rules for non metalic materials
TRANSCRIPT
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BIRO KLASIFIKASI INDONESIA
RULES FOR NON - METALIC MATERIALSFINAL DRAFT
PART 1 FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTICS AND BONDINGSPART 2 WOOD
PART 3 GUIDELINES FOR ELASTOMERIC ADHESIVES AND
ADHESIVE JOINTS
EDITION 2006
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BIRO KLASIFIKASI INDONESIA
RULES FOR NON - METALIC MATERIALSDRAFT_26/07/2005
PART 1
FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTICS AND BONDINGS
EDITION 2006
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Table
of
Contents iii
Table of Contents
Section1 RequirementsforMaterialsandProduction
A. Definitions .................................................................................................................................. 1- 1
B. Materials ..................................................................................................................................... 1- 1
C. ApprovalofMaterials ................................................................................................................. 1- 3
D. RequirementsforManufacturers ................................................................................................ 1- 3
E. RegulationsforProcessing ......................................................................................................... 1- 4
F. ManufacturingSurveillance ........................................................................................................ 1- 6
Section2 InspectionandTestingofFibreCompositeMaterials
A. Requirements .............................................................................................................................. 2- 1
Section3 RepairofComponents
A. General ....................................................................................................................................... 3- 1
B. Procedure .................................................................................................................................... 3- 1
C. Documentation ............................................................................................................................ 3- 3
D. Enclosures ................................................................................................................................... 3- 3
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Section 1 - RequirementsforMaterialsandProduction A, B 11
Section 1
Requirements for Materials and Production
A. Definitions
1. Fibre-reinforcedplastics(FRP)
Heterogeneous materials, consisting of a thermosetting
resin as the matrix and an embedded reinforcing
material.
2. Thermosettingresin
Two-component mixture consisting of resin andhardeneraswellaspossibleadditives.
3. Reinforcingmaterials
Materials generally in the form of fibre productswhich are embedded in a matrix in order to improve
certain properties. In doing so, fibres of different
materials displaying isotropicor anisotropicproperties
are processed in the form of semi-finished textileproducts (mats, rovings, fabrics, non-wovens). For
special requirements, mixtures of different fibre
materialsarealsoused(hybrids).
4. Prepreg
Reinforcing material which ispre-impregnated with a
thermosettingresinwhichcanbe processed without anyfurtheradditionofresinorhardener.
5. Laminate
A moulded part which is manufactured by placing
layers of reinforcing material on top of each other
togetherwiththethermosettingresin.
6. Sandwichlaminate
Two laminate layers connected togetherby means of
anintermediate coreofalightermaterial.
B. Materials
1. Thermosettingresin
Depending on the purpose, and consequently the
requirement, a distinction is madebetween laminating
resin and coating resin. Compatibility shall be
demonstrated for the combination of gelcoat and
laminating resin if thebasic formulation of the resinsarenotthe same.
1.1 GelcoatandTopcoatresin
Gelcoatand topcoat resins shallprotect the surfaceofthe laminate from mechanical damage and
environmental influences. Therefore, in a cured stage,
the resin is to haveahigh resistancetoexisting media
(e.g. fuel, river and sea water), to maritime and
industrialenvironments),andtoabrasion,inadditionto
low water absorption capabilities. Thixotropicagents
and colouringpigmentsaretheonlypermittedadditivesfor gelcoat resins. In topcoat resins, additives for low
styreneevaporationarealsopermitted.
1.2 Laminatingresin
Laminating resins shall have good impregnation
characteristicswhenbeingprocessed. Inacuredstage,theyshallberesistanttofuels,riverandseawater,and
shallexhibit a high resistance to ageing. Furthermore,
adequate resistancetohydrolysisshallbeensured when
used withpermissible additives and filling materials.
When using unsaturatedpolyesters (UP) as the resin,
theresistancetohydrolysisshallbesignificantly higher
than that of standard UP resin (for example through
theuseofaresinwithan isophtalicacidbasis).
1.3 Additives
1.3.1 All additives (catalysts, accelerators, fillingmaterials, colouringpigmentsetc.) shall be suitable
for the thermosetting resin and shallbe compatiblewith it as well as the other additives, such that a
complete curing of the resin can be ensured. The
additives shallbe dispersed carefully throughout the
resin, in accordance with the guidelines of the
manufacturer.
1.3.2 Catalysts,whichinitiatethe hardeningprocess,
and accelerators, which control the working time (pot
life, gel-time) and the cure time, shall be used in
accordancewiththeprocessingguidelinesprovidedbythe manufacturer. For cold-setting systems, catalysts
shallbeproportioned in such a way that completecuring is ensured between temperatures of 16C and
25C. Cold-setting systems that are to cure attemperatures outside of this range, as well as warm-
curing systems, maybe used after consultation with
BKIHeadOffice(BKI-HO).
1.3.3 Fillingmaterials shall not significantly impair
thepropertiesofthecuredresin.Thetypeandquantityof the filling materials shallbe approvedby BKI-HO
and shall not lead to non-compliance with the
minimumpropertiesoftheresin(cf.Section2).
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12 Section 1 - RequirementsforMaterialsandProduction B
In general, the proportion of filling materials in the
laminating resin compound shall not exceed 12 %
by weight (including a maximum of 1.5 % by
weight of the thixotropic agent). If a smaller value is
specified by the manufacturer, this value shall apply.
Theproportion of thixotropic agent in the gelcoat
resin compound shall not exceed 3% by weight.Laminates used for fuel and water tanks shall not
containfilling materials.
1.3.4 Colouring pigments shall be climate-proofand consist of inorganic or non-fading organic dyes.
The maximumpermissibleproportion shall not exceedthe value specifiedby the manufacturer; if no value is
specified,thenitshallnotexceed5%byweight.
2. Reinforcingmaterials
2.1 Various types of reinforcing materials withfilamentsofglass,carbonandaramideareavailable:
Roving: A largenumberofparallelfilaments
placed together with or without
twisting.
Mat: Irregular layering of continuousfilaments (fleeces), or chopped
rovings (minimum 50mm long)
which are joined together by means
ofabinder.
Fabric: Rovings woven together by means
of the weaving techniques used inthe textile industry, such asbinding
cloth, satin, body, atlas etc.Different materials and/or filament
thicknesses are possible for warpandweft.
Non-wovenfabric:Unidirectional layers of fibres which
are laid on each other in an
arbitrary manner. The layers arefixed by thin fibre strands, either
together or on mats. Different
materials and/orfilamentthicknessesarepossibleintheindividuallayers.
2.2 Fibre surface treatment with sizing, coupling
agents or finish shallbe matched to the thermosettingresin, in order to ensure adequate materialproperties,
alsoundertheinfluenceofmedia.
2.3 Only low-alkaline aluminium boron silicate
glassmaybeusedforglassfibres(alkalioxidecontent
1%),e.g.E-glass inaccordancewithVDE0334/Part 1,
9.72,Section4.
3. Corematerialsforsandwichconstructions
3.1 It shall be demonstrated that the core
materials used are suitable for the intendedpurpose.
They shallnotimpairthecuringofthelaminatingresin.
3.2 Thejoining surfaces of local reinforcementsmade of metallic materials (e.g. inlets, connections)shallbe cleaned in the same manner as for a gluing
process, in order to ensure optimalbonding (cf. DIN
53281,Part1).
3.3 Core materials other than those listedbelow
maybe used,provided that they are suitable for theintendedpurposeandthat this isacceptedbyBKI-HO
bybeforehand.
3.4 Rigidfoammaterials
Rigid foam materials which are used as core material
forsandwichlaminates,orasshearwebs,shallbeofaclosed-cell type and have high resistance against the
laminating resin or the adhesive, as well as againstageing, fuels, river and sea water. A low water
absorption capability is required, together with a
minimumapparentdensityof60kg/m.
It shallbe ensured that the allowable temperature offoam material is not exceeded during the curing
reaction(exothermicreaction).
3.5 End-grainedbalsawood
End-grained balsa wood used as core material for
sandwich laminates shall fulfill the following
requirements.Itshall
have immediately been treated after fellingagainstattackbyfungiandinsects,
besterilizedandhomogenized,
bekiln-driedwithin10daysafterfelling,and
haveanaveragemoisturecontentofmaximum 12%.
4. Prepregs
Fibre reinforcementspre-impregnated with laminatingresin shall satisfy the requirements placed on their
components. In addition, a minimum resin volumecontentof35%byvolumeshallbeensured,aswellas
adequatetackattheprocessingtemperature.
5. Adhesives
5.1 When bonding fibre-reinforced plastics
together, or with other materials, only solvent-free
adhesives shallbe used. Preference shallbe given to
two-componentreactionadhesives,ifpossiblewith the
samebasisasthelaminatingresin.
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Section 1 - RequirementsforMaterialsandProduction B, C, D 13
5.2 Laminates shall onlybebonded in the cured
state. Hot-setting adhesives generally attain a higher
strength; however, the maximum allowable
temperature of the materials to be bonded shall not
be exceeded. Thisappliesespeciallywhenusingsingle-
componenthot-meltadhesive.
5.3 The adhesives shall be used in accordance
with the processing guidelines issued by the
manufacturer. They shall not affect thematerialstobe
bonded and shall exhibit a high resistance to humidityand ageing. Theinfluenceoftheoperating temperature
ontheadhesivestrengthshallbesmall.
5.4 Adhesives shallbe usable within a minimum
temperaturerangeof20 to +60C.
C. ApprovalofMaterials
1. All materials tobe used duringproduction ofcomponents from FRP shall first be assessed and
approvedbyBKI. Approvalbyother organizationscan
be recognized following agreementby BKI,provided
that the tests required for approval are in accordance
with BKIrequirements.
2. The manufacturer and/or supplier of the
materialshallapplytoBKI-HOforapproval.
3. Approval is granted if the material fulfils therequirementsofBKI. For this purpose, specific tests
are necessary, and they shall either be carried outunder supervision of BKI or the results shall be
documented in the report of a recognized testing
institute. The respective test criteria are given in the
Appendix.
4. Beforeproduction starts, the required material
approvals shall be submitted to BKI-HO and/or theresponsibleBKIinspectionoffice. If no approvals, or
not all required approvals havebeen obtained, then as
an exception and following agreement with BKI-HO,proof of theproperties of thebasic material canbe
demonstrated as part of material testing of the
componentlaminate.
5. Thepackaging or wrapping material shall
bearareferencetotheapproval.
D. RequirementsforManufacturers
1. General
1.1 All manufacturing facilities, store-rooms and
theiroperationalequipment shall fulfilltherequirement
of the responsible safety authorities andprofessional
employers liability insurance associations. The
manufacturerisexclusivelyresponsibleforcompliance
withtheserequirements.
1.2 The danger of contamination of laminating
materials shall be minimized through separation ofproductionfacilitiesfromstore-rooms.
1.3 During laminating and bonding in the
laminating shop, no dust-generating machinery shall
be operated nor anypainting or spraying operations
carried out. As a matter ofprinciple, such work shall
take placeinseparaterooms.
2. Laminatingworkshops
2.1 Laminating workshops shallbe closed spaces
capableofbeingheatedandhavingsupplyandexhaust
ventilation. During laminating and curing, a room
temperature of between 16 C and 25 C and amaximum relative humidity of 70 % shall be
maintained, provided that the manufacturer of the
laminatingresincompounddoesnotspecifyotherwise.
2.2 In order to control the climatic conditions,thermographsand hydrographs shallbeprovided.The
equipment shallbe set up following agreement with
BKI, their number and arrangement depending on
operational conditions. The equipment shall be
calibrated inaccordancewithstatutory regulations. The
recordings shall be kept for at least 10 years and
submittedto BKIonrequest.
2.3 Ventilationfacilitiesshallbearranged insuchamanner thatno inadmissibleamountsofsolventsare
removed from the laminate, and also that no
inadmissible workplace concentrations (MAC values)
occur.
2.4 The workplaces shall be illuminated
adequately and suitably, but at the same time
precautionary measures shallbe taken to ensure that
the controlled curing of the laminating resin
compound is neither impaired through sunlight nor
lightingequipment.
3. Storage-rooms
3.1 Laminating resins shall be stored in
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. If no
such instructions are provided, then they shall be
stored in dark, dry roomsat a temperaturebetween
10Cand 18C. The temperature of the storage-rooms
shall be recorded continuously by means of
thermographs.
3.2 Prepregs shall be stored in special cold-storage rooms in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions. The temperature in general shall not
exceed22C.
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3.3 Hardeners, catalysts and accelerators shallbe
storedseparatelyinwell-ventilatedroomsin accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions. If no instructions
areprovided, they shallbe stored in dark, dryroomsat
temperaturesbetween10Cand18C.
3.4 Reinforcing materials, fillers and additivesshallbe stored in closed containers, in dry and dust-freeconditions.
3.5 Storage shallbe arranged in such a way that
the identification of the materials, their storage
conditions and maximum period of storage (expiry
date) as prescribed by the manufacturer are clearly
visible. Materials whose duration of storage exceeds
the expiry date shall be removed immediately from
the stores.
3.6 Quantities of materials due to be processedshallbebrought to theproduction shops as early as
possible to ensure complete adjustment to theprocessing temperature (T 2 C), with the
containers remainingclosed.
3.7 Materials taken from the stores and partially
used shall only be replaced in the stores in specialcases (e.g. hot-curing prepregs)andwiththeconsent of
BKI.
E. RegulationsforProcessing
1. General
1.1 As a matter of principle, only materials
approved by BKI shall be used. In addition to the
choice of suitableandapprovedmaterials, special care
shall be taken when working with thembecause of the
great influenceonthepropertiesoftheproduct.
1.2 For the preparation and processing of the
resin compounds and reinforcing material, theseRules, the instructions issued by the material
manufacturers and the regulations of the local
authorities shallalsobeobserved.
1.3 Resin, hardener and resin additives shall be
mixed in such a way as to ensure a uniform
distribution and to minimize the amount of air
introduced into the mixture as far as possible. A
degassing of the resin compound maybe necessary in
individualcases.
1.4 During lamination, theprocessing time of theprepared resincompound specifiedbythe manufacturer
shallnotbeexceeded.Ifsuchatimeisnotspecified, the
pot-lifeshallbe determinedby means of a preliminary
test and the processing time then established in
consultationwithBKI.
1.5 It isnotpossible tocoverall typesofmoulds
and processing methods in detail. Deviations are
thereforepossibleforspecialcaseswiththeconsentof
BKI.
2. Requirementsformoulds
2.1 The moulds shall be made of a suitable
material that, on the one hand, has adequate
stiffness to prevent inadmissible deformations while
laminating or curing, and on the other hand has no
influence on the curing of the laminate. Moulds made
of FRP maybe used only after complete curing and
subsequent tempering.
2.2 In thecase ofmoulds forproducts which are
madeusingvacuumbags,absoluteair tightnessof the
mouldshalladditionallybeensured.
2.3 Thesurfaceof themouldsshallbeassmooth
aspossibleand shall haveno sharp edges.The mouldshallbe designed in sucha way as topermit flawless
removaloftheproductfromthemould.
2.4 Before commencing with the laminating, the
surface of the components shall be treated with a
sufficient quantity of a suitable release agent and
brought up to the temperature required for lamination.
The surfaces shallbe dry and free of dust. It is not
permissibletousereleaseagentswithasiliconbase.
3. Buildingupthelaminate
3.1 If the surfaceprotection is tobe achievedbyproviding a gelcoat, then the gelcoat resin compound
shallbeappliedwithauniform thicknessofbetween
0,4and0,6mm,usingasuitableprocess.
3.2 The first laminate layer shallbe applied as
soon aspossible after application of the gelcoat. A
fibrematorfabricwithlowweightperunitareaandahighresincontentshallbeused(e.g.forglassfibres:a
maximum of450g/mand a maximum of 30% glass
byweight).
3.3 The laminate shallbebuilt up in accordance
with the approved technical documentation, whereby
BKIshallbeconsultedabout themethod.Airshallbeadequately removed from the reinforcing layers and
these layers shallbe compacted in such a manner to
ensure that the required proportion of resin isachieved.Resinenrichmentshallbeavoided.
3.4 The maximum thickness of the material thatcanbe cured at one time is determined by the
maximum permissible heat development. In the
case of vacuum bagging, as a rule, the decisive
factor is the maximumnumber of layers fromwhich
aircanstillbe totallyremoved.
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Section 1 - RequirementsforMaterialsandProduction E 15
3.5 If a laminating process is interrupted for aperiod causing the base laminate resin to exceedthe point of gelation, a test is to be performed toverify adhesion between the base laminate and the toplaminate. For each resin system, under the givenprocessing conditions, the permissible period of
interruption of the laminating process is to bedetermined. In the event of this period being exceeded,the laminate shall be thoroughly ground in order toprovide a surface exhibiting adequate adhesionproperties after removal of the dust. For UP resins onan orthophthalic acid and standard glycol basis notcontaining any skin-forming agents a 48 h interruptionon the laminating process may, without any furtherproof being furnished, be considered uncritical withrespect to lamination.
3.6 When grinding laminates containing resinswith lowstyreneevaporationasthematrixsystem, thesurface shallbe removed down to the mat layer. In
ordertoensurethatnoskin-formingagentelements (e.g.paraffins) willbe left on the surface, the surface shallfinallybepolishedusingnewabrasivepaper. Thesameprocedure shall alsobe applied when treating thesurfaces of materials to be bonded (see E.6.2.3).
3.7 Transitions between different thicknesses of
laminateshallbemadegradually. A minimum value (for
glass fabric in the fibre direction) of 25mmper 600
g/mreinforcing material canbe used. In the transition
region from a sandwich construction to a solidlaminate, the core material shall be tapered with a
gradientofnotmorethan1:2.
3.8 If cutting of reinforcing layers is unavoidablein the case of complicated mouldings, then the cut
edges shall overlap, or reinforcement strips shall be
provided. In the butt or seam region of laminates,everyreinforcing layer shalloverlapbyat least25mm
per600g/m.
3.9 Different components may be laminated
together only while they are not fully cured. Specialattentionshallbepaidtocrossingsoflaminates.
3.10 Parallel or insert linings shallbe free of all
moisture and pollution (dirt). Their bonding surfaces
withthelaminateshallbepreparedinasuitablemanner(roughening,couplingagentorsimilar).
4. Glass-fibreresinspraying
Glass-fibre resin spraying, apartly mechanical method
of lamination by hand, requires fulfillment of the
followingspecificrequirements:
4.1 Theequipmenttobeusedshallbedemonstrated
beforeuseanditssuitabilityproven.
4.2 The qualification of the fibre-resin sprayer,
and where appropriate his assistant, shall be
demonstratedtoBKIbymeansofproceduretest.
4.3 The equipment shall be calibrated in
accordance with the guidelines of the manufacturer.
Calibrationshallbecheckedregularlybeforefibre-resinspraying,but the very least at thebeginning of everyproductionday.
4.4 The lengthof a rovingcut shallbebetween
25mmand50mm.
4.5 A powder-bound textile glass mat of
maximum 450 g/m shall be used for the first
laminate layer. The glass part of this layer (to be
appliedmanually)shallbelessthan30%byweight.
4.6 The glass weightper unit area of the spray
laminate layer of a combined laminate shall not
exceed1150g/m.
4.7 Afteramaximumof1150g/moffibreshavebeen sprayed, air shallbe removed and the composite
shallbecompacted.
4.8 Testsshallbeperformedonaregularbasisto
check whether a uniform laying up of the reinforcedlayers as well as a uniform distribution ofpercentage
glassweighthasbeenachieved.BKIreservestheright
to demand test pieces to check the resulting
mechanicalproperties.
5. Curingandtempering
5.1 Completed components may only be taken
from the moulds after adequate curing of the
thermosetting resin compounds. The required cure
time generally depends on the manufacturer's
instructions. Otherwise, a minimum cure time of 12
hoursshallbe observedforcold-settingsystems.
5.2 Resinsystemswhichcureunderpressure,UVradiationand/or increased temperature shallbe treated
inaccordancewiththemanufacturersinstructions.
5.3 Immediately after curing, the componentsshould receivepost-treatmentat increased temperature
(tempering).The tempering time dependson the resinin question and the temperature attained within the
component during tempering, whereby this shallbe
below the temperature for dimensional stability underheat and shallbe agreed on with BKI. Cold-setting
systemswhichare not subsequently tempered shallbe
stored for 30 days at a temperature of 16C, and for
correspondingly shorterperiods at temperatures up to25C.Thisperiod canbe shortened with the consent
of BKI, provided the relevant manufacturer's
specifications regarding post-curing are available,
or post-curing values exist which are supportedby
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16 Section 1 - RequirementsforMaterialsandProduction E, F
experimental results. If such values are not available,
then in general the following tempering conditions
canbe used(polyester/epoxyresin):
atleast 16h at 40C/50C or
atleast 9h at 50C/60C
6. Bonding
6.1 General
6.1.1 Bondedjoints for load-bearingparts shall ingeneralbe verified using aprocedure test tobe agreed
on for each individual case. The scope of the required
testsshallbedeterminedinagreementwithBKI.
6.1.2 For bonding of composite fibre materials,onlyadhesivesapprovedbyBKIshallbeused.
6.1.3 The adhesives shall not have any negative
effectsonthematerialstobebonded.
6.1.4 The application limits for the adhesive, as
specifiedby the manufacturer, shallbe adhered to. Abonding-suitable design which as far as possible
avoidspeeling moments and forces shallbe used, and
the thicknessof theadhesive layer shallbekeptas thin
aspossible.
Thejoining surfaces shallbe kept as large aspossible,
andforcesshallbeappliedoveralargearea.
6.2 Surfacepre-treatment
6.2.1 The different surfacepre-treatments are listed
in VDI (Association of German Engineers) guidelines2229and3821.
6.2.2 The surfaces of the materials to be bonded
shall be dry and free of grease, dust and solvents.Particularly when degreasing, attention shallbepaid to
compatibilityofthesolventwiththematerials.
6.2.3 In the case of smooth surfaces, they shallbe
roughened e.g. mechanically by grinding or sand
blasting, or chemically through pickling. This is
absolutely necessary when there are coatings on thesurfaces of the materials tobebonded which impair
adhesion (e.g. skin-forming agents inpolyester resins;
seeE.3.6).
6.2.4 In most cases, an increase of the adhesive
strength is achieved by the application of specially
matched primers, in particular, the use of primersrecommended for bonding which is subsequently
subjectedtonegativeenvironmentalinfluences.
6.3 Processing
6.3.1 The adhesive shall be used in accordancewith the instructions issued by the manufacturer,
whereby the proportion of filling materials shall not
exceedthepermissiblevalue.
6.3.2 The adhesive shallbe applied uniformly, freeof voids and not too thickly onto the materials tobebonded.
6.3.3 If, for special reasons, gluingjoints of 5mm
or more cannotbe avoided, then the materials tobe
bonded shallbe firstprovided with a thin coating ofpureadhesiveresin.
6.3.4 It is not permissible to apply loads to the
gluingbeforecompletecuringoftheadhesive.
6.3.5 In thecaseofcold-setting thermosetting resin
adhesives, a subsequent tempering of the gluing is
recommended.
6.3.6 The edges of the area treated with adhesives
shall be protected by means of suitable measures
against penetration of extraneous media (e.g.
humidity).
7. Sealing
7.1 Laminate surfaces without surfaceprotection
shall be sealed after curing or tempering, using
suitable agents. Inparticular, edges of cut-outs and
bondings shall be protected carefully against the
penetrationofextraneousmedia(moisture).
7.2 The sealing materials used shall not impairthe properties of the laminate or of the bonding.
Furthermore, theyshallbeappropriate for thepurpose
of thecomponent.
F. ManufacturingSurveillance
1. General
1.1 ForcomponentsmadeofFRP,manufacturing
surveillanceconsistsofthequalitycontrolof thebasic
materials, production surveillance and the qualityinspectionofthefinishedcomponents.
1.2 In the case of manufacturing surveillance, a
distinction is madebetween internal and third-party(external) surveillance. In the sense of these
Regulations, third-party surveillance means
periodic and random checksby BKI of the internal
surveillance as wellasofthecomponentquality.
1.3 BKIreservestherighttocarryoutinspections
intheproductionfacilitieswithoutgivingpriornotice.The manufacturer shall grant inspectors access to all
areasusedforproduction,storageandtestingandshall
presentalldocumentationconcerningrecordsand testscarriedout.
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Section 1 - RequirementsforMaterialsandProduction F 17
1.4 The scope of third-party surveillance canbe
reduced in the case ofproduction facilities that have a
certifiedqualitymanagementsystem.
2. Incominginspection
2.1 Characteristic values and mechanicalproperties specified in the material approval shallbe
confirmed by the manufacturer, at least by a test
report (DIN EN 10204-2.2). On arrival of the
product, a check shall be carried out to ascertain
whether it corresponds to the requirements. Material
propertiesshall becheckedbyrandomsampling.
2.2 Theproducts shallbe listed in the inventoryfile and shall be stored in accordance with the
requirementsoftheseRegulations.
3. Productionsurveillance
3.1 Details of production shall be stipulated by
means of check lists and routing cards which
accompany each stage of the production and are
signedby theemployeesincharge.
3.2 Production surveillance shall be carried out
constantly by the internal quality department. Thescope shallbe stipulated in an inspection and testplan
andsignedbytheemployeesincharge.
3.3 Employees involved in production shall be
suitably trained and shall work under professionallyqualifiedsupervision.
3.4 The materials used in theproduction shallbe
documented in a clear and comprehensive manner.Parameters relevant for the quality (temperature,
humidity etc.) shall alsobe recorded in theproduction
documentation.
3.5 Details (including the direction) of reinforcing
layers in the laminateshallbecheckedoff immediately
duringtheproductionprocess.
3.6 A sample shallbe taken from eachbatch of
thermosetting resin compound that is mixed, and this
shall be labeled, cured and stored. These samples
shallbe subjected to random testing of the degree oftheircuringandtheresultsshallbedocumented.
3.7 Duringproduction, laminate samples shallbeprepared and shall be used for checking the
characteristic values and the mechanical properties.
The material strength values shall conform with the
specified values. If no adequately-sized laminate
samplescanbe obtained from cuttings or sections,
then reference laminates produced in parallel with
dimensions of approximately 50 x50cm2 shall be
prepared. Their quantity depends either on the
number of the components, or the number of
production days (the lower numbercanbechosen).
4. Structuraltests
4.1 During production and on completion of
production, thecomponentshallbe subjected to visual
inspections. Inparticular, attention shall be paid to
voids, delamination, warping, discoloration, damage
etc. In addition, the general quality, e. g. surface
finish,shallbeassessed.
4.2 By means of suitable testingprocedures, the
quality of the components shall be determined, if
possible during production, and at the latest on
completion ofproduction. Special attention shallbe
paid to thebondingand tothedegreeofcuringof the
component.
4.3 Following agreement with BKI, individual or
random tests shall be carried out on finished
componentsunderstaticand/ordynamicloads.
4.4 BKI shallbe informed about repairs of anyfaults relevant to the strength of the component, and
theprocedure used to carry out the repair shallbe in
accordancewithSection3.
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Section 2 - InspectionandTestingofFibreCompositeMaterials A 21
Section 2
Inspection and Testing of Fibre Composite Materials
A. Requirements
1. General
1.1 In accordance with the Rules and Regulations
of Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia (BKI), the materials used
for manufacturing components made of FRP under
the supervision of BKI shall be approved by BKI.Approvalsaregrantedforthefollowingmaterials:
Gelcoatand/orlaminatingresins
Reinforcingmaterials
Prepregs
Corematerials
Adhesives
1.2 Applications for approvalby Biro Klasifikasi
IndonesiaHeadOffice (BKI-HO) shallbe madeby the
material manufacturer or an agent. Together with theapplication,thefollowingshallbesubmittedtoBKI-HO:
Productdescription
Safetydatasheet
Storageandprocessinginstructions
Adeclaration inwritingby the applicant that thetested materials comply with those for which the
approval is requested, and that the sample is
manufactured in accordance with the Rules andRegulationsofBiro Klasifikasi Indonesia.
Copyof the testcertificateofarecognized testingbody, i.e. an accredited testing laboratory or a
notifiedtestingbody.
1.3 The tests shallbe carried out in accordancewith the standards mentioned in this rule. However,
comparable standards of other countries are also
acceptable after agreement with BKI-HO in eachindividualcase.
1.4 The minimumproperties requiredby BKI forthetestsshallbefulfilledbyallspecimens.
1.5 In the case of inadequate test results ofindividual specimens, attention shall be paid to thefollowing(forabasicnumberof6tests):
Ifone or two specimens yield inadequate results,the tests shallbe repeated with twice as many
specimens.
If the test results are inadequate for three or
more specimens, the test can be repeated on
newlyproduced specimens,provided that BKIagreestothis.
If even one sample yields inadequate results
while repeat-testing, then approval is notpossible.
1.6 If the material fulfils the BKI requirements,
thenastatementofmaterialapprovalisissuedbyBKI-HO. This is generally valid for four years, whereby
extensionsarepossible.
1.7 BKI-HO shallbe notified immediately of allmodifications or other changes, to the material.Decisions regarding the further validity of thematerial approvalismadeonanindividualbasis.
1.8 A constant material quality shallbeprovided
bythemanufacturer throughsuitableQMmeasures. If
this isnotensured,BKI reserves the right to suspend,orwithdraw,theapproval.
1.9 BKIreservestherighttodemandand/orcarry
out spot tests of the material properties during theperiod required for material approval. If, in doing so,
there is no adequate comparison with the required
values, the material approval can be suspended or
withdrawnbyBKI.
1.10 The approval refers only to the approvedmaterial. The applicability of this material in
connection with other approved materials shall be
demonstratedindependentlybythemanufacturer,ortheuser, in a suitable manner. In cases of doubt, BKIreserves the right to require a check of the
properties of the materialcombination.
2. Thermosettingresins
2.1 General
2.1.1 Thebasic requirements listed under item 1applyformaterialapproval.
2.1.2 A general description of the thermosetting
resin, its processing conditions as well as theproperties of resin in the processing state shall be
submitted. The basic properties of the cured
thermosetting resin shall be verified by the testcertificate of a recognized testingbody. These values
shall fulfillspecifiedminimumrequirements.
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22 Section 2 - InspectionandTestingofFibreCompositeMaterials A
2.1.3 Cold-setting unsaturatedpolyester (UP) resins
and cold-setting epoxy (EP) resins are specifically
described below. Other types of resins can also beapprovedafter consultation withBKI-HO, whereby the
required minimumproperties are specifiedby BKI-HO
on an individual basis. However, they shall at least
complywiththoseofUPresins.
2.2 Description
2.2.1 A description of the thermosetting resin shallbe submitted in order to allow an unequivocal
identification:
Resintypeandstate
Purpose
Manufacturer
Tradename
2.2.2 Inaddition,thefollowingshallbeindicated:
Storageconditions
Environmentalconditionsforprocessing
Typeandproportionofallowedadditives
Curingconditions,tempering
2.3 Propertiesintheprocessingstateand
duringcuring
Theproperties shallbe determined in accordance withthefollowingstandards:
Density (DINENISO1675)
Viscosity (DIN53015-ISO2555)
Reactivity:
UPresins: acidnumber(DIN53402-ISO2114)
EPresins: epoxyequivalent
(DIN16945-ISODIS3001)
WPresins: Monomerproportion(ISO3251)
Geltime(temperatureincrease)(DIN16945,Section6.2,6.3-ISO2535)
Curingshrinkage(DIN16945,Section6.5)
2.4 Propertiesinthecuredstate
2.4.1 The following properties shall be submitted
forallthermosettingresinsinthecuredstate:
Density
Waterabsorption
Strength, modulus of elasticity in tension, andtensilefracturestrain
Strengthandmodulusofelasticityinbending
Dimensionalstabilityunderheat
2.4.2 For gelcoat and topcoat resins, the following
additionalinformationshallbesubmitted:
Abrasionresistance(DIN53754-ISO9352)3samples
Resistanceagainstseawater,fuels,hydraulicoil,weakacidsandalkalis (DINISO175)
2.4.3 With regard to theproperties, the following
shallbeverifiedby the testcertificateofa recognized
testing body. For this purpose, specimens shall be
used which are produced in accordance with thesubmittedprocessing guidelines. The specimens shall
be cured and tempered for 16h at 40C (polyester
resins) or 16h at 50C (epoxy resins). For gelcoatand topcoat resins, only the first fourproperties shall
be verified:
Density (DIN 53479 - ISO 1183, method A),3specimens
Water absorption (DIN ISO 175, Specimen
50mmx 50mm x 4mm),3specimens
Dimensionalstabilityunderheat(DIN53461-ISO75,methodA),3specimens
Tensile strength, fracture strain, modulus of
elasticityintension(DINENISO527-2,testpiece1B),6specimens
Bendingstrength(DINENISO178),3specimens
Modulusofelasticityinbending(DINENISO178),3specimens
2.4.4 The mechanical properties are normally
determined at standard climate 23/50 (23C/50%relative humidity). If the intended operating
temperature range of the resin is notbetween - 20C
and +50C,further testingtemperaturesshallbe agreedonwithBKI-HO.
2.4.5 The testing speed in the case of tensile and
bending tests shallbe selected in such a way that a
specimen or edge-fibre strain of about 1%/min is
ensured. This shallbe documented in the test report.The modulus of elasticity shallbe determined as a
secant modulus between 0.05% and 0.25% strain.
The water absorption shallbe specifically determined
at23Cafter241hand1682h.
2.5 Minimumproperties
2.5.1 For resinproducts consisting of UP resins,
the following minimum properties are specified for
use as laminating resins (values for gelcoat resins inbrackets):
Tensilestrength: 40 MPa ()
Fracturestrain: 2.0 % (3.0%)
Modulusofelasticity: 2700 MPa ()
(tension)
Bendingstrength: 80 MPa ()
Dimensionalstability
underheat: 60 C (60C)
Waterabsoption
24h/168h /70 mg (/60 mg)
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Section 2 - InspectionandTestingofFibreCompositeMaterials A 23
2.5.2 The following minimum properties apply toresinproductsconsistingofEPresins:
Tensilestrength: 55 MPa ()
Fracturestrain: 2.5 % (3.5%)
Modulusofelasticity: 2700 Mpa ()(tension)
Bendingstrength: 100 Mpa ()
Dimensionalstabilityunderheat: 70 C (70C)
Waterabsorption: mg/50mg ( mg/50 mg)24h/168h
2.5.3 The abrasion resistance properties and theresistanceproperties to extraneous media in the caseofgelcoatresinsmaybedeterminedbytheapplicant.
The abrasion resistance determined in the test(slidingabrasionrate)shallbeadequate.
The properties stipulated in DIN 53476 underitem 7.4 a - c shouldbe determined after 24h
and 168h at 23C. Taking theseproperties into
account and following agreementbetween BKI-
HO and the applicant, the followingclassification ismade:
Resistant,
Conditionallyresistant
Notresistant
3. Reinforcingmaterials
3.1 General
3.1.1 The basic requirements listed under item 1applyformaterialapproval.
3.1.2 A general description of the reinforcing
material and of the filament shallbeprovided. Basic
properties of laminate specimens taken from thereinforcing material shall be verified by the testcertificateofa recognized testing body. These values
shall fulfill specifiedminimumrequirements.
3.1.3 The following applies to fibre reinforcementsmade of glass, carbon and aramide. Products with
other reinforcingfibrescanalsobeapproved, following
agreement with BKI-HO, whereby the minimum
propertiesarethenspecifiedonanindividualbasis.
3.1.4 Due to the great number of the fibrereinforcing products on the market, only the most
common ones can be listed. Products not covered
(e.g. complexes, hybrids), can also be approved,following agreementwithBKI-HO.
3.2 Description
3.2.1 A description is necessary which allows anunequivocalidentificationofthereinforcingmaterial:
Fibrematerial
Reinforcementtype(mat,fabricetc.)
Manufacturer
Tradename
3.2.2 Inaddition,thefollowingisrequired:
Formofsupply
Storageconditions
Processinginstructions
3.2.3 The filament and its treatment/sizing shallbe
submitted:
Filamentdiameter(DIN53811-ISOR137)
Couplingagreedorsizing
Resincompatibility
In the case of glass fibre products, the average
filamentdiametershallnotexceed19m.
3.2.4 In the case of reinforcingproducts consistingof a combination of different fibre materials and/or
filaments,allfibretypesshallbeindicated.
3.2.5 If, in the case of textile glass reinforcingproducts, no E-glass or R-glass is used in accordance
with DIN 1259-1, then an alkali oxide content (DIN
ISO719)of less than1% shallbeverifiedbymeansofatestcertificatefromarecognizedtestingbody.
3.3 Propertiesofthereinforcingproducts
3.3.1 Rovings Numberofthefilamentsintheroving
Rovingfineness(DIN53830-1-ISO4602)
When rovings are used as gun rovings (DIN 52316 -
ISO DIS 3375), the stiffness shall be additionallyverifiedbythecertificateofarecognizedtestingbody.
3.3.2 Mats(continuousandchopped-strandmats)
Fibrelength(forchopped-strandmats)
Linear density of the fibre (DIN 53830-T1 -
ISO1889)
Weightperunitarea(DIN53854-ISO3374)
Layerthickness(DIN53855-T1-ISODIS3616)
Binder(see3.3.5)
3.3.3 Fabric
Linear density of the fibres, warpwise andweftwise(DIN53830-T3-ISO1889)
Count,warpwiseandweftwise(DIN53853)
Weightperunitarea (DIN53854-ISO4605)
Fabricthickness(DIN53855-T1-ISO4603)
Weave(DIN61101-T2)
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24 Section 2 - InspectionandTestingofFibreCompositeMaterials A
3.3.4 Non-wovenfabric
Layup
Lineardensityofthefibresinalldirections
Weightper unit area of the individual layers andofthenon-wovenfabric(DIN53854-ISO4605)
Non-wovenfabricthickness(DIN53855-T1-ISO4603)
Binder(see3.3.5)
In addition if a non-woven fabric contains mat or
fabric layers, then the linear density and, where
appropriate,thefibrelengthshallbeindicated.
3.3.5 A difference shallbe madebetween chemical
and mechanicalbond types. In the case of chemicalbond types, the binder, thepercentage weight (glass
ISO 1887, carbon DIN 29965) and its solubility (DIN
52332) shallbe indicated. In the case of mechanical
bondtypes,thetypeofweaveshallbeindicated.
3.3.6 In the case of reinforcing products with
different fibre materials, the percentages of
materials used in the respective reinforcing directionsshallbe indicated.
3.4 Laminate properties of the reinforcing
products
3.4.1 For laminate production, it is strongly
recommended that BKI-approved cold-setting UP
resins are to be used. After curing, the specimensshallbe tempered for 16h at 40C. If, for special
reasons, other (also warm-setting) thermosetting resinsare to beused, then this shallbe agreed inadvancebyBKI- HO.
3.4.2 For rovings, tensile test specimens shall beprepared for all fibre materials in accordance with
DIN 29965, Section 4.1.3.5. The test certificate of a
recognized testingbody shallbe submitted to verify
the tensile strength, the fracture strainand the modulusof elasticity as the mean values from six tests carried
out in accordance with DIN 65382. Furthermore, the
tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity shallbedetermined in accordance with DIN 65469 on flat
specimenspreparedfortestingundertension.
3.4.3 Forallotherreinforcingproducts, laminate test
panels shallbeprepared in accordance with DIN EN
2374, Section 5.3 (Method C). In doing so, thereinforcing products shall be arranged in identical
alignment. Depending on number of the reinforcing
directions, thelaminates should have approximately thefollowing thicknesses: unidirectional laminates 2 mm,
bi-directional laminates 4 mm and multi-directional
laminates5mm.
3.4.4 Appropriate testpanels shallbepreparedbyfibre resin spraying for the use of gun rovings. Thelengthofthegunrovingsinthiscaseshallbe35mm.
3.4.5 The gun prescribed number of specimens
shallbe cut out of the testpanels for each test. In
doing so, specimens shall be taken from eachreinforcing direction of the laminate in order to test
themechanicalproperties.Forproductswithrandomly
distributed reinforcing directions, specimens shallbe
taken from any two directions,but at right angles toeachother.
3.4.6 The specimens shallbe tested in accordance
with DIN EN ISO 291 after at least 16 h understandardclimateconditions.
Ifaramidefibresareusedasareinforcingmaterial,an
additionaltestshallbecarriedoutonspecimenswhich
have previously been subjected to conditioning of
7208hat23C indistilledwater.Theconditioningperiod canbe reducedby 50% for each temperature
increase of 10 C. While conditioning, the
dimensional stability temperature of the thermosettingresin shallnotbeexceeded.
3.4.7 Thefollowingpropertiesshallbeverifiedby
thetestcertificateofarecognizedtestingbody:
Fibre content (glass EN60 - ISO1887, carbon
DIN EN 2564, aramide DIN 65356-2), 3specimens
Tensile strength, fracture strain, modulus of
elasticity in tension (DIN EN ISO 527-4, test
pieceIII),6specimens
Bending strength, modulus of elasticity in
bending (DINENISO14125, Method A),
6specimens
In addition, for carbon and aramide fibres, thecompressive strength and the modulus of elasticity incompressionshallbedemonstrated(carbon,DraftDIN
EN 2850, test piece A1 with gauge length 8 mm,
similarlyforaramide).
3.4.8 The testingspeedsshallbeselected in suchaway to ensure a strain rate of 1%/min in the test
piece or the edge fibre. The testing speed shallbe
indicated.Themodulusofelasticityintensionshallbedetermined as a secant modulusbetween 10% and
50%ofthefracturestrain.
3.4.9 Testing shall be carried out in a standard
climate23/50 (23C / 50% relative humidity). If theoperating temperatures of the fibres are notbetween
20 C and + 50 C, then additional testing
temperaturesshallbeagreedonwithBKI-HO.
3.5 Minimumproperties
3.5.1 For approval, fibre reinforcedproducts shall
fulfill specified minimum values for the mechanical
properties. The influence of the fibre volume content
on theproperties hasbeen taken into account whenspecifying the values. The values refer to the 0
direction in the case ofauniformlay up.If necessary,
a correctiontotheactuallayupshouldbedone.
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Section 2 - InspectionandTestingofFibreCompositeMaterials A 25
3.5.2 The minimum values of all mechanical
properties to be verified are determined by means of thefollowing equation together with the values given in
Table 2.1:
X min =
)
4.0
(X ref
where:
Xmin = minimum required value
Xref = reference value for fibre volume content
= 0.4
= factor for lay-up
= fibre volume content0.20.6
Deviations from the above specification are allowed forlaminates withglass mats or gun rovings; in these cases,
the minimum values for a percentage fibre weight
content of0.250.35: are:
Tensile strength:
Rz= 1278 2510+ 123 [MPa]
Young's Modulus (tension]:
E = [37 4.75]x 103[MPa]
Bending strength:
RB= 5022+ 106.8 [Mpa]
3.5.3 In the case of multidirectional lay up of thereinforcing products, the values shall be proved at
least for one direction (preferably 0).
3.5.4 For reinforcing products with different fibrematerials in one direction, the values of the material
with the lower minimum propertiesshall be fulfilled.
3.5.5 The minimum values for fabric are 95% ofthe specifiedvalues for0/90 lay up.
3.5.6 The minimum values for the conditioned
specimens made of aramide fibres are 90% of the
specified tensile values and of 80% the specified
compressive and bendingvalues.
3.5.7 The stiffness of the gun rovings tobe verifiedin accordance with DIN52316 shall notbebelow 130mm.
3.5.8 The linear relationshipbetween theproperty
and fibre volume content assumed when specifying
minimum values does not apply for all properties,
and shall therefore not be used to extrapolate
measured values.
.
Table2.1: Coefficientsforthedeterminationoftheminimumproperties
Fibre Property Xref
[Mpa] 0 0/90 0/45 0/90/45
Glass Tensile strength 500 1.00 0.55 0.50 0.45
Youngs Modulus of elasticity 26000 1.00 0.71 0.57 0.55
Bending Strength 650 1.00 0.55 0.45 0.40
Carbon Tensile strength 800 1.00 0.55 0.50 0.45
Modulus of elasticity 80000 1.00 0.55 0.45 0.42
Bending Strength 725 1.00 0.55 0.45 0.40
Compressive strength 600 1.00 0.55 0.50 0.45
Modulus of elasticitycompression
80000 1.00 0.55 0.50 0.45
Aramid Tensile strength 650 1.00 0.55 - -
Modulus of elasticity 40000 1.00 0.55 - -
Bending Strength 400 1.00 0.55 - -
Compressive strength 170 1.00 0.50 - -
Modulus of elasticity
compression
38000 1.00 0.50 - -
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26 Section 2 - Inspection and Testing of Fibre Composite Materials A
4. Prepregs
4.1 General
4.1.1 The basic requirements listed under item 1shall apply for material approval.
4.1.2 Since prepregs are based on resin systems
which cure under heat, consultation with BKI-HO
concerning the curing process of the resins is required.
4.1.3 The testing of cured prepreg laminates is
identical with the laminate testing of fibre reinforced
products. Taking into account the resin system, theminimum characteristic values shall be agreed on with
BKI-HO.
4.1.4 Unidirectional non-woven prepregs and
woven prepregs are considered within the framework
of this Regulation. Other prepregs can also be
approved, following agreement with BKI-HO.
4.2 Prepreg properties
4.2.1 A description is necessary which allows an
unequivocal identification of the prepreg:
Fibre material
Resin system
Reinforcement type
Trade name
Manufacturer
Storage conditions, processing guidelines
4.2.2 The following properties shall be submitted
for the non-cured prepreg material:
Mass per unit area (DIN 53854)
Resin percentage by weight (DIN 29971, Section5.1.1.4)
Layer thickness (DIN 53855-1)
Resin flux percentage by weight (DIN 65090,Section 5.1.1)
4.2.3 The following are necessary for thereinforcing material:
Filament diameter (DIN 53811 - ISO 137)
Count (DIN 53853)
bond type (only woven prepregs)
5. Core materials
5.1 General
5.1.1 The basic requirements listed under item 1shall apply for material approval.
5.1.2 A general description of the core material
shall be submitted. The basic properties shall be
verified by the test certificate of a recognizedtesting body.
5.1.3 Rigid foam materials and cross-grained balsa
are considered specifically as a core material withinthe framework of this Regulation. Cores made of other
materials can also be approved, following agreement
with BKI-HO.
5.2 Rigid foams
5.2.1 The following information is necessary for a
general description:
Basic material and additives
Trade name
Manufacturer
Resin systems suitable for bonding/coating
Storage conditions
5.2.2 The manufacturer shall provide details of the
maximum permissible processing temperatures and
the operating temperature limits. The long-termoperating temperature shall at least cover the
range 20 C to + 50 C.
5.2.3 The test certificate of a recognized testingbody verifying the following properties shall be
submitted:
Apparent density (DIN 53420 - ISO R 845);sample thickness 25 mm, 3 specimens
Water absorption (DIN53433 - ISO 2896),3 specimens
Compressive strength (DIN 53421 - ISO 844),6 specimens, vertical to the plane of the test
panel
Modulus of elasticity (compression) (DIN53457) 3 specimens, test piece III, vertical to the
plate plane of the panel
Shear strength (DIN 53294), 6 specimens
Shear modulus (DIN 53294), 6 specimens
5.2.4 The specimens shall be tested without foam
skin. The testing shall take place in a standard climate
23/50 (23 C/50 % relative humidity). Testing
procedures are given mainly for rigid foams, whereas
in the case of tough foams BKI-HO shall be consulted
if there is any doubt.
5.2.5 The following minimum properties arespecified for an apparent density of 60 kg/mand 200 kg/m:
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Section 2 - Inspection and Testing of Fibre Composite Materials A 27
6.3 Properties of the adhesive
6.3.1 In the processing state, the following
information shall be provided:
Density (DIN EN ISO 1675)
Viscosity (DIN 53019)
6.3.2 In the case of two-component thermosetting
5.2.6 In the case of other apparent densities, linear
interpolation of the densities shall be used todetermine strengths and moduli.
5.3 Cross-grained balsa wood
5.3.1 The requirements for cross-grained balsa
wood are specified in Rules for Wood - Requirementsfor Core Materials of Sandwich Laminates (section 2 ).
6. Adhesives
6.1 General
6.1.1 The basic requirements listed under item 1shall apply for material approval.
6.1.2 A general description of the adhesive shall be
provided. Basic properties of the cured adhesive shall
be verified by the test certificate of a recognizedtesting body.
6.1.3 The following specifically considers cold-
setting and hot-setting thermosetting adhesives as wellas hot-melt adhesives. Other adhesives, provided that
they can be used for processing of FRP (e.g.
expansion adhesives) can also be used, followingagreement with BKI-HO.
6.2 Description
6.2.1 A description of the adhesive shall besubmitted in order to allow an unequivocal
identification of the adhesive:
Type of adhesive
Manufacturer
Trade name
Storage conditions
Processing and curing guidelines
Volume shrinkage after exceeding the gel point
Glass transition temperature (ASTM E 1356-91)
6.2.2 In the case of adhesive films with backing,the backing material shall be specified.
resins which cure at room temperatures, the pot life
(DIN 16945, Section 6.3) shall also be indicated.
6.4 Properties in the cured state
6.4.1 The following mechanical properties shall beverified by the certificate of a recognized testing body
(on 6 specimens respectively):
Tensile lap-shear strength (DIN EN 1465)
Peeling resistance (DIN 53282)
In addition, a long-duration shear tension test (based
on DIN 53283) shall be carried out. In doing so, thesample is subject to loads in a standard climate 23 C /
50 % relative humidity at 60 % of the mean tensile
lap-shear strength for 192 2 h.
6.4.2 The testing shall be carried out for three
different conditioning states of the specimens:
24 1 h after curing at 23 C and storage at50 % relative humidity
1000 12 h storage at 60 C and a maximum
of 20 % relative humidity
1000 12 h storage in distilled water at 23 C
6.4.3 For each test and conditioning state, specimens
with adhesive layer thicknesses of 0.5 mm and 3 mmshall be used.
6.4.4 All tests shall all be carried out in a standardclimate 23 C / 50 % relative humidity. In addition,
the tensile lap-shear strength shall be verified at 60 C
on specimens with an adhesive layer thickness of
3 mm and subjected to a climate of 60 C and a
maximum of 20 % relative humidity for 1000 12hours before testing.
6.5 Minimum properties
6.5.1 The following properties shall be achievedfor directly tested specimens as well as specimens
tested after wet storage:
Tensile lap-shear strength: 9 MPa
Peeling resistance: 2 N/mm
6.5.2 For the specimens stored at elevated
temperatures, the above minimum properties shallbe reduced by 15 %.
6.5.3 Strain in creep shall be below 0.35 mm in thelong-duration shear tension test.
60 kg/m3 200 kg/m3
Compressive strength[MPa]
0.6 3.5
Modulus ofelasticity
(compression) [MPa]
40 200
Shear strength [MPa] 0.5 2.6
Shear modulus [MPa] 15 65
Water absorption [vol.-%](after 28 Days)
2 2
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Section 3 - RepairofComponents A, B 31
Section 3
Repair of Components
A. General
1. Requirementsforoperationandpersonnel
1.1 Repairs shall only be performed byworkshops which are approved by BKI for the
repair of components made from fibre-reinforced
thermosetting resins.
1.2 The shop approval for manufacturing
components made of fibre-reinforcedplastics using the
hand lay-up method includes approval for repairingthe parts within that production facility. For repairsout- side of theproduction facility (i.e. in the field),an extensionoftheshopapprovalisrequired.
1.3 The repairs shall only be carried out by
persons with sufficient professional knowledge.This professionalknowledgeshallingeneralbeverified
by certificates of the corresponding training courses.
If such certificates are not available, the minimumrequirement shall consist of training completed for a
technical profession, in conjunction with internal
trainingandseveralmonthsofexperience.
1.4 The head of the repair team is responsible forproper execution of the repair and shall be namedexplicitly in the shop approval. His professional
knowledge shall be verified by certificates of the
corresponding training courses and professionalexperienceofseveralyears.Inaddition,aproceduretest
-to becarriedoutattheshopundersupervisionofBKI
-is required.
1.5 The shop approval is granted by BKI Head
Office (BKI-HO) on thebasis of the information tobesubmitted by workshops and the report submitted by
the BKI surveyor. The form deals with the following
points:
Generalinformationontheshop
Personnel
Internalqualitymanagement
Incominginspection
Storage of the materials for repair in the shop
andduringfieldwork
Mechanicalprocessingcapabilities
Productionequipment.
2. Prerequisites
2.1 In the case of repairs which affect the
structural integrity of the component, a repair plan
shallbe established and approvedby BKIbefore thestartatany repair work. If the same repair is tobe
carried out several times,ageneral repairplancanbe
established andsubmittedtoBKIforapproval.
2.2 Repairs to the gelcoat resin and (minor)
repairs which do not fall under 2.1 shall be
standardized and approvedby BKI according to thestandardized procedure.
2.3 For theapprovalofa repairaccording to 2.1,
all design and repair drawings needed to assess the
repairofthecomponentshallbesubmittedtoBKI.The
repairplanwillbeexaminedbyBKI-HOandapprovediffoundsuitable.
2.4 Areportisrequiredforeachrepairandhasto
besignedbytheheadoftherepairteam.
2.5 OnlymaterialsapprovedbyBKIshallbeusedfortherepair.
2.6 The thermosetting resins used for repair shall
be at least equivalent to the original thermosetting
resin used for production. To ensure low residual
stresses in the area tobe repaired, the use of fast-setting highly reactive thermosetting resins shall be
avoided. The elongation atbreak of the thermosetting
resinsusedfortherepairshallbeatleast2.5%.
2.7 If the materials and laminates used for the
repair are not identical to those employed when the
component was manufactured, compatibility andequivalenceof thatparticularcombinationofmaterials
to the original ones shallbe verified with respect totheirproperties.
B. Procedure
1. Preparation
1.1 Damaged material, or material which nolonger exhibits completebonding, shallbe removedfromtheareatoberepaired.
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Section 3 - Repair of Components B, C, D 33
3. Curing
3.1 During the curing process, it shall be ensured
that no changes in elongation take place in thelaminate.
3.2 Repaired components shall only be subjected
to loads or put into further operation after the thermo-
setting resin has cured sufficiently.
3.3 If no explicit values are quoted for the curingprocess by the manufacturer of the thermosetting resin
system, the following time periods shall apply for
cold-setting resin systems:
For a constant temperature of 16 C:at least 72 h,
For a constant temperature of 25 C:
at least 38 h.
3.4 If the repaired component was tempered
during manufacture, the area to be repaired shall also
be tempered after setting, if no proof is provided toshow that this is not necessary.
C. Documentation
1. Repairreport
1.1 The repair report shall at least contain thefollowing points:
Designation of the component and, if applicable,its identification number
Date and location of the repair (address of theshop or location in the field)
Start time of repair
Position and type of damage
Repair plan and approval No. Climatic conditions during repair and the curing
period (and the wind speed, in case the workwas not performed within a closed room)
Materials used (with batch number)
Mixing ratios for thermosetting resin systems;dosing report
Lay up (number of layers and orientation)
Any deviations from the repair plan
Duration of the repair
Curing time Signature of the head of the repair team
Note:
To assist in describing and explaining the repair,
sketches or pictures may be added to the repair
report.
D. Enclosures
1. The following examples of reports are en-
closed:
Example of a repair report
Example of an survey report
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34 Section 3 - Repair of Components D
Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia
Laporan Survey Perbaikan Komponen - FRPSurvey Report for Repair of FRP-Components
Komponen/ Pembuat :Component/ (Manufacturer)
Lokasi (WEC) :Site (WEC)
No. Identifikasi Lainnya :Other Identification No.
No. Reg.Reg. No
Nama KapalShip Name
Lokasi PerbaikanSite of Repair
Tgl. PerbaikanDate of Repair
Tgl. SurveySurvey Date
Pemilik :Owner
Pemeriksaan kelayakan/ kesesuaian bengkel kerjaExamination of suitability of workshop
Pengakuan bengkel oleh BKIShop approval by BKI
Nama kepala tim perbaikanName of head of the repair team
Kepala tim disebutkan namanya secara jelas dalam (sertifikat)
pengakuan bengkelHead of repair team named explicitly in the shop approval
Tim Perbaikan mengetahui tentang Peraturan Perbaikan KomponenRepair team familiar with Rules of Repair of Components
Pengawasan PerbaikanRepair Surveillance
Rencana perbaikan telah disetujui oleh BKIRepair plan approved by BKI
Penyimpangan dari Peraturan BKI atau dari rencana perbaikan
(misalnya: bahan, kondisi iklim, pengerjaan) ? Deviation from BKI rules or from the repair plan (e.g. materials, climatic
conditions, execution) ?
Uraian :Description
Laporan Perbaikan disertakan Repair report enclosed
Tempat/ Tanggal Tanda TanganPlace/ Date : Signature
..
BKI - Surveyor
1 : Ya/ Yes 2 : Tidak/ No
Form. F.304- 2006
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Section 3 - Repair of Components D 35
Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia
Laporan Perbaikan Komponen - FRPRepair Report for FRP-Components
Data KomponenComponent Data
Penandaan : ..Designation
No. Register (untuk Kapal) :Register No.
No. Identifikasi lainnya : .Other Identification No.
Pemilik : ..Owner
... ..
Lokasi (untuk WEC) :..Site (for WEC)
Rincian Perbaikan :Details of Repair
Lokasi yang diperbaiki :...Site (of the repair)
Tanggal :...Dated
Kondisi cuaca pada saat perbaikan (setiap 3 jam)Climatic conditions during repair (every 3 h)
WaktuTime
TemperaturTemperature
Kelembaban relatifRelative Humadity
Kecepatan AnginWind speed
Mulai :Begin
Selesai :End
Bahan yang digunakanMaterials used
No. KelompokBatch number
Pengakuan BKIBKI Approval
Sistem resinResin system ..
Ya
Yes
Tidak
No
Lapisan atasTopcoat ..
Ya
Yes
Tidak
No
AdhesifAdhesive ..
Ya
Yes
Tidak
No
..
Ya
Yes
Tidak
No
..Ya
Yes
Tidak
No
Material PenguatReinforcement material
..Ya
Yes
Tidak
No
Laporan TakaranDosing Report
No. LotLot No.
ResinResin
Bahan PengeringCuring Agent
AkseleratorAccelerator
WaktuTime.
1/2
LOGOPERUSAHAANCOMPANY SYMBOL
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36 Section 3 - Repair of Components D
Posisi dan tipe kerusakan (jika perlu sketsa atau gambar pada lembar/ halaman terpisah)
Position and type of damage (if necessary sketches or pictures on separate page(s))
Uraian Penyimpangan dari rencana perbaikan (bila ada)
Description of deviations from the repair plan (if any)
Suhu maksimum dan minimum antara mulainya perbaikan dan penggunaan kembali komponen yang
diperbaiki
Maximum and minimum temperature between start of the repair and commissioning of the repaired component
Maks : [oC] Min : [
oC]
Max. Min.
Penggunaan kembali komponen yang diperbaiki
Comissioning of the repaired component
Tanggal : Waktu : .
Date Time
Tempat/ Tanggal
Place/Date Cap Perusahaan
Stamp of Company
.
Tanda Tangan Kepala Tim Perbaikan
Signature of the head of the repair team
2/2
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BIRO KLASIFIKASI INDONESIA
RULES FOR NON - METALIC MATERIALSFINAL DRAFT
PART 2
WOOD
EDITION 2006
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Section1 - RequirementsforMaterials,BondingMethodsand A, B 11WoodProtection
Section 1
Requirements for Materials, Bonding Methods and Wood Protection
A. General
1. Classification according to the field of
application
1.1 Onlyprovenboatbuilding wood shallbe usedfor all timber components exposed to water and
weather, i.e. timber with good resistance to water and
weather, fungal attack and insect infestation, as wellas with good mechanical properties that are also
suitable for the particular application. Furthermore,it shallhavealowswellingandshrinkageproperties.
1.2 For components not exposed to water orweather, and not requiring strength, timber of lower
durabilitymaybeused.
2. Quality
The timber used inboatbuilding shallbe long-grained
and of thebest quality, i.e.be free from sap, shakes,
objectionable knots and other defects. Twisted-grownorroughsawcutwoodshallnotbeused.
3. Drying
3.1 The timber used shallbe well seasoned and
sufficiently dried, or shall be correctly dried in a
suitabledryingkiln.
3.2 For thispurpose, the timber shallbe stackedinpileswhichareassmallaspossible, so thatuniform
dryingisguaranteed.
3.3 In the case of forced drying, the residualmoisture content shall notbe more than 10%. When
processing, this content shall not exceed a maximum
of15%asaresultofhygroscopicbehaviour.
3.4 The moisture content shallbe determinedbyestablishing the loss of mass of a samplebetween its
state at the time of draw-off and its state after drying,
based on constant weight at 103 2 C and the
calculation of the weight loss as apercentage of the
dry mass. This shall be done in accordancewithDIN52375orISO9425.
B. TypesofWoodandClassifications
1. Solidwood
1.1 Radiallysawntimbershallmainlybeusedforboatbuilding. The angle of the annual rings to the
lowersawnedgeshallnotbelessthan45.
1.2 Table 1.2 shows the number of different
types of timber and their most importantproperties,
suchasdurability,specificgravity,aswellasbending,
tensile and compressive strength. Since these
properties can vary in the case of timber of the sametype,or evenwithinthesametrunk,noabsolutevalues
are indicated in the table,but rather reference values.The timberlistedisdividedintodurabilitygroupsfromIto V,whereby:
I = verygood
II = good
III= average
IV= moderate
V = poor
1.3 The timber used in boatbuilding shall, if
exposed to the weather or used for the primary
structural components of aboat, belong to at leastdurabilitygroupIII.
1.4 Inplace of the timber listed in Table 1.2,
other types can be used if the durability and thetechnological values are verified and are equivalent.
The manufacturer shall alwaysbe responsible for the
correctselectionofthequalityandtypeofwood.
1.5 Since wood has anisotropic material
properties, these shallbe taken into account during
the design of the components. It shall be ensuredthat the main direction of stress lies in the direction
of the greatest strength of wood, and that no
impairment of function of the component is caused
through the directional moisture coefficient ofexpansion.
1.6 The safety factors used in the strength
calculationsshallbeagreedonineachcasewithBKI.
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12 Section 1 - RequirementsforMaterials,BondingMethodsand B,
Wood Protection
C
2. Plywood
2.1 General
2.1.1 Plywood consists of individual layers which
are bonded together. In general, the layers can
comprise veneers, wooden slats or small wooden slats.
The panels described in this Regulation as plywoodshall consistexclusivelyofveneerlayers.
2.1.2 Theplywoodpanels consist of at least three
veneersbondedtransversely toeachother (Table1.1 or
1.3)bymeansofcurablesynthetic resinadhesives. The
resistance of the adhesives to water and weather shall
be demonstratedby long-termand outdoor testing.Thenumber of veneer layers is dependent on the thickness
and is defined in sub-sections C. "Boatbuilding
Plywood"andD."Plywoodforaircrafts".
2.2 Grades
2.2.1 The plywood panels are divided into two
grades KIIandKIII.
2.2.2 Both grades are identical with regard to
required strengths, including resistance to adhesives.
The only distinction is that thepanels of grade KI Iare suitable for use in onepiece, whilst those of grade
KI II may,because of non-permissible defects in the
middle and outer layers, onlybe used separately afterremovalofthedefects.
2.3 Paneldimensions
2.3.1 The dimensions of theplywoodpanels are to
be specifiedby the customer, if standard dimensions
inaccordancewithDIN4078arenotused.
2.3.2 The length of thepanels is measuredparallel
to the grain of the outer layer, and is always specified
first. The longitudinal and lateral tolerances are
5mm.
2.3.3 Thepermissiblethicknessdeviationis:
upto3mm10%
over3mm5%,butmaximum0.5mm
2.4 Bonding
2.4.1 Theplywoodpanels shallbebonded without
flaws (BFU 100 in accordance with DIN 68705). For
thispurpose, compliance with all decisive factors suchas wood moisture content, pressing power, pressing
temperature, pressing duration, glue characteristics,
charging etc. shall be observed continually and
carefully.
Atpresent,thefollowing synthetically-based adhesivesareapprovedbyBKIforplywoodproduction:
Phenolic adhesive (including phenolic adhesivefilm)
Melamineresinadhesives
Resorcinolresinadhesives
2.4.2 Ifanewglueisused,thenfaultless,error-freehandlingandbondingshallbedemonstratedtoBKIaswellasabsoluteresistancetowaterandboiling.
2.5 Structureandrequirements
Different regulations apply to the structures andplywood panels used in boatbuilding and aviation,
as listedinsub-sectionsC.andD.respectively.
2.6 Certificates
2.6.1 Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia issues certificatesfor tested and approved plywood panels, and these
are handedovertothemanufacturerand/orcustomer.
2.6.2 The certificate specifies, among other things,
the plywood type, the number of plywood panelsinspected, the stamping and, if requested, the average
valuesofthetestresults.
2.6.3 Independent of the testing by Biro
Klasifikasi Indonesia, the manufacturer is obliged to
continually carry out his own shop-based quality
control during all working steps, the selectionof thewood and its processing during production of the
plywoodpanels.
2.7 Storageoftheplywoodpanels
2.7.1 Finishedplywoodpanels which areplaced instorage shall be kept in closed rooms and stored
horizontally.
2.7.2 Theplywoodpanels shall onlybeplaced inhorizontal stores that are at least 30cm above the
ground and from the walls, in order to avoid the
effectsofmoisture.
2.7.3 Theindividualpilesshallbeprotectedagainst
moisturefromonesidebycoveringpanels.
2.7.4 Non-compliance with these storageregulationscanleadtoprevioustestsbeingdeclaredinvalid.
2.8 Strengthcalculations
The safety factors used in the strength calculations
shallbeagreedon,ineachcase,withBKI.
C. BoatbuildingPlywood
1. General
1.1 All plywood components exposed to water
andweather,orused inprimarystructuralcomponents(such as the deck, shell and bulkheads), shall be
produced fromboatbuilding plywood that has been
tested andincompliancewith10.6.
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Section1 - RequirementsforMaterials,BondingMethodsand C 13WoodProtection
1.2 Boatbuilding plywood consists of at leastthree veneersbonded crosswise together (Table1.1) by
means of curable synthetic-resin adhesives. The
resistance of these adhesives to water and weathershall be demonstrated by long-term and outdoor testing.
1.3 Asplywood can alsobe destroyed in suitableconditions by animal or plant pests, timber shall be used
which offers a natural resistance.
1.4 Independent of the testingby Biro Klasifikasi
Indonesia, the manufacturer is obliged to continually
carry out his own shop-based quality control of allworking steps, the selection of the wood and its
processing duringproductionoftheplywoodpanels.
1.5 Thepoints listedunderB.2shallbe taken into
account.
Table1.1: Minimum number and thickness of
theveneerlayers
2. Structure
2.1 The selection of timber and the structure of
the panels (number of veneer layers) shall be
appropriate for the field of application. Depending on
the application, strong, durable timber - e.g. makorand thehard,durablemahoganytypesofstrengthgroup
F1 (Table1.2) -withseveralthin inner layersofveneer
shallbe selected for load-carrying components subjectto high stresses. On the other hand,plywoodpanels of
lighter, less strong, and less durable timber of strength
groupF2 -e.g. khaya mahogany,okum - with thicker
and fewer inner layers of veneer and good surface
protectionaresuitableforlinings.
2.2 In general, veneers of 1.5mm thickness areused for the outer layers. However, efforts shouldbe
made to use thicker outer layersbecause of the later
reworking necessary in boatbuilding. However, their
thickness shall not exceed 2.6 mm because of
increaseddangerofshakesintheveneers.Inthecaseofinner layers, veneer layers in plywood panels up to
15mm thick may not have a thickness in excess of
2.6mm because of potential defects. For plywoodpanels thicker than 15 mm, veneer layers thicker than
3.8mmmaynotbeused.
2.3 Only in special cases and with the explicit
permissionbyBiro Klasifikasi Indonesia thisrestriction
can be waived. Suchplywoodpanelsare then assignedto the strengthgroupF2and markedaccordingly in the
BKIstamp.
2.4 The following table gives a list of the
required minimum number and thickness of the veneer
layers:
2.5 The veneer layers shall be symmetrical
aroundthemiddlelayer,bothwithrespectto thegrainaswellastothethicknessofthelayers.
2.6 The strength of theplywood panel can beincreased, or its property adapted to specific
requirements, through an increased number of veneer
layers, addition of extra glue and increasedpressingpower,as wellasthroughinsertionoffabriclayers.
2.7 For theproduction ofboatbuildingplywood
panels, only wood which is of the best quality,
flawless,healthy, free fromsapand springwoodshallbe usedfortheouterandinnerlayers.
3. Veneerjoints
3.1 Thejoints shallbe sealedperfectly and shall
bond the veneers to each otherbybuttjoints. The
joints shall be glued on a suitable joint bonding
machine.
3.2 The strips of veneer of the outer layers shallbe put together so that they match with regard totimberandcolour.
3.3 Sealed joints between all layers are a
preconditionforboatbuildingplywoodpanels.
3.4 Paper orplastic adhesive strips may notbe
usedtosecureorrepairinnerveneerlayers.
3.5 Thejointsof the different veneer layers shall
bestaggered.
3.6 Metalclampsused forsecuringpurposesmay
onlybepositioned on the edges of thepanels. They
shall on no account remain on thepanels when theyarecuttostandarddimensions.
Plywood
thickness [mm]
Minimum
number
of veneer
layers
Minimum
thickness of
the outer
layers
Greatest
thickness of
the inner
layersUp to 6Over 6 to 10
Over 10 to 15
35
7
1.5 mm 2.6 mm
Over 15 to 20
Over 20 to 26Over 26 to 34
Over 34 to 40
Over 40 to 48
Over 48 to 55
7
911
13
15
17
1.5 mm 3.8 mm
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14 Section1 - RequirementsforMaterials,BondingMethodsand C
Wood Protection
4. Strengthgroups
4.1 With regard to their suitability for the
production of boatbuilding plywood, the types oftimber listed in Table 1.2 are currently approved. The
timber is subdivided into two strength groups.Also shown is the natural durability and weathering
resistanceofthementionedtypesoftimber.
4.2 The plywood panels may be manufactured
fromoneorseveralof theapprovedkindsof timber. If
panels comprise different types of timber of both
strength groups, then all panels are assigned to the
group with the lower strength and areprovided withtherollerstampofthestrengthgroupF2.
4.3 All boatbuilding plywood panels which are
manufactured according to special specifications and
conditions of the customer, or deviate from BKI
requirements,areassigned to theappropriategroupandstampedaccordingtotheplywoodtype.
4.4 Other types of wood may onlybe used formakingplywoodpanelsuponagreementwithBKI.The
manufacturer shall always remain responsible for the
correctselectionofthequalityandtypeofwood.
5. Plywoodgrades
5.1 Boatbuilding plywood of the two strength
groups is subdivided into two grades after inspecting
its external and internal quality. In relation to theirrespective groups, grades I and II are identical withregard to type of wood, strength, production and
bonding.Theydiffer insofar that thepanelsofgrade I
canbe used completely, while thepanels of grade IIare restricted to partial use because of local
manufacturingdefectsortimberflaws.
5.2 ThedefectsofgradeIIshallbelimitedtoone
thirdof theareaof thepanel.Two thirdsof thepanel
shallbe free of defects and suitable for use. The
defectsareidentifiedduringinspectionbymarking.
5.3 Thevisiblesideoftheplywoodpanelshallbemanufactured virtually without any defects and,furthermore, the quality, colour and grain shallbe
combined in such a manner that they match. The
hidden surface may have small colour differences orslight blemishes which do not influence the strength
of the panel.
Table1.2 Plywoodstrengthgroups
Mean tensile strength ofplywood
Timber type Botanical name
Density,
air-driedapprox. [g/cm3]
DurabilityLongitudinal
[N/mm2]
Transverse[N/mm
2]
Strength group : F1 (for load bearing components)
TeakMakoreDoukaUtileSapele mahoganyOak
Tectona grandisDumoria hekeliiDumoria AfricanaEntandrophragma utileEntandrophragma cylindricumQuercus sp.
0.640.620.620.570.590.63
I,II,IIIII
II
404040404040
303030303030
Strength group : F21
Bigleaf mahoganyKhaya mahoganyOkume (Gaboon)
Switenia macrophyllaKhaya ivorensisAucoumea klaineana
0.490.450.41
IIII IIIIV - V
404040
303030
1
1 Only for non-load bearing components2 For other wood material except if have same strength
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Section1 - RequirementsforMaterials,BondingMethodsand C 15WoodProtection
6. Defects
6.1 The following wood and production defects
arenotpermissiblein theouterand innerveneer layers:
a) Anybondingdefects
b) Loose contra-shaving wood; strongly curly-grained, short-fibred wood growth at rightanglestotherunofthegrain;cross-cuttimber
c) Larger, more prominent wood discolouration or
mould stains which tend to cause rot and allother defects which could have a noticeableaffectonthestrengthofthepanel
d) Wood discolouration on both sides, or stronggluebleedingonbothsides
e) Looseblack (dead) knots, holes, loosejoints orblockingcracksintheveneerlayers
f) Overlappingoftheveneerlayers(folding).
Thefollowingcanbepermitted:
a) Up to three healthy tight knots of 15 mmmaximumforeachsideofthepanel
b) Up to three knots of 25mm maximum oneach side of thepanel which havebeenperfectlyrepaired
c) Up to three cracks of the veneer edge which
havebeenperfectly repaired. The cracks maybe
up to 1/10 of thepanel length and on each side
ofthepanel.
d) Small local edge flaws up to 3cm length do nothavetobeconsidered.
Only one type ofpermissible defects listed in a) to c)shallbepresent.
7. Repairs
7.1 Repairs maybe carried out on the finished,
pressed boatbuilding plywood panels to a limitedextent, provided that the quality of the panel is not
impaired inanyway.The repairsshallbecarriedout atthe appropriate temperature underpressingpower with
agluewhichisresistanttowaterandweather.
7.2 Shakesofup to 1/10of thepanel lengthand 1mmwidth,andsmallknotholesupto5mm,may berepairedwithwoodputtyofthesamecolour.
7.3 Wider shakes and defects of up to 1/10 of the
panel length shallbebonded so that they are weather-
resistant. In doing so, care shallbe taken when fittingand selecting the strips such that they are fromappropriate timber and have the same colour. Therepair work shall be carried out under pressure inaccordance withDIN68705BFU100.
8. Surfacetreatment
8.1 Afterpressing, theplywoodpanels shallbe
subjected to sufficient soaking to ensure that their
moisturecontentagainrisesto612%.Theplywoodpanels may either remain unsanded or be lightly
sanded.
8.2 Theouter layersof theplywoodpanelscut totheir final dimensions shallbe at least 1.0mm (after
thepressing and sanding) at the thinnestpoint. When
sanding the panels, special care shall be taken toensurethatthisrequirementismet.
9. Paneldimension