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RUDUN JUYIN HALITTA

RUDUN JUYIN HALITTA

RushewarKimiyyarDarwiniyanciDaTushen Akidojinsa

HARUN YAHYA

Da Sunan Allah, Mai Rahama, Mai Jinkai

BAYANI AKAN RUDUN JUYIN HALITTA

Ga wasu mutane, zatonsu kaidar juyin halitta ko Darwiniyanci yana dauke ne da wasu maanoni da suka shafi kimiyya ne kawai, suna ganin bashi da alaka ko wata dangantaka da rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum. Hakika wannan shine fahimta karkatacciya wadda tafi shahara. Ya zarce duk inda tunani ya kai akan cewa ya shafi kimiyya ne, sai dai ita kaidar juyin halitta tana kunshe ne da dabaibayin mayaudaran falsafawa wadanda suka tafi da tunanin mutane da yawa: wato akan jari-hujja.Fasafawan jari-hujja, wadanda suka yarda da samuwar tarin kwayoyin halitta, kuma suka fadi cewar wai mutum ya samo asali ne daga tarin wadannan kwayoyi, har ma suka shelanta cewa, mutum ba komai bane illa dabba, tare da rikicin da shine sanadiyyar samuwarsa. Koda yake sun yada cewar wata hanyar ilmantarwa ce ta zamani akan falsafar kimiyya, alhali jari-hujja ne. Fahimtar Girkawan Da, da imaninsu akai shine yasa aka samu maguzawan falsafawan karni na goma sha takwas, suka farfado da ita kuma suka raya ta. Daga baya aka sake dasa ta a cikin karni na goma sha tara, ta bangarorin kimiyya daga wasu masu bautar tunani, kamarsu Karl Marx, Charles Darwin da Sigmund Freud.Gano asalin wannan falsafar, wadda take da tambayoyi da yawa da zata amsa dangane da annobar da dan Adam ya jawo a karni biyun da suka wuce, zaa iya gani a cikin kowace akida da fahimta a cikin alumomi, a matsayin dalili ne ga rikici ko sabani.Kaidar juyin halitta, ko Darwiniyanci, yazo ne don ya cike gurbin almara. Ya bayyanar da cewa jari-hujja wata fahimta ce a kimiyya. Shine yasa Karl Marx Uban kwaminisanci da Tsantsar jari-hujja, ya rubuta cewar Darwiniyanci shine asali mai tabbaccen tarihi akan raayoyinsa a duniyance.Babu shakka, wannan asali rubabbe ne. Domin bincike na kimiyyar zamani ya tabbatar Lokaci bayan Lokaci cewar shahararriyar yarda dake da alaka da Darwniyanci da kimiyya karya ce. Kuma hujjoji na kimiyya sunci karo da Darwiniyanci bayyana cewa Asalin halittarmu ba wai juyin halitta bane, sai dai Ubangiji shine ya halicci duniya, dukkan wani abu mai rai da kuma mutum.An rubuta wannan littafi ne don a tabbatarwa da mutane akan haka. Tun lokacin da aka rubuta shi, asalinsa a harshen kasar Turkey, sannan a kasashe da dama, miliyoyin mutane sun karanta kuma sun gamsu da littafin. Kari akan harshen Turkawa, an fassara shi da Turanci, Italiyanci, Sifananci, Bosniyanci, Larabci, harshen Mayal da Indonesia. Wannan littafi yana nan a wadace, kuma kyauta a kowane harshe da aka ambata a hanyar sadarwa ta internet (www.evolutiondeceit.com) Fatanmu ne ace Rudun Juyin Halitta ya dade yana bada gudunmawarsa ta wayar da kai akan rudun da Charles Darwin ya kawo wanda ya dade yana batar da mutane tun daga karni na 19. Kuma ya tunasar da mutane akan gaskiyar alamarin rayuwarsu, kamar yadda suka zo duniya (maana halittarsu) da kuma nauyin da yake kansu a wajen bautar Ubangijinmu.

Tarihin Marubuci

Marubucin, wanda yake rubutu a karkashin sunan alkalami HARUN YAHYA, an haife shi a shekara ta 1956.Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na firamare da sakandire a Ankara, sai ya tafi Jami`ar Mimar Sinan a Istanbul yayi digirinsa, sannan ya sake yin wani a fannin falsafa a jami`ar Istanbul.Tun daga 1980, marubucin ya wallafa littattafai akan siyasa, da wadanda suka shafi imani da kuma sha`anin kimiyya. Harun Yahya sanannen marubuci ne wanda ya rubuta muhimman ayyuka dake bayanin yaudarar ma`abota (evolution) juyin halitta, rashin gaskiyar da`awarsu da kuma bakar alaka dake tsakanin Darwin da munanan akidunsa.Sunansa na alkalami ya kunshi sunaye guda biyu Harun da Yahya, don tunawa da wadannan manyan annabawa, wadanda suka yaki kafirci. Hatimin manzon Allah dake bangon littattafan marubucin yana da ma`ana da take da alaka izuwa abinda yake ciki. Hatimin kansa yana wakiltar Alkur`ani ne a matsayin littafin karshe wanda Allah ya saukar kuma kalmomin karshe daga wurinSa, sannan annabinmu shine cikamakin annabawa. Akan tafarkin shiriyar Alkur`ani da sunnah, marubucin ya sanya wannan ya zama shine nasararsa don karyata dukkanin akidu da fahimtar marasa addini, da kuma daukaka "kalmar karshe", saboda a cika bayanai akan kare martabar addini, da kalubalen da ake yi akan addini. Hatimin annabi, wanda ya kai kololuwar hikima da cikar dabi`a, ya zama shine alamar manufarsa ta fadar wannan kalmar karshe.Dukkan wadannan ayyuka na marubucin sun tattara ne a cimma manufa guda daya: Isar da sakon Alkur`ani ga mutane, don karfafa musu gwiwar yin tunani akan abubuwan da suka shafi imani, kamarsu samuwar Ubangiji, kadaitakarsa, tashin kiyama, da kuma bayyana illoli ginshikai da watsatstsun ayyukan maguzawa.Harun Yahya na samun karuwar makaranta littafinsa a kasashe da yawa, daga India zuwa America, England zuwa Indonesia, Poland zuwa Bosnia, daga Spain zuwa Brazil. An fassara wasu daga daga cikin littafinsa zuwa harshen Turanci, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Italiyanci, harshen Portuguese, Urdu, Larabci da Albaniyanci, Rashanci, Serbo-croat (Bosnia), Uygur Turkiyya, da Indonesia, kuma makaranta sun gamsu dashi a duk fadin duniya.Babbar gamsuwar da aka samu ko`ina a duniya, ya sa mutane da yawa sun bada gaskiya (iman) da Allah kuma wasu da yawa sun zurfafa tunani cikin imaninsu. Hikima, gaskiya da saurin fahimta shine salon da yasa littattafan suka yi fice, wanda shi yake jan hankalin duk wanda ya karantasu ko ya jarraba duba su.Ga su basa samun suka saboda irin tsarin da suka taho dashi don yada gaskiya, tabbataccen sakamako da samun karbuwa. Ba kamar wadanda suka karanta wadannan littattafai kuma suka cusawa kansu wani tunani wanda ba zai taimaka musu wajen yada wannan sako, don rushe falsafar jari-hujja, maguzanci da duk wata akida ko falsafa ba. Koda zasu taimakawa wancan tsari. Duk wata kungiya a yau an kureta, madallah da littattafan Harun Yahya.Babu shakka wadannan dabi`u sun bayyana ne daga hikimomin Alkur`ani. Marubucin dai bai taba jin wani alfahari akansa ba, yayi nufin wannan aiki ne don neman kusanci izuwa tafarkin Ubangiji. Haka kuma, ba`a nufaci samun wata riba akan wadannan ayyukan buga littattafan ba. La`akari da wadannan dalilai ne yasa muka ga cewa wadanda suke kwadaitar da mutane akan karanta wadannan littattafai, wadanda suke buge idanun zuciya da shiryarwa akan su zama bayin Allah na kwarai, sunyi aiki mara iyakar lada.Bayan haka, zai zama bata lokaci da lafiya don yada littattafan da suke kawo kokwanto a zukatan mutane, da kai mutum cikin akida ta hayaniya, kuma da rashin karfin dalilan da zasu cire kokwanto a zukatan mutane, wanda ya zama abin sani da irin abinda ya sha faruwa a baya. Koda yake abu ne mawuyaci kaga an rubuta littattafai don kawai a yi ta bayanin kwazon marubuci, maimakon tsamo mutane daga bata ya zama shine muhimmin aikinsa, tare da samun tasiri babba.Wadanda suke kokwanton haka zasu gani a fili cewa littattafan Harun Yahya, suna kawar da bata da shiryarwa izuwa kyawawan dabi`u daga Alkur`ani.Nasara da tasirin dake tattare da wannan aiki ya bayyana daga sha`awa da shakuwar makaranci.Abu daya da yakamata a kudurce a zuciya shine: Babban dalilin da ya haifar da cigaban rigingimu da kashe-kashe, da duk wahalhalun da musulmi suke fuskanta shine akidar kafirci wadda ta yadu. Za`a iya kawo karshen wadannan akidoji ta hanyar kuresu da dalilai da kuma tabbatarwa cewar kowa ya san abubuwan mamaki daga halitta da tarbiyyar Alkur`ani, don mutane su rayu akanta.Idan ka dubi halin da duniya take ciki a yau, ka ga abubuwan da suka jefa mutane cikin rigingimu, cin hanci da rashawa, ya bayyana cewar dole ne a samar da irin wadannan ayyuka a cikin sauri kuma masu inganci.Idan ba haka ba, to zai zama an makara sosai. Babu shakka cewar littattafan Harun Yahya sun ja ragamar wannan mukami. Da ikon Allah, sai wadannan littattafai sun zama tafarki wanda ta hanyarsu mutane a karni na ashirin da daya zasu samar da zaman lafiya, albarka, adalci da farin cikin da Allah ya alkawarta.

ZUWA GA MAI KARATU

A duk littattafan marubucin, an yi bayanin abubuwan da suka shafi imani daga hasken ayoyin Alkur`ani da gayyatar mutane su san kalmomin Ubangiji kuma su rayu akansu.Dukkanin tattaunawa da ta shafi ayoyin Ubangiji anyi bayaninsu yadda ba za`a bar wata kafar kokwanto ko alamar tambaya a cikin zuciyar mai karatu ba.An dauki hanya da tsari mai sauki yadda kowane mutum komai shekarunsa zai iya samun saukin fahimtar wadannan littattafai, kuma ya karantasu a zama daya.Kai har wadanda basu yarda da addini ba, sun jawu ta hanyar kwararan dalilan dake tattare a cikin littattafan. Wannan littafi, da wadansu littattafan marubucin, zasu karantu daga mutum daya ko a cikin taron jama`a a lokacin tattaunawa.Mutanen da suke kokarin samun riba a cikin littattafan, zasu samu amfani kwarai da gaske, inda zasu iya sanar da fahimtarsu ga wasu. Kari akan haka, zai zama babban aiki ga addini da bada gudunmawa wajen yada karatunsu, wanda dama an rubutasu ne don samun yardar Ubangiji. Saboda haka,masu son yada addini ga mutane, hanya mafi inganci shine jan hankalinsu izuwa karanta wadannan littattafai. Da fatan mai karatu zai dauki lokaci yayi bitar sauran littattafan da suke shafukan karshe na littafin, zai gamsu da kwararan hujjoji da aka gabatar akan abubuwan da suka shafi imani, wanda suke da amfani kuma ga dadin karantawa. A littattafan nan, ba zaka samu ba, kamar sauran littattafai, ra`ayin marubuci, bayani marasa tushe, kirkire-kirkire, rudani da wasuwasi wanda zai iya haifar da kaucewa a cikin zuciya.

SHARE FAGENA MUSAMMAN

Hakikanin Asalin Akidar Taaddanci:Darwiniyanci da Taaddanci Gabatarwa

Mutane da yawa sun dauka cewar Charles Darwin ne ya fara kirkiro ka`idar juyin halitta(theory of evolution) wanda ya rataya akan hujjoji,lura da gwaje-gwajen kimiyya.Saboda haka,ta wannan fuska, Darwin ba shine ya kirkiro ba,ballantana ma ka`idar ba`a kafa ta akan hujjojin kimiyya ba. Ka`idar ta kunshi daukar yanayi (nature) daga imanin mutanen Da akan falsafar jari-hujja.Duk da cewar dai babu wata hujja ta kimiyya, sabo- da haka,sun marawa ka`idar baya ne a karkashin sunan falsafar jari-hujja.Wannan tsantseni ya haifar da annoba iri-iri. Saboda haduwar da yada akidar Darwin da Falsafar jari-hujja suka bunkasa,da amsar tambayar 'Menene dan Adam?'ya canza.Mutanen da suka saba fadin:Allah ne ya halicci `yan Adam,kuma su rayu akan kyawawan dabi`un da ya (Ubangiji) koyar sun fara canza tunaninsu zuwa'Mutum ya samu ne haka nan,kuma dabba ne wanda ya ginu da fafutukar rayuwa.'Lalle zasu biya farashi mai nauyi akan wannan gagarumar yaudara.Akidu masu kawo rigingimu,irin su wariyar launin fata,mulkin kama-karya,kwaminisanci dadai sauran akidoji munana wadanda sun alakantu da wannan yaudara.Wannan gaba ta tattaunawa zata yi nazari akan annobar da Darwinism ko akidar Darwin ta jawowa duniya da alakar ta da ta`addanci,daya daga cikin muhimman matsalolin da suka addabi duniya a zamaninmu.

Karyar Darwin:'Rayuwa Rikici ce'

Darwin ya fitar da wata fahimta daya, lokacin da yake bunkasa ka`idarsa cewa:"Bunkasar abubuwa masu rai sun dogara ne akan gwagwarmayar rayuwa. Mai karfi ya danne mara karfi. Mai rauni kuwa an dammara shi da zama a haka.Darwin yana cewa, akwai dawwamammiyar gwagwarmayar rayuwa da rikici a yanayin rayuwa.Mai karfi kullum shine a saman mara karfi,kuma wannan shi zai tabbatar da samuwar cigaba.Sunan da ya sawa littafinsa shine'The Origin of species by means ofNatural Selection', ko 'The preservation of Favoured Races in the struggle for Life',ya tabbatar da waccan magana ko ra`ayi.

Hakikanin Asalin Akidar Taaddanci: Darwiniyanci da Jari-Hujja 15 Bayan haka, Darwin yayi hasashen wai 'gwagwarmayar rayuwa' za ta iya shiga cikin jinsin mutum.A da`awarsa, 'zababbun jinsi sune sukai nasara a wannan gwagwarmaya' zababbun jinsi a wurin Darwin sune turawan yamma.Afrika da Asiya sune aka bari a baya a wannan gwagwarmayar rayuwa.Darwin ya cigaba da fadin ra`ayinsa cewar wadannan jinsi da sannu zasu fadi warwas a gwagwarmayar rayuwa kuma a daina jin duriyarsu:"A wani lokaci mai zuwa,ba wani mai tsawo kamar yadda karnuka suka auna ba,wayayyun jinsin mutum zasu kare,kuma su maye al`umomin Da,a ko`ina a fadin duniya A daidai lokaci guda birran anthropomorphous...babu shakka zasu kare.Tsarar dake tsakanin mutum da makusantan halittu zai dada fadaduwa,zai shiga tsakanin mutum da yanayi na wayawa,yadda muke fata,koda caucasian ne,da wasu nau`in birrai kanana kamar dai yanzu ace tsakanin bakaken mutane ko Australia da gwaggon biri."1 Wata bahindiya masaniyar Anthropology, Lalita Vidyarthi tayi bayanin ka`idar juyin halitta din Darwin ta cusa akidar wariyar launin fata a cikin zaman takewar kimiyya: "Shi (Darwin) ka`idarsa ta gwagwarmayar rayuwa ta samu karbuwa da maraba daga wurin masana kimiyyar zaman takewa na zamanin nan, kuma suka yarda cewa dan Adam ya cigaba ta duk matakin juyin halitta wanda ya zama wayewar bature ko farar fata. Daga lokacin da aka kai kashi na biyun karni na goma sha tara, wariyar launin fata ya samu karbuwa a matsayin dalili daga mafi rinjayen masana kimiyyar turawan yamma.2

Inda Darwin yake samo wahayiKa`idar rashin tausayi na Malthus

Inda Darwin yake samo wahayi a wannan fage shine littafin masanin tattalin arzikin Birtaniya Thomas Malthus 'An Essay on the principle of population'.Can da akidarsu mummuna,Malthus ya auna yaga cewa lalle mutane suna karuwa akai-akai.A ra`ayinsa, abinda yake hana yawan karuwar mutane shine bala`o`i kamarsu yaki, fari da yaduwar cuta. A takaice dai,a cikin zancensa mai muni yana cewa,dole wasu mutane su mutu don wasu su rayu.Rayuwarsu shine ma`ana 'dawwamamman yaki' A cikin karni na sha tara, ra`ayin Malthus ya samu karbuwa. Ajin farko na masana turawan yamma sun marawa wannan mugun tunani na sa baya. A cikin kasidar 'The Nazis Secret Scientific Agenda', muhimmancin karni na 19 dangane da ra`ayin Malthus akan yawan mutane, an bayyana shi kamar haka;

RUDUN JUYIN HALITTA

"A farkon rabin karni na sha tara, a ko`ina a kasahen Turai, kusoshin Mulki sun taru don su tattauna akan sabon bincike 'matsalar yawan jama`a da kuma samar da hanyoyin da za`a aiwatar da ra`ayin Malthus, da kara yawan adadin nakasar talakawa, maimakon a samar da hanyar tsaftatuwar talakawa, lallai mu kwadaitar akan kishiyar hakan. Abiranenmu lallai mu matse hanyoyi, da tura mutane da yawa cikin gidaje, kuma mu dawo da tabarbarewar halaye. A kasashen mu sai mu gina kauyuka kusa da kudduddufai, kuma musamman kwadaitar da zama a kwazazzabai da wurare marasa kyau," da dai sauransu.3Dalilin wannan mummunar akida,wato masu rauni da kuma wadanda suka fadi a wannan gwagwarmaya za`a kawar dasu saboda haka a yawan da ake samu akai-akai zai yi daidai kenan.Wannan akida ta 'tursasawa talaka' ta samu aiwatuwa ne a Birtaniya a karni na 19.Wata doka ta raya masana`antu ta samu kafuwa inda aka sa yara `yan shekara takwas da tara yin aiki na awa shida a kullum,a wajen hako kol kuma dubbai sun mutu a sanadiyyar haka,saboda matsanancin yanayin da suka samu kansu.Miliyoyin mutanen kasar Birtaniya sun shiga halin kaka-nikayi a dalilin tsarin 'gwagwarmayar rayuwa' wanda Malthus ya gindaya.Darwin ya rudu da wannan ra`ayi, kuma ya aiwatar dashi akan sauran yanayin halittu, kuma ya ambata cewa lallai mai karfi kullum shine mai nasara a cikin yakinnan na wanzuwa.Haka kuma, yayi da`awar cewa wannan ka`idar gasgatacciya ce kuma ba zata taba canzuwa ba.Daga nan sai ya gayyato mutane akan su rabu da addininsu kuma su ki yarda da cewa Allah ne yayi halitta, kuma su himmatu wajen fito da hujjoji da zasu iya yin karo da abokan adawa akan gwagwarmayar rayuwa.

Abinda 'Shari`ar daji ta haifar': Fin Karfi A yayin da Darwiniyanci ya haifar da wariyar launin fata a cikin karni na 19,sai ya dunkule ya zama akidar da zata iya bunkasa ko farfado da tsundamar duniya cikin zubar da jini a karni na 20:wanda aka fi sani da Naziyanci.Karfin rinjayen Darwin zai iya ganuwa a akidojin `yan Nazi.Idan mutum yai nazarin wannan akida,wadda Adolf Hitler da Alfred Rosenberg suka yiwa alkibla,zai fahimci cewa akwai manufar 'zabin halitta','zabin ma`abota',da 'gwagwarmayar rayuwa tsakanin jinsuna', wanda aka maimaita su da yawan gaske a cikin littafin The Origin of Species.A yayin da ya sanyawa littafinsa suna Mein Kamf (Gwagwarmaya ta), Hitler, wanda ya samo wahayinsa daga akidar Darwin ta gwagwarmayar rayuwa da kuma cewa nasara tana ga mai karfi.Musamman yayi magana akan wannan gwagwarmaya tsakanin jinsuna, kamar haka; Hakikanin Asalin Akidar Taaddanci: Darwiniyanci da Taaddanci 17

"Tarihi zai nuna a daular sabon karni wanda babu canji ga wannan nasara, wanda zai tabbata a sabon tsarin wariyar launin fata da yanayi zai wajabta shi."4A kamfe na 1933 wanda jam`iyyar Nuremberg tayi, Hitler yai da`awar cewa "jinsi madaukaki ya shugabantar da kansa akan jinsi makaskanci...hakki wanda muka ganshi a yanayi (nature) kuma wanda muka dauke shi halattaccen hakki.Fadin cewa `yan Nazi sun jawu daga ra`ayin Darwiniyanci hujja ce wadda kusan dukkanin masana tarihi suka yarda da ita. Masanin tarihi Hickman,ya bayyana jawuwar Hitler game da ra`ayin Darwiniyanci kamar haka;"(Hitler) mabiyi ne na gaske mai yada Juyin halitta. Komai zurfafawa, fadadawa a cikin yarda da akidunsa, abu ne bayananne cewa (manufar gwagwarmaya ta zama mai muhimmanci ne saboda)...littafinsa, Mein Kampf, ya debo akidu da ra`ayoyin ma`abota evolution, musamman ma wadanda suke karfafa gwagwarmaya, mai karfi shi yake rayuwa da kawar da raunana don a samar da ingantacciyar rayuwa ko al`umma."5 Hitler, wanda ya samar da wannan ra`ayi,ya jefa duniya cikin rigingimu wanda bata taba gani ba.Kabilu da kungiyoyin siyasa da yawa,kuma musamman yahudawa,sun sha fama da matsanciyar wahala da kisan gilla a hannun `yan Nazi,yayi sanadiyyar kisan kiyashi na mutane miliyan (55) hamsin da biyar.Abinda ya haifar da wannan ta`asa a tarihin duniya shine akidar Darwiniyanci ta 'gwagwarmayar rayuwa' ko 'struggle for survival' a turance.

Kazamin Hadin Gwiwa: Darwiniyanci da Kwaminisanci A lokacin da mulkin danniya ke hannun daman akidar Darwiniyanci,a haguna Kwaminisanci ke biye.Hakika kwaminisanci daya ne daga cikin akidojin dake kare ka`idar Darwin.Dangantakar dake tsakanin Darwiniyanci da Kwaminisanci, na komawa ne ga wadanda suka kafa su.Marx da Engels, sune suka kafa Kwaminisanci,kuma sun karanta littafin nan na Darwin wato 'The Origin of Species' a daidai lokacin da ya fito kuma suka gamsu da tsarin maganganun halayyar jari-hujja.Alakar dake tsakanin Karl Marx da Engels ta nuna cewar sun fahimci ka`idar Darwin a matsayin abinda ke bada hujjar tarihin yanayin bawa Kwaminisanci kofa.A littafinsa mai suna 'The Dialectics of Nature',wanda ya rubuta a sanadiyyar ruduwar Darwin, Engels yayi mutukar yabawa Darwin,kuma yayi kokarin ba da ta sa gudunmawar akan ka`idar a babin 'The part played by labour in the transition from Ape to Man';

18 RUDUN JUYIN HALITTA

`Yan Kwaminisancin Rasha,wadanda ke bin sawun Marx da Engels,kamarsu Plekhanov,Lenin,Trotsky da Stalin,dukkaninsu sun yarda da ka`idar juyin zamanin Darwin(Darwin`s theory of evolution).Plekhanov,wanda ake ganin shine ya dasa harsashen Kwaminisancin Rasha yana daukar Marxism a matsayin 'Darwiniyanci a aikace a ilmin zaman tare'. 6 Trotsky yace;"Binciken Darwin shine babbar nasara a duk fadin fagen nazarin gabar halittu."7Ilmin Darwiniyanci yana da rawa mai yawa da ya taka wajen haifar da kwaminisanci. Misali, masana tarihi sun tabbatar cewa Stalin mai addini ne a samartakarsa, amma ya daina addini saboda littattafan Darwin.8Mao, wanda ya kafa tsarin mulkin kwaminisanci a China kuma ya kashe miliyoyin mutane,ya fada a bainar jama`a cewa 'an kafa kwaminisancin China ne akan tafarkin Darwin da ka`idar evolution.' 9Masanin tarihin Harvard University James Reeve Pusey yayi cikakken bayani da ya danganci Darwiniyanci akan Mao da Kwaminisancin China a littafinsa na bincike mai suna 'China and Charles Darwin'. 10A takaice ai, babu wata kafa dake raba tsakanin ka`idar evolution da kwaminisanci.Ka`idar tazo da cewar dukkan wani abu mai rai ya wanzu ne haka nan, kuma suka kawo hujjojinsu na shaci fadi da sunan kimiyya don tabbatar da addinin maguzanci.Kwaminisanci kuwa, akida ce wadda ta kulla alakar ta da Darwiniyanci.Bayan haka, ka`idar ta cigaba da cewa cigaban yanayi na iya yiwuwa ta hanyar gwagwarmayar rayuwa (struggle for survival) da marawa akidar dialectics' baya wadda jigo ce a kwaminisanci.Idan muka tuna akidar kwaminisanci ta 'dialectical conflict'wato rikicin wariyar harshe wadda tayi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutum sama da miliyan dari da ashirin (a cikin karni na ashirin, 20th century), zamu iya fahimtar irin annobar daDarwiniyanci ya gayyatowa duniya.

Darwiniyanci da Ta`addanciKamar yadda muka gani a baya, Darwiniyanci shine mabubbugar akidu masu yawa wadanda suke tattare da rigingimun da suka haifarwa dan Adam annoba a karni na 20.Haka kuma, kamar dai wadannan akidu, shima Darwiniyanci ko akidar babu Allah, ya bayyana 'daidaitacciyar fahimta' da 'tsari'wanda zai iya jan hankalin ra`ayoyiiri-iri a duniya.Manufar da take karkashin wannan fahimta da kuma tsarin shine 'yakar wadanda basa cikinmu'.

Hakikanin Asalin Akidar Taaddanci: Darwiniyanci da Taaddanci 19

Zamu iya fayyace wannan kamar haka; Akwai akidu, ra`ayoyin duniya, da falsafa iri-iri. Kowannensu na kallon dan uwansa a dayan biyun wannan hanyoyi: 1) Zasu iya girmama bayyanar wadanda basa tare dasu da kokarin kulla alaka ta sulhu ko tattaunawa, wato suyi amfani da tsari na mutuntaka; ko 2) Zasu iya zabar su yaki wasu, da kuma kokarin samun damar raunana su, ma`ana dai, suyi amfani da halayya irin ta dabbobi. Abin tsoron da muke kira ta`addanci ba wani abu bane illa bayanin nan na ra`ayi na biyu. Idan muka kalli bambancin dake tsakanin ra`ayoyin biyu, zamu ga cewa salon da Darwiniyanci ya dauka na cewa wai "mutum wata dabba ce mai dabi`ar fada" kawai an rudi mutane ne ta karfin tuwo.Daidaikun mutane da jama`arsu wadanda suka zabi wannan hanya ta rigingimu,watakila basu taba sanin wani abu mai suna Darwiniyanci da akidunsa ba.Amma a karshe,sun zo sun yarda da ra`ayin Darwiniyanci.Abinda ya jawo suka yarda da ingancinsa shine,taken Darwiniyanci kamar,'mai karfi shi yake rayuwa a wannan duniya','babban kifi shi yake hadiye kanana',yaki dabi`a ce',da kuma 'mutum na cigaba ne ta hanyar jangwalo yaki'.Ku jefar da Darwiniyanci can gafa,domin ba komai bane illa fankon da babu tsinke a ciki. Hakika,idan aka jefar da Darwiniyanci,to,babu wata falsafar rikici da zata rage.Addinai ukun da mafi yawan mutane suka yi imani dasu,Musulunchi,Kiristanci,da Yahudanci,sun kyamaci rikici.Dukkaninsu na fatan su kawowa duniya zaman lafiya ne,da kyamar kashe mutanen da basu jiba kuma basu gani ba,cutar dasu da azabtar dasu.Rigingimu da tayar da tarzoma sun karya tsarin dabi`un da Ubangiji ya shiryawa dan Adam,kuma ababan kyama.Sai dai,Darwiniyanci ya gabatar dasu a matsayin yanayi mai afkuwa,nagaskiya kuma babu makawa sai sun wanzu. Saboda haka, idan wasu mutane suka aikata ta`addanci ta hanyar fakewa da addinin Musulunchi, Kiristanci da Yahudanci, za ka iya tabbatarwa ba Musulmai,kiristoci ko Yahudawa bane. Mabiya addinin Darwin ne.Suna fakewa a inuwar addini da muminai ne.

20 RUDUN JUYIN HALITTA

Kuma dalili shine suna aikata abinda addini ya hana,ba don komai ba sai don su bakanta addini a idon mutane Saboda haka,tushen ta`addancin da ya cika wannan duniya tamu bashi da alaka da daya daga cikin saukakkun addinai,sai dai maguzanci ne,kuma fassara maguzanci a zamaninmu shine:'Darwiniyanci' da Jari-hujja.

MUSULUNCHI BA SHINE YA HAIFAR DA TA`ADDANCI BA, SAI DAI HANYAR WARWARE SHIMutanen da suke cewa suna aiki da sunan addini na iya rashin fahimtar addininsu ko su aikata shi abisa kuskure.Saboda haka, kuskure ne samo wani abu daga wurin wadannan mutanen akan abinda ya shafi addini.Hanya mafi kyawun fahimtar addinin Musulunchi shine ta asali mafi tsarki. Hanya mafi tsarki a Musulunchi shine Alkur`ani: kuma samfurin kyawawan dabi`u kur`ani shine Musulunchi-ya sha bamban da duk wani yanayin da ya darsu a zukatan wasu turawan yamma. An saukar da kur`ani ne akan kyawawan dabi`u, soyayya, tausayi, jinkai, kaskantar da kai, kwazo, juriya da zaman lafiya,kuma Musulmin da yake rayuwa akan wannan tafarki, lallai ya tsarkaku,ga hangen nesa, juriya, gaskiya da rikon amana.Wadanda suke kewaye dashi na amun kauna, girmamawa, zaman lafiya da fahimtar zaman takewa ta rayuwa tare dashi.

Musulunchi addinin zaman lafiya ne kwanciyar hankaliKalmar ISLAM tana daidai da ma`anar "zaman lafiya" a larabce.Musulunchi saukakken addini ne da ya zowa rayuwar dan Adam cike da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar arziki,wanda rahama da jinkan Ubangiji ya bayyana a duniya.Ubangiji yayi kira ga mutane suyi koyi da kyawawan dabi`un da kur`ani ya koyar a matsayin abin koyi daga rahama,jinkai,juriya da zaman lafiya wanda duniya za ta dandana.A suratul Baqara,aya ta 208,an bada wannan umarni kamar haka; " Yaku wadanda suka yi imani! Ku shiga cikin Musulunchi gaba daya;kuma kada ku bi zambiyoyin Shaidan;lalle ne shi a gareku makiyi ne,bayyananne."Kamar yadda muka gani a wannan aya,mutane zasu iya samun rayuwa mai walwala kadai idan sun shiga Musulunchi kuma suka rayu akan koyarwar Alkur`ani.

Hakikanin Asalin Akidar Taaddanci: Darwiniyanci daTaaddanci 21

Allah ya hana zalunciUbangiji ya umarci dan Adam da ya guji barna,kafirci, rashin mutunci,kangarewa,kisan kai,da zubar da jini. Wadanda suka sabawa wannan umarni to lallai suna kan tafarkin Shaidan,kamar yadda aka bayyana a ayarda ta gabata, kuma aka bayyana shi da cewa abin haramtawa ne daga wurin Ubangiji.Daga cikin ayoyi masu yawa da suka yi bayani akan haka, ga guda biyu;

"wadanda suka warware alkawarin Allah daga bayan kulla shi,kumasuna yanke abinda Allah yayi umarni dashi domin a sadar dashi kuma suna barna a cikin kasa.Wadancan suna da wata la`ana,kuma suna da munin gida."(suratul ra`ad:aya ta 25)

"A Kuma ka nema,a cikin abinda Allah ya baka gidan lahira,kuma kada ka manta da rabonka daga duniya.Kuma ka kyautata kamar yadda Allah ya kyautata zuwa gareka,kada ka nemi barna a cikin kasa.lalle ne Allahba ya son barna"(suratul qasas:aya ta 77)

Kamar yadda zamu iya gani,Ubagiji yayi hani ga duk wani nau`i na zalunci a addinin musulunchi,har da ta`addanci da hada tarzoma, kuma ya la`anci masu aikata hakan. Musulmi shine zai iya arawa duniya kyau ya kuma ingantata.

MusulunchiNakareIkoda`yancinMagana.Musulunchi addini ne da yake tabbatarda `yancinrayuwa, fahimtadatunani. Yayihaniga tashin hankali, rigingimu, rudani, da zato kai har da mugun tunani da ka iya yiwa wani illa. Musulunchi ba wai kawai ya hana ta`addanci ko tarzoma ba, kai duk kankantar abinda zai iya cutarwa akan wani dan Adam an hana shi.

"Babu tilastawa a cikin addini, hakika shiriya ta bayyana daga bata; saboda haka wanda ya kafirta da Daguta kuma yayi imani da Allah, to, hakika yayi riko ga igiya amintacciya, babu yankewa a gareta.Kuma Allah mai ji ne, masani."(Suratul baqara: aya ta 256).

Ka isar musu da gargadi, domin gargadi ne kawai gareka, baka da ikon tursasa su akan suyi imani.(Suratul ghashiya: 22)Tilastawa mutum yayi imani da addini ko aikatashi, ya sabawa hikima da manufar musulunchi saboda wajibi ne ace imani ya karbu ta hanyar sakakkiyar iko da zabin zuciya. Koda yake, musulmi ya iya kwadaitar da wani akan bin koyarwar Alkur`ani, amma ba tare da tilastawa ba. Haka kuma, ba `a son jan hankalin mutum izuwa addini ta hanyar bashi wani abin amfani na duniya.

22KAIDAR JUYIN ZAMANI Amma bari mu kwatanta abin a kishiyance.Misali,kasar da ake matsawa mutane da dokar kasa don su yi addini.Wannan kasa ko al`umma ta sabawa addinin musulunchi saboda imani da bauta suna kima idan har an fuskantar dasu ga Allah.Idan dai har akwai wani tsari dake tilastawa mutane su yi imani da bauta,to mutane zasu zama suna biyayya ne don tsoron wannan tsari kawai.Abinda yake karbabbe ta fuskar addini shine,addini yana aiwatuwa ne a cikin al`ummar da take da `yancin rayuwa,kuma a aikata shi da nufin yardarUbangiji.

Allah ya haram ta kisan mutanen da basujiba,basu ganibaKamar yaddaAlkur`ani ya bayyana,daya daga cikin manyan zunubai shine kashe mutumin da bai yi wani laifi ba.

"Daga sababin wannan,Muka rubuta akan Bani Isra`ila cewa,lalle ne wanda ya kashe rai ba da wani rai ba,ko barna a cikin kasa,to kamar ya kashe mutane duka ne,kuma wanda ya raya rai,to,kamar ya rayar da mutane ne gaba daya.Kuma lalle ne,hakika,ManzanninMu sunje musu da hujjoji bayyanannu,sannan kuma lalle ne,masu yawa daga gare su,a bayan wannan,hakika,masu barna ne a cikin kasa."(suratul ma`ida:aya ta 32);

"kuma wadanda ba su kiran wani Ubangiji tare da Allah,kuma ba su kashe rai wanda Allah Ya haramta face da hakki,kuma wanda ya aikata wancan,zai gamu da laifuffuka."(suratul furqan:aya ta 68).

Kamar yadda muka gani a wadannan ayoyi na sama,wadanda suka kashe mutanen da ba su jiba ba su gani ba,to ana tsoratar dasu da azaba mai radadi.Ubangiji ya bayyana cewa kashe mutum,girmansa kamar kashe mutane ne baki dayansu.Duk wanda yake girmama dokokin Allah ba zai cutar da wani ba,ballantana yayi sanadiyyar kashe miliyoyin mutanen da basu jiba basu gani ba.Wadanda suke tunanin kubuta daga hukunci anan duniya,ba zasu taba kubuta daga tambayar da zasu amsa a gaban Ubangiji gobe kiyama ba.Saboda haka,mummunan da suka san cewar zasu bada bayani gaban mahalicci bayan mutuwarsu,zasu yi taka-tsantsan wajen kula da dokokin da Ubangiji ya shimfida.

Hakikanin Asalin Akidar Taaddanci: Darwiniyanci da Jari-hujja 23

Allah Ya Umarci Mummunai da su Zama Masu Rahama da Jinkai.A wannan aya,an bayyana dabi`un musulmi da cewa;

"Sannan kuma ya kasance daga wadanda suka yi imani,kuma suka yiwa juna wasiyya da yin hakuri,kuma suka yiwa juna wasiyya da tausayi.Wadannan ne ma`abota albarka."(suratul balad:aya ta 17-18).

Kamar yadda muka gani a wannan aya,daya daga cikin abubuwa masu muhimmanci a kyawawan dabi`un da Ubangiji ya saukarwa bayinsa ko sun samu gafara da jinkai da samun aljanna shine su "kwadaitar da junansu da yin rahama."Kamar yadda Alkur`ani ya siffanta musulunci da cewa addini ne na kowane zamani,mai wayar da kai da samar da cigaba.Musulmi shine wanda yafi kowa son zaman lafiya,mai iya juriya da yanayin zamantakewar siyasa,mai riko da al`adun addini,mai gaskiya kuma wayayye,masani akan rayuwa,kimiyya da wayewar zamani.Musulmi masani ne ga kyawawan dabi`un da alkur`ani ya koyar,yana mu`amala da kowa tare da soyayya irin wadda musulmi yake bukata.Yana girmama dukkan wata hikima,kuma yana kimanta ilmi.Kuma shi mai kawo sulhu ko hadin kai ta kowace fuska,tare da kawar da duk wani rikici ko sabani.A cikin al`ummar da ake samun irin wadannan mutane,za`a samu cigaban rayuwa,farin ciki da walwala,adalci,tsaro,yawan albarka fiye da kowace kasa mai cigaba a wannan duniya ta yau.

Ubangiji Ya Umarci Kawaici da GafaraSuratul A`raf, aya ta 199, wadda tace "ku yawaita gafara", na nuna cewar kawaici da gafara suna daya daga cikin ginshikan addinin musulunci.Idan muka kalli tarihin musulunci,zamu gani a bayyane yadda musulmi suka kafa wadannan muhimman dabi`u daga koyarwar alkur`ani a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum.A kowane lokaci a rayuwarsu,musulmi sun rushe dukkanin haramtattun ayyuka kuma sun tabbatar da zaman lafiya.A bangaren da ya shafi addini,harshe da al`adu,sun saukaka rayuwa inda mabanbantan mutane suka rayu a inuwar `yanci da zaman lafiya,kuma suka bawa wadanda suke karkashinsu damar yin ilmi,tara dukiya da samun matsayi na shugabanci.Wannan yana daya daga muhimman dalilan da ya fadada daular Ottoman kuma ta dade karnuka masu yawa,domin wannan shine tsarin rayuwartyawa,kuma su samu damar walwalar rayuwa da al`adunsu ba tare da wani tsangwama ba.

24KAIDAR JUYIN HALITTA

Hakika, kawaicin musulmi, idan aka aiwatar kamar yadda Alkur`ani yayi umarni,zai kawowa duniya zaman lafiya da karuwar arziki.Alkur`ani ya bayyana irin wannan dabi`a da cewa;

" Kuma kyautatawa bata daidaita da munanawa. Ka tun kude da yake mafi kyau, sai gashi wanda akwai kiyayya a tsakaninka da tsakaninsa,kamar dai shi majibincin ne masoyi."(suratul fussilat: aya ta 34)

KammalawaDukkanin wadannan suna nuna kyawawan dabi`un da addinin musulunchi ya gabatarwa dan Adam a matsayin abinda zai kawo zaman lafiya,farin ciki da adalci ga duniya.Abubuwan da suke faruwa na rashin jin dadi a duniyarmu ta yau a karkashin sunan addinin musulunci,"Ta`addanci",ya fita daga tsarin koyarwar Alkur'ani,aiki ne na jahilai,mutane masu ketare iyaka,masu laifi wadanda ba ruwansu da addini.Hanyar da za'a yaki wadannan mutane da suke fakewa da musulunci,shine umartar mutane don suyi aiki da hakikanin koyarwar addinin musulunci.A takaice dai,addinin musulunci da koyarwar Alkur'ani basa goyon bayan ta'addanci da yan taadda sai dai suna kawo hanyar da duniya zata kubuta daga taaddanci.

1. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 2nd edition, New York, A.L.Burt Co., 1874,sh1782. Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi, Racism, Science andPseudo-Science, Unesci , France,Vendome,1983.sh.543. Theodore D.Hall, The Scientific Background of the Nazi Race Purification Program, http://www.trufax.org/avoid/nazi.html4. L.H. Gann, Adolf Hitler, The Complete Totalitarian, The Intercollegiate Review,Fall 1985,p.24;cited inHenry M. Morris, The Long War Against God,Baker Book House, 1989,sh.785. Hickman,R., Biocreation,Science Press,Worthington,OH,PP.51-52, 1983;Jerry Bergman, Darwinism and the Nazi Race Holocaust,Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal 13 (2): 101-111,1999Robert M. Young, Darwinian Evolution and Human History, Historical Studies on Science and Belief, 1987. AAlan Woods and Ted Grant, Reason in Revolt: Marxism and Modern Science, London: 1993.

8.Alex de Jonge, Stalin and The Shaping of the Soviet Union, William Collins Sons & Limited Co., Glasgow, p.2K. Mehnert, Kamf um Maos Erbe, Deustche Verlags-Anstalt, 1977,sh.22. K.Mehnert, Kamf um Maos Erbe, Deustche Verlags-Anstalt,1977. James Reeve PUSEY, China and Charles Darwin, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983

BANGARE NA IKARYATADARWINIYANCI

GABATARWA

Menene yasa akayi Ka`idarJuyin Halitta?Ga wasu mutane, zatonsu kaidar juyin halitta ko Darwiniyanci yana dauke ne da wasu ma`anoni da suka shafi kimiyya ne kawai, suna ganin bashi da wata alaka ko dangantaka da rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum. Hakika wannan shine fahimta karkatacciya wadda tafi shahara.Ya zarce duk inda tunani ya kai akan cewa ya shafi kimiyya ne, sai dai ita ka`idar tana kunshe da dabaibayin mayaudaran falsafawa wadanda suka tafi da tunanin mutane da yawa: wato akan jari-hujja.Falsafawan jari-hujja, wadanda suka yarda da samuwar tarin kwayoyin halitta, kuma suka fadi cewar wai mutum ya samo asali ne daga tarin wadannan kwayoyi,har ma suka shelanta cewa,mutum ba komai bane illa dabba,tare da rikicin da shine ma sanadiyyar samuwarsa .Koda yake sun yada cewar wata hanyar ilmantarwa ce ta zamani akan falsafar kimiyya,alhali ari-hujja wani abu dadadde da bashi da asali a kimiyya. Fahimtar Girkawan Da, da imaninsu akai shine yasa maguzawan falsafawa na karni goma sha takwas suka farfado da ita kuma suka raya ta.Daga baya aka sake dasata a cikin karni na goma sha tara,ta bangarorin kimiyya daga wasu masu bautar tunani,kamarsu Karl Marx, Charles Darwin, da Sigmund Freud.Ma iya cewa kimiyya,an hargitsa tane don a samu kafar da za`a shigo da jari-hujja.Karni na biyun da suka wuce,wani zamani ne na jari-hujja.Tafarkai daban-daban da aka kafa akan jari-hujja.Tafarkai dabam-daban da aka kafa akan jari-hujja(wadanda suke karawa da juna,duk da cewa sun samo asali guda)sun kawowa duniya dawwamamman yaki,rigingimu,rudani,da hayaniya.Gurguzu kuwa ya jawo sanadiyyar kisan mutane miliyan dari da ashirin,dama shine ribar kusa-kusa da ake samu ko falsafar jari-hujja ke haifarwa.Mulkin kama karya kuwa,duk da cewar suna fakewa da cewa ai shine kadai zai kawo canji a duniyar jari-hujja,amma a ganinsu,zai samu karbuwa duk da halin dar-dar da ake ciki,wanda yake fitowa daga mulkin zalunci,kisan kiyashi da sauran ta`addanci da yakin duniya da ya haifar.Bayan wadannan kazaman tafarkan nasu, rayuwar mutane dai-daikunsu da haduwar zamantakewarsu, ta gurbace da taimakon jari-hujja.Gurbataccen sakon jari-hujja,da rage darajar mutum zuwa matsayin dabba da kasancewarsa kwasam kuma ba tare da danganta halittarsa izuwa wani abu ba,ya rushe dukkanin ginshikai na dabi`a kamar soyayya, jinkai, gafara sadaukar da kai, tausayi, gaskiya

28RUDUN JUYIN HALITTA

Karl Marx ya fada a bayyane cewa ka`idarDarwin itace ta bawa jari-hujja da Kwaminisanci DAS KAPITAL gindin zama.Ya kuma nuna tausayawa ga Darwin KARL MARX da ya sadaukar da Das Kapital a matsayin shine mafi girman aiki a wajensa. A cikin littafinsa da akarubuta shi a harshen Jamusanci, yace:"Daga masoyimai kaskantar da kai zuwa Charles Darwin.

da adalci.Bayan `yan jari-hujja sun batar da mutane da takensu "rayuwa dai kwazo ce" mutane suka zo suka ga rayuwarsu ba komai bace illa karo da ra`ayoyi wanda shine ya jawo rayuwa ta zamo kamar rayuwar dabbobi,wato mai karfi ya danne mara karfi.Gano asalin wannan falsafar, wadda take da tambayoyi da yawa da zata amsa dangane da annobar da dan Adam ya jawo a karni biyun da suka wuce, za`a iya gani a cikin kowace akida da kuma fahimta a cikin al`umomi, a matsayin dalili ga rikici ko sabani.Ya hada har da `yan ta`adda na yau wadanda suke cewar wai riko da addini suke, kuma suke aikata babban zunubi, wajen kashe mutanen da basu ji ba basu gani ba.Ka`idar juyin halitta ko Darwiniyanci, yazo ne a yanzu don ya cike gurbin almara.Yabayyanar da cewa jari-hujja wata fahimta ce a kimiyya.Shine yasa Karl Marx, uban kwaminisanci da tsantsar jari-hujja ya rubuta cewar Darwinism shine "asali mai tabbataccen tarihi akan ra`ayoyinsa."1Babu shakka, wannan asali rubabbe ne. Domin bincike na kimiyyar zamani ya tabbatar, lokaci bayan lokaci cewar shahararriyar yarda dake da alaka da darwinism da kimiyya karya ce.Kuma hujjojin kimiyya sunci karo da Darwinsm da bayyana cewa asalin halittarmu ba wai juyin halitta ba ne, sai dai Ubangiji shine ya halicci duniya, dukkan wani mai rai da kuma mutum.An rubuta wannan littafi ne don a tabbatarwa da mutane akan sanin haka.Tun lokacin da aka rubuta shi,asalinsa a harshen Turkawa ne, sannan a kasashe da dama ,miliyoyin mutane sun gamsu da littafin.Kari akan harshen Turkawa,an fassara shi da Turanci, Italiyanci, Sifananci, Rashanci, Bosniyanci, Larabci, harshen Malay da Indonesia. (Wannan littafi yana nan a wadace, kuma kyauta a kowane harshe da aka ambata a hanyar sadarwa ta internet,www.evolutiondeceit .com).

Menene yasa aka yi kaidar Juyin Halitta 29Tasirin littafin The Evolution Deceit wato Rudun Juyin Halittai ya bayyana a cikin ra`ayoyin ma`abota yaki da sabani cikin wannan ra`ayi. Harun Yahya ya zamo wani abin tattaunawa a tsarar rubuce-rubucen sabuwar kimiyya wadda ake kira Burning Darwin-Rushe Darwin.Wannan shararran jagoranci akan dakusar da ra`ayin Darwin,lokaci bayan lokaci da ya bayyana a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu 2000 cewar dai Harun Yahya wani gwarzo ne na duniya wanda littattafansa sun yadu ko`ina a duniyar musulunci.Kimiyya, itace ke jan ragamar dukkan wata al`umma mai tafiya da tsarin kimiyya, sun sami tasiri da gamsuwa a ayyukan Harun Yahya. Wani littafi na kimiyya Creationism Takes Root Where Europe Meet,wanda aka buga shi ranar 18 ga watan Mayu 2001, an lura a kasar turkey, Ingattattuun littattafai kamar su The evolution deceit da kuma The Dark Face of Darwinism.sun samu karbuwa fiye da duk wasu littattafai a wasu bangarorina kasar. Mai rahoton yaci gaba da bayani akan ayyukan Harun Yahya cewar, yana daya daga cikin abokan adawar da yafi kowanne karfi a duniya akan evolution, wanda ba a Amurka ta Arewa yake ba.Koda yake sun riski kalubale na The Evolution Deceit, amma basu bada wata amsa a kimiyance da zata yi karo da mahawarorin da marubucin ya kawo ba.Dalili kuwa shine,ba abu ne mai sauki ba. Magana ta gaskiya itace, evolution yazo karshe,kuma dalili ne da zaka gani a yayin da kake karanta babukan wannan littafi.Littafin zai taimaka maka ka fahimci cewa Darwiniyanci ba ka`ida ce ta kimiyya ba,amma wani hasashe ne na kimiyya dauke da yaudarar addini,duk kokarin kawo dalilai da hujjoji,da karin girma ne don kare falsafar jari-hujja.Fatanmu ne ace Rudun Juyin Halitta ya dade yana bada gudunmawarsa ta wayar da kai akan rudun da Charles Darwin ya kawo wanda ya dade yana batar da mutane tun daga karni na sha tara (19th century).Kuma ya tunasar da mutane akan gaskiyar al`amarin rayuwarsu, kamar yadda su kazo duniya (ma`ana halittarsu) da kuma nauyin da kansu a wajen bautar Ubangijinmu.

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Kubuta DagaSon Zuciya

Mutane da yawa sukan yarda da duk abinda suka ji daga wurin ma`abota kimiyya a matsayin tsantsar gaskiya. Basa dauka cewar suma suna da wata fahimta ta falsafa ko akida ta son zuciya.Magana ta gaskiya itace masana kimiyyar juyin halitta sune suka cusa son zuciyarsu da ra`ayoyinsu na falsafa akan mutane, suna fakewa da sunan kimyya. Misali, koda yake sun sani cewar kwayoyin halitta wadanda suke juyawa ta ko`ina ba sa jawo komai sai karkacewar tsari da rudani, kuma duk da haka suke da`awar cewa kyakkyawan tsari, shiri da adon da ka iya gani a fadin duniya da kuma halittu sun samu haka nan.Misali, ka ga masani akan halittu zai iya fahimtar akwai babban gibi a haduwar abubuwan gina jiki kuma babu tabbacin cewar sun samu ne haka nan. Koda yake, yayi zargin wai abubuwan gina jiki sun wanzu ne ta yanayin duniya dadadde kuma haka nan,shhekaru biliyoyi da suka wuce. Bai tsaya anan ba,ya cigaba da cewa,ba tare da damuwa ba, kuma ba daya ba,amma miliyoyin kwayoyin gina jiki ne suka hadu suka zama abu guda, har suka wuce. Bai tsaya anan ba,amma miliyoyin kwayoyin gina jiki ne suka hadu suka zama abu guda,har suka zama farkon abin halitta. Dada, ya kare ra`ayinsa da wani shurbataccen dalili. Wannan mutumin fa ma`abocin kimiyyar juyin halitta ne.Idan da ace zai ga wasu tubalai uku wani yana kan wani, a yanayin da yake tafiya akan hanya,ba zai taba zaton cewa wadannan sun wanzu ne haka nan har daya ya hau kan daya ba,duk dai haka nan. Hakika, duk wanda yayi zaton haka lallai zai zama mara hankali.Ta yaya zai zamanto mutanen da suke iya lura da abubuwan da suke faruwa gaba garesu su yarda da wani tunani akan hakikanin samuwarsu?Babu tababa ayi da`awar wannan halayya ta samu ne da sunan kimiyya; ita kuwa fuskantar kimiyya tana daukar hanyoyi biyu ne, wato idan har akwai tafarkai guda biyu,masu nauyin hujjoji daya akan wani abu. Amma idan har a cikin dayan biyun

Kubuta Daga Son Zuciya 31

hujjojin akwai mai raunin hujja, misali koda ya yakasance dayan ya dara da digo guda ne,to a kimiyance, wancan shine daidai.Bari mu cigaba, tare da barin wannan hadafi a ranmu.Akwai ra`ayoyi biyu wadanda za`a iya sawa a gaba akan yadda halittu suka samu a duniya.Na farko dai, Ubangiji shine ya halicci dukkan halittu a yanayin da suke. Na biyu kuwa, halittu sun samu ne ta hanyar haduwar wasu kwayoytin halitta mabanbanta a cakude. Wannan itace da`awar ka`dar juyin halitta.Idan muka dubi dalilai na kimiyya, babu yadda za`ayi ace wai kwayar halitta ko dayan miliyoyin kwayoyin gina jiki wadanda suke cikin kwayar halitta-zasu wanzu ne haka nan ba tare da an halicce su ba, kamar yadda suke da`awa.Kuma kamar yadda zamu nuna a babika masu zuwa, kididdiga mai yiwuwa ma ta tabbatar da hakan, sau da yawa. Saboda haka, ra`ayin ma`abota juyin halitta babu gaskiya ko ta kwabo a cikinsa.Wannan shi yake nuna mana cewa ra`ayin farko yana da tabbacin gaskiya dari bisa dari.Wato,halittar rayuwa akai.Dukkanin halittu sun wanzu ne daga kirkirar kasaitaccen Mahalicci,mai wadataccen iko,hikima da sani.Wannan gaskiya ba wata aba ce mai wuya ba,illa kawai shine abinda hikima,tunani da kimiyya zata kai mutum.A cikin wannan hali, masananmu na kimiyyar evolution sun ka sa wurgi da da`awarsu su kama gaskiyar da aka tabbatar.Kin yin haka shi yake nuna cewar da ya zama masanin kimiyya na gaskiya gara ya sadaukar da kimiyyarsa da fakewa da falsafar, akida da ra`ayoyin da babu koyarwar addini a ciki.Fushi, gagara da son zuciyar masana kimiyyarmu na karuwa a duk lokacin da aka fuskanceshi da gaskiya.Za`a iya bayyana halayyarsa a kalma guda: Imani.Koda yake gurbataccen imani ne, tunda babu wani gamsashshen bayanin da zai nuna halim ko-in kula akan hujjoji ko kuma dadadden has ashen tunani wanda ya shirya.

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Makauniyar Jari-hujjaImanin da muke magana akai shine falsafar jari-hujja, wadda suka yi kalubale cewa wai kwayoyin halitta sune a farkon komai.Ka`idar evolution itace ai tushen kimiyya ta falsafar jari-hujja kuma suke kokarin kare ta a makance don suyi riko da wannan falsafar.Yayin da kimiyya ta rushe da`awar evolution-wannan itace gabar da aka cimma anan,a karshen karni na ashirin-sannan sai aka yi kokarin hargitsa abin don akai wani matsayi da za`a marawa evolution baya saboda jari-hujja ya rayu. Sudurori kadan din da wani shararran masanin kimiyyar evolution a kasar Turkey misali ne mai kyau da zai iya nuna mana irin karkataccen hukunci da son zuciyar da wannan makauniyar hanya take kaiwa. Masana kimiyya sun bayyana yiyuwar samar da Cytochrome-C, wanda daya ne daga cikin kwayoyin halittar dake ciyar da rayuwa gaba, kamar haka;Yiwuwar samar da cytochrome-c wato abu ne mai kamar wuya.Wato yana bukatar matakai,za`a iya cewa akwai yiyuwar samar da kwaya daya a duk fadin duniya.Idan ba haka ba, wadansu sashe na karfi sama da abinda muka fassara ya rigaya ya aiwatar da samuwarsa.Yarda da wannan zance na biyu ba abu ne karbabbe ba daga manufofin kimiyya.Saboda haka dole ne mu koma bayaninmu na farko.2Masanin kimiyyar ya sameta "mafi kimiyya" da yarda da yiyuwar "abu mai kamar wuya" a maimakon halitta.Bayan haka a tsarin ka`idojin kimiyya.Idan akwai bayanai na zabi guda biyu dangane da faruwar wani abu kuma idan daya daga cikinsu babu kanshin gaskiya,to dayan shine yafi karbuwa.Haka kuma mummunar akidar jari-hujja ta haramta yarda da mafificin halitta,wannan haramtawa ta kai wadannan masana kimiyyar da wadansunsu da yawa wadanda sukai imani akan dai wannan akida ta jari-hujja da su amince da wannan da`awa wadda ta sabawa hankali da tunani.

Mutanen da suka yi imani da yarda da wadannan masana sun samu kansu cikin dimuwa da rashin ganewa daga wadannan zantuttukan jari-hujja kuma suka dabbaka wannan rashin tunani a yayin da suke karanta littattafansu da kasidunsu.Wannan akida da ra`ayin `yan jari-hujja shine dalilin da yasa sanannun masana a cikin al`ummar masana kimiyya duk suka zama mushrikai.Wadanda kuma suka kubuta daga wadannan zantuttuka suka yi tunani da budaddiyar zuciya basu gushe ba suna yarda da samuwar mahalicci.Wani Ba Amirke masanin hada magunguna Dr. Micheal J. Behe, daya daga cikin masana wadanda suka marawa

Kubuta Daga Son Zuciya 33

ka`idar kyakkyawan tsari baya, kuma ta samu karbuwa sosai daga baya, ya bayyana irin rikon da masana kimiyya suka yi akan yarda da tsari ko halitta na rassan gabban halitta kamar haka:Shekaru arba`in da suka shude, ilmin hada magunguna na zamani ya bude sirrikan kwayar halitta (cell).Tana bukatar dubban mutanen da zasu sadaukar da rayuwarsu akan wannan muhimmin aiki a dakin gwaje-gwajeSakamakon wadannan kokari na bincike game da kwayar halitta-da bincike akan rayuwa a matakin kwayoyin halitta-abu ne sananne,a bayyane mawahalcin tsari!.Sakamakon ba mai wuya bane kuma gashi Micheal Behe: da muhimmancin da dole ne a saka shi ya zama daya daga cikin Abin kunyar da ya manyan tarihin kimiyyaSai dai ya zama mai wahala, kuma kewaye hadaddun abin kunyar da ya kewaye hadaddun kwayoyin halitta.Menene kwayoyin halitta. ya sa dandazon ma`abota kimiyya basu rungumi bayyanar gano tafarkin ba? Me yasa wajen lura da tsari aka yi amfani da tafiyar dashi? Takaddamar da ake itace wato kwibi daya na Giwa zai zama ana danganta shi da kyakyawan tsari,daya kwibin kuma dole a danganta halittarsa izuwa Allah.3Wannan shine yanayi mara dadi ga mushrikai ma`abota kimyyar evolution da kuka gani a mujallu da talabijin da littattafansu ma wadanda watakila kuke karantawa. Dukkanin bincikensu a kimiyance ya tabbatar musu da cewa akwai mahalicci. Duk da haka sun kurumce da makancewa da yaudarar jari-hujja wadda sukai ilmi akanta,ta hana su har yanzu sun ka sa fahimta.Mutanen da kiri-kiri suka yi watsi da alamomi bayyanannu da hujjojin dake tabbatar da samuwar mahalicci lallai basu da hankali.Sun samu kansu cikin jahilci da rashin hankalin da suka jawowa kansu,zasu iya karewa a marawa karya baya kamar gaske.Ga kyakkyawan misali daga kalmomin wani kusa a fagen evolution Richard Dawkins wanda yayi ga kiristoci akan kada su dauka sun ga mu`jiza koda sun ga gunkin Nana Maryamu na dago musu hannu.Dawkins yace, Watakila dukkanin sunadaran hannun gunkin kawai sun motsa ne ta fuska daya a lokaci guda-abu ne mai karancin yiyuwa,amma zai iya yiyuwa.4Tunanin makiya addini ya dade yana wanzuwa a cikin tarihi.A Alkur`ani an bayyana hakan da cewa:

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Kuma da ace,lallai Mu,mun saukar da mala`iku zuwa garesu, kuma matattu suka yi musu magana, kuma Muka tara dukan kome akansu,gungu-gungu, ba su kasance suna iya yin imani ba,sai fa idan Allah Ya so, kuma amma mafi yawansu suna jahiltar haka. (Suratul An`am: 111)

Richard Dawkins, ya shagala dayada juyin halitta

Kamar yadda wannan aya ta bayyana, mugun tunanin `yan juyin halittai ba hanyar tunani ce mai kyau ba, bare ma ace su kadai ke da ita ba. Alal hakika abinda masana kimiyyar juyin halitta suka rike ba ma sahihiyar kimiyyar juyin halitta bace, amma wani jahilci ne tun na maguzawan mutanen Da. Wannan dai tunani, kur`ani ya fassara shi a wata ayar da cewa:

Kuma da Mun bude wata kofa daga sama akansu har suka wuni a ciki suna takawa.Lalle ne da sunce,Abin sani kawai,an rufe idanuwanmu ne. (suratul hijr : aya ta 14-15)

Cusawa Mutane yarda da akidar EvolutionKamar yadda aka bayyana a aya ta sama,daya daga cikin dalilan da yasa mutane ba zasu iya ganin zahirin halittarsu ba wato wani irin dabaibayi ne kalamai da ya kanannade tunaninsu.Wannan ne dai ya jaza wajen karbuwar ka`idar juyin zamani a duniya baki daya.Abinda muke nufi da dabaibayi shine sharadin karbuwar akidar.An yadawa mutane wannan akidar da gasgata ka`idar juyin zamani wanda basu san irin kwamacalar dake ciki ba.Wannan dabaibayi ya haifar da illar da ta shafi kwakwalwa da raunana tunani .Har ila yau,kwakwalwa wadda take cigaba da karbar sako mai dabaibayi,ta fara karbar sakwanni na hakika ba yadda suke ba amma ta hanyar da akai musu dabaibayi,za`a iya kwatanta wannan da wasu misalai,.Misali,idan aka yiwa mutum rufa ido da dabaibayi don ya yarda da cewar gadon da yake kwance akan mota yake,sai ya zaci gadon a matsayin mota.Yana tunanin cewa wannan zai iya yiyuwa saboda yana kallon abin ta haka,kuma baya kokwanton cewar ba daidai yake ba.Wadannan misalai kamar wannan na sama,wanda ke nuna kokari da ikon kanannadewar dabaibayi, a kimyance an tabbatar dasu da gwaje-gwaje masu yawan gaske wadanda aka rawaito a littattafann koyon kimiyya da ake karantawa

Kubuta Daga Son Zuciya 35

kullum a fannin sanin halin mutum da kuma na hankalin mutum.Wadanda suka dogara da ka`idar juyin halitta da ra`ayoyin jari-hujja sun tursasa su akan talakawa ta hanyar salon dabaibayi.Mutanen da suke ta cin karo da akidar juyin halitta a kafofin watsa labarai, tafarkin karatu mai zurfi, da manufofin kimiyya, sun kasa fahimtar cewa yarda da wannan ka`ida ya sabawa manufofin tunani.Ta wannan hanya ce aka zarge masana kimiyya.Matasa masu tashen suna a fannin nazarin kimiyya sun riki ra`ayoyin jari-hujja, kuma suna yawaita lokaci bayan lokaci. A dalilin wannan dabaibayi ne,yawancin masana kimiyyar juyin zamani suka tafi neman yarda da hujjojin kimiyyar karni na sha 19 da da`awoyinsu wadanda aka daina amfani dasu kuma hujjojin kimiyya ma sun rushe su. Akwai wasu Karin tafarkai da suke tursasawa masana kimiyya akan su zama `yan juyin halitta da jari-hujja. A kasashen turawan yamma, masanin kimiyya ba zai taba samun girma ba sai ya taka wasu matakai tukuna, wato ya samu karbuwa a fannin ilmi ko kuma a buga wata kasidarsa a mujallar kimiyya.Yarda ta kai tsaye da zai yiwa juyin halitta shine mataki na farko.Wannan tsari ne yake tafiyar da masanan wajen karar da rayuwarsu akan tabbatar da wannan muguwar akida.Ba Amurken nan masanin kwayoyin halitta Jonathan Wells yai magana akan matsin lambar a littafinsa Icons of Evolution wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2000:

Masu akidan Darwin sun fara ne da tursasa gajeriyar fahimtarsu akan hujjoji da tabbatar da cewa ita kadaice hanyar zuwa kimiyya. Kalubale akanta na iya zamababu kimyya ciki, kasidunsu basa karbuwa a mujallu, kuma duk wani kalubale bazai samu tallafi daga wasu rukunonin gwamnati ba, wanda suke turawa don cigaba da raya akidar don yin bita; kuma kalubalenma ana fitar dashi daga tsarar masana kimiyya. Akan haka, dukkan wata hujja ta ra`ayin Darwiniyanci ta fara bata, kamar shaidu akan Mob.Ko hujjojin su zama an killace su a wasu littattafai na musammam,wanda kawai wani mai bincike ne na sadaukar da kai ne zai iya samo su.Ko kaka aka dan sassauta kalubalantar abin da kuma lullube hujjojin da zasu yi karo da ita,sai kagaan shelanta cewa akwai mahawarar kimiyya akan ka`idar,kuma babu wata hujja akan yakar ta.5

Wannan shine hakikanin cigaban al`amarin dake boye da cewar juyin halitta na karbuwa har yanzu a duniyar kimiyya.An kyale juyin halitta ya numfasa ne ba don yana da cancantar kimiyya ba amma saboda yana da manufa ce ta akida da ake son a cimma. Kadan ne daga cikin masana kimiyya wadanda suka san haka ke iya nusar da cewar sarkin fa baya sanye da tufafi.

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A sauran shafukan wannan littafi, zamu yi bitar binciken kimiyyar zamani akan juyin halitta wadda masana juyin halitta suka ki amincewa dasu ko killace su a wasu littattafai na musamman, da suke baje-kolin hujjoji mabayyana akan samuwar Ubangiji. Mai karatu zai shaida cewar evolution theory ko ka`idar juyin zamani lallai rudu ne-rudun kimiyya ta karyata a kowane mataki amma aka raya ta don a boye hakikanin halitta.Abinda muke fata ga mai karatu shine farkawa daga dabaibayin da makafin mutanen dake da makafin zukata wadanda suka karar da lokacinsu, kuma yayi izina daga irin abinda za`a rawaita masa a wannan littafi. Idan ya kubutar da kansa kuma yayi tunani mai kyau, `yantacce, ba tare da son zuciya ba, zai gano gaskiya. Gaskiyar da babu mkimiyyar zamani ta tabbatar ta kowace fuska, cewar kwayoyin halitta sun wanzu ne ba haka nan ba, sai dai a dalilin halittarsu da aka yi.Mutum zai iya saukin ganin haka idan ya dubi halittarsa,yadda yazo duniya dagaruwa,ko kyakkyawar kuma cikakkiyar halittar kowane irin abu mai rai.

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Takaitaccen TarihinKa`idar

Asalin tunanin masana juyin halitta ya fara ne can baya a matsayin wani yunkurin yaudarar imani don karyata hakikanin halitta. Mafi yawa daga falsafawan Girkawan Da sun kare martabar wannan akida ta juyin halita. Idan muka dubi tarihin falsafanci zamu ga cewa akidar juyin halitta itace kashin bayan dukkanin falsafancin maguzawaBayan haka, ba wai wannan tsohon maguzancin falsafanci bane, amma imani da Allah shine ya taka rawa wajen haifarwa da cigaban bunkasar kimiyyar zamani sun yarda da samuwar Ubangiji, kuma yayin da suke karantar kimiyya, sun binciko irin samman da Allah ya halitta kuma su kamsashi dokokinsa da bayanai dangane da halittunsa. Masana ilmin Taurari kamarsu Leonardo da Vinci, Corpenicus, Kepler da Galileo, masani akan fannin binciken rayuwa a bayan kasa, Cuvier, kwararre akakn fannonin ilmin tsirrai da dabbobi, Linnaeus, da Isaac Newton, wanda ake fadarsa ake cewa mafi girman masanin kimyya da imani da ba wai kawai da wanzuwar Ubangiji ba amma duniya baki dayanta ta bayyana ne a dalilin halittar ta da yayi.6 Albert Einstein, wanda aka dauka shine mafi girman masana a zamaninmu, shi ma wani gawurtaccen masanin kimiyya ne da yayi imani da Allah har ma yace; Bazan iya karbar wani nagartaccen masanin kimyya ba tare da kudurce wannan imani ba. Zan iya kwatanta yanayin da cewa : kimiyya ba tare da addini ba lami ce.7Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kimiyyar modern physics, kuma dan kasar Jamus, Max Planck yace: Duk wanda ya shagala gadan-gadan a cikin kimiyya kowace iri zai san cewa a saman kofofin shiga fadar kimiyya an rubuta wasu kalmomi: Lallai sai kana da imani! wata daraja ce wadda masana kimiyya ba zasu tafi ba ita ba.8 Kaidar juyin halitta ta bayyana ne sakamakon falsafar jari-hujja, a lokacin da ake farfado da falsafar jari-hujar mutanen Da, kuma ta zama ta yadu a koina a cikin karni na 19. Kamar yadda muka fada a baya, jari-hujja na kokarin bayyana yanayi ta hanyar da suke tabbatar da jari-hujja.Tunda ta karyata samuwar mahalicci a farko, ta tabbatar da

38 RUDUN JUYIN HALITTA

dukkan komai, mai rai ko mara rai, ya bayyana ba tare da halittar wani mahalicci ba, amma a sakamakon haduwarsu ta tsarin daidaitacce. Ita zuciyar dan Adam an halicce ta da amincewa akakn wani kasaitaccen iko a duk inda taga tsari. Falsafar jari-hujja, wadda ta zama kishiyar wannan tsari na halittar zuciyar dan Adam, itace ta haifar da kaidar juyin zamani a tsakiyar karni na 19.HASASHEN DARWINWanda ya gabatar da kaidar juyin zamani kamar yadda ake ta kare shi a yau, wani dan Ingila ne, Charles Robert Darwin. Darwin dai bai taba halartar koyon karatun sanin halitta ba. Ya dauki shaawar bincike ne a fannin yanayi da halittu masu rai kawai. Shaawarsa ce ta kai shi ya shiga zangon tafiya a jirgin ruwa mai suna H.M.S. Beagle wanda ya taso daga Ingila a shekara ta 1832 kuma ya kewaya duniya ta Nahiyoyi daban-daban har tsawon shekara biyar. Saurayi Darwin yayi mutukar nishadantuwa da ire-iren halittu, musamman ma wasu kananan tsuntsaye da ya gani a tsibirin Galapagos. Sai yayi tunani cewar bambancin dake tattare dasu a bakunan kowannensu ya faru ne sanadiyyar karbuwa da mazauninsu. Da wannan dabara a zuciyarsa ne yasa ya riya cewa asalin rayuwa da jinsunan halitta sun rataya ne ga karbuwa da mazauninsu. Darwin ya fada cewa bambancin dake tsakanin jinsunan halittu masu rayuwa, ba Allah ne ya haliccesu ba., sai dai sun zo ne daga magabata daya sannan suka bambanta da juna a sakamakon wurin zamansu na asali.Bayanin Darwin fa bai dora shi akan wani bincike na kimiyya ko gwaje-gwaje ba, bayan haka sai ya juyar da ita izuwa kaida ta yaudara da goyon baya da karfafa gwiwa da ya samu daga shahararrun masana kimiyyar jari-hujja na zamaninsa. Hikimar itace, dai-daikun halittu wadanda mazauninsu ya karbesu ta hanya mai kyau zasu iya gadar da wannan tsari ga jikokinsu masu zuwa; wadannan baye-baye masu karko sune suke haduwa a lokaci, kuma su rikidar da kansu zuwa wani nauI iri-iri daban dana magabatansu. (Asalin wadannan baye-baye masu karko baa sansu ba a wannan lokacin). Kamar yadda Darwin yace; mutum ne yafi matukar cigaba a wannan yanayi.Darwin na kiran wannan tsari evolution by natural selection, watojuyin zamani bias zabin yanayi. Sai ya hararo cewa ya samo asalin jinsin halittu: asalim daya daga jinsuna shine na wani. Ya rubuta wadannan raayoyi na sa a littafinsa mai suna The Origin of Species, by means of Natural Selection a 1859.Darwin na cike da sanin cewa kaidarsa na fuskantar matsaloli masu yawa.Yayi ikirarin

Takaitaccen Tarihin Ka`idar 39

haka a littafinsa, a cikin babbin Matsalolin Kaidar. Wadannan matsaloli suna kunshe ne a bangaren matattun dabbobi wadanda aka binciko sun nuna alamu a jikin manyan duwatsu, hadaddun gabobin halittu masu rai wadanda bazai yiwu a bayyana cewa sun samu ne haka nan ba (misali Ido) da sauran gabbai a jikin halittu masu rai. Darwin yayi fatan a shawo kan wadannan matsaloli da sababbin hujjoji, duk da haka wannan bai hana shi kawo dalilai marasa tushe don bayyana su ba. Masanin lissafin kimiyya, Ba-Amirke Lipson yayi bayani mai zuwa akan matsalolin Darwin:Dana karanta The Origin of Species, na gano cewar Darwin shi kansabashi da tabbas akan abinda yake gabatarwa; babin da yake dauke damatsalolin kaidar misali, na nuna cikakken kokwanto daga gareshi.A matsayina na masanin kimyyar lissafi, naji takaici akan bayaninsa na yadda ido ya samu.9A yayin da yake bunkasa kaidarsa, Darwin ya samu shaawar masana kimyyar juiyn zamani wadanda suka gabace shi, kuma musamman ma Bafaranshen masanin kimiyar rayuwa, Lamarck.10 A raayin Larmarck halittu masu rai suna sadar da dabiunsu daga yanayin rayuwarsu zuwa mabiyansu daga nan kuma sai su rayu.Misali, Barewa na samuwa ne daga yanayin halittar Kulba ta hanyar tsawaita wuyayensu da tsawo sosai daga wata alumma zuwa wata don kokarin mika wuyansu zuwa ga rassan bishiyoyi don neman abinci.Darwin ya dauki wadannnan bayanai ne daga rubuce-rubucen Larmarck a matsayin shine dalililn da yasa halittu suke cigaba da samuwa.Amma Darwin da Lamarck sun fahimci kuskure saboda a lokacinsu, bincike akan rayuwa na iya yiyuwa ne da naurori na kimiyya irirn na da kuma ba gamsashshe ba. Sannan fagen kimiyya irirnsu bincike akakn jinsi da hade-haden magunguna basu ma samu koda a suna ba.Saboda haka, kaidojinsu dole ne su dogara akakn karfin hasashensu.A yayin da littafin Darwin yake shan suka, wani masanin tsirrai dan Ausralia mai suna Gregor Mendel ya binciko hukunce-hukuncen gado a 1865. Baa samu cikakken labari ba sai a karshen karni, binciken Mendel ya samu gagaruminyanci a farkon karni na 1900. Wannan shine lokacin bayyanar kimiyyar jinsuna. Bayan haka, sifar jinsi da kwayoyin dake dauke da jinsi suma an gano su. Ganowar da akayi a shekara ta 1950 dangane da jigidar halittar DNA wanda aka shigar cikin bayanai na jinsi ya jefa kaidar juyin halitta cikin gagarumar danbarwa.

Charles Darwin

Daya daga cikin muhimman akidojin Darwin wanda yake koma baya shine wariyar Darwin : Darwin na daukar Tarawan yamma a matsayin Wadanda suka kai kololuwar cigaba akan sauran bil Adama.Yayin da Darwin zaton wai asalin Mutum daga halittar gwaggon biri ne, kuma har yace wai jinsuna na saurin cigaba da haka akan wasu, kuma har yanzu wadanda aka bari a baya suna da irin waccan halittar. A cikin littafinsa, The Descent of man, wanda ya rubuta bayan ya wallafa The Origin of Species, ya fada baro-baro akan fifiko mai girma dake tsakanin mazaje daga jinsi daban-daban.1 A cikin littafinsa, Darwin ya riki bakaken mutane da mutanen Australia da daidaituwa da gwaggon biri kuma ya sake cewa wayayyun jinsi zasu tafi da wannan nan da dan wani lokaci. A wasu lokuta masu zuwa, ba mai tsawo ba karnukasuka auna, wayayyun jinsunan dan Adam zasu wanzu, kuma su maye gurbin marasa wayewa a duk fadin duniya. A daidai wannan lokaci kuma gwaggon birran anthropomorphous.babu shakka zasu kare.Tsarar dake tsakanin mutum da sauran makwabtan halittu zai yi fadi, domin zai ratsa har zuwa yanayi mafi wayewa, kamar yadda muke fa ta, fiye da jinsin Caucasian, da wasu jinsunan birrai mafi kankanta daga baboon, kamar dai yanzu tsakanin bakaken mutane ko mutanen Australia da gwaggwon biri.2 Karkataccen tunanin Darwin ba kawai an kaidantasu ba, amma sun haifar da wani bigire mafi muni wanda ya samara da tushe a wajen wariyar launin fata. Misali ma ace halittu masu rai sun samu kansu a gwagwarmayar rayuwa, Darwiniyanci fa har samu yayi ya shiga ilmin zamantakewa, har ya samu ya canza salon da aka kirawo shi da sunan zaman takewar Darwiniyanci.

Zamantakewar Darwiniyanci ta zantar da cewa rayayyun halittu suna zaune a matakin juyin halitta, kuma turawan yamma sune mafi cigaba akan sauran, sannan daga sauran jinsuna har yanzu suna da siffofi irin na simian.

1. Benjamin Farrington, What Darwin Really Said. London: Sphere Books, 1971, sh.54-56 2. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 2nd ed., New York: A.L. Burt Co., 1874, sh178

Takaitaccen Tarihin Ka`idar 41

Dalili kuwa, saboda kasaitaccen tsarin halittar rayuwa da kuma rushewar kaidar juyin halitta wanda Darwin ya samar. Wadannan cigaba sunci ace sakamakonsu daga kaidar Darwin, sun rigaya sun shiga kwandon sharar tarihi. Amma basu shiga ba, saboda wasu jamaa na hakikancewa wajen raya su, gyara su, da yi musu gyaran fuskar da zasu dace a manhajojin kimiyya.Wadannan yunkuri suna iya samun wata maana indai zamu iya fahimtar cewa karkashin kaidar akwai wasu manufofin akida a maimakon wata kulawa mai hujja a kimiyance.

Kokarin Cigaban Yada Akidar DarwiniyanciKadar Darwin ta shiga cikin rikici mai zurfi saboda hukunce-hukuncen jinsi da aka gano a farkon kashi na daya bis hudun karni na 20. Duk da haka, wasu gungun masana kimiyya yan gain kashenin Darwin suka dauki himmar samara da mafita. Suka hadu a taro wanda kungiyar Masana binciken halitta ta Amurka a shekara ta 1941 ta shirya. Masana Jinsi kamarsu G. Ledyard Stebbins da Theodosius Dobzhansky, Masana Dabbobi kamarsu Ernst Mayr da Julian Huxley,Masana binciken dadaddun halittu kamarsu George Gaylord Simpson da Glenn L. Jepsen, da masana kimyyar lissafin jinsi kamarsu Ronald Fisher da Sewall Right, bayan doguwar tattaunawa, a karshe suka yarda akan hanyoyin da zasu yiwa Darwiniyanci cikon maho.Wannan jamaa ta mayar da hankali akan asali mai karko wanda yake fayyace haddasa kwayoyin halittu farfadowa-abinda shi kansa Darwin ma ya kasa bayani amma sai yaje ya fake da hujjojin Lamarck.Sunan wannan dabara yanzu random mutations wato bazuwar haddura.Suka sakewa kaidar sabon suna wai The modern synthetic evolution theory wato Ginanniyar Sabuwar KaidarJuyin halitta, wadda aka kirkireta kuma aka kara mata da ilmin haddura akan rubutun zabin yanayin Darwin.A takaice dai, wannan kaida ta samu sunan Neo-Darwinism wato Cigaban Darwiniyanci kuma wadanda suka saka kaidar a gaba ana kiransu masu san cigaban Darwniyanci.Shekaru masu zuwa zasu zamo wai lokacine na kokarin kawo hujjojin yada akidar cigaban Darwiniyanci. Tun tuni dama an san cewa haddurawadanda suke faruwa a cikin jinsin gabobin Halittu sun zama masu illa. cigaban Darwiniyanci yayi kokarin bada hujja akan kyawun haddura ta Hanyar fitar da dubun dubatar gwaje-gwajen haddura. Dukkanin yunkurinsu yak are a faduwa wanwar.

42 RUDUN JUYIN HALITTA

Har ila yau, sun yi kokarin sukawo hujja akan cewa farkon kwayoyin halitta wadanda sua rayu sun wanzu ne haka nan ta hanyar yanayin mazauni irin na da wanda akidar ta bayyana, amma irin wannan faduwa ta zakkewa wadannan gwaje-gwaje da yake kokarin bayyanar da hujjar rayuwa ta wanzu ne haka nan ya fadi. Yiyuwar lissafi ya tabbatar da cewa ba wai kawai kwayar gina jiki ko tubalan gina rayuwa ba, har da kwayar halitta da suke ganin zasu iya wanzuwa haka nan, a karkashin tsari irin na da wanda masana juyin halittu suka fada kuma ba ma zai taba tabbatuwa ba koda mafi ingantuwar dakin gwaje-gwaje na karni 20. Kaidar cigaban Darwiniyanci ya fadi ta hanyar bayyanar binciken dadaddun halittu. Babu transitional form wato nauin canjin halitta, wadanda ake zaton zasu nuna gaskiyar daukakar juyin zamani akan kwayoyin halittu tun daga yanayinsu na da har zuwa matakin bunkasar jinsunan halittu kamar yadda masana cigaban kaidar juyin zamani suke yin daawa, inda baa taba samun haka ba a koina a fadin duniya. A lokaci guda kuma, ana kokarin kwatanta jinsuna da ake zaton zasu samu daga wasu nauin jinsi masu bambancin siffofi kuma ake zaton ba zasu taba zama magabatansu ko jikokinsu ba. Amma cigaban Darwiniyanci bai taba zama wata kaidar kimiyya ko kankani ba, sai dai kawai wata mummunar akida ce wadda zaa iya cewa ma tana da kama da addini. Masanin Darwiniyanci kuma Shaihun Malami a fannin Falsafa da halittun daji Micheal Ruse yayi ikirari da kansa yace: Kuma hakika, babu wani kokwanto akan haka, cewa a baya, da kuma yanzu, ga mafi yawan masana juyin halitta, Juyin halitta, na da ayyuka da da kuma alamun da suke, muna iya cewa, tafarki ne ga addinin maguzanci kuma a ganina, bayyananne ne a kowane matakin juyin zamani a matsayin kaidar kimiyya ta kulla alakar aiki ga sashin yanayi.11Wannan shine dalilin da yasa masu yada kaidar juyin zamani suke ta kokarin kare ta duk da hujjojin da aka bada wadanda suka rushe ta. Abu daya da ba zasu iya yarda dashi ba shine, shin wane daya daga cikin samfurin da suka gabatar da yada manufar evolution ne daidai. Mafi muhimmanci daga cikinsu shine fasali mai ban kaye wanda aka fi sani da daidaitaccen maauni.Jarrabawa da Kuskure: Daidaitaccen MaauniMafi yawan masana kimiyya wadanda suka yi imani da juyin halitta sun yarda da cigaban kaidar juyin zamani.A yan shekarun da suka wuce, mabanbancin fasali ya bayyana. Sunansa daidaitaccen maauni, wannan fasali ya karyata raayin Darwin akan Hadaka, juyin zamani mai bin danuwansa da riko da cewa evolution yana yiyuwa maimakon a babban wuri, sai yak are a tsalle.

TSOHON MATAKIN KIMIYYA A ZAMANINSU DARWIN

Lokacin da Darwin yasa hasashensa a gaba, fannin ilmin jinsi, fannin sanin halittu da hada magunguna babu su Idan da ace an gano su kafin Darwin ma ya bayyanar da kaidarsa dayayi sassaukar fahimta cewa kaidarsa ta zamo babu kimiyya ko ta kwabo kuma bai yi fuskar kwayar halitta.Wani yunkuri na ciyar da ita gaba ba, sakon da yake tabbatar da jinsi tuni dama yana nan a kwayoyin Jinsi kuma yana da wahala ga zabin yanayi, samara da sababbin jinsuna ta hanyar cakuda kwayoyin jinsi. Haka kuma, duniyar kimiyya a zamanin da akwai da mummunar Fahimta akan tsarin yanayi da ayyuka akan kwayar halitta. Idan da ace Darwin ya samu dammar ganin kwayoyin halitta da naura mai hango nesa kusa (microscope), da ya ga abin mamakin dake tattare cikin kwayoyin halitta. Da ya gani da idonsa cewa abu ne mawuyaci akan hadadden tsari ya wakana ta karamar hanya.Idan daya san wani abu akan kimiyyar lissafin rayuwa, day a gane cewar lallai koda sunadarin gina jiki guda daya, ballantana gaba dayan kwayar halitta, ace wai a wanzu haka nan.Isashshen bincike akan kwayar halitta na yiwuwa bayan an gano naurar hangen nesa, wato electron microscope. A zamanisu Darwin, saboda naurarsu irin ta Da ce wadda ta zama da ita ake iya ganin abinda ke cikin kwayar halitta.

44 RUDUN JUYIN HALITTA

Farkon wadanda suka fara kare wannan daawa sun bayyana a farkon Shekarar 1970. Masana kimiyyar dadaddun halittun nan su biyu yan Amurka, Niles Eldredge da Stephen Jay Gould, suna da kyakyawar Masaniya akan daawar da masu raya akidar Darwin suke yi waddaBinciken burbushin halittu ya karyata.Wannan binciken ne ya tabbatar da cewa halittu fa basu wanzu ba ta hanyar juyin halitta. Sai dai sun bayyana ne kwatsam da cikakiyar halitta. Stephen Jay GouldMaabota cigaban darwiniyanci sun cigaba da fatan samun mafita Akan matsalar da suke fuskanta-da fatan canjin yanayin da ya buya zai bayyana anan gaba. Duk da ganin wannan fata bashi da tushe, Eldredge da Gould har ila yau basu watsar da akidarsu ta juyin halitta ba, saboda haka suka bullo da sabuwar dabara: daidaitaccen maauni. Wannan tana daawar cewar juyin halitta bai samu a dalilin kananan bambance -bambance ba amma sai dai a sakamakon muhimman canje-canje da afkuwa kwatsam.Wannan tsari ba komai bane illa rudu. Misali, baturen nan masanin burbushin halittu O.H.Shindewolf, wanda ya shiryar da Eldredge da Gould, yayi daawar cewa tsuntsun da ya fara zuwa duniya yazo ne daga kwan halitta mai rarrafe da kafafu hudu; a matsayin maye gurbi mai nauyi, wato sakamakon babban hadari day a gudana a cikin tsarin jinsi.12Kamar yadda yazo a cikin fadin kaidar, wasu daga dabbobin dake tafiya aban kasa sun kusa su zama manyan kifaye ganin sun bi zangon faffadan canji. Wadannan zantuttuka, kwata-kwata sun karya dokokin jinsi, kimiyyar lissafin rayuwa, kimiyyar gwaje-gwaje, kai kace kamar tatsuniyar rikidar kwadi zuwa kada. Duk da haka, ganin irin rashin tabbas da cikas din da cigaban darwiniyanci yake fuskanta, wasu daga cikin masana burbushin halittu sun rungumi wannan kaida, wadda take tafi zama abin dariya fiye da Cigaban-Darwiniyancin kansa.Kadaitacciyar manufar wannan tsari shine samara da bayanai don cike gurbin da Cigaba- Darwiniyanci ya ka sa bayyanawa a daftarin burbushin halittu. Bayan haka, yana da matukar wahala ayi yunkurin bayani akan ratar dake tattare da burbushin halittu a juyin halittar tsuntsaye akab daawar cewa wai tsuntsu ya fito ne daga kwan halitta mai rarrafe da kafafu hudu, a fadar masana juyin halittar, juyawar jinsuna izuwa wasu jinsuna na bukatar babban canji kuma muhimmi a bayanan jinsin halitta. Koda yake, babu wani maye gurbin da yake inganta bayanan jinsin ko kara wani sabon bayani a cikinta. Maye gurbi na hargitsa bayanan jinsi ne kawai. Hadadden maye gurbi wanda ya samu a dalilin tsarin daidaitaccen maauni babu abinda zai jawo sai gagarumin ragi da hargitsa bayanan jinsi.

Takaitaccen Tarihin Ka`idar 45

A yau, dubban masana kimiyya dake fadin duniya, musamman a Amirka da Yammacin Turai, sun karyata Kaidar juyin halitta kuma sun dabbaa littattafai da dama akan rashin ingancin kaidar. Ga kadan daga misalai a sama.Haka kuma, tsarin daidaitaccen maauni ya rushe tun daga matakin farko saboda gazawarsa na kasa bayani akan asalin rayuwa, wanda har ila yau shine ya rushe cigaban tsarin Darwiniyanci tun farko.Tun da babu wani sunadari wanda ya wanzu haka nan, to muhawarar da ake yi akan ko kwayoyin halitta sun samu ne ta haduwar miliyoyin kwayoyin halitta bisa tafarkin daidaitaccen maauni ko zabin yanayi ya zama rashin hankali.Duk da haka, tattaunawa dake zuwa rai idan juyin halitta ya zama abin tattaunawa a yau shine cigaban-darwiniyanci. A babi mai zuwa, zamu yi nazari akan ginshikan hasashen tsarin guda biyu, sannan mu kalli daftarin burbushin halittu don mu gwada ko jarraba wannan tsari dashi. Bayan haka, zamu nitsa cikin bayani akan asalin rayuwa, wadda ta rushe tsarin cigaban Darwiniyanci da sauran tsare-tsaren masana juyin halitta kamarsu juyin halitta ta muhimmin gabatarwa.Kafin mu fara, yana da alfano tunasar da mai karatu cewa, hakikanin abinda zamu fuskanta a kowane mataki shine faya-fayen juyin zamani ba komai bane illa tatsuniya, mai hadari, babbar yaudara da ta sha bamban da hakikanin rayuwar duniya. Wani faifai ne da akayi amfani dashi a yaudari duniya sama da shekara 140. Madallah da sababbin binciken kimiyya, saboda haka cigaban kare ta ya zama a karshe abinda ba zai yiwu ba.BABI NA 3Kirkiro Sassan Juyin Halitta

Cigaban tsarin darwiniyanci, wanda zamu dauka a matsayin babban ginshiki akan kaidar juyin halitta a yau, suke yin musu cewar rayuwa ta fara net a hanyoyi ginshikai masu asali guda biyu: zabin yanayi da maye gurbi.Muhimmiyar daawar kaidar itace kamar haka: zabin yanayi dam aye gurbi wadansu ginshikai ne guda biyu. Asalin juyin halitta ya faru ne daga bazuwar maye gurbi inda yake samun wuri a tsarin jinsin abubuwa masu rai. Tsarin dam aye gurbi ya samu ta hanyar zabar ginshikai na zabin yanayi wanda ta sanadinsu ne abubuwa masu rai suke tasowa.Idan muka zurfafa binciken wannan kaidar juyin halitta, saboda haka babu wani abu wai shi zabin yanayi ko maye gurbi da yaek bada gudunmawa akakn wannan tsari ga jinsin halitta daban-daban da suke tasowa kuma su rikida zuwa wani jinsi.

Zabin YanayiKamar yadda tsayin yanayi yake, zabin yanayi abu ne sananne ga masana kimiyyar halitta gabannin Darwin, wadanda suke fassara wannan a matsayin ginshiin dake kula da canzawar jinsi ba tare da matsala ba. Darwin shine mutum na farko da ya fara gabatar da wannan daawa da cewar wannan tsari na dauke da karfin ikon juya halitta sannan kuma ya kafa gaba dayan kaidarsa akan wannan ginshiki. Sunan da ya bawa littafinsa na nuni da cewar zabin yanayi shine ainihin tubalin da aka gina kaidar Darwin; The Origin of Species, by means of Natural SelectionHaka kuma, tun zamaninsu, har yanzu babu wani dalili kwaya daya tak da aka gabatar dake nuna cewar zabin yanayi ne yake jawo canzawar halittu masu rai. Colin Patterson, babban masani a fanning binciken burbushin halittu na gidan tarihi a Ingila, wato Museum of natural history of England, kuma daya daga cikin wanda ake ji dasu a fanning juyin halitta yana mai tabbatarwa da cewa bashi da iko wajen cigaban halitta:babu wani wanda ya taba ya kawo jinsuna daga ginshikan zabin yanayi. Babu wanda ya taba kaiwa kusa da ita, kuma mafi yawancin dalilan da ake gabatarwa a yanzu a cigaban Darwiniyanci akan wannan yake.13Zabin yanayi ya riki cewa halittu masu rai wadanda suke da kyakkyawan mazauni zasu fi samun jikokin da zasu gajesu sannan wadanda ba zasu iya jurewa ba zasu mutu. Kamar misali, dabbobin dake neman mabuya don tsoron manyan dabbobi, a hakikani wadanda suka fi gudu, su suka fi tsira. Wannan Magana gaskiya ce. Amma komai tsawon lokacin da wannan abu zai kasance, ba zai taba

Kirkiro Sassan Juyin Halitta 47

canza wata dabba ta rikide zuwa wata jinsin halitta ba. Dabba zata yi zamanta a yanayinta. Idan muka kalli misalin da masana juyin halitta suka bayar a matsayin karfafan misalan zabin yanayi, muna ganin ba komai bane illa wani yunkuri ne kawai na yaudara.

Bakaken Kwari A shekarar 1986 Douglas Futuyma ya buga a littafi, The Biology of Evolution, wanda aka yarda yana daya daga asali masu bayanin kaidar juyin halitta daga zabin yanayi ta hanya mai sauki. Mafi shahara a cikin misalansa shine akan adadin launin wutar Yola (kwaro), wanda aka bayyana cewa yayi duhu a lokacin juyin juya-halin masanaantu a ingila. Abu ne mai sauki samun tarihin Bakaken kwari a kusan dukkan littattafan masana a fagen ilmin halitta , ba wai sai a littafin Futuyma ba. An kirkiri labarin ne akan jerin gwaje-gwajen da masana kimiyyar lissafin Ingila da masanin halitta Bernard kelltewell suka gabatar a shekarar 1950, kuma zaa iya takaice shi kamar haka: Kamar yadda aka rubuta, kusa da lokacin da aka kare juyin juya halin masanaantu a Ingila, launin bangoran bishiyoyin dake kewaye da Manchester sunyi haske. Saboda haka ne, kwari mas duhun launi wadanda suke manned a jikin bishiyoyin zasu iya ganuwa saboda tsuntsayen da suke ci daga jikinsu kuma suna da karancin dammar cigaba da rayuwa. Shekaru hamsin baya, a Woodlands inda surkamin Masanaantu ya kashe kananan shukoki, sannan bawon bishiyoyin yayi tauri, kuma a wannan lokacin kwari masu hasken jiki suka zama ababan farautowa. Sanadiyyar haka, adadinsu ya ragu su kuma bakaken suka karu tunda baa saurin ganesu. Masana juyin halitta, a bangare guda, sun fake da nuna yadda kwari masu haske suka rikide izuwa bakaken kwari. Bayan haka, yana da kyau a gane-duk da cewa mun yarda gaskiya ne cewar wannan hali ba zai taba zama wata hujja ga kaidar juyin halitta ba, saboda zabin yanayi bai taba tayar da sabon tsarin halittar da bai taba afkuwa a baya ba.Bakaken kwari dama dasu a cikin kwari tun kafinma ayi juyin juya-halin MasanaantuKadan ne daga cikin rayayyun kwari suke canzawa. Kuma basu sam wata sabuwar halitta ko gaba, wadda wadda zata yi sanadiyyar kebantaccen tsari. Maimakon a samu kwaro ya rikida zuwa wani jinsin halittar, misali tsuntsu, da dai an sake kara wasu abubuwa a cikin halittar. Maana, wani kebantaccen kari na daban da zaa yi a cikin jinsin halittarta domin a kara wasu bayanai da zasu nuna bayyanannen tsarin halittar tsuntsu.

48 KAIDAR JUYIN HALITTA

Bakaken kwari ba wata hujja ce a juyin zamani ba, saboda tsarin bai taba fitar da sababbin jinsin kwari ba. Zabin yana daga cikin abinda ya wanzu tuntuni. Haka kuma, labarin bakaken kwari an kirkire shine don yaudara. Wadannan hotuna da kuke gabi (an nuna su kamar hoton gaske) alal hakika matattun kwari ne aka saka musu rowan danko aka manne su a jikin bishiyoyi daga masana juyin halitta. Wannan shine amsar da zaa bawa tatsuniyar masana juyin halitta akan Bakaken kwari. Bayan haka, akwai sashen da yafi koina ban shaawa a tatsuniyar; Ba kawai yadda aka tsara labarin ba, shi kansa labarinma karya ne. Kamar yadda masanin kwayar halitta Jonathan Wells ya bayyana a littafinsa Icons of Evolution, labarin Bakaken kwari, wanda aka rigaya aka saka shi cikin littafin duk wani masanin juyin halitta, kuma ya zama tambari ta wannan fuska, kuma babu kanshin gaskiya. Wells ya bayyana a littafinsa yadda gwajin Bernard Kettlewells, wanda aka fi sani da tabbataccen gwaji akan labarin, lallai wani rikici ne a kimiyyance. Wasu daga muhimman alamu dake nuna rikicin sune: An gabatar da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa bayan kettlewell ya bayyana cewa nauI daya ne daga cikin nauoin bakaken kwari suke zama a jikin bishiyoyi, kuma naui sukan zauna ne a kananan rassan bishiyoyin. Tun shekara ta 1980, ya bayyana a fili cewar bakaken kwari basa zama ko mannewa a jikin bishiyoyi. Shekaru 25 da aka yi ana bincike, mafi yawancin masana kimiyya kamarsu Cyril Clarke, Rory Howlett, Michael Majerus, Tony Liebert, da Paul Brakefeild wanda ya cike maganarsa da cewa A gwajin Kettlewell, an tilastawa bakaken kwari ne, saboda haka, wannan sakamakon ba zai samu karbuwa a kimiyance ba.

Kirkiro Sassan Juyin Halitta 49

Masana kimiyyar da suka jarraba gwajin kettlewell, sunzo da wani sakamakon mai ban shaawa: Wato kamar yadda ake tsammanin karuwar adadin fararen kwari a sassan dake da karancin gurbata a Ingila, bakaken kwari kuwa sun nunka yawan fararen kwari sau hudu. Maana babu wata alaka tsakanin yawan kwari da rassan bishiyoyi kamar yadda kettlewell yake daawa da kusan dukkanin asali na masanan.Kamar yadda bincike yayi nisa, sai kuma rigingium suka canza zani: kwari akan rassan bishiyoyi hoton da kettlewell ya dauka, lallai matattun kwari ne. Kettlewell yayi amfani da matattu ne wanda ya shafa musu rowan gam ko ya makalesu da allurai a jikin rassan bishiyoyi da daukar hotunansu. A hakikanin gaskiya, akwai karancin samun dammar daukar hoton kwari lokacin da suke hutawa jikin rassan bishiya sai dai a karkashin ganyayyaki.14Wadannan hujjoji basu samu fitowa fili daga tsarar masana kimiyya ba sai karshen shekara ta 1990. Faduwar tatsuniyar bakaken kwari, wadda ta zama daya daga cikin jiga-jigan firsoshi a gabatar da juyin halitta shekaru masu yawa, kuma ya kunyata masa juyin halitta. Daya daga cikinsu Jerry Coyne, yake fada:Halin dana samu kaina na nuna irin cikas din bincike na, a lokacin da naked an shekara shida, mahaifina ne ya kawo kyautar kirismeti ba Santa ba.15Saboda haka, mafi shaharar misalin zabin yanayi ana juyar dashi izuwa tulin sharer tarihi a matsayin rikici na kimiyya. Kuma dama bazai yiwu ba, saboda zabin yanayi ba wani ginshikin juyin halitta bane, sabanin daawar da masanan ke yi. Bata da hurumin kara sabuwar gaba a jikin rayayyan halitta, cire ta, ko canza ta zuwa wani jinsin halitta.

Shin Zabin Yanayi Zai Iya Bayanin Hadaddiyar Halitta?Babu wani abinda zabin yanayi ya kara a cikin habaka kaidar juyin halitta, domin wannan ginshiki ba zai taba karawa ko inganta bayanan gado a jinsina ba. Zabin yanayi wani ginshiki ne dake kawar da raunanan daidaikun halitta daga jinsuna. Wani karfi ne na gurguzanci wanda yake kiyaye rayayyun jinsuna daga karewa.Bayan haka ma, bashi da wani iko wurin juyar da wata halitta zuwa wani jinsi.Ballantana ta rikidar da wani jinsi zuwa wani: tarwada zuwa kifi, kifi zuwa kwado, kwado zuwa kada, kada zuwa tsuntsu. Mafi girma wajen kare daidaitaccen maauni, Gould, yayi ishara akan karshen tasirin zabin yanayi kamar haka;Makasudin Darwiniyanci ya tattara ne akan sidira guda: zabin yanayi shine kagaggen karfi dake canza juyin halitta. Babu wanda ya musanta cewa zai taka mumnunar rawa wajen kawar da raunanan jinsi. Kaidojin Darwin suna karfafa mai karfi ne kawai.16Wata hanya da masana juyin halitta suke amfani da ita wajen batar da mutane akan zabin yanayi shine kokarinsu na bayyana wannan ginshiki a matsayin mai tsara halitta. Koda yake, zabin yanayi bashi da kasantuwar haka.bashi da iko akan faruwar abu mai kyau ko mara kyau ga halitta. A sakamakon haka, zabin yanayi ba zai taba iya bayanin tsarin rayuwa da sifofi masu hadaddun gabbai. Wadannan ginshikai da kuma gabbai sun samu kansu na yin aiki tare gaba daya wanda da zaa samu daya daga cikin gabban baya aiki ko ya raunana da kuwa sauran ba zasu amfanu ba. (Misali, idon mutum ba zai aiki ba matsawar dukkanin jijiyoyin dake tare dashi basu cika ba). Saboda haka, ikon dake zuwa da dukkan bangarorin wuri guda, ya zama zai iya kirge ko sanin abinda zai faru nan gaba kuma ya tanadi dukkan amfanin da zaa samu a karshen alamarin. Tunda ginshikin yanayi bashi da wani iko, babu wani abu da zai iya yi.Wannan hujja ce wadda ta rushe ginshikin kaidar juyin halitta, Darwin ma ya nuna damuwarsa: Idan zaa iya gwada mana a fili yadda wata hadaddiyar gaba zata iya wanzuwa, wanda kuwa ba zai taba yiyuwa samuwar hakan daga yawaicin, ingantattun, kuma abin yiwa kwaskwarima, lallai da kaida ta karye baki daya17

Kirkiro Sassan Juyin Halitta 51

Zabin yanayi na fitowa ne kawai daga daidaikun jinsina wadanda basu da karfi ko kuzari. Bat a iya samara da sabon jinsi, sabon bayani dangane da kwayoyin jini, ko sabuwar gaba. Maana, ba zata iya yin wani abu da zai motsa ba. Darwin ya yarda da haka inda yake cewa: Zabin yanayi ba zai iya tabuka komai ba har sai zababbun sauye-sauye sun samu kafar tabbata.18 Wannan shine dalilin da yasa cigaban-Darwiniyanci ya jera maye gurbi kusa da zabin yanayi a matsayin dalilin canji mai alfano. Kuma kamar yadda zamu gani, hadari zai iya zama sanadin canji mai illa. Maye gurbiMaye gurbi wata irin karyewa ko mayewa ce wadda take faruwa a cikin jigidar halittar DNA, wanda aka gano a cikin faifan kwayar komayya wadda ake samu a cikin halitta mai rai kuma itace take bada dukkanin bayanai da suka shafi gado ta fuskar jini.Wadannan karyewa ko mayewa suna samuwa ne a dalilin faruwar wani abu kamar konewa ko juyawar wani sunadari mai karfi. Dukkan maye gurbi hadari ne kuma yana iya lalata sunadaran dake hade cikin faifan komayya wanda yake samar da DNA ko ya canza masa wurare. Mafi yawancin lokuta, sukan haifar da illa mai yawa da kuma canjin da komayyar ma ba zata iya gyara shi ba.Maye gurbi, wanda masana juyin halitta suke boyewa daga bayansu, ba wani naura ce ta tsafi ba wadda take canza wata halitta izuwa wani yanayi mai kololuwar siffa ba. Maye gurbi na da illa mai cutarwa. Canjin da take samarwa yana kama ne kawai da mutanen da suke cikin Hiroshima, Nagasaki, da Chernobyl: wato, mutuwa, nakasa, da gurbatar fatar jiki Dalilin wannan mai sauki ne: DNA yana da faffadar siffa da illa mai kewayawa wadda take iya cutar da siffar. B.G. Ranganathan yace:Maye gurbi wasu halittu ne kanana, masu kewayawa, ga cutarwa. Sukan samu amma mafi kyawun samuwarsu shine su zama basu yi illa ba. Wadannan ayyuka nasu guda hudu suna nuna cewa maye gurbi ba zai iya shiryarwa izuwa bunkasa juyin halitta ba. Kewayawar canjin dake afkuwa a cikin kwayar halitta takan zama bata yi aiki ba ko ta cutar. Kewayawar canjin Agogo ba zai inganta Agogon ba.Sai dai ya zamana ta illata shi ko mafi kyau yaki aiki. Girgizar kasa bata inganta birni, sai dai rushewa.19Babu mamaki, cewa har yanzu baa gano wani amfani a maye gurbi ba. An tabbatar da cewa dukkanin maye gurbi mai cutarwa ne. Masana Kimiyyar juyin halitta Warren Weaver yayi karin bayani akan rahoton da Kwamitin Bincike Akan Illar Bazuwar Kwayar Komayya, wanda aka kafa don ya bincika afkuwar maye gurbi wanda ake zaton makaman nukiliya wadanda aka yi amfani dasu a yakin duniya na biyu suka haifar:

DUKKANI MAYE GURBI NA DA HADARI

Da yawa zasu girgiza akan kalaman da aka fi sani cewa dukkan jinsin maye gurbi yana hadari. Domin maye gurbi wani bangare ne yunkurin juyin halitta. Yaya kyakkyawan fasali zai shafi juyin halitta zuwa makurar siffa a rayuwa sakamakonsa yake samuwa daga maye gurbi wanda kuma dukkaninsa mai hadari ne?20Dukkanin yunkuri don a samar da maye gurbi mai amfani ya karye. A shekarun da suka wuce, masana juyin halitta sun yi gwaje-gwaje masu yawa don su samar da maye gurbi a cikin kwari domin suna saurin kyankyasa, kuma zasu yi saurin nunawa. Saboda haka, lokaci bayan lokaci wadannan kwari suka zamanto ana kyankyasarsu, duk da haka bukata bata biya ba. Masanin tsarin halittar jini Gordon Taylor yake cewa:A duk dubban kwarin da aka kyankyashe a gwaje-gwajen da muka gabatar a duk fadin duniya a sama da shekaru hamsin, babu wani sabon jinsin da ya karukai ko daidai da sabon sunadari.21Wani mai bincike, Micheal Pitman, yayi bayani akan dalilin da yasa gwaje-gwajen da aka yi akan kwarin ya karye:Morgan, Goldschmidt, Muller, da sauran masana sun jingina kasawar kwarin da yawan zafi, sanyi, haske, duhu, da kunar sunadarai. Dukkan nauin maye gurbi, na zahiri

Kirkiro Sassan Juyin Halitta 53

ko wanda yake nuna illa ta bayyane, an samardasu duka. Juyin halittar da mutum ya sananta? Ba haka nan ba: kadan daga cikin talibanban din da masanan suka yi sun so rayuwa a wajen kwalbar da ake shayar dasu. Bisa alada suna mutuwa ne, su bushe ko su rikida zuwa wata mummunar sifa.22 Wannan haka yake koda ga halittar mutum. Dukkanin wata halitta ta maye gurbi dake jikin dan Adam tana da sakamako mai illa. Akan haka, masana juiyn halitta sun sako wani shurin hayaki da kokarin nuna misalan wadannan maye gurbi masi illa a matsayin wata shaida akan juyin halitta. Dukkanin maye gurbi da ya afku a jikin dan Adam ya haifar da tawaya a halittar mutum ta zahiri, kamarsu mongol, down syndrome, zabiya, wada ko cutar cancer. An gabatar da wadannan cututtuka ne a littattafan masanan a matsayin misalai akan sassan juyin halitta akan aiki. Babu bukatar ace, hanyar da take kai mutane ga nakasa ko rashin lafiya ba zata zama sashe akan juyin halitta ba ya kamata juyin halitta ya samar da nauin halitta kyakkyawa wanda zaifi jure rayuwa. A takaice, akawai muhimman dalilai guda uku dake nuna kasawar maye gurbi wajen taimakawa cikin tabbatar da hujjojin masana juyin zamani:1) Sakamakon maye gurbi nada hadari: Tunda yake bazuwa suke yi, shi yasa suke lalata kwayoyin halittar dake shigarsu. Dalili ne yake nuna mana cewa da zarar wabi abu mara kan gado ya shiga cikin wani cikkakken kuma kyakkyawan tsari ba zai tama da komai ba illa ya bata shi. Hakika, babu wani maye gurbi mai amfani da ya taba samuwa.2) Maye gurbi bai kara wani sabon bayanai ga jigidar halittar DNA ba : kwayoyin da suka hadu suka samar da bayanan halittar gado ko sun tattara zuwa mazaunins