment, it is critical for cities to be smart for maintaining

growth and development. Cities have different characteristics and features, as a result they all have

different levels of smartness. This paper aims to analyse the potential of Turkish NUTS2 regions as

smart regions. While doing so a critical issue for Turkey is the need for trustworthy and reachable data.

As a limitation factor in data use, the official national statistics are used in this study. The main

questions of this paper are; (1)Can smartness of regions be measured with the help of an index?

(2)What types of indicators can be used in order to create an index for measuring smartness? (3)How

can national statistics measure the regional smartness?

The data and information used in this paper are derived from secondary data which is provided by

Turkish Statistical Institute. After data collection phase, data analysis is made with creating an index.

To do this, first the main indicators are decided. Secondly, these indicators are standardized with the

help of “Analytical Hierarchical Process “. In the last step, the results are applied to the national

statistics –normalizing them at the same time, and finally smartness of Turkish regions became

comparable with each other.

22

THE URBAN BLOCK: REDEFINING INFORMALITY IN CAIRO, EGYPT

Eman Zied, Northumbria University, United Kingdom

Alice Vialard, Northumbria University, United Kingdom

Ruth Conroy Dalton, Northumbria University, United Kingdom

“Just because it’s unplanned or illegal, doesn’t make it informal.”

This study focuses on the Greater Cairo region in Egypt, studying the label of ‘informality’ through the

lens of urban morphology and spatial structure. This paper will be a study of their urban form and how

they are connected with the rest of Cairo, showing that ‘informal’ areas are not necessarily so, and

they have form, function well as settlements and are heterogeneous, meaning that informality is not

an all-encompassing term.

This study is comprised of 4 case studies, presenting 4 types of growth

1. Informal Growth on agricultural land - Ard El Lewa

2. Informal Growth on desert land - Manshiyat Naser

3. A planned settlement – Nasr City

4. Historic District – Mit Uqba

The study will use urban block analysis, analysing their compactness and elongation in each case study

and comparing between them to determine their formality. Space syntax analysis will be used to

determine their connectivity and integration both locally and globally. These two analyses will indicate

what types of urban blocks perform better in terms of integration and settlement connectivity, and

enable comparison between planned and unplanned settlements to determine which functions best

as a settlement.

23

Index

A

Abd Hamid, 1

Abreu, 19

Agnew, 1

Alwis, 2

B Berbatovci, 2

C

Cabras, 17

Calder, 3

Carmichael, 3

Chapman, 18

Chlebna, 4

Conroy Dalton, 22

Convery, 4

Corodescu-Rosca, 7

D

Danko, 5

Dios Lema, 5

Dyba, 6

E

Erbas, 6

Eva, 7

Evans, 7

F

Feng, 8

G

Gloazzo, 8

H

Haghgoo, 9

Hattori, 15

Huggins, 10

I

Iatu, 7

J

Jones, 10

K

Kamakura, 10

Kubishiro, 11

L

Lanari, 11

Lešková, 12

Li, 12

Lindenthal, 19

M

Mawson, 18

McArdle, 13

Murakami, 13

Myshko, 14

N

Niraula, 15

O

Okumus, 14

P

Pereira Henriques, 9

Portnov, 16

Pun, 15

R

Rajic, 15

Robinson, 16

Rosu, 7

Rybnikova, 16

S

Šipikal, 12

Slusarczyk, 17

Sparn, 17

Stokes, 18

Syafrian, 18

T

Tyrcha, 19

V

Velthuis, 19

Vialard, 22

W

Ward, 20

Williams, 20

Wir-Konas, 21

Wook Seo, 21

Y

Yamaji, 15

Yaşlak, 21

Z

Zied, 22