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Lane Medical Library
Levi Cooper Lane Fund
STANFORD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARIES
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Flflh Edizion .
RUDIMENTS ~
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GREEK LANGUAGE: -~ ~
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ABRZNGED Fo3, I 4 9 u . 0 0 3 . .
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Mz fitnbzuta of fifngula (lflnllegc, fialtimorp.w-_.‘.Q¢‘ '
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;UPON THE BASIS OF I-YETTENHALL.
BALTIMORE:
PUBLISHED -BY JOHN MURPHY & CO.
No. z& MARKET STREET.
PI'[‘TSBURG..GEORG E QUIG I. EY.
. Sold by Book-srllers ge_muIIy_
‘M
1859.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, by
JOHN MURPHY &: Co.
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
Eastern District of Maryland.
I‘
-PREFACE.
IT is not intended by this publication to present a -
new Greek Grammar to the classical student; after
the elaborate volumes of Matthiae, Buttman, Kuhner,
Gail, Burnouf, and other scholars of Germany and
France, it would be altogether vain to expect any
new discovery in that language. The most that we
can do is to avail ourselves of their labours in order
. t0'smoothe the diificulties which are usually met in its
study. The greatest of these we have learned from a
long experience in teaching, is the large size of the
grammars which are put in the student's hands when
he commences. Excellentas these may be for the
professor or more advanced scholar, they only tend
to deter the beginner from approaching it. We trust
that this will be obviated by the present compendium,
in which we have endeavoured to comprise within as
short a compass as possible all that is of absolute
necessity to the learner. If it induce him to apply
with more alacrity to study a language second to
none in the literary beauties and treasures which it
contains, our intentions will have been amply fulfilled.
3
- " THE LETTERS
' - as
THE GREEK“ MJZHABETARE 2" I -"'J 7 Q
TWENTY-FOUR IN NUMBER, 46¢:-,1‘ ,
nun. roan. ' i>'o iv1§i_{.;:-1' ' _' , —~——fi /--—')“——-\ r-—_"'-I-Fwl‘,
Caps. Sm. Lez. In sound. In nu'1n%5.; 4“ Q .
Alpha "Al¢a A a a 1 'Beta B17ra B /9 6 b 2
Gamma I'dyl,u0 I‘ y g hard 3
Delta Aéirra A 6 d 4
Epsilon "E¢z,lov E e e short 5*
Zeta Z17ra Z C z 7
Eta ‘Hra H n e long 8
Theta Qfira 8 19 0 tll 9
1o%. 'l5na I z i 10
Kappa Kd1r,-za K x k 20
Lambda Ad,ufi6a A I l 30
Mu MD M ,u m 40
N11 N5 N v n 50
Xi Ei E' E x 60
Omicron '0].tzxpov 0 0 o Sl1ol‘lJ 70
Pi HI - II 1r p 80
Rho 'Pa7 P p 1' 100
Sigma Eiy,ua Z 0' g final s 200
Tau ' Tab T r t 300
Upsilon ' ¢zldv T u u 400
Phi ‘ 4)i Q 9o ph 500
Chi Xi X l ch 600
Psi - W? W </I ps 700
Omega 'Q.uéya 52 w o long 800
aw
,..
*3»
U‘
6 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
The letters are divided into Vowelsand Consonants.
There are seven Vowels; two long, ‘)2, in-.—twc short, e, 0
—three doubtful, a, z, u. - ‘J,-' “ '
From Vowels are formed Diphthongs: of these there are
twelve; six proper,‘:e1,‘ct;, ez, eu, oz, 00 ; and six improper,
1,u, uz, we, a, 7;, §4,‘tbeing subscribed.
.' '-. ~ I Q ' Of Brcathz'ny.;.
1. Every Vowel or Diphthong at the beginning of a word,
is marked with either a smooth or rough Breathing: as,
('1'pug, a mountain; dpog, a‘ boundary. l'is always marked
with a rough, as Om), under: so also the semi-vowel p; but
if it be doubled in the ‘middle, the first is marked with a
smooth, and the second with a rough Breathing, as é'/3/Sew.
Of Accents.
There are three Accents : the Grave (‘), falling on the
last syllable only; the Acute ('), on any of the last three;
the Circumflex ("), on the last, or last but one.
The Grave is understood on every syllable where there is
no accent, and is therefore called the Syllabie tone.
The Apostrophe shews, that a, e, z, 0, az, or 0z, is cut off
on account of a Vowel or Dipbthong following any of them
at the end of a word: as xar' adrdv, for xard abrdv; dill' éy(b,
for dlld éy0i.
A word, accented on the last syllable, is called O.r_1/tone.
A word not accented on the last syllable, is called Bary
tone.
Of C'0ns0nan!s.
There are seventeen Consonants, Which are divided into
Semi-vowels and Mutes,
The Semi-vowels are divided into double letters, C, E, <// ;
and liquids, l, ,u, v, p ; g is an independent letter.
GREEK nummnnrs. 7
The Mutes are nine :
3 smooth.......... ..
3 middle .......... ..
3 aspirates........ ..
A smooth Mute is changed into its corresponding Aspi
rate whenever the following Vowel or Diphthong is aspi
rated: 1rT, xr, are changed into 9:0, l0: as w3,-(0‘ (for véxra)
('5lnv, rz'¢0' (for rérore) 03r10.
F before another y, x, l, or E, is pronounced like v: as,
&'ryelog, pronounced dvyel6g.
The Double Letters are formed from the Mutes, by add
ing a ; thus, <,!/ is equivalent to 1m, fin, or gm; and so also E,
to am, y0', or 1a; and C, to r0', 60, or 0a‘.
Of Punctuation.
There are four Points or Stops: the Comma, marked
thus (,); the Colon, at the top of the line: as az'm$¢ ; the
Period or Full Stop 3 the Note of Interrogation (;).
The Parts of Speech are Eight:
Article, Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Con
junction, Preposition.
There are three Numbers: Singular, Dual, Plural.
There are five Cases, viz.: Nominative, Genitive, Dative,
Accusative, Vocative.
There are three Genders: Masculine, Feminine, and
Neuter. -
The Article is two-fold; Prepositive or Demonstrative, 6,‘
v
8 cans: RUDIMENTS.
15, rd (this or the) 3 Subjunctive or I‘-telativc, 3g, 57, 6' (who
or what).*
Singular. Dual. Plural.
N. G. D. A. N. A. G- D. N. G. D. A.
Masc. 6, r05, r97, rdv, ‘ub, roiv, ol, r(Bv, rok, robg,
Fem. n', ‘zig, rfi, fi;v, rd, raiv, al, r(iv, raig, rdg,
Neut. rd,r05, rq'), rd. flb, roiv. rd, ra3v, r0ig, rd.
Mase. lk,o5, 15, 3v, lb, olv, 01, (Zv, uk, 05g,
Fem. Z, fig, 77, fiv, d, alv, al, (Bv, alg, dg,
Neut. 3, 05, 55, 8. lb, olv. d, J», 07g, (‘L
In like manner are declined 3amp, 1'}1rep, 311ep; and the
8g of 8011g, which see elsewhere.
OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.
There are six Declensions,-—three of Simples, and three
of Contracts : the first two of Simples do not increase in the
Genitive ease; the third increases in the Genitive.
The First Declemion
Contains Nouns of two Genders, and four terminations in '
ag and ng of the Masculine, and in a and n of the Feminine;
the declining of Masculines and Feminines varies a little in
the Singular, but is the same in the Dual and Plural.
Masculine.
Sing. N. (1) 6 Tap!-ag, G. -oz), D. -9z, A. -av, V. -a.
Dual N. A. V. r6) Ta,ui-a, G. D. -azv.
Plur. N. 6z Ta,ui-az,-G. J», D. azg, A. -ag, V. az.
' The Article has no Vooative, but the Adverb of Calling (Ca) supplies
the defect.
(1) A butler.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 9
Sing. N. (1) 6 ~Te,ldw-ng, G. -o0, D. -9, A. -nv, V. -n. The
rest as if in ag.
Sing. N. (2) M050'-a, G. -ng, D. -y, A. av, V. -a, &c.
Sing. N.- (3) 1t 'l'z,u~-i], G. -]g, D. -37‘, A. -11v, V. -n'. The
rest as if in a.
The Dative Singular, in the first and second Declensiom»
has z subscribed to the final letters, a, n, w.
Iota is subscribed, either for distinction of Cases, as ra,uz'gz '
in Dat. Sing, or on account of contraction: as xépal, xépq ;
z is written under the syllable from which it has been re
moved.
Nouns in mg, mg, and Gentiles in 0r/4;, and also the com
uounds from mo,léw, to sell, ,uerpéw, to measme, and rpifiw,
to rub, form the Vo0. Sing. in a short: as ch aarpd1ra, émm
rdra, 2'xz50a. But those in 01ng have nyand a: as byarr‘/g,
a robber; Voc. lnar1‘;, and ,lr,ard.
Words ending in 6a, 0a, pa, and a pure, make the Gen.
Sing. in ag, and the Dat. in q: as /M6a, -ag, -q; "-Axav0a,
-ag, -a; "11/upa, -pag, -er; ¢zlia, -ag, q.
A letter or syllable is called pure, when it follows a Vowel
or Diphthong.
_ The Second Declension
Comprehends Nouns of two terminations in 0g, ol the
_ Masculine and Feminine, and in ov, of the Neuter.
Masculine.
Sing. N. (4) 6 A6-2/0g, G. -y0u, D. -y(,J, A. -yov, V. -ye.
Dual N. A. V. rd; A6yw, G. D. roiv Myozv.
Plur. N. oI /l6yoz, G. -ywv, D. -yozg, A. -youg, V. -yoz.
(1) A publican. (2) A song.
"ll Honour. (4) A word.
10 GREEK RUDIMENTS
, Neuter. "
Sing. N. (1) rd Mérp-ov, G. -ou, D. -q), A. -or, V -ov.
Dual N. A. V. r(b Mérpw, G. D. roiv ,uérpozv.
Plur. N. rd Mérp-a, Gen. ~wv, D. -ozg, A. -a, V. -a.
Some Nouns of this Declension produce new forms, pro
perly Attic, by changing 0 pure into (0, and the penultimate
a, or az, into e: as, laz)g, leidg; dvaiyazov, dv(lvewv ; and are
declined in the following manner :—
Masculz'ne.
Sing. D. (2) 6 Ae-80g, G. -(3, D. -gfi, A. -(bv, V. -0ig.
Dual N. A. V. rd; Ae-(h, G. D. roiv le-qiv.
Plur. N. oI Ae-qi, G. -(7», D. -gig, A. -al)g, V. -c}'1.
.Neuter.
Sing. N. (3) rd 'Ava')-yewv, G. -yew, D. -yep, A. yewv, V.
-yewv.
Dual. N. A. V. rd; 'Av0i-yew, G. D. roiv dvill-yecuv.
Plur. N. ra‘ 'Av0i-yew, G. -yewv, D. ye(pg, A. -yew, V. -yew.
Some Nouns, which have not the last Vowel pure, follow
this form, except that their accusative singular terminates
in w : as, cl'/l01g, /laydog; ”Ewg, the m0rm'ng, makes ”Ew in the
Accusative: "A1r0l/lwg, Ace. "A1r0Mw ; ".4l0wg, Acc. "A0w.
N. B. The Nom., Ace., and Voc. of Neuter Nouns, are
the same in the Singular Number; and in the Plural (ex-'
cept among the Attics), they all end in a.
The Third Dcclension
Has nine terminations; three Vowels, a, z, 0, of the
Neuter, w of the Feminine, and five Consonants, v, E, p, g,
$11, of any Gender, and increases in the Genitive.
(1) A measure. (2) The people. (3) An upper room.
GREEK nunnunnrs. II
Masculine.
Sing. N. (1) (S Trrd-v, G. -vog, D. -14, A. -va, V. rzrdv.
Dual N. A. V. nb Tm?-ve, G. and D. roiv rrrd.vozv.
Plur. N. 0! Tzrd-veg, G. -vwv, D. -01, A. -vag, V. -veg.
Neuter.
Sing. N. (2) rd 20')'-/ta, G. -,uarog, D. -,uaz'Z, A. -,ua, V. -,ua
Dual N. A. V. nb 2'0i,u-are, G-. and D. aw,u-oirozv.
Plur. N. rd Z0i-,uara, G. -,udrwv, D. -,mm'z, A. -,uara,
V. -,uara.
RULES BELONGING TO THIS DECLENSION.
The Accusative Singular
Of the Masculine and Feminine ends in a.
.Eacce_pti0ns.—1. Nouns ending in g, after z or u, (except
eug,) if they form the Genitive in og pure, change g in the
Accusative into v: as, 17 62'g, 6'?og, div ; 1‘; ypaog, ypadg, y/pa5v.
But Alg, Jupiter, makes Ala; and Meg, astone, makes ,ldav.
2. Barytons in zg and 0g, declined with, og impure, have
the Accusative both in a and v: as, é’pzg, strife, é'pz6og, Ace.
gpz6a and Epzv; x6pug,' a helmet, x6pu0og, Ace. x6pu0a and
x6puv. In like manner, xleZg, a key, Acc. xlei6a and x,leiv ;
and the compounds from 1r05g, a foot: as, OZ6!-1100g, Ace.
-mi6a, -1r07v.
The Voeative Singular .
Is like the Nominative. '
Exeepti0ns.——1. Nouns ending in g, after z or 0, cast away
g in the Vocative : as, Hdpzg, fio5g, Voc. Hdpz, y305 ; fiaazlebg,
a king, Voc. fia01le5, except oxytones in zg andug: as, (7;
é/brig, l,la,ubg; also (I) 1105g, 660ég.
2. Nouns declined with -vrog form the Vocative from the
Genitive, by casting away -rog: as, 6 yépwv, yépovrog, J) yépov;
(1) Titan. (2) The body
I2 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
but those in -ezg, ev-mg, form the Vocative in ez and ev: as,
1rlax0'-ezg, -evrog, Voc. ll) 1r,lax6-ez and 1rldxo-ev.
3. Barytones in ag -av0g, rp -evog, wv -ovog, -up -o.00g, &c.,
form the Vocative from the Genitive, by casting away, 0g:
as, ,6firwp, ,6firopog, (B p'1]rop: except Hoaeulahv, -wvog, I16
aez6ov, awr‘;p, -fipog, a0irep, which shorten the last syllable:
as Zwxpdmg, -eog, zh Z0ixpareg.
The Dativc Plural
Is formed from the Dative Singular, by omitting 6, 0,
v, r, and assuming 0' before z: as, rzrdvz, rmiaz; a0i,uarz,
a0l,uaaz.
If, after this emission, 0 remains, u is taken for a diph
thong: as, léovrz, léouaz; in Nouns ending in np, which
suffer Syneope, aa is inserted before z: as, 1rarfip, 1mrpl,
1rarpdaz; but yaarfip, -7p01.
Ncuns ending in E, 96, or g, after a Diphthong, form the
Dative Plural from the Nominative Singular, by adding z:
as, xdpaE, (1) xdpaEz, fidazlebg, fia01leb01. Except xrelc,xré01; 1r05g, 1rdaz; 05g, (3) duaz, and a few others.
Of Syncope. -
Syncope takes away a letter or Syllable from the middle
of 3. Word : as, érdpozg for éraipuzg. . '
Some Nouns in ma, -epog, are Syncopated in the Genitive
and Dative Singular: as, 1rar1‘;p, 1rarépog, 1rarpdg; so also
,un'n‘7p and yaarr,p: in like manner, dvfip, (4) unless that for
the omitted e, it assumes 6 : as, dvépog, dv6p6gz and similarly
dpvzig, and xziwv, xuw)g, &c. -
The Dcclension of Contracts.
Nouns are called Contracts in which two syllables are
contracted into one.
(1) A raven. (2) A comb. (3) The ear. (4) A man.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. ' 13
A Contraction occurs either in every Case whose final
syllable is pure, as in the first and second Deelension of
Contracts, or in a fewer number of Cases, viz. :——-in the
Dative Singular, in the Nominative, Accusative, and Voca
tive Plural, as in the third Declension of Contracts.
Ee and M {followed by g, are contracted into ei.
not followed by g, mto fi.
There is no difiiculty in Contract Nouns of the First and
Second Declensions, as they are declined like the simples:
as, ,uwia, ,avfi,; voog, v05g.
The Third Declension of Uonlracls.
Nouns in egg are of the Masculine and Feminine Genders;
1n -eg and -og of the Neuter; and are declined thus :—
Sing. Fem.
N. 1§ Tpzfip-ng, (1) the galley.
G. r17g Tpnjp-eog, -o0g, of the galley.
1). r5 Tpzfip-e2‘, -az, to the galley.
A. fiyv Tpzfip-ea, -n the galley.
V. J) Tpzfip-eg, Ogalley!
Dual Fem.
N. A. V. rd Tpnfp-ee, -n.
G. D. raiv Tpnjp-éozv, -oiv.
Plural Fem.
N. al Tpnjp-eeg, -ezg.
G. ra7v Tpzfip-éwv, -(7vy I
D. raig Tpzfip-e01.
A. rdg Tpz1jp-eag, -ezg.
V. (h Tpz1jp-eeg, -er,-.
(1) A three-cared galley.
I
2
14 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
Q2
.>wrs
. A. V. rd: Tell-ee,
arrss
Sfzzg. Ncut.
. rd Teil-og, (1)
roD Tez';-eog, -oug,
rd; Tezk-e2', -:z,
. rd Teil-0;,
Teil-og,
Dual lVeut.
-v.
'1
(D
D. roiv Tezl-éozv,
Plural Neut.
-n.
-(7v.
rd Tell-ea,
r(?» Teq- éwv,
rotg Tell-eaz .
rd Tell-ea,
(h Tezk-ea,
.1}_
-7y_
-oiv.
the wall.
of the wall.
to the wall.
the wall.
0 wall!
Nouns in zg are of the Masculine and Feminine Gender;
in eng and ug of the Masculine only; and z and u of the
Neuter; and are declined thus :—
N
G
D.
A
V
Sing. Masc. Sing. N'eut.
. 6 ‘U¢-zg. (2) N. rd Z'zvn-m. (3)
. ro5 "0¢-zog, -ewg. G. ro5 Zivrj1r-zog.
r(7 ”0¢-z2‘, -z, -ez. D. rqfi Zzwy'1r-z2‘,' -z.
. rdv "U¢-zv. A. rd Ziv1q1r-z.
. lh '09-z. V- ah Xiv1pr-z.
Dual Neut. Dual Neut.
.A. rd) ”0¢-ze, -ee. N. A. re; Zmpr-ze.
D. roiv '0¢-iozv, -egov. . G. ‘D. rolv Zzmy1r-iozv.
(1) A well.
(2) A serpent.
\
(3) Mustard-seed.
- GREEK RUDIMENTS.
Plural Masc. Plural Neut.
. oi ”0¢-zeg, -zg,-ezg, rd Xzvfi1r-za, -z.
r51; 'Ogo-lwv, -ewv. ra7v Zmy11-iwv.
r0ig "0q2-z01, -eaz. mig Zzvfi1r-z01.
ru‘z Zzvn'1r~za, -z.
(h Xzvfi1r-za, -z.
r05g "0¢-iag, -zg, -ezg.
T
w "0¢-zeg, -zg,-ezg.
srwez
.rwrs
Nouns in eug, ug, and 0, making the Genitive in eog, have
_ four contractions: e2‘ into ez, ee into v, eeg and eag into ezg:
as, fia01lebg, a /sing ,‘ zpeafibg, an old man ; o‘iaru, a city.
Sing. Jllasc. Dual Masc. Plur. M(zsc.
N. 6 fiaaul-er§g. - N. A. r(b[:’aazl- N . of fia01,l-éeg, -eig.
G. r05 fianz,l-éog. ée, -fi. G. 1.(7v fiaaz,l-éwv.
D. T,5 y3.aa1l-éi, -éi. Gr. 1). rolv [>’a01- D. -mig Baazl-e501.
A. rdv fiaw,l-éa. lé-ozv. A. raégfia01i.-eag,-eig.
V. (Z) fiaazl-e5. V. (3 fiam,l-éeg, -eig.
Nouns in ug, cog, contract only ueg and uag into 0g: as,
Sing. N. 510ég; G. Z10éog; Pl. N. Z10éeg, 5g; Ace. il.
01§4g. 5g.
For the GenitiveI termination eoé, the Attics write mg;
the Ionics, n0g. : as, fia01léog; Att. fiaauléwg ; Ionicé, fiam
liog. The Ionic n is preserved throughout, and no contrac
tion takes place.
Nenters of the Third Declension, ending in ag pure, and
pgg, are both syncopated and contracted : as,
Singular. . Dual. Plural.
N. rd xép-ag. N
G. r05, -arog, A. Gr.
-aog, -wg. V. ‘W: "r
Gr. }roZv -ofrozv, D. mig, -a01.
D A.
V.
N. rd xep-ara, -aa, -o.
“'20 xe94rTe: r13v, -zirwv, -dwv,
-(3%
D. r(?r -arz, -ai, -q.
-a'0zv, -qiv.A. rd -ag. rd -ara, -aa, -a
‘V 7 ‘Y
. wsag. 0* -am, -aa,- -a.
16 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
IRREGULAR Norms. .
9w,u5g, and others of the First Deelension, make the
Gen. in 6. '
‘lnao5g makes Gen. Dat. and Voc. 'l7a05, and Acc. 'ln
no5v. Zehg, Gen. Znvdg, or Auk, Dat. Znvl, or AA, Ace.
Znvd, or Aia, Voc. Ze5. We also meet Zeb; and Alg, and
Ace. Zebv.
I‘uv1‘,,yuvazxo’g,Voc. yuvaz, Dat. Plur.yuvazi-'1, as if from
yuvav,-.
The Genders of ,Nb1ms '
Are distinguished by the signification or Declension.
IRREGULAR, 0R Hnzrsnoonrrn Norms,
Are those which vary- from the common forms of de
clining: some vary in Gender, others in Deelension; some
are defective in Cases, others redundant; and some are
defective in Number.
Patronymics
Are names of persons, derived generally from their an
cestors or fathers: as, 'Azaxi6ng, the grandson of 1Eacus;
Aaeprzd6ng, the son of Laertes.
ADJEOTIVES
Follow the analogy and irregularity of Suhstantives.
There are three Declensions of Adjectives, having one,
two, or three terminations. The first two are declined with
three Articles. ,
1.- Adjectives of three terminations end
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 17
f og, -n, -ov, according to the form of the first and second
of Simples.
in ag, -mm, -av, } according to the form. of the third and
ezg, -eaaa, -ev, first of Simples.
lug, -eza, -u, of the form of the third of Contracts and
first of Simples.
In -og: as, N. xa,l-dg, (1) -fi, dv, G. xal-o5, -fig, oi}, &c.
But Adjectives in og pure, and p0:, form the Feminine
in a: as, d’yzo¢, (2) (Yyza, (ilyzov; dv0npdg, (3) @97ypa‘, dv0vypdv,
&c. Except Nouns signifying the properties of substances,
in -eog: as, lpéaeog, én, -eov, golden; and Numerals in -o0g:
as, dy6oog, 6n, the eighth. But d1rldog, d1rlo5g, a1rl61y, 5,
though not belonging to these classes.
EXAMPLES.
Singular. Plural. '
M. F. N. M. F. N.
N. Kal-dg, -fi, -6v. N. xal-oi, -al, -zi.
G. -o5, -7g, -o5. G. -a7v, -61v, -(7v.
D. -(7, -Z, -(7. D. -o7g, -aig, -(fig.
A. -dv, -'};v, -6v. A. -obg, -(ig, -d.
V. -é, -h, -6v. V. -ol, -ai, -(i.
Dual. Singular.
N. - N. "Ayz-og, -a, -o11
A. } M/Ll)’; ‘d; ‘"i G '-ou, '-ag, '-ou.
V- D '-so '-as '10
G‘} -oiv, ‘ai11, -oiv. A 4”’ ‘av’ -ov
D. , V -e, -a, -ov
The Dual and Plural like
Kal6g.
(1) Fair. (2) Sacred. _ (3) Flowery.
gs
18 GREEK RUDI.\IENTS
Singular.
Uaxp-dg, -d, -ovi The Dual and Plural like
. -o5, -6g, -o5. 1l'al6g.
. -e, -a, -6v.
NOTE,-—"AMog, T'r/,lzxofirog, rom5roe, and 10005r0g, make
in the Neuter both 0 and ov ; 8g, 0z')rog, afn-dg, and éxeimg,
make only 0. ‘
In ag : as,
S'in_(]uIar.
N. 115g, (1) miaa, miv.
G. 1ravTdg, mia1yg, 1rav1-6g.
D. 1ravrl, 1'Ni0‘f, 11avn'.
‘A. 1rdvra, 1r6aav, miv.
V. mig, miau, 1riv.
Dual.
N. A. V. mivre, 1rdzm, mivre.
G. D. 1rdvrozv, 1rdvazv, ‘ 1rdvron
Plural.
N. 1rdvreg, 1r6aaz, . mivra.
G. 1rdvrwv, 1raa(7v, mivrwv.
D. 1r(im, miaazq, r 0z.
A. 1rdvrag, 1rziaag, 1ra'.vra.
V. 1rdvreg, 1rdaa1, 1rdvra.
but ,ué/ll-ag (2) and rdl-ag, (3) Sing. N. 41;, -azva, -a?
(1) All. (2) Black. (3) Wretched.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 19
G. -avog, -aimg, -avog, &c. A. -aza, -azvav, -av.
N. ,uéyag, (1) lae)/dZg, ,uéya. G. -dlou, -d,lng, -di.ou.
A. ,uéyav, peyd,l1qv, ,ueya. Voc. as Nom.
The rest as if from /céya,log.
‘ Singular. Dual.
N. Xapi-ezg, -eaaa, -ev. (2) N. A. V. lapi-evré,_-éaaa,
G. lapi-evrog, -émrqg, -ewog. -evre.
D. zap!-evrz, -eaay, -evrz. G. D. yapz-évrozv, -éaaazv,
A. xa,0i-evra, -eaaav, -ev. -évrozv.
V. zap!-ev and -ez, -eaaa, -ev.
Plural.
N. lapi-evreg, -eaaaz, -evra.
G. lapz-évrwv, -eaaa7v, -évrwv.
D. lap!-ezaz, -éaaazg, -eun.
A. lapi-evrag, -éaaag, -evra
V. ‘lap!-evreg, -eaaaz, -evra. '
In 0g: as, 6Ebg, (3) 47¢, 4'); but 11¢‘.l.‘,g,(4)m.ll77,,1.'0,1u'1.
'0Ebg, sharp.
Singular. - Dual.
M. F. N. M. F. N.
N. '0E-bg, -eia, .z5. - '
40g’ -eiag, -éog_ _ 7; '0E-ée, -.ez'a, -ée.
-éi, ei, -eia, -éi, ei.
-bv, -eiav, -u.
-z‘), -eia, -u.
sews
we.>s
-z.‘rozv, -eiazv,‘ -éozv
(1) Great. (2) Gracious. (3) Sharp. (4) Much.
.
20 GREEK BUDIMENTS.
in
.<l>!=’§>.z
Plural. '
M. F. N.
N. '0E-éeg, eig, -emu, -éa.
G. -éwv, -eiwv, -éwv.
D. -é01, -elazg, -é01.
A. -éag, ck, -eiag, -éa.
V. 4eg, e7g, -eiaz, -éa.
Holbg, much.
Singular. '
M. F. N.
Holbg, 1r0l,lfi, 1rolé.
1r0l/lo5, 1r0l,lfig, 1r0,ll0D.
1r0,ll57, 1rollfi, 1ro}J<,T).
1rolbv, 1r0,llip, 1:0/lz3.
1rolb, 1r0l11), 1r0lé.
The Dual and Plural (as if from 1ro)J.0g) like xal6g.
2. Adjectives of three Articles and two terminations, end
M. F.
ag,
0g,
wg,
zg,
7y”)
0g,
oug,
wv,
‘W’:
W?)
N.
av,
ov,
wv,
z)
ev,
";
ouv,
011,
"p:
€¢,
as, 6 xal 1§,
M. F. N.
deivag, -av.
é'v6oEog, -ov.
ez5'yewg, -aw.
eillapzg, -I.
z'1'fifi% \ 'eY'
d'6(lxpug, xai to’ -u.
6l1roug, -ouv
e:360!,uwv, -ov.
,ueya,l1]"rwp, -op.
d)nq01)g, -5:.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 21
EXAMPLES.
Singular. Dual. Plural.
N. 'Aeiv-ag, -av. N. } d , N. deiv-avreg, -avra.
ezv-awe.
G. deiv-avrog. A. G. dezv-zivrwv
D. deiv-avrz. G. ‘ , D. (ieiv-aaz.A. zieiv-avra, -av. D. iaezv-av/Tozv' A. deiv-avtag, -avra.
V. 1ielv-av. V. deiv-avreg, -avra.
”Ev60Eog, glorious.
Singular.
N. '0 xal é'v6oEog; xal rd E"v60E0v.
G. rn5 xal T7g xal r05 év66E0u.
‘D. r(;") xai Ti xaz Tz,7 év66Ezp.
A. rdv xal Tfiv xal r6 é'v6oEov.
V. J) §z'v60Ee, Mater §'v60E0v.
Dual.
N. A. V. nb aml Hi Mi rd1 5.6650).
G. D. Tui-4 xal raiv xaZ r0%; é‘/<lri;=0zv.
Plural.
N. oi la‘! aI $3460E0z xal Td é'v6o-§a..
G. T(3'; xal r5v xal r(2» _§v66Ewv.
D. T07g xai raT; xal ‘mi'g év6oEozg.
A. robg xal rdg év66Eoug, xai rd é'v6oEa.
V. (Z é'v6oEoz, Neuter é'v6oEa.
Eiiyewg, fertile.
Singular. Dual. Plural.
M. s F. N. M. F. N. ' M. & F. N.
N. Eiiye-wg, -0». N. I N. -9), _qi_
G. -w. A. ""' G. -0».
D. -50. 1 V. D. -qag.
A. -z4» G. } _w],_ A. -wg, -w.
V. -0ig, -0w. D. ' V. -go, -an
22 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
Eiilapzg, grateful, acceptable.
Singular. Dual. Plural.
M.&F. N. M. F. N. M.&F. N.
N. Efilap-zg -z. N. N.u. -rrhg. A. } -re V. mg’ ‘"0"
D. -m. V. G. -irwv.
A -zra, -zv, -z. G. } _h_0zv_ D. -mz.
V -z. I D. A. -zrag, -zra.
"Af3,6nv, masculine.
Singular. Dual. Plural.
M. a F. N. M. F. N. M. & F. -' N.
N. "/1,6,6-nv, -ev. N. N. -eveg, -eva.
G. -evog. A.. "="’e- G. -évwv.
D. -ew. V. D. -e01.
A. -eva, ' -ev. } -éWmh A. -enag, -eva,
V.‘ -ev. V. -eveg, - -eva.
"A6axpug, tearless.
Singular. Dual. Plural.
M. & F. N. M. F. N. M. & F. N.
N. "A6axp-ug, -u N. N.G -uog. A. } ‘ue V ‘uK, -ug, -ua,
D -u2'. V. G -éwv.
A -uv, -u G. l, _é0”_ D -u01.
V -u.‘ D. . A -nag, -ug, -ua
GREEK KUDIMENTS. 23
5????
srsez
.rrsrs
Ai1roug, two-footed.
Singular. Dual.
M. ll F. N. M. F. N.
Ai1r-oug, -o0v. N.
'-o60.;. A_ -o6e
-o6z. V.
-o6a, -ouv, -o0v. G. }_($60zv
-oug, -ou, -oz». D.
Ebddzpwv, happy.
Singular. , Dual.
M. & F. N. M. F. N.
Ei)6az';u.-wv, -ov. N.
-ovog. A_ } -ove.
~ovz.- V.
-ova, -(». G. } dvo”.
-ov. D.
Prs.z
.<1P'l=Ԥ>.Z
Meyalay'rwp, rnagnanimous.
Singular.
M. & F. N.
dleyahjr-wp, -op.
-opog.
-opz.
-0pfl, -op.
-op.
Dual.
M. F. N.
:}-ope.
} -6poon
p@<>z <r.ss
Plural.
M. & F. N.
' } -o6eg, -o60..
-66wv.
-om.
-o6ag, .o6a.
Plural.
M. & F. N.
-oveg, -ova.
-ovwv.
-om.
-ovag, -ova.
-oveg, -ova.
Plural.
M. & F. N.
-opeg, -opa.
-opwv.
~¢'!"?,"
-opag, -opa.
. -opeg, -opa.
24 GREEK BUDIMENTS.
'Ab;0r‘;g, true.
Singular. Dual. Plural.
M. do F. N. M. F. N. ~ M. & F. N.
N. 'Ah}0-fig, -ég. N. N. } -é _ - -é -G. -éos, -o5g. A. } -ée; 5- V. W’ mg’ a’ v.
D. -éi, e2,. V. G. -éwv, -Ev.
A ‘ga’ ll: -ég' G‘ } -eozv, -o7v. D‘ 601'
V -eg. D. A. -éag, -eig, -éa,-fi,
Some Adjectives are of one Termination and one Gender
only: as, N. 6 rpau,uariag, 00, wounded, declined as 8
Substantive of the First Declension. To this class may
be referred, N. 6 0u5pog, ou; and N. 1} 005pzg, z6og,
impctuous.
3. Adjectives of three Articles and one termination, end
in zv, p, g, E, or 1/1: as, 6 xal 1} xai rd, rpzyl0ipv, /uixap, (ip
1raE, al0zo¢.
NUMERAL Anmcrxvns
Are divided into Cardinals and Ordinals.
elg, one.
6é0, two.
rpeig, three.
réa0apeg, four, rfic.
The Cardinals are
ru.
Sing. N. elg, ,uia, Ev, G. éw)g, ,uzék, évdg, D. évl, ,uz§, §vl,
A. Eva, ,uiav, Ev: it wants the rest In like manner are
declined its compounds, 606e1g and ,un6ez'g, but they have no
Plural.
Sing. wanting. Dual, N. A. 6é0, (Att. 6é01,) D. 6uo7v,
Fem. 60e711, D. 600I'.
Dual, N. A. &'/r¢w, G. and D. uip¢ozv: it wants the rest.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 25
Singular and Dual wanting. Plural, N. 0! xal aI rpeZ'g,
xal rd rpia. G. rpwiv. D. rpwi. A. robg xal rdg rpe7g,
xal rd rpia.
So also, Plural, N. oI xal aI réaaapeg, xal rd réaaapa.
G. reaadpwv. D. réaaap01. A. robg xai rdg réaaapag, xal
rd réaaapa.
The Cardinals from five to a hundred, inclusive, are
indeclinable: as, 1révre, five, Exarov, a hundred; but those
which follow are declinable and regular: as, 6zax6awz, -az,
a, two hundred.
1rp07rog, first.
The Ordmals are .;er',,-Epog, second_
ryn'r_og, third.
All 'Ordinals under twenty, except 6eérepog, second,
§fi60,uog, seventh, and 674l00g, eighth, end in rog; from
thence upwards they end in oarog: ,as, eixoarog, twen
tieth, &c. ' '
The letters of the Alphabet are uised to denote the
natural numbers. y. ,'
./7':II
Dnennns or COMP_ABISON.
I
There are three degrees of Coniparison: the Positive,
Comparative, and Superlative.
Adjectives ending in 0g, having a long Penult, form the
Comparative by changing g into repog, and the Superlative
into rarog: as, aé/wog, (1) -6repog, -6rarog. Having a
short Pennlt, they change 0 into w: as, 06¢0g, (2) -drepog,
-a'rrarog. Having a doubtful Vowel in the Penult, they
either retain or change the 0: as, Yxavog, (3) -6repog,
-6ra-r0g, and -0irepog, -u'rarog.
(1) Venerable. (2) Wise. (3) Fit.
3
GREEK RUDIMENTS.
“p
ezg
K
00g
1yv
wv
Adjectivesin
ag
nC
u€
=2 5 ,udx-ap, -dprepog, -dprarog. .
8 E5 lapi-ezg, -éarepug, -éararog, dropprng r.
2' _ 2 yaar-pk, -iarepog, -iararog.
g E a‘1rl-o5g, -oéarepog, -oz'J0'rarog.
-g E { .-é,or,v, ‘eveg, -evédrepog, éararog.
3 g 2' 0'0i¢pwv, -oveg, -éarepog, -eararog.
Er F‘ E; ,uelag, -av, -dvrepog, -dvrarog.
FL e_r:)aefi./‘;g,‘ -ég_, -earepeg, -éararog.
Fg eupug, -u, -urepog, -urarog.
But 0g is often changed into i0w and zarog: as, ebpbg, (1)
, .-uuv, -m‘rog. And Nouns in E change eg Plural into -wre
pog: as, élp1raE, (2) (ip1ray-eg, -iarepog, -zlrrarog.
/
IBREGULAR. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
1. In og: as, fid6zog, easy, figiwv, fifiarog; 6llyog, few,
dliCwv, 6)J']'z0'T0g. Some Adjectives form the Comparative
and Superlative in various ways: as,
' U'
dya00g,
good.
d,ue[vwv, dya0airarog.
dpeiwv, (‘x'purr0g, from "Apng, Mars.
fidmw’ } fiélrzarog, from fié,log, a dart.
fie‘,lrepog,
xpeiaawv,
mez’Z-.,-,,,-,, xpdrzarog, from xpeiwy, a king.
xd/5,6wv,
lwiwv, ,l0ii0rog, from l6, to wish.
/ldiwv, l(7ar0g.
¢éprarog, from <péynu, to bear.
¢éprepog, ¢épzarog.
¢éprwrog.
(1) Broad. (2) Rapacious.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 27
xax0itepog,
, xaxzaro .‘G15; xaxzwv, ’;
bad. 1Hymm } M,wm
Zepefwv,
yaxpdg, ,uaxp6repng, ,uaxp6raTog.
long. ,udaawv, ,ufixu7“r-og, from /uixog, length.
,uzx/26--€p0g, ,uzxp6rarog.
e ' -puzpég, H £,0Te'0og’ } ,uezarog.
,ueuov,
small. , , \é,laaawv, é,l(qzarog, from é,lqlug, small.
fiaawv, flxzarog, from fivaw, to sit low.
Some Nouns in og throw away 0, others w, in the
parative and Superlative: as, gm',log, ¢z')a-epog, ¢ilrh,
The Attics form many in 0g, by éarepog and éo"ra'rog;
others by airepog and airarog; a few in zkrepog and iararog.
2. In ac,-: as, ,uéyag, great, ,ua:z'Iwv, and ,udmnuv, ,uéyurrog.
3. In 0g: as, 1mlbg, much, n,léwv, and 1rleiwv, 1r,leiarog.
Irregular Comparatives in wv are contracted in the Ac
cusative Singular, and in the Nominative, Accusative, and
Vocative Plural: as, Acc. Sing. rdv xal rip 1rlei0va, -oa,
1rleiw. N. Pl. uI xG1 aI n,lei uveg, -oeg, -o0g, xal rd 1r,leiova,
‘-0a, -01. Ace. rubg xal rdg 1r,leiovag, -oag, -o0g, xai, rd, 820.
Voc. as Nom.
Many Comparativ<$ in wv and [wv produce other Com
paratives, by changing 0n into 6reywg: as, leipwv, (from
xaxég,)jezp6repog; iwv changes z and the preceding Con
sonant into as: as, 'mliwv, 0daawv; so xpdrog, xpeiaawv for
xpariwv.
Many other parts of Speech, besides Adjectives, are com
pared in Greek.
1. Verbs, generally by changing w into repog and rarog:
as, 6eéw, 6eérepog, 6ez')1-afrog 5 or og into éa1e_pog and éara
r0g: as, é,6fiw,uévog, éfifiw,uevéarepog, éfifiw,uevéararog.
28 GREEK RUDIMENT&
2. Pronouns: as, 06rdg, az'rr6rarog.
3. Adverbs: as, divw, dvuirepog, dv0lrar0g. To this add,
,u(ila, p&llov, ,uallara.
xala‘, td,llzov, xd}J.urra.
rdZa, rdlzov, rdlzara.
4. Prepositions: as, 1rpd, 1rp6repog, 1rp6rarog, 1rp0aroq,
vrpzfn-og. 'T1rép, i1réprepog, é1réprarog, by Syncope 31rar0g.
PRONOUNS
Arc of two kinds: Simple and Compound.
The Simple are either Primitive: as, éyub, ab, 05; or
-Indefinite: as, (leiva; and these have peculiar forms of
neclining.
Sing. N. éyzb, (1) G. é,u05 or ,u05, D. é/ml or ,ml, A. é,ué
or ,ué.
Dual N. A. vial, vg7, G. D. u3iv, wfiv.
Pl. N. fipeig, G. g'/u3v, D. n',uiv, A. 1?,u5g.
Sing. N. ab, (2) G. 005, D. 0'0l, A. pa‘, V. at}.
Dual N. A. V. a¢u")i, a¢q7, G. D. 0¢a7iv, aqnpv.
P]. N. z5/mig, G. z')/uiw, D. z‘)yflv, A. z'),udg, V. l5,ueig.
Sing N. wanting; G. 05, (3) D. oi, A. 8.
Dual N. A. a¢wé, a¢é, G. D. a¢a7iv, a¢iv.
Pl. N. qoeig, G. 0¢u3v, D. a¢iaz, A. a¢dg.
Sing. Nom. 6 xal 1} xal rd 6eiva G. r05 xal rfig xal
r05 6eivog, and Masc. 6eivarog. D. Ty? 6eivarz, 6eiva, xaZ r5
xal r4,5 6eivz. A. r6v xal r}yv xal rd zleiva: it wants the rest.
3 Demonstrative: as, 05r0g, this; éxeivog, he.
4. Relative: as, airrdg, himself; 3g, who.
~ 5. Possessive: as, é,udg, mine; 0dg, thine; 8g, ii, 8v, his
own; vwirepog, our; qowirepog, your; 1§,uérepog, our;
(1) I. '(2) Thou. (3) Of himself. (4) Some one.
Q
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 29
D,uérepog, 3/our; a¢érepog, their; which are all declined
like Adjectives in 0g: as, é,udg, mine; é,ui, é,uov; but
éxeivog, éxeimy, éxeivo ; /lurdg, at‘)?-I‘;, az')ra); and 0z')l'0g, nearly
in the same manner.
Sing. N. 05rog, this; zr51-q, r0510; G. r0érou, rai'n-ng,
1-o:')rou ; D. Toz'nwp, raéry, r0ér9» ; A. 'r05rm, raé1-qv, r05T0.
Dual N. A. V. roz':rw, raéra, r0z')rw ; G. D. r0¢3rozv, raz'
razv, roérozv.
Plural N. ohroz, ahraz, ra5ra; G. roz'rwv; D. roérozg,
raérazg, robrozg; A. Toéroug, raérag, ra5ra.
NOTE.—¢a5ra, these things, should be carefully distin
guished from rain-d (for rd az'rm‘), the same things.
"Darzg
Singular. Dual.
N. darzg, hug, 8, rz. N.
G. 01')rzvog, 1jwrrzvog, ohrzvog. A. “')T“1c; 6'T”e: “"”'"’e
D. girzvz, firzvz, aSrzvz. V.
A. dvuva, i‘/vrzva, 3, ‘H. G. } olvrzvozv, alvrzvozv,
V. darzg, firzg, 8, rz. D. -olrrzvozv.
And so on through the Plural, 3g and rk being distinctly
declined, as the Latin 1-espublioa.
NOTE.-—-For 05-mog and Jr:-M, the Attic writers used 3r00
and 6'-mp; and drra for 81-zva.
Dnrnomvn Pnonovns.
'E,u-aur05, -a0r17g, -auro5.
Sing. N. wanting. Gr. Xe-auroz3,* D. -aurgTa,-aur;";,'-aurg7.
'E~auro5, A. -aurdv,-aurfiv, -aurd.
The first two want both the Dual and Plural; but éaur06
has the same three cases in the Plural.
’* For ccuvrofi and éauvot, we meet, by the figure Grazia, oavrofi and
¢\'’r0\7, &e., throughout.
3*
30 GREEK RUDIMEN rs.
OF VERBS.
Verbs are either Personal, Impersonal, Transitive, or
Intransitive. '
There are three Voices: Active, Passive, and Middle.
The signification of the Active and Passive Voices is the
same as in Latin or English. The Middle Voice (which is
so called because it has a middle signification between Ac
tive and Passive) implies an action reflected on the agent
himself, and signifies what we do, first, to ourselves, secondly,
for ourselves. '
There are eight Tenses in the Active Voice, and nine in
the Passive: Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, First
and Second Futures, First and Second Indefinites, or Aor
ists; to which is added, in the Passive Voice, the Paulo
post Future. '
The tenses are, first, either Principal, viz., Present, Fu
ture, and Preterperfect, (but in the Passive Voice, Present,
Preterperfect, and Second Indefinite;) or secondly, Cog
nates, which are known from the formation.
There are five Moods: the Indicative-, Imperative, Opta
tive, Subjunctive, and Infinitive.
There are four Conjugations of Barytons, to which the
others can be easily reduced.
A Conjugation is distinguished by the formative letter or
characteristic: the characteristic of the Present Tense is the
letter preceding w or o,uaz, [M or ,uaz; the characteristic of
the Future and Perfect is the letter before the final vowel
of the Active Form. -
The characteristic of the Future distinguishes the Conju
gations of Barytons; the others, only‘ their own and the
Cognate Tenses.
NOTE.—Verbs might be conveniently divided into two
classes, viz., in w and in az; and those in w subdivided into
uneontracteol, commonly called Barytons, and contracted.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 31
CHARACTERISTICS.
Of the Pres. Of the Fat. Of the Perf.
1r rép1rw, rép</Iw, rérep¢a.
lat Conj /3 lei/9w, ¢ ,leigbw, so ,lé,lez¢a
s0 ypdsow, 7’pd¢"): yéyPa¢a.
1rr ré1rrw, L ré¢w, réru¢a.
x 1!:,léxw, r1rléEw, 1ré1rlqa.
y ,léyw, ,lél:‘w, ,lélqa.
2d Go1Jj. I ,ipélw, E [9péEw, l fiéfipqa.
0'0' dpéaaw, ' . B Y
W ‘,péfl_w, opu,-w, wpula.
r dvérw, (dvéaw, ijvuxa.
6 a1reézlw, a1reéaw, §'a7reuxa.
3d Gonj. 0 11lrj0w, 0' 1r/Maw, x 1ré11lnxa.
C ¢pdCw, ¢pdaw, 1ré¢paxa.
w pure riw, rimo, Lrérzxa.
,l ¢dl,lw, 1,/'al0~), €'g!/alxa
/1. vé,uw, V5/MT), vevé/rqxa.
4th Conj. v ¢aivw, (7< ¢awu, x 1régoapza.
p mreipw, ovrepw, éhr1rapxa
/w Té/ww, re,u(3, L rér/mxa. _
' ‘SINEINIGHHX13119
INDICATIVEPresent...........
Imperfect.........................lstFuture... 1stAorist.. Perfect Pluperfect........................
2dAorist....... 2dFuture........................
IMPERATIVEPres.andImp...
Perfect............................
1stAorist........................ 2dAorist.........................
OPTATIVEPres.andImp.1stFuture........ 1tAorist*.......................
Perfect............................
2dFuture........................
SUBJUNCTIVEPres.andImp..
1st
Perfect
Singular.Dual.Plural.
.
rum--w,-ezg,-ez,-erov,-erov,-o,rev,-ere,-o00z.
E'r011.‘r-ov,-eg,-8,-erov,-érnv,-o,uev,-ere,-ov.
ré¢-w,-ezg,-ez,-erov,-erov,-o/1.ev,-ere,-ouez.
é'ru¢-a,-ag,-e,-arov,-dr,yv,-a,uev,-are,-av.réTu¢-a,-ag,-e,-arov,-arov,-a,uev7-are,-a01.
érerz')¢-czv,-ezg,-€z,-ezrov,-eimv,-ez,uev,-ezre,-ewav.
é'tu1r-ov,-eg,-e,-erov,-émv,-o,uev,-ere,-ov.
r01-6,-eig,-ei,-eirov,-eirov,-oD,uev,-eire,-o501.
ré11r,-e,-érw,-erov,-érwv,-ere,-erwdav. reru¢,-e,-érw,-erov,-érwv,-ere,-érwaav.Té¢-ov,-drw,-arov,-drwv,-are,-drwaav.
ré1r,-e,-érw,&c.asthePer.rérupe.
ré1rr-oz,uz,-ozg,-oz,-ozrov,-oi1-qv,-oz,uev,-ozre,-ozev.ré¢-oquz,-ozg,-oz,-ozrov,-oirqv,-oz,uev,-ozre,-ozev.
ré¢-az,uz,-azg,-az,-azrov,~aimv,-az,uev,-arte,-azev.
rerép-oz/u,-ozg,-oz,&e.as1stFut.rz')</)0z,uz.Soalso2dA0r.rz'nroz/u.
ru1r-6z/1.z,-ozg,-oz,-ozrov,-oi:-gv,-oz,uev,-ozre,-ozev. rz511r-(a,-fig,-Z7,-nrov,-nrov,-w,uev,-nre,-waz.ré<//-w,77g,-77,-nrov,-1yrov,-w,uev,-1yre,-wow.
rerégo-w,77g,-y,&c.as1stAor.ré¢w.Soalso2dAor.rimw.
ACTIVEVOICE.
CONJUGATIONorBARYTONS.
5‘Eolieally,ritllu-a,-a;,‘4:.
Dual,ru\lueia-rov,-rnv.
Plural,rv!Pei-autv,-art,-nr.
umznx RUDTMENTS. 33
INFINIT. Pres. and Imp. ré1rr-ezv. 1st Fut. ré<//-ezv. 1st
Aor. ré¢-az. Perf. and Pluperffireru¢-évaz. 2d Fnt. and
2d Aor. ru1r-éiv.
PARTICIP. Pres. rz')1rr-wv, -omra, -ov. G. -ovrog, -oéang,
-ovrog. 1st Fut. ré1,//wv. 2d Fnt. rum7v. G. ofwrog, 0é0ng,
-05vr0g, &c.
1st Aor. ré1/J-ag, -aaa, -av. G. -avrog, -davyg, -avrog.
Perf. Part. reru¢-0ig.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
Singular. Dual.
N. rzfi1rr-wv, -omra, -ov. N. .
G. rz')11T-ovrog, -oéang, -ovrog. A. fl'”""0Y7€; 4700'“; WT‘
D. Té1rr-ovrz, -oé07;, -ov-n'. V.
A. ré1rr-ovra, -ouaav, -ov. G. }rO11r-6vrozv, -oéaazv,
V. ré1rr-wv, -ouaa, -ov. D. -O'VTOW.
Plural.
N. ré1rr-ovreg, -ouaaz, -ovra.
G. Té1rt-ovrwv, -oéawv, -ovrwv.
D. rz'nrr-o001, -oéovrzg, -o001.
A. ré1rr-ovrag, -ouaag, -ovra.
V. rz')1rr-ovreg, -ouaaz, -ovra.
In like manner decline rum)», the 2d Aor. Participle.
PERFECT PARTICIPLE.
Singular. Dual.
.re1-u¢-(bg, -uia, -dg.
. rerugu-6r0g, -uiag, -6rog. Tew¢‘"'"; ‘wa’ '0"
. reru¢-ora, -uiav, -6g- .}reru¢-6rozv, -uiazv,
-0T0lY
N N
G A
D. reru¢-orz, -uu_r, -orz. V
A G
V D. reru¢-(l0g, -uia, -6g.
34 GREEK RUDIMENTB.
Plural.
Teru¢-6reg, -uiaz, -6r¢.
reru¢-6rwv, -uu3v, -6r(n.
reru¢-601, -uiazg, -6m'.
>w.rs
. reru¢-6rag, -uiag, -6r(r.
V. reru¢-6reg, -uiaz, -6Ta.
Second Fut. Part. N. rumbv, 050a, 05v ; G. 05vrog, 0é07;g,
o5vrog, &0.
The Vocative of a Participle is the same as the
Nominative.
CONJUGATION THROUGH THE Moons AND Tnnsns.
Ind. ‘Imp. Optat. Subj.
rz'nrrw
é'ru1rrov
ré¢w Tz'¢ozyu Tz3¢leW
é'ru</1a rz'a<//ov ré¢az,uz ré¢w réglraz
réru¢a
q éreré¢ezv
é'ru1rov rd1re rz')1r0z,uz rz'11w rwreiv rumhv
rum? ru1roi,uz
I» ré1rre fl31rroz,uz ré1rrw ré1rrezv
} Téru¢e rerziqpoz,uz reré¢w reru¢évaz reru¢dm
Fut. 2.
The First Future of the Fourth Conjugation is varied as
the Second Future ro1r(T). Ex. a1repa7, mrepoi,uz, avrepeiv,
dfiep(iv.
FORMATION or THE TENSES.
The Present is the root.
The Imperfect is formed from the Present, by changing
w into ov, and prefixing the Augment: as, é'ru1rrov from
Té1rrw.
The Augment is twofold: Syllabic and Temporal. It is
prefixed to the Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, Paulo-post
Future, and to the First and Second Aorists in the Indica
tive Mood; in the other Moods, only to the Perfect and
Paulo-post Future.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. - 35
The Syllabic Augment is e prefixed to a Verb, when it
begins with a Consonant: as, ré1rrw, é’ru1rrov.
If a Verb begin with ,6, it is doubled after e in all the
Tenses which increase: as, ;§im-w, é',d/fmrov.
The Temporal Augment is n or w prefixed to a Verb in
stead of the initial Mutable Vowel.
The Mutable Vowels are a, e, 0, az, au, 0z; a and c are
changed into n, 0 into w, zof the Diphthongs being sub
scribed: as, dxoéw, ijxouov; épeuiw, iy'pz-rulov; ziZxiCw, fixzCov;
oZxiCw, q'ixzCov.
Some‘ Verbs beginning with e, take z after e for the Aug
ment: as, Elw, ellov; é'1rw, el1rov and el1ra, which preserves
the Augment through all the Moods.
If a Verb begin with an Immutable Vowel, it has no
Augment; the Immutable Vowels are n, z, 0, w, ez, eu, 00 :
as, flxw, fixov; obrd-Iw, odraCov, &c.
"Aw, dn0éaaw, derivatives of olvog, as, oZv6w, and a few
others, take no Augment. Eu is sometimes changed to.nu:
HS, efizo/1.az, 1]‘uZ6/nyv.
AUGMENTS or Gomponnns.
Compound Verbs have the Augment in the middle, if
they begin with a Preposition, or 621g, or eo before a Mutable
Vowel: as, xarayzv(baxw, xareyivwaxov ; zluaapearéw, 6umypém
reov ; eoepyeréw, elnypyéreov; with a few exceptions: as,
dp¢zafinréw, 1i,u¢zafin'reov, &c.
Pnnposrrrons IN COMPOSITION.
Prepositions ending with a Vowel, except 1rpé, 1repl, and
l,u¢i, lose their final Vowel before another Vowel: as,
i1ré,yw.
N0TE.—Tl1e 0 of 1rpd before e, generally coalesces with it,
and produces ou: as, 1rp0z')ru¢av.
The Verb dvotrw (compounded of dvd and olyw) has the
36 GREEK nunrmurrrs.
Augment sometimes at the beginning: as, 1st Aor. 1‘]vozEa,
John ix. 26; and sometimes between the Preposition and
the Verb (with the Attic e inserted): as, dvéqfa. John
ix. 30.
y before a Guttural: as, éyypd¢w.
,u before a Labial, or ,u: as, é,ufidllw.
l before another l: as, aul,la,ul9dvw.
v in composition
is changed into
and it is omitted before C : as, auCnrew.
The v is resumed, however, before the Augment: as, §;1.
fidllw, évéfiallov.
'Ex becomes éE before a Vowel : as, éfé¢epov.
P is doubled after a Vowel: as, dvappéw.
The First Future
Is formed from in the 1st, into ¢w: as, rz'm"rw, ré¢w.
the Present, by in the 2d, into Ew: as, ,léyw, M501.
changing the last in the 3d, into aw: as, z'x'6w, &'aw.
Syllable in each In the 4th, (i is circumflexed, and the
Conjugation :— penult made short: as, xpivw, xpm3.
The penult of the First Future of the Fourth Conjuga
tion is made short, either by omitting a second Consonant:
as, rs’,uvw, Te,u&6; or the second Vowel of a Diphthong: as,
¢aivw, ¢aw3 ; or by shortening a doubtful Vowel : as, xpiwu,
xpn4(7.
Many Verbs in Cw, take E in the Future and correspond
ing tenses: as, aTnpz'§(u, -Ew.
Some in mw, take 0'01: as, 1rpa'aaw (to sell), 1rpdaw, &<;.
When the characteristic of the Present is an Aspirate,
and that Aspirate is afterward lost, compensation is made
(when possible) by aspirating the initial of the tense where
the loss occurs: as, é'Zw, EEw; Tpéxw, Opéiw, &c. This com
pensation is possible in two cases, viz. when the Verb begins
with a smooth Mute, and when with an unaspirated Vowel.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 37
The First Aorist
Is formed from the First Future, by changing w into a,
and prefixing the Augment: as, rug!/w, é'ru¢a.
These five first Aorists do not assume the characteristic
Of the First Future: é'0nxa, é'60ma, fixa, el1ra, and ijveyxa.
"E0nxa, éiiwxa, and fixa are formed from the Perfect In
dicative; el1ra and ijveyxa from the Present.
The penult of the let Aorist in the Fourth Conjugation,
is always long; hence, a is changed into n, e into ez, and z
o1' u lengthened: as, </uillw, ¢ah7, §"(//nla; ,uévw, ,uev(3,
§',uezva ; xpivw, xpiviD, é'xp7va.
Some drop 0': as, léw, leéaw, lst Aorist Elea in place of
exeuaa.
The Perfect
Is formed from the First Future, by prefixing the Redu
plication, if the Verb begin with a single simple Consonant,
except p, and changing in the
1st Conjugation, glue into ¢a ;
2d E0) into l0z ;
3d aw into xa ;
4th (? into xa; and (7) into nxa.
Dissyllables of the Fourth Conjugation change e of the
Future into a: as, arel6, é'o-ralxa. But e of the Future in
/ufi is retained: as, veyu3, vevé/mpxa.
Dissyllables in eivw, ivw, évw, omit v of the Future in the
Preterperfect: as, xpzva3, xéxpzxa ; the rest change v into y:
as, ¢av(i, 11é¢ayxa.
Reduplication takes place in the Perfect, when the "crb
begins with a single simple Consonant (except p): as, re
rugoa 5 with a Mute before a Liquid (except yv): as, yéypa¢a
from ypd<pw; or with ,uv: as, ,uvdo,uaz, ,ué,uvv,uaz.
No'rE.—-The Smooth Mute is used instead of the Aspi
rate, as, ¢pdCw, ¢pdaw, 1ré¢paxa, to prevent two syllables
4
38 GREEK nunrmmvrs.
coming together, commencing with Aspirates. There will
be no reduplication when a Verb begins with yv, or with two
Consonants, not a Mute before a Liquid (except ,uv): as.
ovreé6w; or a double Consonant: as, Cdw; in which cases
the Syllabic Augment men-iy is prefixed: as, é'a1reuxa, é'Cvxa.
K is sometimes cast away and the penult shortened : as,
yéy1pza, yéyaa.
The Pluperfect
Is formed from the Perfect, by changing a into ezv, and
prefixing the Syllabic Augment, if there be a Reduplica
tion: as, réru¢a, éreré¢ezv.
The Second Aorist
Is sometimes the same as the Imperfect: as, Erpa¢ov;
but when the penult of the Present is long, that penult
must be shortened to form the 2d Aorist: as, rz'mrw, é'ru1rov.
The penult is shortened in Consonants, generally by the
omission of the latter Consonant: as, ré1rrw, é'ru1rov; ¢d,llw,
é'¢'a).0vs "
(n bj0w, é'la0ov.
U) , ll) 51' a oI‘.
in Vowels by J az mm a: as’ ;!;‘:'i:1),,é'¢:vo7;.
changing au 1raéw, é'1ra0v.
[es into L: as, lezhrw, é’/lz1rov. I
eu into u: as, gpeéyw, é'gouyov.
Ez in Dissyllables of the Founth Conjugation, is changed
- into a: as, am.-ez'pw, é'anapov; in Trissyllables into e: as,
‘6gnefiw, (b¢elov.
The penult is changed into a: as, rpé1rw, é'rpa1rov; except
é',leyov, E-'¢,leyov, é'fi,le1rov, é’rexov.
Verbs in Cw, mm, and rrw, if they have the First Future
in Ew, have the 2d Aorist in yov: as, rdrrw or rdtmw, rdEw,
é'rayov; but those having the Future in nu), have the 2d
Aorist in (lov: as, ¢paCw, ¢pdaw, é'¢pa6ov.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 39
The 2d Aorist aifords an additional illustration of the
Aspirate being changed into the Smooth Mute, when an
other Aspirate commences the following syllable: as, 0d1rrw,
é'Ta¢0v, not é'0a¢ov.
Some, instead of 11', the smooth Consonant of the Theme,
assume, first, the middle fi: as, $7?lnfiov, é'xpufiov; from
fild1rrw, lpz'nrrga: secondly, the Aspirate ¢: as, 2}¢ov, é'fia¢uv;
from &'1rrw, fidm-w.
Verbs ending in to pure, generally want the 2d Aorist and
Future, and also the Perfect Middle.
The Second Future
Is formed from the 2d Aorist, by changing ov into (B cir
cumfiexed, and omitting the Augment: as, é'rwrov, rumfl.
The second and third Persons Singular in the Subjunctive
Mood of every Verb Active, and the second Person Singular
of Tenses in gaz, have z subscribed to the final letters, 91,2, 9.
The Verb eZ,u2, to be
INDICATIVE M001).
Present Tense.
S. eZ,ul, eig or e1, Ear1'.
D. éardv, éwr6v.
P. éa,ue‘v, éaré, eZai.
Imperfect.
8. iv, fig Or 5000., i 0r iv.
D. — firov, ‘P/"rnv.
P.§,uev, ire, fiaav.
Fziture
S. é'ao,uaz, é'a-7;, é'oe-raz.
D. 5a6yu0ov, é'aea0ov, é'aeaflov.
P. éaéyw0a, 3a-e00e, i:'aovra:.
40 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
Frsrs-
W37-
‘:rs5-
'rd_e.w
Plupcrfect.
tree 5% tw
. '3y',ue00v, ;]a00v, iy'a0rp.
if,ue0a, 1701%, a7vr0.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect.
7z10z, é'a0z, or é'00, é'arw. ,
éarov,
..eare,
or
€0'T(l).
OPTATIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfizct.
einv, eing, ein.
einrov, eZfimv.
ei’n/)ev, einre, einaav or elev.
Future.
éa0(/.nyv, 5a0z0, é'aozro.
. éo1n',ue0ov, é'aoza0ov, éaoia0nv.
§am',ue0a, é'aoza0e, é'aozvro.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfizct.
J’; 5%77rov, firov.
Ja,uev, fire, (haz.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect.
chaiz.
Future.
é'aea0az.
é'arwaav or E'arwv.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 4]
PARTICIPLES.
Present.
N. 05v, uzlaa, 5v.
G. dvrog, ofiowg, dvrog.
Future.
N. é1r6,uevog, §aopév1y, §‘6/t€W)Y
G. éao,uévou, éao,ue‘mqg,. §0'0/tevou
CONJUGATION THROUGH THE MOODS AND TENSES.
Imper.
Pres. eZ,ul {7a0z,é'a0z,
Imp. iv or 360.
Fut. 5170,uaz
Plup. ij,unv
El,uz, to go.
INDIOATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. ehu, elg 01' e7, elaz.
D. 7r09, 7r0v.
P. Z',uev, 2're, 570z, 70z, or 7am.
Impe)fect.
S. elv, ek, e7.
D. —- Yrov, 1'r1yv.
P. 7,uev, 7re,' . Yaav.
4’
GREEK RUDIMENTS
2
27-8zv,
i-eg,uev,
.*=1:::.w
Toy1.ev,
Plupe’fect.
-ezg,
-errov,
-ezre,
Second Aorist.
kg,
Ierov,
Tere,
‘ez.
-etmv.
-ewam
Ir-fmv
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
u.e
W55-m
Present.
70z or el,
irov,
ire,
Second Aorist.
ie,
Tera11,
iere,
OPTATIVE MOOD.
Second Aorist.
irw -
Ira»
Yrwauv.
Zérw.
Itr0w.
Iérwaav.
i'oz'ngv
i'oz:11.
GREEK BUDIMENTS. 43
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Second Aorist.
8. far, 71)g,
D. _ Ivrov,
P. T0mev Mre,
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present.
efvaz.
PARTICIPLE.
Second Aorist.
I(bv, Zofiau, iév.
MIDDLE VOICE.
INDIGATIVE MOOD.
Peqfect.
S. eh, dag,
D. ehrov,
P efamv, dare,
' Plaqm-fact.
S. flew, iezq,
D. _ iezrov,
P {z==#=~, am,film’, 5";
fnrom
7100:.
e1e.
elarov.
dam.
ieimv.
jézw, or
i0av.
' 'SlNiIWI(Ifl'HHHLIHO
PASSIVEVOICE.
Singular.Dual.Plural.INDIO.Pres...r|')1r'r-0yraz-1;-eraz-6,ue0ov.-ea0ov-ed0ov6,ue0a-eo'0e-ovrazImperfect.....éfl)1I'Z'-6/m11-ou-ero-6,ue0ov-e000v-ér0nv0',ue6'a-ea0e-ovro
Perfect..réru-/r,uaz-r/Iaz-maz-,u/4e901!-¢0ov-¢00v-,u,u/s0a-¢0e-,u,uév0zeZal
Pluperfect.....éreré-llyWv-¢0-1rr0-/r,ue0ov-¢0ov-¢0nv-,u,u£0a-¢0er2ru,u,uévozJaav
Paulo-p.F.ren';¢-oy1.az--eraz-6,1.e0ov-eatiov~ea00v6,ue0a-e00c-ovraz1stAoristéré¢0-nvqg-1;-nrov-1fmv-n,uev-nre-mrav
Soalso2dAor.@11')1r-nv,&c.Fut.1.r0¢0-n'ao,u.az.Fut.2.T01?-1;'a0/1.dzasPaulo-postFut.
IMPER.Pres...ré1rr-ou-éa0ao'
-ea0ov-éa0wv-em9e-éa0wdavPerfect.........réru.¢o-990w-¢0ov-gaflwv-¢0e-¢0waav1stAorist.....ré¢0-1yrz-firw--prov-1jrwv-nre-1jrwaav2dAorist......ré1r-n0z-firw-nrov-rjrwv-nre-1jrwaav
OPT.Pres......ruut-oiy1.niI-oz0-ozro-oi/1.e0ov-ow0ov-oia0nv-oz'/re0a-oz019e-ozvro
Perfect.........reru,u,11.-évogelnveingei'n-évwelnroveZrjr/}v-évozeingevelnree7naav
Paulo-p.reru¢-oz'/mv-ow-ozro-oipe0ov-om0ov-u'za¢‘h]v-oz',ue0a-om0e-ozvro
1stAorist.....ru¢0-ebyv-eing-ein-einrov-ezfirnv-ein,uev-einre-einovrv
So2dAorist,ru1r-eip.Fut.1.ru¢0na0z',unv,andFut.2.rumya0z',unv,asPaulo-postFut.
SUB.Pres..rétrr-w,uaz-q-7yraz-w/re0ov-na0ov-n000v-ui,ue0a-na0e-wvraz
Perfect........reru,u,u-évog(I195-évw77r0vfirov-évoz(3,uevire(501'
1stAorist.rugo0-0")g-,1]-7r0v-firov(7y1.ev-17re-(30'z
So2dAorist,ru1r-q“1-Zg,Z,&c.
4
Q\
I
GREEK BUDIMENTB. 45
if i— —— —'—--_,--,_’-___—.-_-__
INFINITIVE Pres. rd1rréa0a¢; Perfect, Teré¢0az.
Paulo-post Fut. rerz')</I-ea0az.
1st Aor. ru¢0 ~ 15$ Fm; ru¢0 .
2d Aor. ro1r } -Waz {2d Fut. run } -vawoa"
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. ru1rr6,u.e
Perf. reru,u,ué- °
Paulo-post Fut..reru¢d,ue- Nom' ‘V09 ‘"7’ ‘V011
lst F1“. ru¢01ya6/Ee- Gen‘ ‘WU; “”y'*-1 ‘V00; 850‘
2d Fut. ru1rna6,ue
1st Xor. 'ru¢0- } Nom. -'g, -eida, -év.
2d Aor. ru1r- Gen. -évrog, -ez'ang, 4vr0g, &c.
O
Conaucmrroy nmoucn THE Moons AND TENSES.
Indie. Imp. Optat. Sub. Infin.
Pres. 113111-o/sac ,' 0
Imper‘ éTu1TT-d,r"iv } -ou -oz.n;v -w/ran -ea az
Perf. Téru-,uyuu -,u,u€v0g TPluper. éreré-,uymv } - ho { é'arp -,u,uévogw ‘Spam ‘
Paulo-p. F. Teré¢-o,uaz -oz'ymv -ee'0az
1st Ao12- érz')go-011v -0nrz -0e[nv -05 -(hjvaz
1st Fut. T0¢-01]'ao,uaz -O1yaof/mv -0>y'aea0az
2d Aor. 5113n-1yv ->y0z -ez“,yv -07 -Zvaz
2d Fut. ré11-fiqo,uaz -naoz';nyv -fiaea0az
Part. Pres. rum6,uevog. Perf. -m-u,u,uévog. Paulo-post
Fut. reru¢6pevog. 1st A0r. ru¢0eig. lst Fut. Tu¢0nG6
nevog. 2d Aor. ru1reig. 2d Fut. ru1rna6,uevog.
FORMATION 0E THE TENSES.
The Present \\/
Is formed from the Present Active, by changing (» into
o,uaz: as, ré1rrw, ré1rr0,uaz.
46 GREEK nniarmmvrs.
‘ The ImperfectIs formed from the Imperfect Active, by changing v into
mgv: as, éru1rrov, éru1rrd,myv. ‘
The Perfect
Is formed from the Perfect Active, by changing in the
lat Con-,_ Wv{ pure into meaz: as, réru¢a, reru,u,uaz.
impure into ,uaz: as, rérepgpu, rérepuaz.
2d Conj. la into y,uaz: as, ,lé,lepez, ,1é,ley,uhz.
3d Conj. xa into 0/mz: as, 1ré1tenza, 1ré1reza;u.az.
4th Conj. x0z into ,uaz: as, é'¢a,lxa, é‘¢a/tuaz. - .
Verbs of the 3d Conjuga‘n, in (o pure, change xa into
paz, if the penult of the Active Perfect be long: as, lé/louxa,
lé/l0u,u.az. .
Some Verbs in w pure form the Perfect
First, in agaz, when the penultimate is long: as, ijxouxa,
ty'xoua,u.az ; so also, mleéw, xpoéw, 1raz'w, ae!w,‘&c.
Secondly, in ,uaz, when the penultimate is short or doubt
ful: as, ijpoxa, >‘y'po,uaz; so also (9é01, ,low, dpdw, 11-ezpdw, &c.
Thirdly, in (7/4az and ,uaz: as, xéx,lema, xéxleza,uaz, and
xéx,lu,uaz. ‘
Dissyllables, whose first syllables include rpe, change e
into at as, arpé¢w, é'mpe¢a, é'arpa,u,uaz. But they resume
it in the 1st Aorist: as, tarpé¢01yv.
Verbs in azva) and we; often form the Perfect in 0'/mz: as,
,uzaivw, y1.e,iiaa,uaz: ,uolévw, ,ue,u6,lua,uaz.
Of the Persons of the Perfect.
The Second Person Singular is formed from the first, by
changing the Consonants before az into the characteristic oi
the First Future Active: as, rérup,uaz, réru¢az. In the 4tl
Conjugation, ,u is sometimes changed into a : as, é‘o-1rap,um.
é'axapaaz.
GREEK nonmnnrs. 47
The Third Person Singular is formed from the second,
by changing 0' into r: as, é'a1.-apaaz, é'a1ray2raz; réru¢az,
-rérmrraz. '
The Second and Third Persons Dual, and the Second
Person Plural, are formed from the Third Person Singular,
by changing the smooth Mutes into their Aspirates: as,
rérum-az, réru¢00v, réru¢0e.
In the Imperative Mood, the Second Person Singular is
formed from the Second Person Singular of the Indicative,
by changing az into 0: as, rs‘rut/laz, réru¢0. The Third
Person is formed from the Second Person Phrral of the In
dicative, by changing e‘ into 0n as, réru'¢0-e, rerz')go0-w.
The Optative and Subjunctive are most frequently formed
from the Participle, and ehv, 55. But if the Perfect Indica
tive ends in ,uaz pure, it is changed into ,up in the Optative;
and in the Subjunctive ,um, with the preceding Vowel, into
e7,naz: as, re1'z',Im,uaz, rerz/41f,unv, rerz,u0"a,uaz.
The Third Person Plural is formed from the Third Person
Singular, ending in raz pure, by placing v before raz: as,
xéxpu-az, x€xpzv-raz. But if the Third Person Singular ends
in raz impure, the Third Person Plural is formed from the
Participle and the Third Person Plural of the Verb eZ,u?:
as, rérum-az, TeTu/l.,:l-4V0z eZn'.
The Infinitive is formed by changing s of the Second Per
son Plural Indicative into cu: as, réru¢0-e, réru¢0-az.
The Pln_perfeet.
Is formed from the First Person Singular of the Perfect,
by changing pou into pnv, and prefixing e, if the Verb begin
with a Consonant: as, réru,u/mz, érerfru,nyv.
The Paul0~_p0st Future
Is formed from the Second Person Singular of the Perfect,
by inserting 0,u before az: as, réru¢az, rerz')gl/0,uaz.
48 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
The Paulo-post Future may also be formed from the First
Future Middle, by prefixing the Reduplication, if the Verb
admit it: as, rz'¢Io,uaz, reré¢o,uaz.
This Tense is never found in Verbs of the Fourth Conju
gation, or which have the Temporal Augment.
The First Aorist
Is formed from the Third Person Singular of the Perfect,
by dropping the Consonant of the Reduplication, changing
r0n into 0nv, and the preceding smooth Mute into its Aspi
rate : as, réru1rraz, §rz§g00nv.
Three Verbs assume a: as, é'fifiwraz, é,t,6(ba0m ; ,ué,uwyraz,
é,uvrja0yv; 1ré1r/hqraz, é1rlfia01qv. But aéawarar drops the 0':
as, éaui01gv.
The First Future
Is formed from the First Aorist by changing v into ao,uaz,
and dropping the Augment: as, éré¢0nv, Tugp0n'a0,uaz.
The Second Aorist
Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by changing
0v into nv: as, é'ru1rov, éré1r1gv.
No Second Aorist occurs in anv, 0nv, npv, or from Verbs
in w pure, except éxdnv, é6dnv, é,6,6(nyv, é¢imv.
The Second Future
Is formed from the Second Aorist, by changing v into
aopuu, and dropping the Augment: as, éré1mv, rumy'aqoaz.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. . 49
MIDDLE VOICE.
Comuosrrou THROUGH THE Moons nun Tnusns.
ré1rr-o,4az
Imper. €Tu1rT-(iymv l
1 Fut. fl')¢-o,uaz
1 Aor. §Tu¢-a',myv
Perf. réru1r-a
Pluper. éreré1r-ezv i
2 Aor. éru1r-6/mv
2 Fut. ru1r-o5,uaz
-eTa0az -oé,uevog
The Tenses of the Middle Voice are varied after the forms
of the Active and Passive Voices, according to their re
spective terminations.
FORMATION OF THE TENSES.
The Present and Imperfect
Are the same as the Passive.
The Perfect
Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by prefixing
the Reduplication, and changing ov into a: as, é'rmrov,
réru1ra.
In Dissyllables, if the Second Aorist has a in the pe
nultimate, when the Present has e or ez, the a is changed
into 0 in the Perfect Middle: as, 1rléxw, é'1rlaxov, mf1rloxa;
a1rez'pw, é'amrpov, é'a1ropa: but when the penultimate of the
Present is 1q or az, it is changed into n: as, lfi0w, é',la0ov,
)-éA1}0a; ¢aivw, é'qzavov, 1régpnva. 9d)J.w, é'0alov, makes T§
01qla; and xld{w, é'x,layev, makes xéxbyya.
5
50 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
If the Second Aorist has z in the penultimate, when the
Present has ez, z is changed into oz in the Perfect Middle:
as, e7601, i6ov, ol6a. .
The Plupcrfect
Is formed from the Perfect, by prefixing e, and changing
a into ezv: réru1ra, érerz'11ezv.
The First Aorist
Is formed from the First Aorist Active, by adding uqv:
as, é'w¢a, éru¢d/mv, which is varied through its Persons, as
follows :-—
INDICATIVE MOOD.
S. é-ru¢-zi,unv, -40,
D. -d,ue0ov, -aa0ov,
P. -d,ue0a, _ -aa0e,
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
S. —— ré¢-az,
D. —— -aa0ov,
P. —— -a0'0e,
D
OPTATIVE MOOD.
S. r0¢-az'/uqv, -ouo,
D. -(ll'[L€00V, -aza0ov,
P. -ai,ue0a, -aw0e,
The First Future
-ar0.
-da0nv.
-avro.
-da0w.
-da0wv.
-da0wauv.
-acro.
-aia01}v.
-am-o
Is formed from the First Future Active, by changing (o
into 0ymu: as, ré¢w, ré¢o,uaz; but in the Fourth Conjuga
lion into oi]/1.az: as, a1repa7, a1repo5,uaz.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 51
The Second Aorist
Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by changing v
into ,uqw: as,_ 5-T0110-v, §Tu1r-6,unv..
The Second Future‘
is formed from the Second Future Active, by changing (Z
into 05/mz: as, r07:6, r01r05/mz.
S. ru1ro5,uaz, r01$, ru1reiraz.
D. ruTr0z'),ue00v, ru1re7a0ov, 'w11eZa00v.
P. ru7roé,us19a, ru1r5ia0e, tu1r0Dvraz.
DEPONENT VERBS
May be properly called Defective Verbs, whose Active is
obsolete, and which want also some Tenses of ‘the Passive
and Middle Voices. \
SYNOPSIS or THE FORM or A DEPONENT VERB.
Indie. ‘ I-mp. Optat. (Sub. Infiu. PM
I-‘
‘ - 3‘ , ,Iggiserc } 6é/-(-ou -(Izymv -wywu e00az -o,uev0g
Perf. 6é6ey,uaz -y/,uévog -7’[i§- ‘Pluper. é6e6éy,uqvi M6e-E0 e237v i vogéli -lOaz -y/lédog
P.-p. Fut. 6e6éEo,uaz ' -o!,u1yv -ea0az -6,uevog
1 Aor. M. é6eEd/mv 6éi.--az -az'/mv -0q,uaz -aa0az -a,u.ev0¢;
'1 Fut. M. 6£E-o/1.az -0z/mv -ea0az -6,uevog
1 Aor. P. é6él0nv 6é;{0-nrz -'=-‘nyv -(3 Jv0n -eig
I1 Fut. P. 6qflvja-o,uazl -oz'ynyv -ea0az -6,uevog
Some Deponent Verbs have a Second Aorist Middle.
52 GREEK RUDIMENTS.\
The Conjugation of a Verb, in each Voice, is as fol
lows :—
Act. ré1rrw. Fut. 1. rz'n/1w.
Perf. rérup/zaz.
Fut. I. r(')¢0,uaz.
Fut. 1. 6éEo,uaz.
Perf. rérugpa.
Aor, 2. én'nrn.v.
Perf. rérwra.
Perf. 6é6ey,uaz.
Pass. rz'J1rro;1.az.
Mid. ré1rro,uaz.
Dep. 6élo,uaz.
Or Gonraaornn Vnnns.
Verbs of the Third Conjugation in -w, -ew, -ow, are con
tracted in the Present and Imperfect Tenses only.
CHARACTEIISTICS.
If a be followed by 0 or w, the contraction is made in w:
as, rz/uiw, -6; otherwise in a: as, Tz,udezg,‘-,ig.
If e be followed by another e, the contraction is made in
ez: as, gm',lee, -ez; if by 0, in 00: as, ¢z/léo/1.ev, -o5,uev; if by
any long quantity, the e is omitted: as, ¢z,léeg, -leig. _
If the o be followed by a short Vowel, the contraction is
made in ou: as, lpz')aoe, -ou; if by a long Vowel, in w: as,
lpua6w, -05; if by a diphthong, drop the first Vowel of the
diphthong: as, Zpua6ezg, -aok; except in the Present In
finitive Active, where, in place of oz, we meetyu : as,
lpuadezv, -ao5v.
l
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GREEK RUDIMENTS. 53
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54 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
CONJUGATION THROUGH THE MOODS AND TENSES.
' Indie. Imp.
ae, -a dozm, (,1~),M dw, -61 dezv, {iv ,
‘Pres. rz,u-dw, -'a7
Imper. ér[,r-aov, -ov i
Fat. 1. rz,u-fl'aw y'ooz,u.z
Aor. 1. éri,u-naa nauv n'aaz,uz
Perf. reri,u-nxa
Pluper. érerz,u-fixezv i
Aor. 2. é‘rz,I-ov - e oz,uz
Fut. 2. rz,u-(3 07,44z
Part. Pres. rz,u-dwv, -E». Fut. 1. Tz,u-rjawv. Aor. 1. rz,u-qkag.
Perf. rerqu-fix0ig. Aor. 2. rz,u-0iv. Fut. 2. rzo-a7v.
nxe rjxoz,uz
Indie. Imp. Optat. Sub. Infin.
Pres. gml-éw, -(3
Imper. é¢il-eov, -ouv i
Fut. 1. ¢zl-flaw fiaozyu 1joezv
Aor. 1. é¢i,l-vaa naov fio—azyu 1jaw 1701rz
Perf. 1re¢il-ma
Pluper. é1regozl-fixezu i
Aor. 2. é'¢z,l-ov e oz',uz eiv
Fut. 2. ¢zl-6 IoT/u ‘ ei11
Part. Pres. gozléwv, -(7v. Fut. 1. ¢zl-fiawv. Aor. 1. ¢z/l-fiaag.
Perf. 1re¢zl-nxaig. Aor. 2. ¢zl-0iv. Fut. 2. ¢zl-a7v.
ee, -ez éuz,uz, -0i/“ éw, -5 éezv, -eiv
nle n'xoz,uz jaw vxévaz
Indie. Imp. Optat. I Sub.
Pres. lpua-6w, -<53 . 6ezv, ouv
‘ Imper. .Zpua-oov, ouv
} oe, -ou 60z/u, -oI,M60), -(T)
daouu fl')aezv
0iaaz,uz 0'nrw (fiaaz
Fut. 1. lpua-(haw
.Aor 1. élpéa-waa um-ov
gfzger ::{;_(-”lZ7a:w } wxe 0ixoz,uz |.0ixw wxévaz
Part. Pres. .Z,|:ua-dzov, -E». Fut. 1. lpua-a'm-wv Aor. 1.
lpuvr-0'mag. Perf. xelpua-wxoig.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 55
PASSIVEVOICE.
Part.Pres.1.rz,u-ad0i.2.¢zl-ed3.1/pea00'013.}-051:0g-,uévn'-evov.
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I
56 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
CONJUGATION THROUGH THE Moons AND TENSES.
|~ Indie. Imp. Infin.
Pres' fl’u.-do-5-,‘uaz } dou -5 do: -w’ -/nyvldw -(3 de -6 1
Imper. §T[,u-ad-w-,u1;v ‘ ’ [_o_0m
Perf. 'rer[p.-n,uaz , ~ I- , } na0 271Jn-1 w/ta: 1a0az
Pluper. érerz,u nymv
P.-p. F. TeTII1-7y'0'oyIGz naoz'7njv 1jaea0az
Aor. 1. é'rz,u-fi0nv n'0nrz n0einv 0u7 1]017vGz
Fut. 1. rz/I-n01jao,uaz 1]0n00!,unv fl0fl'aea
Aor. 2. ST(,u-flV n0z e(1yv 5 fivaz.[0az
Fut. 2. Tz/t-1/'a0/Mu naoz',unv 1jaea0az
Part. Pres. rgu-ad-(6-,uevog. Perf. rerz/4-n,uéwg. P.-p. F.
rerz,u-fla6,uevog. Aor. l. rz/I-n0eig. Fut. 1. Tz,u-‘fl0)y0'6/tev0g.
Aor. 2. rz,u-eig. Fut. 2. Tz,u-fld6,ueVog.
Indie. Imp. I Optat.
Pres. ¢zl-éo-o?-,uaz
Imper. égoil-eo-u5-,unv
Sub. Infin.
} éou -offéoz -oz' -/mv é01, -0") ée -e7
Perf. 1re¢z'l-vyr.az .. [-y1.az . [-aam
Pluper. é1re¢zl-1}/nyv i Va0 WI”), w,uaz 7/a00“
I P.-p. F. 1regpz,l-1jao,uaz naui/nyv fiaea0az
Aor. 1. é¢il-fi0nv 1101ytz n0einv n0a7 n0fivaz
Fut. 1. on,l-n0n'a0,uaz ' nt9naoz'1.mv 'q01/'*aeo=
Aor. 2. E¢zl-nv ' n0z ei1yv (T) fivaz [Oaz
Fut. 2. ¢ul-fl'0'oy1.az naoz'/mv fiaea0az
Part. Pres. ¢ul-éo-ozi-,uevog. Perf. 1re¢z,l-n/tévog. P.-p. F.
1rs¢zl-1ya6,uevog. Aor. 1. gm,l-n0eig. Fut. 1. ¢£l-fl0fld6,ueV0g.
- Aor. 2. ¢zl-eig. Fut. 2. ozl—no'6,ueVog.
Indic. Imp. Optat. | Sub.
Infin.
Pres. lpua-60-05-,uaz. . 0'w -_7 6e - "
Imper. §Zpuao6-o0-/¢/iv ’ 0”}6ou -o5 60i -oi-,mv
Perf. xqpéa-w,uaz , , [-paz I Edam
Pluper. éxelpua-(6,urp4 i0m-0 w/WV w/mz 0m az
P.-p. F. x.-:lpua0iaoy1.az waof/mv éosoflaz
Ao!‘ 1. élpba-(601}V (601}tz w0einv w05 w0fivaz
Fut. 1., A/puaw0fiao,uaz w01ydoz',u1yv -e00az
Part. Pres. lpua-o6-ob,o.evog. Perf. xelpua-w,uévog. P.-p. F.
xelpua-wa6,uevog. Aor. 1. lpua-w0eig. Fut. 1. lpua
w0flad,uevog. ‘
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 57
MIDDLE VOICE.
CONJUGATION THROUGH THE Moons AND TENSES.
(The Present and Imperfect are the same as the Passive.)
Indie. Imp.
1 Fut. 'rz,u-fi0'0/uu naoi,unv fiaea0az
1 Aor. érz,u-1qad/up naaz naaz'/)1}v fiaw,uaz fiaaa0az
Perf. rérz,u-a ~ éPluper. éren',u-ezv } e -o”“ w - vaz
2 Aor. érz,u-6,myv 00 -oi/u]v -a7,uaz éa0az
2 Fut.-- rz,u-uD,uaz 0z'7mv eia0az
Part. Fut. 1. Tz,u-nad,uevog. Aor. 1. rz,u-1/ad,uevog. Perf.
Terz/4-l/3g. Aor. 2. rz,u-6,uev0g. Fut. 2. rz/;-oé,uevog.
Indie. Imp. Optat. Sub. i Infin.
r_
1 Fut. ¢zl-7'a0/raz n00(,u1}v v'0'ea0az
1 Aor. égoul-na0lpnyv fiaaz naa[,u1}v fiaw,uaz fiaaa0az
‘ Perf. 11é¢zl-a Z w é' Pluper. é1req>¢',l-ezv } e of“ mc
2 Aor. égpzl-6,unv 00 ot'ymv a7,uaz éa0az
2 Fut ¢zl-_:5,udz m'/mv eiafiaz
Part. I<’ut. 1. ¢zl-v0($,uev0g. Aor. 1. ¢zl-n0d,uev0g. Perf.
1re¢zl-0ig. Aor. 2. ¢d-6,uevog. Fut. 2. ¢zl-oé,uevog.
! I Indie. llmp. Optat. Sub. Infin.
1 Fut. 'lpu0'-0')o‘0,uaz w0'0z',wyv 030e000z
1 Aor. Iélpua-(uad/nyv 0iaaz w0'0u'/mv aimo,uaz 0i0aa0az
Part. Fut. 1. lpua-wa6,uevog. Aor. 1. lpua-m0'd,uev0g.
FORMATION or THE Tmvsns
In all the Voices. is the same as that of the Barytons;
but the First Future requires a long Vowel before aw :—
1. Except Verbs in aw, which have e or z, also l or p
pure, before aw, form the Future in aaw, and the Perfect in
axa: as, édw, édaw, eZ'axa.
58 . GREEK RUDIMENTS.
Some have the Future in aaw and naw (poetically).
2. Some Verbs in e01 form the Future in eaw, and the
Perfect in exa‘. as, re,léw.
Some have both terminations (poetically).
Some Dissyllables form the Future in euaw, and the Per
feet in e0xa: as, 0éw, 1r,léw, &c. '
3. Some in ow have, in the Future and Preterperfect, a
penultimate 0: as, dp6w, 6,u6w.
The 2d Aorist is formed from the Imperfect, by omitting
the Vowel before ov: as, éri,uaov, é'rz,u0v; -é¢uleov, é'¢zlov.
Of Verbs in ,uz.
Verbs in yu are formed from Verbs of the 3d Conjugation
of Barytons, in aw, ew, ow, and uw,
First, by prefixing the Reduplication with z.
Second, by changing the w into ,uz.
Third, by lengthening the penultimate.
Thus, from ardw is formed i'ar*q,uz.
0éw rz'0n,uz.
6601 —— 6z'6w,uz.
6ezxvéw 6eixvuyM.
l‘he Reduplication occurs only in the Present and Im
perfect.
When the first Consonant is repeated with z, it is called
the proper Reduplication : as, 66w, 6[6w,uz. '
If the Verb begin with a Vowel, with nr or ar, Aspirated
1 only is prefixed: as, 8w, Y1y,uz; 1rrdw, i’1rrn,nz, &c. This is
called the improper Reduplication. '
Some Verbs are without a Reduplication : as, ¢nyA, &c.
The Present, Imperfect, and 2d Aorist alone, are peculiar
to Verbs in ,uz; the other Tenses are regularly formed (with
some shades of exception) from Verbs in w pure: as, 6a'm-w,
6é6wxa, as if from 66w.
Verbs in ,uz have no 2d Future, Perfect Middle, or 241
Aorist Passive.
GREEK aumMENrs. 59
ACTIVE ‘ VOIQE.
[ _ 1. 'z'0,r-n7u -ng -n01 -a ': I-Zéa-) -601 I
E 2. ri0-n,u( -ng maz -e rov rov .»-,uey -re -ei01 .
D‘ 3. 6z3-wyu -wg-waz -o -o ) ‘ ‘.- -o50'z
_ 1. Yat-nv -ng -n -a -d -u‘ 1'
E‘ 2. érz'0~nv -ng -n -e rov -é -rqv -e ‘-pév re
H {E}. E6z3-wv -wg -w -o -6 -o [-0'r;i’
oi 1- E"UT1IY -vs -n -v -11' -n
.: 2. é'0-flv -ng -n -e Tov -é 1-qv -e -,uev -re
2 3. $6-wv -wg -w -o -6 -o E-aav
:5. 1. 70'r-a0z -d
>3 2. rz'0-erz -e rw -rov, -rw11 re, rwaav .
.5: 13. 6i6-o0z -o'} '
2 Aor. 0"r-70z -1jrw, &c. 2. 0-ég -érw, &c. 3. 6-6g, -6rw
.: IaTaz-nv n -"ev
Q: rz0e!-1,11 1;g -n -3r011 -1jrnv 1} ,uev -te -aav and -‘ev
8 6z60[-1iv n -"ev
2 A
E
:1
Q
(/1
Or. 1. 0'----az'1yv -aing. 2. 0ebyv -eing. 3. 6oinv-oing, &c.
1. Z0'r-(3-iig-(Ii -d -6.
2. r10-(7-fig-fi -Z rov -rov -('5,uev -7 -re -650'z
{3. 6z6-(T)-(II)g-(P -(T) } -(a }
2 Aor. 1. am?) -fig, &e. 2. 0i -jg, &e. 3. 607 -(,7g, &c.
INFIN. Pres. 1. Iar -dvaz. 2. Tz0 -évaz. 3. 6z6 -6vaz.
Ao1‘. 2. 0'T-fivaz, 0e2,vaz, 605gaz.
Present Participle.
1. I01--a‘g, -eiaa, -dv. G. a"vrog, -dzmg, -zivrog. So Aor. 2. 0"tdg.
2. rz0-elg, -eiaa, -év. G. éW0g, -eimyg, -évrog. So Aor. 2. 0ez'g.
3. 6z6-obg,-o50a,-6v. G. 6vrog, ~oémyg,-6vrog. So Aor. 2. 60ég.
FORMATION or THE Trmsns.
The Imperfect
Is formed from the Present, by prefixing the Augment
(if the Verb begin with a simple Consonant), and changing
11z into v: as, ri19n,uz, érz'0nv; but Z0"n],uz makes Y0-nyv.
The Persons of the Imperfect are seldom used; these 3d
Persons Singular, 'Iany and éi-z'0n, however, are met with.
The Singular Number, and the 3d Person Plural, are fre
quently formed as if from the Contracts I0rdw, rz0e10, 6z660).
60 GREEK arrnrmsnrs.
1. Yarwv -zrg -a -wv. én-.'0ouv -ezg ~ez -00v. 3. é6fiiouv
_ _ .-00; -ou -o1».
So also‘the'2d Person Sing. of the Imperative: as, Yara,
-rz'0ez, 66605.’ -
1 - L The Second Aorist
I-cs formed from the Imperfect, by omitting the Redupli
cation: as, éri01p, é'0nv, T1qv, fiv ; or by changing the improper
Reduplication z into the Augment: as, Yarnv, é'arnv.
If the Verb have no Reduplication, the Second Aorist is
the same as the Imperfect: as, ¢n,ul, é’¢nv.
The other Tenses are formed from the Present of the
Barytons, regularly: as, ardw, o"ny'aw, é‘anqxa.
CONJUGATION THROUGH THE Moons AND Tnnsns.
—v
Imp.'Optat. Sub. Infin.
Indie.
Pres. in--n,uz }
Imper. Yo-r-nv \
Fut. 1. ar-ajaw
Aor. 1. Ear-naa
Perf. -. Ear-ma }
Pluper. Ear-fixezv
Aor. 2. é’ar-ryv
:10: ainv 6
n'aoz,uz
ioov n'aaz,uz rjaw
1pzr-: fixoz,uz 1jxw
50z ainv w
Imper. i i e5)” (7’ évaz elg
Fm‘ 1' 0,7,a” "I'm"/H fiaezv rjqwv
Aor. 1.
Perf.
Pluper.
Aor. 2.
Pres. 6z60i,uz }
Imper. e6izl-wv
Fut. 1. 60i-aw o'moz,uz
Aor. 1. 5'6w-xa
Perf. M6-wxa
Pluper. é6e6u3xeo» i
Aor. 2. 36-wv og oinv
é'0-nxa
réll-ezxa
ére0ezxezv i
é0-nv
ezxe eixez/M eixw ezxévaz euubg
0ég ebyv (7 chaz eig.
00z o:'nv
wae , uixoz/iz
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 61
______________1
PASSIVEVOICE.
_Singular.Dual.
''z'0T-a,uaza0azoryarazd,ue00v0000v
INDIC.Pres...rz'0-e,uaze00zoryerazé,ue0011c00011
6z0-0,uaz000z0r0z6,ue0ov0000vIar-1iymvmmorinaT0a71e00v000014
Imperfect.....é1'z0-é,:1.nve00or00emé,ue00ve00nv
é6zfi-o',unv000or000r06,ue00v000011
1'0T000orwd000;0000v
IMPER.Pres.rz'0e00or00é00we000v
056000or00000w'000011
I0T-az',uvvam0zr0az',ue00vaz000v
OPT.Pres.....rz0-ez',unvez0ezroez';ie00vez00ov
6z8-o£'/mv0z00zr00z',ue00v0z001)11
SoPerfect1..é0'rzM'/)nv,am,&e.2..'re0ez',unv.3.6e0'0z',unv.
1ar-0110z05.r0z03,ue00v60000
SUB.Pres.....rz0-:T1,uazI?)fir0z0i71,e00vZ000v
6z0-(7,0(rz‘,7(3r0z¢:i/:e0ov(B000v
SoPerfect1.é0r-5,u0z,0,&c.2.re0-(D,u0z.3.0a6-:T),uaz.Infin.1.Yar-a00az.2.r:'0-e00az.3.6z13-o000z.Part.Pres.1.Z01-d,uevog.
___-___~_~______________~“_____%______‘_~~__
2.rr0-é,rev0;.
3.0c66-/:evoq.
0E00n1¢é00nv
6001qv
d00wvéa0wv
600wv
az'00nvez'00nv
0z'00nv
(1000v
e000v
0000v
600011
$000v
(B000v
Plural.
d,ue0a000eé,ue00e00:-:
0,ue0a000ed,ue0aa00eé,ue00.e00e
6,ue00000e
000e
e00e
000e
az',ue0aaz00eez',ue0aez00eo:',ue0a0z00e0i,ue00600e
03,ue0a1700e0i,::e0au300e
avrazovmzovrazavroewo0vr0
d00w0avé00w00zv
000w000
0z100~ezvw
0zvr0ibvraz
Jwrazdiv-:-0z
62 GREEK BUDIMEM’-s-.~
CONJUGATION THROUGH THE Moons AND Tmzsns.
Indie. |Imp.-lOptat. Sub. Infin. ]Pm.]
Pres. Yar-a,u.az
Imper. Io-r-dymv
Perf. EaT-a.uaz
Pluper. éar-dymv }
P.-p. F. éo'Tda-u,uaz
A01’. 1. 50'r-d0nv d0nfl
1rra0n'a-o/1.az
} aao ai/up &,uaz a00az 4d,uev0g
ao'o ai,unv IT),uaz dafiaz ay.t-S40g
0£p.nv ea0az 6,uevog
a0eiyv a6‘(D 0017-1az I a0eig
oi,uqv I ea0az 6/4ev0;
Pres. ri0-e,uaz do , . az 0 5 _Imper. éfl0-€/”}v } s ez,unv w,u ea az ,uev0g
£;:fp'er} euro e‘z'/mv a7,uaz eia0az eguévog
. . . re0eia-0/Taz 0!ymv ea0az 0',1.e110g
Aor. 1. ér-é0vv E50ntz e0ez'nv e0a7 e0nvaz e0eig
Fut. 1. re0fia-0/Taz ' oz',Lmv ea'0az 6,u.evog
Pres. 6(6-o,uaz
Imper. é'6z6-()'/mv }
Perf. 6€6—o,uaz
Pluper. E6e6-6ymv }
oao 0z'/mv o'a0az 6,ievo
oao oz'/up 6a0az 6/r9og
INI
I
P.-p. F. 6e66a-o,mz oz'/up ea0az 6/uvog
Aor. 1.‘ é6-o0nv 60nrz o0ei1p o0fivaz 00e1g
I Fut. 1. 6o01ja-0,uaz 0i/mv ca0az 6,uevog
FORMATION 01’ THE Tnnsns.
The Present
Is formed from the Present Active, by changing /u into
,uaz, and the long penultimate Vowel into its correspondent
short one: as, Ya1-q,uz,Yara,uaz; ri0n,uz, rz'0e,uaz ; except &'n/mz,
and some others.
The Impeq/'ect
Is formed from the Present, by changing ,uaz into ,unv, and
prefixing the Augment: as, ri0e,uaz, érz0é,uvv.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 63
The other Tenses are formed after the manner of the
Barytons: the Perfect has the penultimate short, except
ré0ez,uaz, poetically; which, however, is made short in the
1st Aorist, éréthpv.
MIDDLE VOICE.
IND. Aor. 2.—1. éar-zi,u1yv, -mm or -w, &¢., as Eardymv.
2. é0-é,unv, -eaw or -o0, &c., as érz0é,u>yv. 3. éz)-6,u'r}v, -o00 or
-00, as E6z66/rgv.
IMPERAT. Aor. 2.—1. o"ra'0'0, as Yaraa0. 2. 0é0-0 or 005,
as rz'0eao. 3. 6600 or 605, as 8:30a0. '
OPT. Aor. 2—1. o"raz'/mv, as lo"rai,u1yv. 2. 0ez'/rqv, as Tz
-0ez'/mv. 3. fiuzjunv, as 6u3oz'/rqv.
So in SUB. Aor. 2.——1. ar(T),uaz. 2. 0a7,uaz. 3. 6(5,uaz, &c.
CONJUGATIQN zrmmnon THE Moons AND Tmwsss.
(The Present and Imperfect are the same as the Passive.)
Indie. Imp. Optat. Sub? I1ifin.H I)art.-'
Fut. 1. 0'T-'q'0'0[)llz
Aor. 1. éar-na(i,unv fionz
I Aor. 2. 50't-d/mv dao
no1n',unv )7'0'e0'0az nad,uev0g
naaz',myv fl'a(o/)a£ >y'aaa0az1pad/nvog
afiunv 5,TJ1.z da0az dpevog
I Fat. 1. 0-v'ao,uaz I Inaoi7nyv I fiaea0az -901‘,uevog
‘ Aor. 1. é0-mui,nyv, not used farther. -
Aor. 2. é0-éymv Iéao Iezjunv I0"),uaz éa0az Ié,uevog
Fut. 1.
Aor. 1.
Aor. 2.
6-0iao/).az I Iwaoz',u1p I uiaea0az wa6,uevog
é'6~wxd,u7v, not used farther.
é6-6yup ' I60'0 Iui/mv |(7,u(u 600az 6,uev0g
I
The Second Aorist
Is formed from the Imperfect, by omitting the Redupli
nation: as, §rz0é/mv, £0é/mv.
64 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
Verbs in 0,uz
Are formed from Verbs in uw, by changing w into yu: as,
6ezxvu,uz from 6ezxvéw; Cééyvu,uz from Ccurvéw.
Verbs in u,uz have neither Reduplication, nor Optative,
or Subjunctive Mood; and when they have a 2d Aorist,
it is the same as the Imperfect.
ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. Ceégw-u,uz, -ug, -u(1z.
D. -urov, -urov.
P. Ceéyv-u,uev, -ure, -Baz
Impevfect.
‘S. éCeérv-uv, -ug, -u.
D. -urov, -z'.)r7qV.
P. éCe()7v-u,ucV; -ure, -umrv.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. —— Ceéyv-uflz, -(rw.
D. —— Ceéyv-urov, -urwv
P. —— ' Ceéyv-ure, -urwaav.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Present. Present.
Ceuyv-évaz. N. Ceuyv-bg, -Eaa, -5».
G. Ceuyv-évrog, -éang, -évrog, &c.
GREEK rwmmnurs. 65
PASSIVE VOICE.
INDIOATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. Ce13yv-u/1.az, -umrz, -uraz.
D. Ceuyv-z§,ue0ov, -ua0ov, -ua0ov.
P. Ceuyv-z';/rel9a, -u1r0e, -uvraz.
Imper;/ect.
S. éCeuyv-éymv, -u00, -010.
D. éCeuyv-é,ue0ov, -ua0ov, -ua0qv.
P. éCeuyw-z'),ue0a, -000e, -uvro
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present.
8. _ Ceéyv-uao, -ua0w.
D. _ Ceéyv-0000», -ua0wv.
P. -—- Ceéyv-ua0e, -ua0w0av.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Present. Present.
Cez§yw-ua0az. Ceuyv-é,uev-og, -n, -ov.
CONJUGATION THROUGH THE Moons AND Trmsns.
Indie.
Ceéyv-u,uz
éCeéyv-uv
Ceéyv-u,uaz
éCeuyv-z3/rqv
Of Irregular Verbs in ,uz.
There are three Conjugations of Irregular Verbs in ,uz,
each of which contains three Verbs.
6*
66 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
From é'w are derived,
1. eZ,ul, to be; eT/u and i’n/u, to go.
2. Yn/u, to send; 1'f,uac, to sit; el,uaz, to clothe one's self.
3. xefpaz, to lie down; 7my,uz, to know; qnypd, to say.
FIRST OONJUGATION.
E?,ul, to be, and e7,14z, to go, have been conjugated before, 1
—pages, 39 and 41.
‘In,uz, to go.
INDIOATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. "[>y,u), Z’ng, fun'.
I). —-— 7arov, 7erov.
P. 7oyev, Tere, Ieiw.
Imperfect.
P. —— ——I ieaav.
OPTATIVE MOOD.
Present
S. —— Zeb; .
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. ,
Present. Present.
7evaz. Zek, Yewog.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 67
MIDDLE VOICE.
INDIGATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. 7e-,uaz, -aaz, -raz.
D. Zé/1.e0ov, -a0ov, -000v.
P. Zé,ue0a, -0'0a:, -waz.
Imperfect.
S. Zt-/1.nv, 40, -70.
D. Zé-,ue6'ov, -000v, -afivyv.
P. Zé-/¢e0a, -ea0e, -vro.
IMPERATIVE. PARTIGIPLE.
Present. Present.
Z'eo'o, Zéa0w. Zé,uev-0g, -n, -ov.
”11y,uz, to send.
INDIGATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. "lawn, 2'n;-, Ynaz.
D. Yerov Frov.
P. Ye/rev, 7e12, 7570z.
Imperfect. '
S. Ynv, 7ng, 5'7.
D. Yerov, Ye-mv.
P. Ye/rev, Yere, Yeaav.
First Future.
S. 170'-w, -5zg, I -u.
D. -erov, -erov
P. fie-o,uev, -ere, -ouez.
68 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
First Aorist. Perfect. Plupe1feet.
fixa. elxa. etxezv.
Second Aorist.
S- 77”; '59I). grov, 51-qv.
P. Eyev, 3re, Eaav.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. —— Ye0z, I Yerw.
D. —— Yerov, Yerwv
P. —-— Yere, Yér0mav.
First Aorist. . Perfect.
fixov. etxe'.
Second Aorist.
S. —--— 8g, 510:.
D. —- Erov, Erwv,
P. —— Ere, Erwouv.
OPTATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. let'-nv, -ng, -1;. -
D. —— -nrov, -1jrnv.
P. tei-fl/zeV, - -me‘, -naav
First Future. Perfect
fiompz. eTt0'r/u-.
Second Aorist.
5- e7-no -vs :1;-,
D. -nrov, --n"rnv.
P. etwuv, -wrre, ' -noun
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 69
SUBJUNGTIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. I6, I;7;s, Is.
D. ifirov, Ifirov.
P. I(7),uev, tfire, , I601.
Per/ect.
S. eYx-w, -yg, -y.
D. -nrov, -nrov.
P. eYx-w,uev, -nre, -60z.
Second Aorist.
S. '5, 5g,D. firov, firov.
P. 0‘5/mv, fire, 50z.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present. First Future.
Yevaz. tjaezv.
Perfect. Second Aorist.
eixévaz. elvaz.
PARTICIPLES.
Present. First Future.
Ieig, Ieiaa, Iév. flqwv, fiaouaa, fiaov.
Perfect. Second Aorist.
ebubg, eixuia, eIx6g. eYg, eka, 3v. ‘
PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. Ye-,uaz, -om, -raz.
D. -,ue0ov, -a0or, -000v.
P. --ue0a, -a0e, -vraz.
70 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
S. ié-,up,
D. -,ue0ov,
P -;,w0a,
S. el-,uaz,
D -,ue0ov,
P -,ue0a,
S. e'z'-,u:qv,
D -,ue0ov.
P. -,ue6a,
P.-p. Future.
eYzro,uaz.
I
Imperfiact.
. -00,
400v,
-00¢,
Perfect.
-am,
-a0ov,
-0'0e,
Ptuperfect.
-0'0,
-1r0ov,
-00e,
First Aorist.
€'0nv and eY19n11.
~
-Tilz.
-0'00»
-vraz.
-To
...;.7..-W0.
First Future.
ét9n'a0,uaz
Present and Imperfect are like the Passive.
S. 1ix-d,u=r1v,
D. -d,ue0ov,
P. -(i/u,z0a,
S. fia-o,uaz,
D. -o,ue00v,
P. -o/1.e0a,
S. 3/mv,
D. E/m0ov,
P. ?,ue6‘a,
MIDDLE VOICE.
First Aorist.
-0',
-aa0ov,
-a0'0e,
First Future.
‘fi1
-eaflov,
-e00e,
Second Aorist.
500,
Eattov,
E00e,
-GTO.
»da6rp¢
-avr0.
-eraz.
-ea0ov.
-ov1-az.
é'a0nv.
3vro.
GREEK RUDIMENTS.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Second Aorist.
S. —— Eco, Z"a0w.
D. -—'-—- Ea0ov,_ Ea0wv.
P. —— Ea-0e, Ea0waav.
OPTATIVE MOOD.
' First Future
S. 7§a0z'-/tvv, -o, -T0.
D. -,ue0ov, -a0ov, -0017».
P. -,ue0a, ~ ' -a0e, -vro.
Second Aorist.
S. et-,unv, -o, -70.
D. -pta:00v, -000v, -a0flv.
P. -,u.e6a, -a0e, -vro.
SUBJUNOTIVE MOOD.
Second Aorist.
S. (Z/eaz, ' i, ‘ firaz'
D. 6'17re0ov, fia0ov, fio'0ov.
P. éhue0a, fia0e, 0'avraz.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
First Future. Second Aorist.
1‘faea0az. gd0az.
PARTICIPLES.
First Future. - Second Aorist.
n'a6/revog, -n, -ov. gluev-og, '-n, -ov. -
GREEK RUDIMENTS.
'H,uaz, to sit.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. 'H,uaz, fiaaz, firaz.
D. fiyE00v, ‘ fio0ov, fia0ov.
P. 1fiue0a, fia0e, fivrac
Imperfect.
S. Q/mv, 7700, fire.
D. fi,ue0ov, fiaflov, fla0nv.
P. fi,ue0a, 1700e, fivro.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. —— fiao, fiaflw.
D. —-— ‘ fia0ov, ‘ fia0wv.
P. —- .7ja0e, fia0waa'v.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Present. Present.
fia0az. '1'],uev-og, -n, -ov
Ef,uaz, to clothe one's sctf.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present and Perfect.
S. El-,uaz. -01rz, -r1rz and -Maz.
P. elvraz.
Pluperfect.
P. e7,u1yv, eim) and E00, elro, ela-ro, §’earo and 'éa1-o.
S. elvro.
First Aorist.
S. eIa-éaa-& éem-d,unv, -w, -arc.
D. -ot/.¢e0ov, -aa0ov, -da0nv.
P. -d,ue0a, -aa0e, -avro.
GREEK BUDIMENTS. 73
PARTICIPLES.
Present and Perfect. First Aor-ist.
-:l,uévog. éaadp.evo:
Keiymu, to lie down.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. Kei-,uaz, -om, --faz.
D. -p.e0ov, -a0ov, -qflov.
P. -,ue0a, -0'0e, ~-m-_z;z.
-Imperfect.
S. éxei-,unv, -00, -r0.D. -V,u.e6'ov, I-a0ov, -0'01yv.
P. -,ue0a, -00e, -vr0.
First Future.
S. xet0‘-_0,uaz, -37, . -efllz.
D. -6,ue0ov, -ea0ov, -ea0ov.
P. -6,ue0a, -e00e, -ovrar
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
' Present.
S. —— xeiao, xeia0w.
D. -—-— xeia0ov, xeia0wv.
P. —— - xe7a0e, xeia0waav.
OPTATIVE -MOOD.
Present.
S. xeoi-yup, -o, -r0.
D. -,ue0ov, -000v, -a01yv. ~
P. -,ue0a, -00e, -vro.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Present. First Aorist.
xéw,uaz. aei0'll),uaz.
74 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
N
INFINITIVE.
Present.
zeiafiaz.
PARTICIPLE.
Present.
xe i,uev-0g, -,7, -ov
'lm]/u, to know.
INDIGATIVE MOOD.
S. ’1a-npx,
D.
P. -a,u.ev and ,uev,
S. Ia-nv,
D.
P. -a,uev,
Present.
-vs, -1y4z.
-arov, -(rr0
-are and re, -(r01.
Imperfect.
‘V5 "'1'
-arov, -dmv.
-are, -aaav and av.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present.
. S. — -7a-a6’z and -0z, -drw and rw.
D. — -arov and -r0v, -drwv and -rwv.
P. —-- -are and re, -drwaav, rwaav, and rov.
INFINITIVE. PARTIOIPLE.
Present. Present.
taa'vaz. 7aa-g, -011, -v.
MIDDLE VOICE.
INDIGATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. iea-/raz, -aaz, -raz.
D. -,u0ov, -0ttov, -000v.
P. -,ue0a, -a0e, -vraz.
4
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 75
Imperfect.
S. Zaa-,unv, -00, -r0.
D. -,ue(i0v, -a0ov,' -00n»
P. -;u.e0a, -a0e, -vr0.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Present. Present.
Ieaa0az. fad,uev-og, -n, -o».
Qnpl, to say.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present.
3- rv,uP, rte cw'
D. . guardv, goar6v.
P. gca/n.Ev, ¢aré, pacz'.
Impmflct. '
5' 3rro -12% -v
D. -arov, -drnv.
P. -a,uev, -are, -awav and -av.
' First Future. '
S. ¢.q'o-w, -ezé, -2z.
D. -erov, -erov.
P. -muyv, -ere, -ou1n.
First Aorist.
S. é'¢na-a, 42g, -e.
D. -arov, -dmv.
P. -a,u.ev, -are, -av.
Second Aorist.
3- §'¢-re -we -'12
D. -vrov, -1y'-nqv.
P. -nre, -1yaav.-up,uev, ~
GREEK RUDIMENTS.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
godrw.
gpdrwv.
gmirwaav.
OPTATIVE MOOD.
S. ¢ai-1yv,
D. ——
P. { "W,
-,uev,
S. ¢fia-az,uz,
D.
P. -aquev,
-(HeM
SUBJUNOTIVE MOOD.
INFINITIVE.
Present.
¢dvaz.
First Aorist.
¢fiaai.
' Second Aorist.
¢fivaz.
Present.
W10z:
¢drov,
¢dre,
I’resentL
4yg:
-Vrov,
‘nTe,
-re,
First Aorist.
-azg,
-azrov,
-GITe,
Present.
P’?g:
$977r0”:
$o77T3:
rt
¢r'}rov.
50070z.
PARTIOIPLE. '
Present.
godg, ¢iaa, ¢dv.
First Future.
¢nfirwv.
First Aorist.
¢n'0'.ag.
GREEK RUDIMENTS.
PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE. IMPERATIVE.
Perfect. Perfect.
1réuaraz. 1re¢da0w.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
1re¢da0az. 1re¢aa,rév-og, n, ov.
MIDDLE VOICE.
INDIGATIVE MOOD.
Present.
S. ¢a-,uat, -mu, -raz.
D. -,ue0ov, -00ov, -00011.
P. -,ue0a, -00e, -vraz.
Impe:fect and Second Aorist.
S. é¢d-,uvv, -00, -r0.
D. -,ue0ov, -0001;, -00nv.
P. -/¢e0a, ~6a0e, -vro.
IMPERATIVE MOOD
Present.
S. —— grade‘-o, -Ow.
D. —— ' -00v, -0w.
P. —-—— -0e, -0waav.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Present. ' Present.
¢da0m. ¢d/¢e-veg, -17, -09. '
7*
78 GREEK RUDIMENTs.
Of Verbs in man.
Verbs in axofresemble Verbs in ,uz, and, like them, are
derived from Verbs in aw, ew, ow, and uw, by placing ax
before w, which they preserve only in the Present and Im
perfect.
The other Tenses are formed from their Primitives.
l'npdmuu, yepdaw, yeyfipaxa, to grow old; from rqpdw
Dlpéaxw, dpému, fipexa, to please; from dpéw.
B6axw, fi0'aw, fiéfioxa, to feed,' from @5w.
.lle0éaxw, pe0éaw, [re,uéaula, to make drunk; from ,ue0éw.
Many Verbs in man, like Verbs in ,m, prefix a Rednplica
tion: as, 6z6pdaxw, to run, from 6pdw; 6u$z'mxw, to dress,
from 600); 1mrpdaxw, to sell, from 1rpziw.
Verbs in axw, which have a Second Aorist, borrow it
from the kindred Verbs in /u: as, <illiaxw, Aor. 2.17,lwv;
,5’p0lo7zw, Aor. 2. é'fipwv ; yzv0'm'xw, Aor. 2. é’yvwv; as if from
6./“.(Z»,uz, ,8p(T),uz, yrv0°a,uz.
OE IMPERSONAL VERBs.
Impersonal Verbs have only the Third Person Singular
of each Tense, and, in Participles, only the Neuter Gen
der: they have commonly the sign it, before them in Eng
lish: as‘ ‘
Aei, it behoo-veth; Imperf. s"6ez; 1st Aor. Ménae; 1st Fut.
651jaez; Optat. Pres. 6é0z; Infin. zla7v, 6enaeiv, 6efiaaz; Part.
6éov, denadv, 6enadv. '
Aoxe7,itseemeth; Imperf. é(l6xez; 1st Fut. 66Eaz; 1st Aor.
$d0E6 ; Part. 6uxo5v.
llpé1rez, it becometh; Imperf. é1rpé1rez; Infin. 1rpe1reiv;
Part. 1rpé1rov. '
'Awy'xez, it is proper; Imperf. dvfixe; Part. dwjxov.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 79
Ilpoo-1jxez, it is convenient; Imperf.' 1rpoafixe; Part.
npoarjxov. '
Me‘,lez, it is minded; Imperf. 5'fle,le; 1st Aor. é,u.é)nqae;
1st Fut. ,u5Z.1jaez.
Xynf, for lpfiaz, it behooveth; Imperf. élprjv or Zpfiv;
lst Fut. lpfiaez; Infin. Zpfivaz or lpfiv.
Many Verbs, in the Passive Voice, are taken imper
sonally: as, léyeraz, it is reported; ei,uapraz, it is decreed;
e7pnraz, it has been said, &c.
IRREGULAR Vmms.
A.
Aipéw, to take; aip1faw, fip-qxa; (Elw) el,lov, eI,l6myv, élI(3,
éloD/mz, eIld,u19v. .
AZa0dvo/‘az, to perceive; (aZa0éw) aZadfiao,uaz, iafl7y,uaz,
1;-‘a06,unv.
'Aliaxw, to take; (dl6w) dl0iaw, -ao,u.az, 17lwaa, 1'1l0ma and
édlwxa, fllw,uaz, filwv, and édlwv.
'A,uaprdvw, to sin; (<i,uapréw) d,uapnjaw, -0'0ymu, 1?/Adprnao,
-xa, -,uaz, fl,uaprov, poet. ij,ufiporov.
B.
Baivw, to go; fiv'0'0,uaz, é'finaa, éfinadyrqv, fiéfinxa,
-yW; (#5/zz) é'5Vv. .
Bdllw, to cast ; fiuld), E'fialov; (filéw) fil1jaw, fiéfi,lnxa, -,u.az,
éfil.v'0vY, fi/l1i0v'a0,uw
F
Tivo,uaz, )/iyvopaz, to be; (yevéw) yevrjao,uaz, éyemad,unv, ye
yévn,uaz, éyevfi0nv, 57/ev6,unv, yéyova.
Fzv0iaxw, )/£)/V(L'!0'xfl), to know; (yv6w) yv0iaw, -o/mz, Epwxa,
-a,uaz, érva')o19nv, yvwa01jao,uaz; (yw'5,uz) Eyvwv.
A.
Adzvw, to bite,‘ (611x0)) M50, -0,uaz, Erhyéa, 6é6-nla, -77Laz,
é(i1jl0nv, é'6ax0v.
80 GREEK nonmnnrs.
E.
"Epl0,uaz, to come ; (é,leé0w) é,leéao,uaz, 9},leuaa, ijlu0ov, by
Sync. fi,l00v, ij,lu0a, and é,l1}lu0a.
Eépiaxw, to find; (efipéw) eép1jaw, eépyad,unv, eijpnxa, -paz,
eépé0nv, eépe0fiao,uaz, ebpov, eép6,unv.
"Elw, to have; E50.0, (qéw) apfaw, -o,uaz, gaznxa, -paz,
éqé0nv, aZe0n'0'0ynu, é'alov, éq6/mv; (qfi,uz) 2 Aor. Imp
alég.
9
Qwjaxw, to die ; 0vn'Ew; (0wiw) ré0vnxa, ré0vaa, ré0veuza,
and ré0vem, re0vubg, -Ema, -(3rog; (fijvw) §'0av0v, Oavoij,uaz.
I.
.I1zvé0,zurz, to come; (Yxw) -E0,uaz, IEdymv, Ifyraz, Ix6ymv ;
(YEw) IEoV. - '
A.
Aarxdvw, to obtain by lot;_ (Xflw) ,l1j€w, -o,uaz, ,lélnza,
Alt. ellnla, -y,uaz, é'lalov, léloyla.
Aa,uyQzivw, to receive; (lrjy901) l17",/Jo,uaz, ,lélV¢a, Att. eiln¢a,
lélny4,uaz, Att. ei,ln,u,uaz, ébfgo0nv, Att. eZlrj¢0nv, ,ly¢017'ao/zaz,
é,lafiov, éla/36,unv.
' Aav0dvw, to lie hid; (lny'0w) ,lrjaw, -opaz, lélvay1.az, and ,lé
laa/¢az, é,ln'a0vv, E’,la0ov, é,la06ymv, ,lé,ln0a.
M 0
Mav0dvw, to learn ; (,ua0éw) ,ua01]'a0paz, é,ua0nad,unv, ,ue,ua
0nxa, é’,ua0ov.
Mz/1.v1jaxw, to remember; (,uvdw) ,uv1jaw, -o,uilz, 5',uvnaa,
é,uvnad,unv, ,ué,uv1y,uaz, ,ue,uvv'ao,uaz, é,uvn'a0wyv, ,uvna01]'ao,uaz.
0.
"0,llu,uz or 6/l/lbw, to destroy; (6,léw) 6,léaw, (Z,lean, 0'.'J.exa,
Att. 6,lei,lexa, lb/le,uaz, dléahv, d)lov, 6,l(b, (M6,u17v, 6l057raz,
d)la, Att. 6',lwla.
GREEK RUDIMENT8. 81
II.
Il(i0l0l, to sufier; (1r1j0w) 1rfiaopaz, Boeot. 1reiao,uaz, e”1rnaa,
é'1ra0ov, 1ré1rq0a; (mr0éw) 1ra0fiaw, End0naa, 1re1--d0nxa; (1-rév0w)
11érrov0a.
Ilivw and 1r(3,u, to drink; 1r(b1rw, 1ré1rwxa, -,uaz, end
1ré1rop.az, émi0qv; (min) 1ri0,'uaz,1riao/raz, é'mov, 1rzoD,uaz; (1ri,uz)
1fi0z.
Hi1rrw, to fall; (1rr6w) 1rr0iaw, 1ré1rrwza, 1re1rre(bg, 1re1rrq(bg,
1re1rr(bg ; (1reaéw) €'1reaov, 1reao5,uaz
T.
Tin-w, to bringforth ; (réxw) réEw, -o,uaz, érél0nv, é'rs1ov,
5rex6,unv, réroxa.
Tpélw, to run ; 0ptEw, (1ipe/Aw) 6e6pdymxa, -,raz; (6pe',aw)
?6pa,uov, 6pa,uo5,uaz, 666p0/raz.
Tuyliivw, to happen; (ruléw) rul-r,"aw, érépyaa, manta;
(reélw) reéEo,uaz, réreula, réruy/1.az, reréfio,uaz, ériq0nv,
é’rulov.
_ Q.
Qépw, to bear; (07w) oiaw, 07a0,uaz, o7a0nv, o?a0nao,uaz;
(évéyxw) -ijveyxa, 1]‘veyxd,unv, 1jvél0nv, ijveyxov, fiveyx6,unv;
(évéxw) ijvezxa, 1jvezxd/1.nv, ijvezxov; (évélw)€wjvoxa; (¢opéw)
¢op-rjaiu, t¢6prlaa, 1rqo6prymz.
ADVERBS.
Those which require particular notice, as distinguished
from the Latin, are the following: signifying
In a place, ending in 0a, 0z, ln, lou, 0z, and 00: as, Ev
ra50a, obpawi0z, 1ravralfi, and zdvralo5, 1re6oi, oZxoi.
Motion from a place, in 0e and 0ev: as, o5pav60_e and ob
pav60ev.
llfotion to a place, in 6e, Ce, ae, and 01: as, oopawiv6e and
oivpavdae, za,u6.Ce.
82 GREEK RUDIMENTS
ADVERBIAL Pnnrrorms,
Used only in composition. a or av, signifying
Privation, from éiveu, without: as, &'vu6pog, without water.
Increase, from &'yav, much: as, 2z'Eulog, much wooded.
Union, from oi’/ta, together: as, Zilolog, a consort.
The following signify increase:
' apz, from cipw, to furnish.
fiou, from y305g, an on
fipz, from /3pz0bg, strong.
6a, from fiaabg, thick.
epz, from eipw, to connect.
Ca, Eolice, for 6d.
Ra, from ltav, much.
,lc, the same.
Acg signifies dificultg: as, 6uaruléw, to be unhappy.
PREPOSITIONS.
There are eighteen Prepositions: six Monosyllables: e1g,
éx or éE, év, n-pd, 1rpdg, and az‘/v: twelve Dissyllables: du¢l,
iwl, a’vrl, (iu6, (lzd, é1rl, xard, ,uerd, 1rapd, 1repl, é1rép, and i7ro'.
GENERAL SIGNIFIGATION or Pnsrosrrrons IN
COMPOSITION.
'A,u¢l, 1. about, around. 2. doubt.
'Avol, 1. again, back. 2. upwards.
'AvrI, 1. opposition. 2. return, instead.
Am), 1. separation. 2. prioation, away. 3. much.
Azd, 1. through. 2. division.
Etg, in, to.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 83
'Ex or éE, from, out of
'Ev, in.
'E1ri, 1. addition. 2. upon. 3. attack.
Kurd, 1. completion. 2. downwards. 3. opposition.
Meni, 1. participation. 2. change.
Hapol, 1. near. 2. beyond. 3. comparison.
Hepl, 1. about. 2. superiority.
IIpd, 1. before. 2. forwards.
Hpdg, 1. motion towards. 2. conjunction, relation.
2'é9, together, with.
'I'1rép', 1. over. 2. beyond. 3. for.
'T1rd, 1. under, from below. 2. diminution. 3. secretly.
SYNTAX.
THE NOMINATIVE AND VERB.
A NEUTER Plural is generally joined to a Verb Singular:
as, uio"rpa ¢aiveraz.
A Dual Nominative is often found with a Verb Plural:
as, ('r',u¢w ,léy0001; but not a Plural Nominative with a
Dual Verb.
THE SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE.
An Adjective of the Masculine Gender is sometimes
construed with a Feminine Substantive: as, r6) yuvaixe.
This construction would appear intended to dignify the
female sex: we meet in Euripides, in reference to Al
cestis, 0! 1rpo0vfiaxovreg; where she is introduced, using
not only the Masculine Gender, but the Plural Number.
The Masculine Article appears to be limited to the Dual
Number.
A Substantive is sometimes used as an Adjective: as,
ylfi)aaav, .E}-ld6a 56i6aEe. Thus in English, “$68. water,” &c.
The Substantive is often changed into a Genitive Plural,
preceded by a Pronoun or Article: as, oI dqra0ol r13v dv0pu3
‘IHUV.
THE RELATIVE AND ARTICLE.
The Relative often agrees with its antecedent in case by
attraction: as, 5v rahg éopraig, ahg fi'y0y1.nv. The Relative,
in this construction, sometimes precedes the Substantive:
as, at» 15 ékezg 6uvd,uez; something like our English “will
what force you have.”
84
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 85
The Article is poetically used for the Relative: as, 1rariqp,
3 0" é'rpe¢e. _
The Article and the Participle, used for the Relative and
Verb, is a common idiom in Greek: as, 6 ¢uldrrwv, he who
guards; and should invariably be so translated.
The Article is often used elliptically without a Substan
tive. First, in the Neuter Gender, signifying possession or
relation: as, 6 idg rd rd» 0tvOp0i1rwv 6zozxei; God directs
the uflhirs of men. Secondly, in the Masculine, followed
by d,a¢i or 1repl, with a proper name, and signifying attend
ants, or the party: as, oI d,a<;i I1pia,uov. Thirdly, in a pe
culiar mode of construction, before an Accusative and an
Infinitive: as, Td laipezv rotg ,uz,u1j,uaaz 1rdvrag, aéyuourov ro7g
d/0,o0i.-mzg @0ri ; the circumstance, that all should delight in
inzitalz'ons, is natural to men. So we have it repeatedly in
the New Testament: as, év rq? elvuz abrdv; i. e. év r(P lpdw,0
or 1rpdy,uaTz, and may be translated, “ while or when he was.”
THE GENITIVE.
The matter of which a thing is made, is put in the Geni
tive: as, rdv 6iqpov é1rm'1yaev (éf) Zalup(bv 5z5,l0w. Cost or
value, crime or punishment, d,_'fi"erence or eminence, are put
in the Genitive: as, 6dg abrdv 1}y1.iv (darz) 6palp.Zg'—ypd¢o
uai ae (fiefll) xlo1n;g.
Part of time is expressed by the Genitive: as, (ém)
Oépuug re xal lez,u(Tvog.
N0TE.—The Prepositions, within the parentheses in the
preceding examples, mean to signify what may be the latent
government; this will be so understood in cases of future
occurrence.
Grief and surprise require the Genitive: as, rZg ,u01piag,
what folly!
Comparatives are followed by a Genitive, when the
8
86 GREEK‘ RUDIMENTS.
Greek for than is suppressed: as, dvapliag,ueZCov 061 é‘on
xwuiv.
Verbs expressive of the actions of the senses, except that
of sight, require a-Genitive: as, rufw ,uapz'(')pwv dmyx6are.
\Vords signifying lit-n.',y or zcunt, take the Genitive: as,
1Moz'm'zog xouu7v.
The Latin Ablative Absolute is expressed in Greek by
the Genitive: as, 1jllou réU_ovTog.
These are phrases of peculiar construction: meiv (,uépog)
56arog; - to drink some water; analogous to the French
“boire (I8 l'eau:" ,uaxdpzog (ékxa) r]g rézng; happy in
foflunc: /,uip¢ag (éx) z060'g vzv ; ‘having seized him by the
foot. Note the words presumed to be the latent govern
ment.
THE DATIVE.
The instrument and manner of an action are put in the
Dative: as, dpyupéum l6y;-{azaz /rdlou.
Verbs signifying to accompany or follow, to blame, con
verse u-ith, pray to, and to use, require the Dative: as, rf
777eg §T.'ovro.—r0z‘)g T07g (i,u.apravo,u£'vozg §flzT(!LzZWT!lg.
Verbal Adjectives govern the PERSON in the Dutive, and
the THING in the case proper to the kindred Verb: as,
6yiv Ta5Ta 1rpaxre‘ov. ‘ Thus, in Latin, we meet “ aetate
utendum est.”
'0 abrdg, the same, requires the Dative: as, -t1}g abrfig
cZaz Cn,uiag (‘4'-fun oi auyxpé1rrovreg roig éEa,uaprdvoua1; those
who conceal, are deserving of the same punislzment as those
who commit a fault. So in Latin “ idem facit occt'clenti."
——H0n.
THE ACCUSATIVE.
The Accusative is of universal use, with xard understood
as, 6ezvdg /ullnv.
Verbs signifying to do or speak well or ill of, to give or
take away, to a<]mom'sh, to clothe, govern an Accusative of
annex RUDIMENTS. 87
the person, and anothe'r of tl1e t/ting: as, 1ml,la‘z dya0d ri;»
mi,lzv é1ruinae. For the Accus-alive of the thing is frequently
substituted the Adverbs e:§, xaxfiig, xa,la7g.
Distance and space are put in the Accusative: as, "E¢eaog
a‘1r;fi,/ez i1rd Zapdéwv rpuTv 7',uepu3v 0'64}v.
VERBS PASSIVE.
Verbs of a passive signification are followed by a Geni
five, governed by 611d, dad, éx, 1rapd, or 1rpz)g: as, 6 W)55‘
451rd 02"vuu zlza¢l‘eéoeraz.
THE INFINITIVE.
The Infinitive is used to express the cause or end of an
action: as, 1-z'g a¢wé Euvéqxe /I.dZ€O'@GZ.
When the subject of the Infinitive is the same as that of
the governing Finite Verb, it is also in the lVom:'native: as,
l'o54ox,i1;g é'gm G6Tdg ,ue‘:-', oiuug (lei, a‘v0,mb':oug mneiv, Ez')pzm'6ng
(Fé, oiui eZm ; S0})]z0d€$ said, that he (Sophocles) made men
sunk us they ought to be; Em-r'1)r'des, such as they are.
This Syntax we find imitated in Virgil: “sensit medios cle
lapsus in hostes.”
The Infinitive is used after the manner of Latin Gerunds
and Supines, sometim'es with, sometimes without, a Preposi
tion: as, xélllzara i6e7:,,' 1mZchcrrima- visu: év -MP ,ua6'eTv;
in u'z'scend0_ This we find imitated in Latin: as, tempus
equflm solvere colla; niveus videri, &c.
Expressions of the form of “ moriturus sum” are exhi
bited in Greek by ,u.é,l,lw: as, ,ué,llw re0:4dvaz. Similar to
this is the French “Je clois mourir.”
The Infinitive is often used in an Imperative sense, some
such Verb as dpa or ,ué,4,wynw being understood : as, M- aéy'
(i0am'rom‘z /uiZee'0az.
The Infinitive appears in a somewhat absolute form in
these expressions: (3g d1rlu7g ehrezv; to speak 1;Zm'nZ_1/,—an
88 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
idiom evidently familiar to our own language: as also,
(2)g eZreiv; so to qwalc,——a common English phrase ;—6oxeZv
,uot; as it appears to me; where, perhaps, xarol rd may be
supplied ;—/uxpo5 or o‘liymu 6eiv; almost, n.ea'rl,2/; liter-ally,
so as to want little, 1hare being understood. Sometimes,
even the Infinitive 6eiv is omitted.
THE PARTIOIPLE.
The Participle is often elegantly preceded by the Verbs
eZ/ll, y!v0/1az, gtaivo,uaz, é1rdplw, é'lw, lb/no: as, o52 éz0’pdg
1j1riplev J» ; he was not an enemy.
Tun-{a'vw, joined with a Participle, may be translated, by
_'ha)Lce; lav0afwo, privately or iynorantly; ¢0a'vw, previozzsly;
in which phrases the Participle is to be translated as a Verb:
thus, é'_-ulov év r(,7 oZaap dw ; I was in the house by chance,‘
literally, I happened being (or to be) in the house: él(i0o/1.ev
6ca¢.-{povreg ; we umuittin.,]l_y diflercd ; ' literally, we were not
aware (l'I:Z7‘er'z."ng, or that we difiered.
A1]11og, aavepdg, zioaw‘;g, &c., are also used Adverbially
with Participles: as, aim)g ro5ro 1roabv ¢avepdg iv; he mani
festly olid this.
The Participle is used, instead of an Infinitive, after
Verbs signifying to desist, persevere, perceive, show; or ex
pressing an afieetion of the mind: as, r1)v eZ,mjmyv Zlyovreg
6zarelofi01; they continue to preserve peace: 9edv 0z') ,l1jEw
1rpo(n-drnv é'Zwv; ‘I shall not cease to have God for my cle
fender: /.té,uVT/0'0 (’r'v0p0nrog div ; remember thatyou are a man.
ADVERBS
Are followed by the Genitive, Dative, or Aceusative,
either because they are originally Nouus, or because those
cases are governed by a Preposition understood. .
GREEK RUDIMENTS. . 89
EXAMPLES OF THE FORMER.
fllfiv; re}'ecz‘i0n.: 1rl1‘/v é71.05; excepting me.
Xdpzv; for the sake: ldpzv "Exropog; for the sake of
Hector.
Xwplg ; separation: lwpk r(7w dwhoa7v; without the men.
'05 Azdg évei1rzov ; in the sight of Jupiter.
EXAMPLES OF THE LATTER.
Aveu (1i1rd) 6vo/mf-r0w ; without names.
"A,ua (abv) Rafi; with the people.
Nol ,ud (é1rl) T66e ax171rrp0v,' Iswear by this sceptre.
N0'1‘E.—Md generally denies, except joined with val; v1)
qflirms, unless joined with a Negative.
Adverbs of time are sometimes changed into Adjectives:
as, 01‘) lp1‘; 1rowvz')lmv eii6ezv fiouln¢6pov o‘iv6pa.
Adverbs of gualit_1/ are elegantly joined with the Verbs
Elw, 1ra'alw, 1roz'ew, gépw, ¢5-uz, lpdo/mu, &c. : as,
'H6éwg é'15 (aeaurdv) 1rpdg &'1ravrag ; be pleasant to all.
E5 11daZezv; e5 mzeiv; to receive a favour; to confer a
favour.
Two or more Negatives strengthen the negation : as,
05x é'arzv uiulév ; there /is nothing.
Ob6é1rore obdév 0z') ,u1‘; yévnraz r(iv 6e0"vT01V ; nothing WHAT
EVER, that is necessary, will be done.
PREPOSITIONS.
’Avrl, elm), E: or 5E, and 1rpd, govern only the Genitive;
Ev and abv, only the Dative; and eZg or fig, only the Ac
cusative.
8#
90 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
Aui.
Through; Gen. and Acc. as, 6z0‘z lequ<7wog—6ui 1r6vrov
After; as, 6zd yuxxpo5 lp0'mu.
On account of; Ace. as, 6z01 aé.
Kard.
Under; Gen. as, 65vaz xar(l rfig yfig.
Through ; as, xard 0'rpar05.
Against; as, xard rfig milewg.
According to ; Acc. as, xard /Myov C17v.
In ; as, éiéa0nv xard xlza,uoég.
Y1rép.
Above; Gen. as, é1rép yfig éarz'.
For 3 as, Ovzjaxw 6nép a§0ev.
Over; Acc. as, z51rép rdv 66,uov.
Beyond; as, 6z'n¢ay1.zg f1rép (blipw1rov.
'Avd.
U on ' Dat. as ez5'6ez duo‘z ax '11‘r (7 Akog aZero'r;.P ) ’ V p.
Through; Ace. as, dvd Z)'pn.
'A,u97i. ,
On account of ; Gen. as, m'6axog ('x'/goz /uizea0ov.
About; Gen., Dat., and Acc. as, d/¢¢i 1r6/hog oZxo5az.—dp¢l
fill’yLaTz.—-d/1.gpi Tpoiav. ‘
Concerning; Gen. as, ¢d,uev dgu¢l 6az,u6vwv xala'.
On account Of; Dat. as, d/gol y/uvazxl 1rdalezv.
'Em'.
Upon; ‘Gen. as, @1rl 0p6vou §xa0éCvro.
On account of; Dat. as, oz'): Sarz vo¢ob é1rl mig 1rpoy6vozg
,uéya ¢p0v7aaz.
GREEK 'nonmnnrs. 91
Upon ;
Near;
To 3
On 3
With 3
Among ;
To ;
After ;
116,lzv.
From ;
é1rzCnreiv.
At ;
Near ;
To ;
Above ;
Against ;
Dat_ as, é'¢' Y1r1rqm.
as, é1rl 0'r6,uarz r05 1rora,uo5.
Ace. as, é'pzea0' é1rl 6ei1rvov.
as, é1rl yaiav.
Ma:rd.
Gen. as, ,uerd r€;(WyQ'.
Dat. as, abrdg ,ueroi 1rp(érowz 1rove7-ro.
Acc. as, Zebg é',3n ,uerd 6aira.
as, 0! v6,u0z ,uerd r611 9edv atéfiou01 fiyv
Hapd.
Gen. as, 0!') mrpd gozlapyépou ldpzv 6e?
Dat. as, 1rap' 6l0azg.
Ace. as, fifi 1rapd 0iva 0a,ldo11-Iyg.
as, 1rapd aé épZo,uaz.
—-— as, mrpa‘ ni &'lla Ccia.
—-— as, 1rapd ¢éazv.
Hepi.
About ; Gen., Dat., and Ace. as, rz' 1repl ¢u;p7g éléyo,uev.—
00ipaxa mpi 10ig 0-répvozg.—goulaxfi 1repl r6 a(T),ua.
For ;
By ;
For ;
Gen. as, d,uévea0az mpl 1rdrpng.
Ilp6g.
Gen. as, 1rpdg T6v 0e5».
as, 1rpdg 0'05, 056% é,u017, ¢pdaw.
From; lpnaro5 11pdg dv6pek ym6év z'nrowiez xaxdv.
Towards ; Dat. as, 11pdg r(;‘) ré,lez r05 fiiou.
To‘ - Ace. as 6! /3' &v ,ud0 1raig raTra aflhraa0az Mei 1r 6g7 J .17 7 g” p
yims
Against; Ace. as, 1rpdg xévrpa ,ur‘; ldrrzCe.
92 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
'.
'I'1r6.
Under; G'en., Dat., and A0c. as, aim) wiaou d1ro0aveiv. uq:
filig0.—d1ray'ay'0‘w z511d ¢oivzxag
By; Gen. as, |51rdlpfiarm &yo,uaz.
RESPONDENT PARTICLES.
E1rez6dv, - -npuxaDra,
"H,uaz, r6re,
'H,uév, when, —— >i6<-‘e, then.
'H,uog, Tfi,u0g,
'Hvixa, mvixa,
éxei,
"O1roe, where, —-—- évrg50a, there
é'v0a,
05, where, —— éxei, there.
5're,
G
The —— §;:$d,, “*6”
fivz'za,
'Hz, as far, -—— raz')1;]; so far.
"law, just, —— "B as.
tKa¢90m:€p! } as, __ 05r% so_
Qael,
05rw, so.I‘Q?’ as; _-‘_' { éaaérwg, thus.
Mév, indeed, —-- 5%, but.
Mév, both, —— (l%, and.
:0"°f°”’ } like, __ {":’m’ } as_
0,uozwg, wom-:p,
Hdpog, "pM
Hp7”, before —— {a}, that.
; xplv,
Hp6repov, 1r/flv,
onnnx RUDIMENTS. 93
“Oaaan, as often, niaaaxz, so often.
03rwg, so, —-— (5)g, - as.
66015, so.
(ha1rep, as, —— ml, so.
I 03aaz')Twg, thus.
NOTE.—The above order of the Respondent Particles
may be found reversed. -
PROSODY.
A syllable in Which a short or doubtful Vowel precedes
two Consonants or a double letter, is long: as, x,ldyy1j . If
in difi“e1-ent words, it is sometimes short: as, ,uoz'p5, xparauj;
1rrepdevrii 1rpoanz')6a, &c.
A short syllable is often made long before a digammated
Vowel: 6g 02', for FoI;—,uélav6g ofvozo, for Foivozo.
When three short syllables come together, it is necessary,
for the sake of the metre in Heroic Measure, that one should
be made long: as, ¢z-t0zi‘/arog, d0éarog, IIpZa,uz'6ng.
ONE VOWEL BEFORE ANOTHER.
A Vowel before another does not sulfer elision, as in
Latin, at the end of a word, unless an apostrophe is sub
stituted.
A long Vowel or Diphthong is generally shortened at
the end of a word (and even sometimes at the beginning),
before a Vowel: as, ofxqi év.
CONTRACTION.
A contracted syllable is always long: as, Zi¢zeg, 1')'¢ig.
Two successive Vowels, naturally forming two Syllables,
frequently coalesce in poetry: as, lpuaégo, pronounced as if
lpuaqi. '
COMPOUNDS AND DERIVATIVES.
Compounds and Derivatives follow the law of their sim
ples: as, Ti,u1‘;, &'ri,uog; é'¢iyov, ¢1‘3]/rj.
94
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 95
A privative 1s short: as, 8h'z,uog.
Bpz, 6ug-, and Ca, are short: as, CMeog
INCREASE OF NOUNS.
A is short: as, aai,uarog. Except Nouns in av, 6vog: as,
l'rra‘v, rzrdwg ; and the Doric Genitive: as, 'Arpez'6&o, pou
miwv for /wuo1iFwv. Except, also, xépag (in Euripides and
Anaereon), xpdg, ¢a‘p, 0a')paE, £épaE, x6p6aE, véoE, fidE,
aép¢aE, QaiaE, ¢évaE.
I is short: as, Epzg, épZ6og. Except words of two termi
nations: as, oel¢lv or 6el<;ig, Fvog; and Monosyllables: as,
0ig, Oivog; but Ak, 417dg; 0piE, '1-pi',-4dg; ariE, 0'rifldg; rig,
n“w)g, are short. Except from the general rule, Nouns
making Wog: as, zipwg, z'2',ovi0og; and those making z6og, if
the penult of the Nominative be long : as, xmy/¢‘ug, xvnyfiziog.
So also Nouns in (E, q/og, or uzog: as, ,udarzE, -iyog; ¢oiwE,
Ixog; and Monosyllables in M, mog: as, 0li¢, -i17og.
T is short: as, 1r5p, 1r?p6g. Except words of two termi
nations: as, ¢0'pxuv, and gmipxug, -ivog: as, also, m]'puE,
/ixog. Fpb</', -é1rog; ybgfi, -(mog; fiéfipui, -uxog, are common.
PENULTIMA OF THE TENSES OF VERBS.
The quantity of all Tenses generally remain the same as
in the Tense from which they are formed: as, from xpivw
are formed é'xpivov, xp?vo/sou, éxpiv6/up ; from xpfvz3 are formed
xéxpfxa, xéxpi',uaz, éxpZ'0nv.
The Perfect follows the quantity of the First Future: as,
xrz",'w, xrifaw, é'xri'xa; ¢éw, gafiaw, 1ré¢ixa.
If the penult of the First Future be long by position,
and not by nature, that of the Perfect is short: as, ypd(,/nu,
yéyp<1¢a
The Perfect llliddle follows the quantity of the Second
Aorist: as, é‘-m‘31rov, rérfimr. Except ,9é;3’pi0a, é'/5,6iya, xéxpdya,
xéxpiya, ,ué,ufvxa, 1ré1rpdya, 1régopixa, r5Ty2i7%, &0.
96 GREEK BUDIMENTS.
The doubtful Vowels are long before 01: as, rerziqui1rz,
6ezxv501.
In the First Aorist Parliciple, the penult of the termina
tion aaa is long.
In the Imperative of Verbs in ,uz, u is short in Polysylla
bles: as, xéxl170z ; but long in Dissyllables: as, 10150z.
In the First Future, a, z, and u, followed by aw, are
short; as, 0au,udIw, 0au,uéaw; vo,ui{w, vo,ufaw; xMLw,
x/jaw.
But Verbs in aw pure, or paw, have the a of amu lone‘:
as, 0edw, 0eziaw ; 6pdw, 6pdaw. [aw and uaw are long from
Verbs in w pure: as, riw, riaw‘; Zalow, Zaloaw.
QUANTITY OF THE LAST SYLLABLE.
A Vowel az zhe End ofa Word.
Final a, z, and u, are short. Except Nouns in 6a, 0a, pa,
ea, za, and Polysyllables in aux: as, xepaia; with e5ldxa,
,ld0pa, and 1répa. Except also the following:
Duals of the First Declension: as, ,u0t')aa.
Adjectives in a pure, and pa from Masculines in og: as,
6zxaia, 1},uerépa.
Nouns in em, from euw ; as, 6ouleia, from 600,leow.
Oxytons of the First Declcnsiou : as, lapd.
Vocatives of Proper Names in ag: as, Afveia.
The Doric a: as, 6. mryd, for myyfi.
Final z is long in t-he names of letters: as, Ez‘; with xpi.
In tl1cparagogc of Pronouns and Adverbs: as, 0éroai, vwl.
Except the Dative Plural: as, 00iaz. The Attic z, for, a, e,
or 0, is also long: as, raurl for wow; 66i for 86e ; rourl for
r_15r0.
Final 0 is long in the Imperfect and Second Aorist of
Verbs in um: as, é‘.’eéyvu;—in the names of letters: as, ,u5;
with ypb; 5 is common. '
onnnx RUDIMENTS. 97
Final av, zv, and uv are short. But av is long in words
circumflexed: as, Hdv.
Oxytons masculine: as, Tmiv
These Adverbs: a‘z'yav, efiav, ,liav, 1.-épav.
The Accusative of the First Declension, whose Nomina
tive is long: as, AZveiav, ¢z/liav.
Iv is long in words of two terminations: as, 6€l¢iV and
6el¢lg:. in 1?,uZv and z5,u1v, when circumflexed; rlv, Dor. for
aol; and xdvzv. Ilplv is sometimes long in Homer.
Nouns in zv, zvog, are long: as, p'n7yflv.
Yv is long in words of two terminations: as, qmlpxuv and
go6pxug. -
In Accusatives from ug long: as, 6¢p5v; with v5v.
In the Imperfect and Second Aorist of Verbs in u,uz: as,
é6eixvuv, é'¢uv.
Ap and up final, are short. But yoip and aimip are some
times long in Homer; and 115p is long.
Ag, zg, and ug final, are short. But org is long in the
Nominatives of Participles: as, ré¢og; and in all cases of
the First Declension: as, ra/dag, ¢zliog, /un'm‘ag; it is long
in the Accusatives Plural in ag, from the long a in the Ac
cusative Singular of Nouns in eeg; and finally Nouns in ag,
avrog: as, Aiag; with T(ilug.
I; is long in Nouns of two terminations: as, Se,l¢k and
6sl¢iv; and in Nouns increasing long‘: as, xvnyfig, 6'pvzg,- and
xlg, xz6g. .‘
1"g is long in words of two terminations : as, quipxug and
¢6pxuv; in Monosyllables: as, ,u5g; with x03y1.ug. Oxytons
making the Genitive in og pure, have the 0g of the Nomina
tive long: as, 17,l1q0bg; ZZObg is common. VVe find 0g long
also in Verbs in uy1.z: as, é6eixvu<:.
98 GREEK nunrmnnrs.
ACCENTS.
The Acute (') is used o11 the last syllable, the penultima,
or the antepenultima. ‘ -
The Grave O is used on the last syllable only; but when
that syllable is the last of a sentence, or followed by an en
clitic, the Acute is used.
The Gircumflcx ('.) is used on the last or the penultima.
The Acute and the Grave are put either on long or short
syllables; the Circumflex on syllables long by nature, and
never on the penultima, unless the last syllable is short.
No word has more than one Accent, unlessan Enclitic
follows. ' '
EneZ1'tz'cs throw their accent on the preceding word, when
the antepenult is acuted, or the penult circumflexed: as,
&"vOp0m6g Errz; 01T)y1.(i éarz. '
Ten words are without Accents, called Atonics: 6, 1}, oi,
aI, ei, eZg, év, éE (or éx), 01'), (06x or 4161,) J;g.
RULES OF ACCENTS.
Mo1zosyllables, if not contracted, are acuted: as, 6g, 1rqbg,
leip. ' ' '
Monosyllnbles of the Third Declension accent the last
syllable of the Genitives and Datives, but the penultima of
other cases: as, S. leip, lezpdg, lezpl, leipa. D. leipe,
lezpoiv. P. ygeipeg, lezpa7v, lepal, leiymg.
D)3-syllables, if the first be long, and the last short, cir
cumflex the former; as, yM5da ; in other cases, they acute
the former: as, /1.m'nn7/;, Myog, l6you.
POZ_;/$3/Zlables, if the last syllable be short, acute the
antepenultima: as, Zx'v0pw1rog; if long, the penultima: as,
(iv0pu'muu.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. ‘Q9
EXCEPTIONS WITH THE LAST SYLLi\BLE SHORT.
1. Participles Perfect Passive: as, -.-erupL,u=‘vog.
2. Verbals ill eog and eov: as, ypa1rdug, 7/pa1rréov.
3. The increasing cases of Oxytons: as, ,lu/urdg, la,umi
dog; rwreig, ru1réwog; as the Accent of the Nominative is
generally preserved in all the cases, on the co1'respond.in,‘':\r
syllable.
4. Many Derivatives: as, 1z'az6iov, évavrimg.
5. Compounds of fioJJ.w, 1r<:léw, xéw, if not with a Prepo
Sition.‘ as, 5x1/fiillog.
6. - Compounds of rz'xrw, xreivw, rpégow, and 6éxohuz, with
a Noun, if they have an Active significatio.n : as7 1rpwroro'
10g; she who Pr'0(l'u(:es her .first child: Ezooxrévug; he who
hills with a sword: JD;rpax1=6w:g; a malricirle: ,lao-rpdgoog,
he who feeds the people. If they have a Passive significa
tion, they follow the general rule: as, 1rpwr6roxog‘; the first
born child: Ez¢o'x-mvog; he who is killed with a sword:
Inrrp6xrovug; he who is killed by his mother: ,lam-pogpoc,-;
he who is _fed by the people. -
7. Compounds of Perfects Middle with Nouns and Adjec
tives: as, Jun-poléyog, oZxov6,uog, 1ra.u¢dgnog.
8. Many other Compounds retain the Accents which they
had in their simple state: a5, az’)r6</1z, m')paw50ev, xareilov,
ouvjl0011. ‘
So also, Prepositions which preserve their final Vowel in
composition: as, d1r66og, é1r1'aleg.
EXCEPTIONS WITH THE LAST SYLLABLE LONG.
The Attic mode of keeping the Accent on the antepe
nnltima in JIevélewg for Jlevé,lam,-; léEewg for léEeog; or
the Ionic Genitive: as, IIvfl.1y2'o'vlew; or the Compounds of
yélwg: as, 9:z2.67elwg, can scarcely be called exceptions, as
100 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
the last two syllables were, in pronunciation, contracted
into one.
Az and 0z final, are considered as short in Accentuation:
as, /1.05aaz, &'v0p0moz. Except Optatives: as, (pz)o/'aaz, re-n').
¢oz ; Infinitives of the Perfect in all Voices, of the Second
Aorist Middle, and of the Present of Verbs in ,uz : as, reru
qrévaz, rerégo0az, reru1révaz; r011é00_4z; Iardvaz.
The Genitive Plural of the First Deelension circum
flexes the last syllable: as, /wumbv. Except Adjectives of
the First Deelension, whose Masculine is of the second;
as, (i'yzog, (ifiwv, dyia, dyiwv; with ét-ryo'[wv, l,luzfivwv, and
lp17'arwv.
O4rg/tons of the First and Second Deelension, circum
flex the Genitives and Datives : as,
Sing. rz,n‘y, rz,u17g, Tz,u% rzyn‘yv, rz/mj.
Dual. Tz,ud, rz,ua7v.
Plural. rz,ual, rzyu3v, rzpurig, rz,udg, rz/rai.
Voc'atives Singular in eu and 0z are circumflexed: as,
fiao1le5, aZrhfi.
Pronouns are Oxytons, except 05-mg, éxeivog, 6eiva, and
those in repog: as, 1},uérepog.
The Imperatives, é,lfié, ehré, eépé, i6e‘, and ,lafie‘, are ac
cented on the last, to be distinguished from the Second
Aorist Indicative.
The Prepositions, placed after their case, throw back
their Accent: as, 0€05 di1ro. Except dva‘1 and 6zd, to distin_
guish them from Ziva, the Vocative of ZhvaE; and from Aia,
the Accusative of Zebg or Aig. Oxytons, undeclined,.losc
their Accents when the final Vowel suffers Elision: as,
dll' dye, naio' 5,u05. Those that are declined, throw an
Acute on the penult: 'as, .—.-6)_l' €:rl, 6eiv' é'1ra0ov.
Contractions are eircumflexed, if the former of the
GREEK RUDIMENTS. . 101
two syllables to be contracted is acuted: as, v6og, v05g;
goz,léu,uev, ow,5,uev; otherwise they retain the Acute: as,
gm',lee, ¢ilez'; §47'TG(l)C, éaraic.
ENCLITICS.
The oblique cases of the Pronouns: rZg, rz, indefinite, in
all its cases.
Verbs, eZ,u'! and onpl, in the Present Indicative, except
the Second Person Singular.
Adverbs, 1m, 110u, 1rw, 1.-wg, 1r00ev, 1rote, when 11o1; used
interrogatively.
Conjunctions, yé, TE‘, xé, xév, 01)v, vb, vbv, 1rép, flli, ml, and
6%, after Accusatives of motion: as, oZxéwh-. '
Enclitics lose their. Accent in the beginning of a clause,
and when they are emphatical, or followed by another
Enclitic.
Enclitic Monosyllables lose their Accent after a word
acuted on the penultima: as, I6yog ,u0‘u; but Dissyllables
retain it: as, ,16yog 527rl; else the Accent would be on the
prazantepenultima. So ufiv rzwig.
The Pronouns preserve their Accent after Prepositions,
and after E"vexa or i : as, 6ui aé. 'Earl accents its first syl
lable, if it begins a sentence, is emphatical, or follows dull',
eZ, xal, obx, 0k, or Tubr'; as, mix 5arz.
Diiference in Accentuation serves to mark difference in
signification, and has on some occasions given precision to
the language, and even determined the ambiguous mean
ing of a law. Of this distinction a few instances may be
given :—
31ywv, leading. dydw, a contest.
ZUoy0eg, truly. dlny0ég, true.
di)-la, other things. dlld, but.
d1rloog, unnavfgable. d1rl0dg, simple.
9*
102 GREEK numnaurs. -
(1/nr,an in terrog.particle—dpd,
[a prayer.
dpa, then. -
fiiog, l i_/Z1. ,3zrlg, a beta.
6ido,uev, we give.
66x0g, opinion.
el01, he goes.
5%, he is in.
é'10yza, enmity/.
Ca7011, an animal.
vfiéa, a sight.
déwv, running.
lov, a violet.
xdlwg, a cable.
,ldog, a stone.
, ,lelmy, a. poplar.
,u6-/v, alone.
,uépzoz, ten thousand.
vt‘og, new.
v6/mg, a law.
8,ua)g, yet.
1rei0w, I advise.
1r6mypog, laborious.
rp610g, a course.
(11rog, a. shoulder.
6z66pev, to give.
60xdg, a beam.
ei0l, they are.
M, in.
El0p12, hostile.
Cwdv, living.
195(2, a goddess.
19e(7», Q/‘gods.
zav, going.
xahhg, well.
ladg, a people.
le0x)‘;, white.
,u0v'i,, a. mansion.
/wpioz, innumerdble.
vedg, a field.
v0,udg, a. pasture.
6,u6g, together.
11z0(2), persuasion.
1ronypdg, wicked.
r720ldg, a wheel.
05,u6g, cruel.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 103
DIALECTS.
THE ATTIC
Loves Contractions: as, oz,l07 for gmléw, i6ezv for el6ezv.
Its favourite letter is w, which it uses for 0.
It changes Long into- Short, and Short into Long Sylla
bles: as, lle6)g for ll56g.
In Nouns, it changes 0, oz, and ou, of the Second De
clension into w: as, N. V. le(bg. G. ,lei). D. lerfi. A.
llezbv, &c.
It changes eza into 77g: as, I1r1rfyg for l1r1reig.
It makes the Vocative like the Nominative : as, J; 1rdrnp,
(Z! ¢z',log.—SOP'H.
In some Nouns it makes the Accusative in w, instead of
wv, wo, or wva: as, ,lay(b, Mlvw, Iloaezda7, for lay(7)v, Mivwa,
Hoaez6fiwa.
It changes the Genitive eog into ewg: as, fia01,léwg for
fiaazléog. .
In Verbs, it changes the Augment e into n, in 1ifioul6/mv,
fi6uvd,unv, ij,ue,llov.
It changes ez into 37: as, i6ezv for el6ezv.
It adds a syllable to the Temporal Augment: as, 6pdw,
é0ipaov, for dlpaov; elxw, é'ozxa, for olxa.
It adds 0¢ to the Second Person in a: as, fia0a for Zg ;
o76aa0a, by Syncope, ola0a for ol6ag.
It changes le and ,ue of the Perfect into ez: as, e2’/11)gooz
for lé,lngna ; ei',uap,uaz for ,ué,uappaz ; elley,uaz for ,lélay,uaz.
It drops the Reduplication in Verbs beginning with two
Consonants: as, éfilda-nyxa for fiefildamxa.
It repeats the first two letters of the Present before the
Augment of Verbs beginning with a, e, o: as, 6/léw, 0’)/iexa,
dl0ilexa. ' ' \
104 oaaax RUDIMENTS~
It forms the First Future and Perfect of Verbs in w: as,
from ew ; thus, 19é/lw, 19elfidw, TeOé,lrpza, as if from 19eléw.
It drops 0' in the First Future: as, vo,uz5, circumflexed,
for V0/ti0'fl) ; xopeei for xupéaez.
It changes e, in the penultima of the Perfect Active, into
u: as, é'arpo¢a from arpé¢w ; el,loza for ,lélqa.
It forms the Pluperfect Singular in ay, 7g, n.
It changes erwaav and aromas, in the Third Person Plural
Imperative, into ovrwv and avrwv: as, ru1rr6vrwv for ru1rré
rwaav ; rug./mlvrwv for ru¢drwaav ; and a0waav into 000»: as,
ru1rréa0wv for ru1rréa0waav.
It makes the Optative of Contracts in 1yv ; as, ¢zloinv for
¢zloi,uz.
It changes ,u before ,uaz in the Perfect Passive of the
Fourth Conjugation into a: as, 1ré¢aa,uaz for 1ré¢ap,uaz.
THE IONIC
Loves a concourse of Vowels: as, ré1rredz for ré1rr7); aé
lnvain for aeinjvr7.
Its favourite letter is V, which it uses for a and e.
It puts soft Mutes for aspirate, and aspirate for soft: as,
év0a5ra for Ev-1'z50a; xz0(2» for lrralw.
It prefixes and inserts e: as, étuv for 5»; 1ronyréwv for
1rozn-zim ; 6ea1réreag for 6eour6rag.
It inserts z: as, fieia for fléa ; and, instead of subscribing,
adds it: as, 9P1y' Ereg for 6p¢xeg ; p‘1yi‘6z0g for fig'6z0r;.
In Nouns of the First Deelension, it changes the Genitive
ou into ew: as, zoznréw for uoznro5.
It changes the Dative Plural into pg and yau as, 6ezvjg,
xe¢alfy01, for -ozig, -aig.
In the Second Deelension it adds z to the Dative Plural:
as, ro701 épyowz for r07g i:'pyozg.
In the third, it changes e into 1, : as, fia01,lfiog for
fia01,léog. ,
annex RUDIUENTS. 105
It terminates the Aceusative of Contracts in w and wg, in
ouv: as, aZ6o5v for aZ60'a.
In Verbs, it omits the Augment: as, fir} for Efin.
It prefixes an unusual Reduplication : as, xéxa/mv for
é’xa,uw ; ,lelaliéa0w for la0éa0w.
It terminates the Imperfect and Aorists in ax0v; as, ré11
reaxov, rm,/1aaxov, for é'?um-ov, é'ru</1a.
It adds 0'z to the Third Person Subjunctive: as, rf11ry01
for rb1rry.
It changes ezv, ezg, ez of the Pluperfect, into ea, eag, ee,
&O.; as, éreré¢ea, ag, &c. '
It forms the Third Person Plural of the Passive in Ziraz
and 5.T0: as, ru1rréaraz for rc')1rrovraz,'. érz0éaro for ériflevro;
. gato for fivro.
It resumes in the Perfect, the Consonant of the Active:
as, reré¢araz for reru,u,uéwn eZm'.
It changes a into the Consonant of the Second Aorist:
as, 1reqapd6araz for 1re90paa/tév(_z eZo1'.
THE DORIC
Loves a broad pronunciation; its favourite letter is a,
which it uses for e, n, 0, w, and 00.
It changes C into 06 : as, {$06w for 6&o.
In 1\/-ouns, in the First Dcclension, it changes 00 of the
Genitive into a: as, d'z‘6a for df6ou.
In the Second Declension, it changes 00 of the Geni
tive into w: as, 0e(7) for 0eo5; and oug, of the Accnsative
Plural, into og and wg: as, fiedg for rkobg; dv0p0i1rwg for
dv0p(z'momg.
In the Third Declension, it changes eog of the Genitive
into evg: as, leileug for Xeileog.
In Verbs, it forms the Second Person Singular of the
Present in eg: as, Té11reg for rz'11rezg.
It changes o,uev of the First, and 000'z of the Third,
106 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
Person Plural, into opeg and ov-n: as, ,léyo,ueg, léyovrz, for
léy0,uev, ,ls‘you01.
It forms the Infinitive in ,uev and ,uevaz: as, 1-o1rré,urv and
ru1rré,uevaz, for rz'11rezv.
It forms the Feminine of Participles in owa, euaa, and
waa ; as, rl11rozaa, rimreuaa, and rz31rrwaa, for ré1rrouaa.
It forms the First Aorist Participle in azg, am-a, azv: as,
ru¢-azg, -aura, -azv, for -we//ag, -aaa, -av.
In the Passive, it forms the First Person Dual in ea0ov,
and Plural in ea0a : as, ru1rr6,u-e0'0ov, -ea0a, for rum-zipw0ov,
-e0a.
It changes 00 of the Second Person into eu: as, ru1r'reu
for ré1rrou.
In the Middle, it circumflexes the First Future: as,
rug/105,uaz for ré1/J0,uaz, as in the Active, T0901T) for rz')¢w.
It forms the First Person Singular of the Future in
'e0,uaz, and the Third Plural in euvraz: as, ruglte5,uaz, T0¢
EUVTGL
THE EOLIO
Changes the aspirate into the soft breathing: as, n‘,uépa
for 1i,uépa.
It draws back the Accent: as, é’;/w for éy(b 3 ¢fi,uz for ¢q,ui;
&ya0og for dya0zlg ; and circumflexes acuted Monosyllables:
its, ZeDg Zeég.
It changes a into Sz : as, ri0e'z,uz for rz'0wyu.
It puts 0zr for tiev: as, d1rw0a for d1rm‘0ev.
It resolves Diphthongs: as, mi2‘g for 1ra7g.
In Nouns of the First Deelension, it changes 00 into av:
85, dl6ao for zil6ou.
It changes 0m of the Genitive Plural into awv, and ag, of
the Accusative, into azg: as, /mua(iwv, ,uoz')aazg, for ,uoua(Tv,
,uoéaag.
In the Third Deelension, it changes the Accusative of
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 107
Contracts, in w and wg, into 0m: as, aZ607v for aZ66a; and
the Genitive oug into 0g. '
It forms the Third Person Plural of the Imperfect and
Aorists of the Indicative and Optative in am»: as, érém-oaav
for é"ru11rov.
It changes the Infinitive in av and ouv into azg and ozg:
as, yelaig for yel;iv ; lpuaoig for lpuaoi».
It changes ezv of the Infinitive into yv: as, ré1rmv for
TUWTeCV.
In the Passive, it changes ,ue0a into ,ue0e- and ,ue0ev: as,
i 017r6,ue0e and ru1rr6,ue0ev, for Tu11r6,ue0a.
THE POETS
_Have several peculiarities of Inflection.
They use all Dialects; but not indiscriminately, as will be
seen in the perusal of the best models in each species of
Poetry. In general, they adopt the most ancient forms, as
remote from the common Dialect.
They lengthen short Syllahles, by doubling the Conso
nants: as, é'aaeraz for é'aeraz; by changing a short Vowel
into a Diphthong: as, edv for év; ,u05vog for /uivog; eU.rjlou0
,uev for élnlé0a,uev; 0r by v final: as, iariv ¢ilov.
They add Syllables; as, gc6wg for ¢a3g; 6pdqv for épzjv;
aawaé,uevaz for a0iaezv.
They drop short Vowels in Pronunciation, to diminish
the number of Syllables: as, 6,uiw for 6a,udw.; é'yevro for
€7/évero. '
They drop Syllables: as, &'l¢z for éi,lezrov ; xpi for
xpi,uv0v; M11a for h'1rapov; 6ziwa for 6évaaaz; adw for 50d
un7.=.‘, &C.
In Nouns, they form the Genitive and Dative in ¢z: as,
xe¢alfi¢z from xe¢al1); arpar6¢z from arpan)g ; (';'lea¢z from
6'l0‘,-; va5goz for vafmz. So abr6¢z for ain-aig.
In the Second Declension, they change the Genitive ou
108 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
into ozo : as, mMé,uozo xaxoio for 1rolé/mu xaxo5 (HOM.), and
ozv in the Dual, into odv: as, /l6yufiv for /Myozv.
In the Third Deelension they form the Dative Plural by
adding z or 0'z to the Nominative Plural: as, 1raZg, 1rai6eg,
1raz'5eaz, or 1rai6eam.
They form several "erbs of a peculiar termination; in 00),
mu, pw, ayw, 0'0fl1, mrw, ayw, Ew, ezw, emu, pw, ozaw, ouw,
and 0m; as, fiefipoi0w, 7Ez», &c. So 07001 from o7w; Zipaw
from 6pw, &c.
They have Particles peculiar to themselves: as, 5/mz,
6fi0a, gxnrz, 5/mg, ,uéa¢a, vép0e, dla, xé, fid, &c.
DIGAMMA.
THE old Dialects of Greece admitted few or no Aspirates.
The Digamma was calculated to prevent the hiatus which
the concurrence of Vowels would produce. Aspirates Were
afterwards introduced into all the Dialects, except the
1Eolic, which adhered to the Digamma; hence, it has pre
served the name of the ZEolic. It has also, with great pro
priety, been called the Homeric Digamma: that great poct
adopted the original forms of the [Echc and Ionic Dialects,
which threw a majestic air of antiquity on his poetry.
This ancient form Homer dignifies by the appellation of the
language of the Gods. Virgil, and among the moderns,
Tasso and Milton, successfully imitated that practice, by
the introduction of antiquated expressions, which removed
their language from the common idiom, and cast a venerable
gloom of solemuity on their style. To that principle may,
in a great measure, be attributed the use of the Digamma
by Homer.
The use of the Digamma having been insensibly abolished
by the introduction of Aspirates, the transcribers of the works
of Homer neglected to mark it; and at 1eugth'the vestiges
of its existence were confined to a few ancient inscriptions.
The harmonious ear of the Poet has led him sedulously to
avoid every hiatus of Vowels; but the absence of the Di
gamma made him inharmonious and defective. To remove
10 109
110 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
in some degree this difiiculty, his Commentators interposed
the final v, or the Particles, y', 6', T'; but these could be
only partially adopted, and were far from exhibiting the
Poet in all the charms of his original style. Numbcrless
passages remained in their naked deformity, and exercised
the conjecture] sagacity of Grammarians and Commentators.
Thus, in the Verse in the opening of the Iliad, 'Hp0iwv
ab.-obg 6é 5l0ipza re5;e xz5veaazv—aware of the inharmonious
efl'ect of the concurrence of the two e, they cut ofl" the for
mer. The quantity of the latter created another difliculty.
Some doubled the l, and others asserted that e was length
ened before the -liquid: but there were passages to which
even these and similar expedients were inapplicable. A
successful effort was made by the great Bentley to remove
these embarrassments. The restoration of the Digamma
has at length vindicated the Poet, and displayed the har
monious bcauties of his original versification. To give the
learner some clue to guide him through these intricacies, an
alphabetical table is added of the words in Homer, which,
either constantly or generally admit the Digamma in the
initial Vowel.
A .
Ziyw 21',lw/u. dipn.
é'yvu/u_ Zz'vdE. z‘x'pzarov.
1‘x'6w. dwldvw. Hyweg.
alilmuz. dpauig. Zivrru.
dihg. Zip6w.
E.
E. E0vog. e7xo01.
éap. eZ6éw. elxw.
g6vov. ef6w. ' eilap .
é'0ezpa. e76w,lov. ei,léw.
30ev. ehe,log. eZléw.
GREEK RUDIMENTS. 111
eZ,lu¢dw.
eZlw.
el,ua.
eipyw.
eipw.
éiaxw.
gxa0ev.
§xdg.
Exaarog
ExaTog.
Ex1ylog.
820yrz.
éxup6g.
éx0iv.
éle6g.
Hzxeg.
Zziln.
(alg0)
f6pzg.
Ye,uaz.
Yxelog.
Zx,udg.
"I}¢0g.
lveg.
é,lixw1reg.
E,l[0aw.
Hog.
5l1rig.
5l1110.
Elw.
Elwp.
é,lnipzov.
Everoz.
§'wu,uz.
é'ozxa.
é6g.
E"1r0g.
$z'1rw.
é'pypa
épyvéw.
H.
fixa.
ijvo¢.
17p
17p1
Zviov.
l'ov.
Zov0dg.
'1pzg.
X
7o-q,uz.
laog.
Zaxw.
Zo"rz'1y.
Epy/0v.
é'pyw.
ép6w.
é/"v'pvg
épéw.
éo'01jg.
5z700g.
§a1repog
éawia.
grapog.
é'mg.
é'rog.
érai01og.
Ew.
'Hpn.
1ipiov.
>'iln
Yarwp.
Zoyég.
iréa.
7rug.
lgm.
7¢zog.
Fwry' . -
haxn' .
112 GREEK RUDIMENTS.
Ziapeg.
ol6yur.
olxog.
(‘r'y0,ua:, vagor.
ahbv, aevum.
dl0l1r-QE, vulpes.
‘Aopvog, Avernus.
Alalog, Achivus.
-d'.u, aveo.
olvog. 06l0g.
odpov.
341.
oblap6g.
The Latin Dialects naturally adopted the ]Eolic Digamma,
which it expressed generally by V, as will be seen in the
following list :
'Earia, Vesta.
é'rog, vetus.
77!‘)? ver
Bz6w, vivo.
fi6eg, boves.
diog, divas.
ei6éw, video.
eharz, viginti.
E,l01, volvof
é‘,uw, vomo.
év6ixw, vindico.
Eva:roz, veneti.
é'vrepm;, venter.
E'pZw, vergo.
épog, servus.
é'pw, verto.
é'a0ng, vestis.
éovrépa, vewera.
', ITTI
7Eog, viscus.
7ov, viola.
k, vis.
5'01, ivi.
xdw, cavo.
xepazk, cervus.
x,leig, clavis.
x6p0g, corvus.
lazdg, Zaevus.
lapfi, larva.
leiog, levis.
/loz'n», lavo.
lbw, solvo.
/1.dlln, malva.
,udopog, Manors
,udw, moveo.
vaiog, naevus.
vafx,-, navis.
GREEK 113RUDIMENTS.
véog, novus.
muii, vinco.
olxog, vicus.
mr5pog, parvus.
1rpiw, privo.
fiiw, rivus.
olvog, vinum. axazdg, sazvus.
<';'2'g, ovis. ra(bg, pavo.
dlw, volvo. liln, sylua.
5'l,log, vulgus. 5w, uvesco.
dw, voveo. (in)v, ovum.
Sometimes the Digamma is represented by other letters,
among which we meet B: as, 6éw, d-ubium; fiéw, robur;
Fjw, tlbcr.
C: as, 3repa, celera.
F: as, dyopd, forum; 3,uz,log, famulus; aZ,ldg, felts,‘ Fveg,
funes; 5w, fluo. I , _
R: as, fio1), Boreas; efiw, um; i',laog, hilaris; ,uéa5,
mureac ; ,uoumiwv, masarum; vudg, nurus, &c.
In English, the Digamma has become W : as, véog, new;
win-um, wine; fislulu, whistle; vespa, wasp; via, way. It
is pronounced without being written in the word one.
V: as, vadg, nave, &c.
FINIS.
10*
GENERA
liiifl PT §“‘.:";i~
-.1 ...M
.-JALITY counm; MARK
L B°°KB|"I->z|~|<i co.I
‘f
H "‘ \_ f-Q
ah
,/"*1!-
‘.'
'~\§,--,
..
.~
-
..a00I0zIaWve“0
.~
'~...
~
.-...WM....,___~ma
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