PORTFOLIORui Santos

[02] INDEXName: Rui Pedro Martins Ferreira Santos

Birth Date: 15.05.1983

Nationality: Portuguese

Address: Est. nacional 16, 6370 Fornos de Algodres

Phone Number: (+351) 963080500

E-mail: Ruisatriani@hotmail.com

Education:

2001

Science highschool graduation in Escola EB2,3/S in

Fornos de Algodres, Portugal.

2001/2008

Degree in Architecture by Faculdade de Ciências e

Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal,

with fi nal grade of 14 values (0-20).

2004/2005

With ERASMUS program, is accepted by the Norwe-

gian University of Science and Technology (Faculty

of Architecture and Fine Art), Trondheim, Norway.

2004 [September]

International Workshop in Liguria: “How To Tackle

Future Changes in Italian Medieval Communities”

Comune di Castelbianco - Italy

2007/2008

Concludes the fi nal thesis “Marginalidades: Patolo-

gias da Coimbra fl uvial” ( about Coimbra’s approach

to the Mondego river).(grade _ 16).

Degree in Architecture.

2011

Participates in Arquitectum competition for a Bohe-

mian Hostel In the Gothic district in Barcelona.

Professional experience:

2009/2010

From September to November, works in the catalan

architectural offi ce MAB Arquitectura, Barcelona.

From November of 2009 to June 2010 works in the

catalan architectural offi ce VORA Arquitectura,

Barcelona.

Personal interests:

Special interests in drawing, astronomy, music [gui-

tar since 14, 1 year in Coimbra’s Jazz school], cin-

ema and literature.

Participates in junior soccer from 6 to 18 years old;

Traveling around Middle East and Asia from August

to December 2010.

Linguistic skills:

Portuguese: Mother tongue

English: Fluent

Spanish: Fluent

French: basic knowledges

Computer skills:

Autodesk AutoCad

Autodesk 3D Studio Max

Adobe Photoshop

Adobe Indesign

CURRICULUM [03]

TOWER HOSTEL _ Barcelona, Catalunha [Arquitectum competition]....................10

PAVLIDES RESIDENCE _ Nicosia, Cyprus [MCA]...................................................06

WAR MEMORIAL _ V. Nova de Cabeçudos, Portugal [Rui Santos + Miguel Roque]........08

COLLECTIVE HOUSING _ Nicosia, Cyprus [MCA]................................................04

01 02 03

04 05 06

07 08 09

10 11

ACADEMICAL PROJECTS 13]; POST-ACADEMICAL [01 - 12]

KINDERGARTEN _ Barcelona, Espanha [VORA Arquitectura].............................14

REFURB.+ ANNEX House _ Barcelona, Espanha [VORA]....................................16

TWO FAMILY HOUSING _ Barcelona, Eapanha [VORA]......................................18

COLECTIVE HOUSING _ Burriana, Espanha [MAB Arquitectura].........................22

HOUSE _ Fornos de Algodres, Portugal [Rui Santos]............................................24 SHOE STORE _ Fornos de Algodres, Portugal [Rui Santos]...............................26

MARGINALIDADES _ Final Thesis [Coimbra, FCTUC].................................................28

01

03

04

05

06

07

09

10

11

12

13

12

13

URBAN FURNITURE, Banc-c _ Barcelona, Espanha [VORA]...............................20

08

REHABILITATION _ Moledo do Minho, Portugal [Rui Santos + Miguel Roque]............12

02

2011

While living in Nicosia, Cyprus, participates in several

competitions with international teams of architects.

Integrates a team that participates in WCypriot Ar-

chitectural competition for the rethinking of the riv-

erbanks of Liopetri, Cyprus, achieving an honourable

mention (5th place).

2012 [June]

Starts working at Michael Cosmas Architecture

(MCA), a practice directed by Michael Cosmas, Cy-

priot architect graduated at the Architectural Asso-

ciation, Aschool of Architecture, London and PhD at

Harvard University, USA.

2013 [July]

Returns to Portugal, where he collaborates with his

colleague Miguel Roque in architectural projects.

[04] Collective Housing

C y p r u s

2 0 1 3

M C A

Project Narrative

In an old industrial area of Nico-

sia, not far from a University

Campus, lies the possibility of

developing low cost residences,

for which students would be the

main purchasers.

Assuming an uncommon build-

ing layout in Cyprus, the build-

ing encloses a common plaza,

enhancing a new social scheme

which, together with tha habit-

able rooftops, promotes a new

kind of interaction in the collec-

tive housing scenario of the city.

Illustration of the main entrance to the building and to the common plaza

Illustration of the building from the main road

Typologies

rooftop plan

michael cosmas architecture

plans 2 and 4 plans 3 and 5 plan 6 plan 7

model illustrating main facade of the existing building and the relationship with the new addition

basement plan

south plan

section

back facade

groundfl oor plan 1st fl oor plan rooftop plan

model illustrating the 2 buildings and the garden/swimming pool in-between

west facade

east facade

C y p r u s

2 0 1 3

M C Amichael cosmas architecture

[06] Pavlides Residence

Project Narrative

50m away from the Mediterra-

nean Sea in the city of Limassol,

this house built in the British

colonial style was the subject of

a refurbishment and ampliation

project.

The two distinct objects, both

programatically and aestheti-

cally, are connected through a

ramp like volume, allowing the

connection between kitchen area

of the existing building and bed-

room area of the new addition,

as well as between the master

bedroom of the existing building

and the rooftop of the new build-

ing, from where the Mediterra-

nean is visible.

Pavlides Residence [07]

01.PEDESTRIAN CONTINUITY

The proposed site, located at the top

of St. Catarina´s hill in a platform

which edges the Chapel of St. Catari-

na at a slightly lower level, allowed

the project to embrace the character

of a belvedere over the valley that

surrounds it. The project tries to ad-

dress the lack of pedestrian continu-

ity between the village (located far

down the asphalt road) and the Chap-

el, through the creation of a stair-

case that hierarchizes and frames the

access to the “Acropolian” platform,

clearly signalling the beggining of the

experience.

02. GREEN RECYCLING

The preexisting retaining walls remain-

ing in the proposal are painted white

and topped by granite stone, similar to

what happens with the walls that ex-

ist in the complex while enhancing the

identity of the site. The proposal pre-

serves the existing large trees includ-

ing them in a grassy area.

03. TRIANGLE & SIMBOLOGY

A reflection on the reality of the Por-

tuguese Ultramar (overseas) War is

essential to understand not only the

reality of Portuguese ex-combatants

but, especially, the reality of a Portu-

gal that extended itself by virtue of

maritime merchandising to three con-

tinents over five centuries. The mem-

ory of the ex-combatants of Vila Nova

de Cabeçudos is the end of this great

empire, particularly in the wars that

took place in Angola, Mozambique and

Guinea, where they lent its strength

and part of their youth at the service

of the three branches of the Armed

Forces: Navy, Army and Air Force.

04. REMEMBER PLACE & PEOPLE

The rhetoric of this Memorial is about

the memories of the overseas, that

we chose to be always Impressionist,

through a seemingly indefinite number

of pillars of different heights, sug-

gesting a standing platoon as well as

a dense forest. In conjunction with

the concrete walls, it alludes to a

vessel, the ultimate symbol of the five

centuries of Portuguese overseas.

05. FINAL OUTCOME

The chosen materials emphasize the

invocation of memories overseas. For

the floor covering is proposed 5x5cm

granite micro-cube (similar to what ex-

ists in the churchyard of the Chapel

of Santa Catarina) and red gravel in-

side the triangle, inspired by African

soils. The pillars are COR-TEN steel,

one being different from the rest, hon-

oring a soldier killed in combat. At the

center, a parallelepiped 0.5x1.8x0,5

concrete bench hosts this pillar, fac-

ing the valley and endowing the whole

complex with a sense of contempla-

tion.

[08] War Memorial War Memorial [09]

illustration

section

plan

Individual Project

[Rui Santos + Miguel Roque]

V. Nova deCabeçudos

2 0 1 2

[10] Tower Hostel competition

Competition for a 100m high Bohemian Hos-

tel tower. The program should include 50

double rooms, lounge, bar, canteen, internet

space, reception, administration area and a

viewpoint on the top.

Being Barcelona a city with thousands of

backpackers per year, the goal was to create a

cheap priced accomodation for these visitors,

bearing in mind the site was directly con-

nected to MACBA’s square in gotico’s district.

ARQUITECTUM 2011

[12] Rehabilitation

Project Narrative

The clients of this project had the need

of extending the bedroom’s private

bathroom, once the space inside it was

very reduced.

The solution for this conditionants was

to relocate the bathroom’s sink to the

exterior. This option was born from the

perspective of treating the whole end

stripe of the bedroom as a whole area,

which would become not just a bath-

room but a dressing area as well, once

the closets were already at this location.

The next concern was to propose a

smooth transition between these 2 ar-

eas, considering the existing light com-

ing through the window.

Therefore, and bearing in mind that our

intention was to keep some visual re-

lationship between bedroom and bath-

room/dressing area but offering some

privacy at the same time, we decided

to use 3 elements that would combine

these characteristics: the sink’s

Old Plan Area of InterventionPre-existing phase

Section CC’ Section BB’

Individual Project

[Rui Santos + Miguel Roque]

M o l e d o do Minho

2 0 1 1

Rehabilitation [13]

support, defi ning an entrance to this

new area, the wooden bars moderating

the relationship between the 2 spaces,

and fi nally the top bar, treating the en-

trance to this area as a portic, somehow

enclosing the space and defi ning a tran-

sition.

Sketches A: Detail of lamp position over the sink; Sketches B: Detail of

the rectangles of glass built-in the wooden bars.

A

B

Plan

A A’

B B’

C C’

D

D’

Section AA’ Section DD’

[14] Kindergarten

Site

Implacement

Section S1

Square view

Local. Urban relation school/locality:

The square should respond to the

situation in the “gate” area of Raval,

and become space-hinge between two

neighborhoods, two distinct social and

physical structures (Raval Eixample

and south). The square and its facilities

(including kindergarten) must become

a magnet for both poles, facilitating ac-

cess and connectivity.

1.1. Set:

The School building and the street shall

be understood as an inseparable whole.

The building is not understood to limit

the space of the square. In part, articu-

lates the public space and its continu-

ities.

1.2. Hinge:

The School building as a joint is placed

so as to create a better link between the

regular grid of the Eixample and the

density of the Raval. Lateral position

and orientation of the building expands

the space of connection (ramp) between

St. Paul Avenue and the Plaza Redonda.

It beats the height difference in a calm

and generous slope, with a generous

width of the inclined plane. The square

of the building and its size allows for an

appropriate length of an inclined plane

serving legislation (pending only 6%),

without exceeding the scope defi ned by

the school, and avoiding physical bar-

riers.

Barcelona

2 0 1 0

Kindergarten [15]

Groundfl oor plan 1st fl oor plan

Section a Section bAxonometria

Axonometria

explotada

Access to the building moves through

this space of transition and ramp to

open its service to two neighborhoods.

1.4. Integration:

The school building is low. The ground

fl oor is located near the lowest level of

the plaza to reduce shadow over his own

presence and public space.

[16] Reformation + Amp.

Implacement

Pre-reformation plan

Groundfl oor plan [post-reformation]

1st fl oor plan [post-reformation] Front façade

Longitudinal section

Barcelona

2 0 1 0

1. The house consists of two perfectly clear parts, although both formally hybrid, but very

different from one another. The lower fl oor, spatially incoherent and rather fractured (com-

bination of fl uid spaces and spaces partitioned) and diffuse boundaries. The uppper fl oor: a

big tilled roof of four plans, with variations on a main powerful form, is what gives identity

to the house. Currently the ground fl oor is completely covered, not standing out of the limits

imposed by the roof, like a turtle in its shell.

2. From the understanding of the house and its defi ning characteristics, the proposal works to

transform the pre-existence maintaining a dialogue with it at spatial, conceptual and distribu-

tional level. These three levels of reading should be consistent. The result can be summarized

by the following concepts:

Shell: the top is not changed outwardly, it is only internally reorganized to include the neces-

sary rooms.

Layers: keep the logic of separation between two distinct elements, and especially to drama-

tize the transformation of the ground fl oor.

Stick: The house has a reading of three plants clearly differentiated not only in form but also

in the uses included. The stairs are the only element that connects all three levels, crossing

them.

Amoeba: The ground fl oor extends and deforms, tangentially between the cover and heavy

ground-plane. Therefore, its boundaries do not coincide with the boundaries of the roof and

occasionally exceeds them. The interior is deliberately fl uid, different ways to be shared by

the whole family.

Drops: an independent body is separated from the main body, a tearing of the deformation

of the volume.

Disappearance: The volume “disappears” with a set of mirrors lining the facade so that the

garden continues under the roof.

Input: Changing the elevation of the entrance and lobby for a more natural relationship with

the street.

[17]

West facade

East facade

Groundfl oor plan

1st fl oor plan

Rooftop planLongitudinal section

[18] Two family housing

Front and back facades

Rooftop plan

2nd fl oor plan [type a - white]

1st fl oor plan [type b - brown]

Ground fl oor plan

patio view

Two family housing. PLUS theme.

Concept: Equal distribution and common areas. Each house,

a whole fl oor and a “plus”, avoiding duplex. The comfort of

the housing avoids inner stairs and consequent temperature

losses.

Each house provides the maximum area allowed: a liv-

ing room-dinning room-kitchen, bathroom, 3 bedroom and

studying area for the convertible room. The balcony offer a

generous exttension to the living room.

Two houses exactly alike, avoiding a fl at of better quality than

others, where some areas are common and others become

common as the ground-fl oor, being the garden, understood

as a space, an extension of level 0.

Evolutionary House: The house “plus” has the shifting

characteristic of possible additions: basement, elevator, com-

mon rooms, pool on the roof, etc.. A house that adapts to the

changing of people’s lives with minimal effort, which does not

restrict changing needs, the emergence of new residents the

opportunity to work, public activities from home, etc ... Thus,

one can generate various forms of life of the building.

Indoor Environment: Neutral spaces. Wardrobes to avoid

furniture. Warm and neutral colors provided by the applied

materials. Dominance of wood, fl oor and ceiling, all the rest is

white. Bright spaces, well-oriented and assisted by the white

interior.

The walls of the main body (lift and services) are made of con-

crete to better respond to moist areas (bathrooms).

Barcelona

2 0 0 9

Two family housing [19]

Longitudinal section

Living-room type b Living-room type a

Perspective back facade

Zona A [night]

.fl exible space

.night area

(bedrooms and

studio)

Zone B [services]

.fi x space

.service area:

bathrooms and

instalations

.vertical and

horizontal

communication

(stairs and lift)

Zone C [day]

.fl exible space

.day area, most

of time.

.living-room,

dinning-room,

rooftop, studio.

[20] Urban Furniture Urban furniture [21]

1. natural color concretel (grey),

polished.

2. gap in concrete according to light

measures.

3. beveled edge.

4. gap for the instalation of power

source for light.

5. adjustable leveling piece.

6. cables gap.

[22] Colective housing

The project is based on the optimization of the tipology and the house’s

orientation, as well as in the using of cheap constructive systems, fast

placing and durability. Energy saving is optimized through passive and

active strategies. The simple and light façade allows the building to min-

gle discreetly with the surrounding buildings. Vertical movements are

done through four nucleus of stairs supporting eight individual houses

in each fl oor. The façades are oriented according to solar exposition:

bedrooms facing north, living rooms and balconies facing south, leav-

ing the central corridor at the service of distributing spaces and services.

M A Barquitectura

implacement

Solar scheme and section.

Front facade

Back facade

Floor-type plan

Barcelona

2 0 0 9

Colective housing [23]

Rooftop plan

Front façade

_ BRIEF DESCRIPTION

Main principles

It was requested a 3 bedroom

house for a family, with spe-

cial attention for the fact that it

should be built at the same lev-

el. The majority of the material

would be stone. Besides a tiled

roof, the clients requested a

back lean-to roof connected to

the kitchen which would be a

space for socialization, refuge,

contemplation.

The proposal takes advantage

of the sobriety resulting from

the “one-fl oor” house, and

tries to be a discreet line in the

landscape. The plan is therefore

developed in an L shape, which

simply divides public from pri-

vate areas quite easily and can

enjoy from the inner courtyard

that results from it, creating the

lean-to roof demanded.

Besides its plan development,

also the section work up-hill

gave a clear understanding on

how interesting and viable it

would be to delevop the house

in successive connecting plat-

forms all the way up, smooth-

ing either the fl uidity between

spaces, either the visual impact

of the house in the landscape.

Regarding programatical ques-

tions, the living room defi nes

itself as the ending of the fron-

tal body, gathering space of

the house, suggesting to who

inhabits it the priviliged view

of “Serra da Estrela” moun-

tain, the highest in Portugal;

the kitchen clearly states a con-

nection with the lean-to roof

on the back of the house, given

the intimate relationship of the

two realities; the bedrooms de-

velop at different heights, one

being at the entrance height, in

order to be used by a handicap

person, two other being 30cm

higher, with a small porch.

The access for people is pro-

vided by an arriving patio,

and exterior stairs that make

the transition; the carr goes

through a ramp with an exterior

parking space.

[24] HOUSE

Implacement

Implacement

Section

F.Algodres

2 0 0 8

Individual Project

Legenda: On top, plan of the

house: the “L” shape divides

public space from private.

At the centre, north facade,

where it is visible the ongo-

ing levels up the site, from the

main entrance to the top levels,

which will be used for agricul-

ture.

At the bottom, views of the

proposal.

HOUSE [25]

Plan

North facade

For this project was requested an

object that would serve the pur-

pose of exhibiting shoes. A single

piece that could have its own value

as well.

The toilets were the only spacial

inconvenience to deal with, once

they were facing to rest of the

room, a clean rectangle.

The option was to design a piece

that could do its job as well as

organize the space at the same

time, which was achieved by a

single piece hanging out of the

main body, interrupting the visual

contact between the store and the

services.

W.C. W.C.

[26] SHOE STORE

F.Algodres

2 0 0 8

Individual Project

SHOE STORE [27]

SectionPlan

Facade

[28] Marginalidades

Being diffi cult to resume a thesis, i give an

overall idea through index, introduction and

conclusion of the thesis. The thesis was an

analitical process regarding the relationship

between the city of Coimbra (Portugal) and

the Mondego river, a crucial element for the

stablishing of Coimbra.

The drawings presented are the result of the

practical character of the concluding phase,

in which some personal approaches to the

problematic are made.

Coimbra

2 0 0 8

INTRODUCTION

Experiencing a city for one day, like

a tourist, will hardly bring more

than the mental print of its icons,

its general specifi cities as an urban

structure; lived for years, it won’t

only easily ignore the memory of

some icons but, overall, it will force

us to focus on its “weaknesses” amd

imperfections.

Also the contact with Coimbra dur-

ing years, in my personal experience,

went through a similar pattern of

evolution. From the subconscious of

all those years of experience raised

a sudden need for practicity which

rinsed the constant fl ow of abstrac-

tions and focused it on a need for

working “in loco”, backed up by

some certainty of having absorved

more from this city than any other.

From the variety of “imperfections”

that Coimbra had to offer, the city’s

total alienation towards a crucial

structuring element of great wealth

and tradition like the Mondego river

(that gradually but still insufi ciently

is being fought) seemed to me an ap-

pealing theme of discussion. Thus,

the work according to two main

axis: the fi rst, with a more analitical

character, focus on the evolution of

the 2 main actors, the city and the

river; the second axis elaborates on

the fusion of this actors.

The fi rst axis tries to divide (bearing

in mind its conectivity) the Mondego

river and the city of Coimbra, ranges

and characteristics, with the pur-

pose of better understanding the de-

fi ning moments of this relationship,

through profound individualization.

For instance, understanding when

and how the river stabilized is, di-

rectly, to understand in which way

the city developed, and vice-versa.

The second axis can be subdivided

into 3 smaller moments: recent in-

terventions, real or speculative,

indispensable to the debate and

actual comprehension of the pos-

sible inter-conectivity in the riv-

erside livings; european examples

applied to this problematic and, int

he end, personal approaches seek-

ing hypotheses which consider short

term appliance, opposing to possible

utopical abstractions [not neglecting

the interest and importance of these

processes in the broadening of the

architectural spectrum] and which

may be evidence of a concluding

stage.

European rivers always have been

perceived under a acertain degree

of duality, combining resources and

danger: even though they were a

strategic vehicle for trades and re-

sources, they carried with them the

threats of fl oods and devastation;

urban planning showed its respect

for this, keeping a safe distance in

most of the cases.

In the course of the urban devel-

opment, this connection became a

process of continuous change, ehich

saw communities either embracing

either rejecting its water courses.

For the history of mankind, water-

courses were essencial in determin-

ing settling points and consequent

civilization developments, not just

for providing the basic needs like

water or fi sh, but also for soil pro-

ductivity, energy production and,

mainly, for the extreme importance

in providing trading routes, con-

necting people, cities and countries.

Industrialization dragged with it

a growing disconnection between

social conscioussness and water

fronts, much of it caused by the

construction of docks, harbours,

highways, railways, warehouses, etc

along the banks.

The “technical domestication” in the

name of safety and effectiveness, to-

gether with polution, renegated river

banks to apparent controlled and

predictable infra-structures, dimin-

ishing its atractivity. Cities closed in

themselves, made this watercourses

inaccessible and neglected them.

Societies’ consciencialization of its

value in the history and structure

of their cities began a recent regen-

eration of the waterfronts in several

european cities, restricting exces-

sive construction and protecting

the banks as most as possible, im-

proving its qualities not only at the

urban level but also at the regional

level.

It is up to us to explore conveniently

the rediscovering of this great lega-

cies.

CONCLUSION

Mondego’s reality has changed. It

ain’t the navigable course which

provided an alternative route any-

more, but it ain’t also the unpredict-

able force which devastated the city

many times in the past: what was

lost in accessibility was gained in

stability, and the opportunities rise

again, although they may now have

a different orientation.

Once a conditioning element, the

river became conditioned. The fu-

ture will have to know this fact and

be cautious, interacting in the mini-

mum interventions possible, and

only in strict need.

INDEX

Introduction...............................................3

PART I _City and River..............................5

The river

Coimbra and the region................6

The fl oods..................................10

Hidraulic effi ciency plan

in Mondego’s region..................13

The city_urban structure

Roman occupation.....................17

Muslim occupation....................18

Medina and suburbs...................19

Reformation

University as a new center..........21

Marquês de Pombal

Reformations.............................23

Industrial Revolution.................24

The XXth century......................25

PART II_Today’s reality..........................31

Morfology..................................32

Mobility.....................................37

Analysis.....................................42

Intentions and interventions:

Polis program.............................45

“Inserções”................................50

Other examples..........................59

Final analysis.............................73

Bibliography..............................76

Marginalidades [29]

Thus, the city will have to be aware

of this while solving its internal ur-

ban confl icts.

Currently, studies show that in the

year of 2008, 50% of humans live in

cities, when in 1900, only 10% did;

predictions point to an exponential

growth that forsees 75% of the hu-

man population living in cities.

Globalization is another phenomena

which defi ning limits are still blurry

and unpredictable, concerning the

cities future impact and societies

behavior facing a vertiginous meta-

morphosis of concepts, distances,

ideologies...

Bearing this in mind, the synergies

between Coimbras’s several actors

will adopt one of 2 ways: the fi rst,

they keep the same attitude towards

the city (referring to the latest half

of the XXth century) which will pre-

sumably result in a fragmented and

gigantly scattered “city-territory”

taht will suffer large scale effects,

starting with the city itself but ex-

panding to serious environmental

imbalances in the region, due to the

brawling of the territory, if we con-

sider the actual rhythm at which cit-

ies are expanding [as curious data,

we may refer that in Portugal, there

are over 5 million houses, from

which 3.5 million are inhabited;

since 1900 we assist to the construc-

tion of 106.000 houses per year, a

house every 5 minutes!]; the other

way, the devastating effect of this

reality of consuming is understood

and the course of action is changed,

re-using, re-vitalizing, re-qualifying,

re-defi ning... the city turns to itself

and seeks for consolidation, fulfi ll-

ing the gaps of the inner urban ter-

ritory, defi ning clearly its outside

limits, understanding built space as

the minimum necessary for a pros-

perous growth, recognizing the lux-

ury and the superfl uous.

The Mondego river has the potential

to contribute for Coimbra’s improve-

ment of the quality of life.

Other cities like Prague, Paris or

Amsterdam had an earlier awaken-

ing on how to positively explore the

water element, integrating it in the

city, offering it to its citizens.

Coimbra has currently the asleep

potential as well, the oportunity to

also ambrace it in its organization, if

the way of acting reveals adequate,

concise and coordinated.

It is necessary that cities’ inter-

ventions become a vast cultural

movement and be discussed and

criticized outside the public arena,

outside of an elite of experts and, for

that, it becomes part of the city, the

city itself; in a way, there are no “op-

posing” buildings, once everything

that is built is convenient to the

dominant class.

Therefore, cities are the refl ex of the

wills and demands of the genera-

tions, and that is what we must be-

gin with.