rules of the road purpose and scope. agenda this section of instruction will cover the rules of the...
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Agenda
This section of instruction will cover the Rules of the Road, as published in the Navigation Rules (COMDTINST M16672.2D)
Navigation RulesPurpose and Scope
AGENDA:Purpose and Scope
Principles of Maritime Law
Rule #1 Applicability
Rule #2 Rule of Good Seamanship
Rule #3 General Definitions
Applicable reading: USCG pp. 1-11.
Sources:1972 COLREGS (International Rules)
• Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea
• Amended in 1983, 1989, 1991 by the IMO
1980 Navigation Rules Act (Inland Rules)• Applies exclusively to US inland waters
NOTE: Navigation Rules have the force of law.
Purpose of Scope of the Rules of the Road
Nav Rules apply based upon a vessel’s location.COLREGS Line of Demarcation
Rule 1(a): Applicability
• “These rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.”
Rule 2: Responsibility
“Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seaman.”
General Prudential Rule: the mariner is responsible not only for complying with the Rules but also for avoiding a collision.
• Special Situations
• In extremis situations
What is Good Seamanship?
A. Turn around and go the other way.
B. Speed up and pass vessel B on her starboard side.
C. Overtake Vessel B on her port side after signaling.
D. Slow down and stay behind Vessel B.
Rule 3: General Definitions
Special ConditionsVessel engaged in fishing
Not under command
Restricted in ability to maneuver
Constrained by draft (int’l rules only)
Vessel
Power driven vessel
Sailing vessel
Underway
Making way
Not making way
Vessel: includes every description of water craft used or capable of being used as a means on transportation on water.
Rule 3: DefinitionsVessel
• Includes:– Power-driven vessels– Sailboats– Seaplanes– Non-displacement craft– WIG
• “Power driven vessel”
Vessel engaged in fishing means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus which restrict maneuverability.
Rule 3: DefinitionsVessel engaged in fishing
• Does NOT include:– Vessel engaged in trolling.
Vessel not under command means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstances is unable to maneuver to comply with the Rules.
Rule 3: DefinitionsVessel not under command
• Examples:– Propulsion casualty– Steering casualty
Vessel restricted in ability to maneuver means a vessel which from the nature of her work is unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
Rule 3: DefinitionsVessel restricted in ability to maneuver
• Examples:– Laying navaids– Dredging/Surveying– UNREP– Flight Ops– Mineclearance Ops
Vessel constrained by draft means a power driven vessel which, because of her draft in relation to the available depth is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from her present course.
Rule 3: DefinitionsVessel constrained by draft
Rule 3: DefinitionsRestricted Visibility
Fog
Falling snow
Heavy Rainstorms
Sand storms
Similar circumstances
Wing-in-ground (WIG) craft: a vessel capable of operating completely above the surface of the water on a dynamic air cushion created by aerodynamic lift due to the ground effect between the vessel and the water’s surface. WIG craft are capable of operating at speeds in excess of 100 knots.
Rule 3: DefinitionsWIG
Rule 5: Look-out
Application (Rule 4) - Any condition of visibility
Look-out (Rule 5)Maintain Proper LookoutUse all available means
• Binoculars/Radar• Bearing circle/Alidade• Must use sight and hearing• Night vision devices
Also required at anchor
Rule 6: Safe Speed
Determinants of Safe SpeedState of visibility
Traffic density
Stopping distance and turning ability
Presence of background lighting
State of winds, sea, and current
Draft of vessel in relation to charted depth
Effectiveness of Radar
Rule 7: Risk of Collision
Risk of Collision (Rule 7)Use all available means to determineEarly use of RADARDon’t make assumptions
Risk of collision exists when vessels have:CBDR: Constant Bearing, Decreasing Range
Very High Bearing Drift
Bearing drift is the most important determinant of risk of collision
Rule 8: Action to Avoid Collision
Obedience must be timely and substantial.
Two variables can be altered to avoid collision: course and speed.
Change course to avoid “close-quarters” situations
Slacken speed or take all way off to avoid collision
Escape Clause:“if the circumstances of the case admit”
You are not required to put yourself in a worse condition to avoid collision (e.g.. run aground)
Rule 9: Narrow Channels
Narrow Channels (Rule 9)Stay on the “right” side of the channel
Sailing vessels and vessels < 20 meters shall not impede vessels restricted to the channel.
Fishing vessels shall not impede
Crossing vessels shall not impede
Rule 10: Traffic Separation Schemes
Traffic Separation Schemes (Rule 10)Use small angle of approach to enter/depart
Cross the scheme at right angles
You can fish in the lanes as long as you do not impede passage of the other vessels
2. CROSS AT RIGHT ANGLES3. ENTER @ SMALL ANGLE1. PROCEED IN APPROPRIATE LANE4. AVOID ANCHORING
Rule 10: Traffic Separation Schemes
Application rule Rules 12-18
Applies to all vessels in sight of one another
Rule 11:Conduct of Vessels
in Sight of One Another
Vessels in Sight of One AnotherRule 13: Overtaking
Rule 13 requires the overtaking vessel to keep out of the way of the vessel being passed.
*a vessel 22.5 abaft the beam is overtaking – all others are crossing situations An overtaking situation exists when a vessel approaches
An overtaking situation exists when a vessel approaches another vessel more than 22.5deg abaft the beam.
Vessels in Sight of One AnotherRule 14: Meeting (Head-on) Situation
Two vessels who are on reciprocal (or near reciprocal) courses and are at risk of collision
Rule 14 requires both power vessels to maneuver to starboard.
An overtaking situation exists when a vessel approaches
A meeting situation exists if two power vessels approach on reciprocal or near reciprocal courses.
•Because of the nature of the situation, there is no giveway vessel. Both are responsible to maneuver
Vessels in Sight of One AnotherRule 15: Crossing Situation
Rule 15 requires the vessel that has the other on its starboard side to keep clear.
An overtaking situation exists when a vessel approaches
At night the stand-on vessel sees the green sidelight of the give-way vessel, and the give-way vessel sees the red sidelight of the stand-on vessel.
Rule 16: Give-way Vessel
Take early and substantial action to stay out of the way of the stand-on vessel
Rule 17: Stand-on Vessel
Maintain course and speed
Take action if the give-way is not taking substantial action to avoid collision
If risk of collision exists and if circumstance admit it, avoid altering course to port.
Rule 18: ResponsibilitiesBetween Vessels
Vessel being Overtaken
Vessel Not under command
Restricted in ability to maneuver
Vessel Constrained by draft
Vessel engaged in Fishing
Sailing vessels
Power driven vessels
Seaplanes
WIG
Sta
y ou
t of
the
way
of:
Rule 19: Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
For vessels not in sight of one another
Observe a safe speed and have engines ready for immediate maneuvering.
Avoid altering course to port when another may exist forward of beam (except in overtaking situation)
Avoid altering course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.
For fog signals heard forward of the beam=> reduce speed to minimum steerageway and navigate cautiously.
Sunset to SunriseLIGHTSLIGHTS
DAYSHAPESDAYSHAPES
Sunrise to Sunset
Restricted Visibility
Rules 20: Application of Lights and Dayshapes
Rules 21-24: Lights and Dayshapes
AGENDA:Rule #21 Definitions
Rule #22 Visibility of Lights
Rule #23 Power Driven Vessels Underway
Rule #24 Towing and Pushing
Applicable reading: USCG pp. 38-70.
Purpose of Lights and Shapes
To indicate hierarchy under the steering and sailing rules.To aid in the determination of stand on/give way status.To indicate to an approaching vessel information not readily available by visual observation.To identify the occupation of certain vessels.To aid in the determination of angle on the bow (AOB) and course.
Rule 22: Visibility of Lights
Min Ranges
TYPE OF LIGHT COLOR ARC 50M+ 12-50M
Masthead white 225 6 nm 5 nm
Sidelight red/green 112.5 3 nm 2 nm
Sternlight white 135 3 nm 2 nm
Towing yellow 135 3 nm 2 nm
All around various 360 3 nm 2 nm
Special Flashing yellow/blue 360 2 nm 2 nm
Range Light - refers to the second masthead light placed aft and higher than the forward masthead light (>50 m)
Flashing Light - flashes at regular intervals at 120 hz. Found on surfaced sub’s and non-displacement craft in the non-displacement mode.
Rule 21Definitions (cont)
Masthead LightsMasthead Lights225225oo coverage coverage
Side LightsSide Lights112.5112.5oo coverage coverage
Bow AspectBow Aspect
Rule 21Definitions (cont)
135135oo
112.5112.5oo
112.5112.5oo
112.5112.5oo
112.5112.5oo
135135oo
360360oo
++
Rule 23: Power-Driven VesselsRule 24: Towing and Pushing
TOWING ASTERN
Vessel < 50 m Tow < 200 m
Vessel < 50 m Tow > 200 m
Vessel > 50 m Tow < 200 m
Vessel > 50 m Tow > 200 m
COMPOSITE UNIT
PUSHING AHEAD/ALONGSIDE
Vessel > 50 m International, Inland
Vessel < 50 m International, Inland
TOWING and RESTRICTED IN ABILITY TO MANEUVER
“LIGHTING THE TOW”
Rule 23 (cont)P.D. Vessel equal or greater
to 50 meters (underway)
SternSternStarboardStarboardBowBowPortPort
Rule 23 (cont)Great Lakes Exception
MastheadMasthead
SidelightsSidelights
All-round whiteAll-round whiteAll-round whiteAll-round whiteAll-round whiteAll-round whiteAll-round whiteAll-round whiteAll-round whiteAll-round whiteAll-round whiteAll-round whiteAll-round whiteAll-round whiteAll-round whiteAll-round white
Stern lightStern light22ndnd Masthead Masthead
Rule 24
Pushing ahead
Towing and Pushing
Types of Towing:Types of Towing:
Towing alongside
Towing astern
Composite Unit
Rule 24 (cont)Towing Astern
Four combinations:Four combinations:
Towingvessel
Tow
II IIII IIIIII IVIV
<<50m50m <<50m50m >>50m50m >>50m50m
<<200m200m <<200m200m>>200m200m >>200m200m
Rule 24 (cont)Towing Astern
P.D. Vessel (<50m) Towing TOW < 200mTOW < 200m TOW > 200mTOW > 200m
22 Mastheads Mastheads
SidelightsSidelightsStern lightStern light
Vertical LineVertical Line
Towing lightTowing light
33 Mastheads Mastheads
SidelightsSidelightsStern lightStern light
Vertical LineVertical Line
Towing lightTowing light
Rule 24 (cont)Towing Astern
P.D. Vessel (>50m) Towing
TOW < 200mTOW < 200m TOW > 200mTOW > 200m
22 Mastheads Mastheads
SidelightsSidelights
Stern lightStern lightTowing lightTowing light
33 Mastheads Mastheads
SidelightsSidelights
Stern lightStern lightTowing lightTowing light
22ndnd Masthead Masthead22ndnd Masthead Masthead
Rule 24 (cont)Towing Astern
Towing vessel < 50m, Tow < 200m
BowBowSternSternStarboardStarboardPortPort
Rule 24 (cont)Towing Astern
Towing vessel < 50m, Tow > 200m
SternSternStarboardStarboardPortPortBowBow
Rule 24 (cont)Towing Astern
Towing vessel > 50m, Tow < 200m
SternSternStarboardStarboardPortPortBowBow
Rule 24 (cont)Towing Astern
Towing vessel > 50m, Tow > 200m
SternSternBowBowPortPortStarboardStarboard
Rule 24 (cont)Pushing Ahead
Composite units:Composite units:
If rigidly connectedIf rigidly connected
regard as a power regard as a power driven vesseldriven vessel
Rule 24 (cont)Towing Alongside or Pushing
NOT a Composite Unit
INTERNATIONAL RulesINTERNATIONAL Rules
22 Mastheads - vertical line Mastheads - vertical line
SidelightsSidelights
Stern lightStern light
22ndnd Masthead - if > 50m Masthead - if > 50m
Note: Note: NONO Towing Light for International Rules! Towing Light for International Rules!
Rule 24 (cont)Towing Alongside or Pushing
NOT a Composite UnitINLAND RulesINLAND Rules
22 Mastheads - vertical line Mastheads - vertical line
SidelightsSidelights
22ndnd Masthead - if > 50m Masthead - if > 50m
2 2 Towing Lights - vertical lineTowing Lights - vertical line
Rule 24 (cont)Towing Alongside or Pushing
NOT a Composite Unit
SternStern
INLANDINLAND RulesRulesINTERNATIONALINTERNATIONALRulesRules
SternStern
Rule 24 (cont)Vessel Being Pushed Ahead
NOT a Composite Unit
INTERNATIONAL RulesINTERNATIONAL Rules
Sidelights - at forward endSidelights - at forward end
Rule 24 (cont)Vessel Being Pushed Ahead
NOT a Composite Unit
INLAND RulesINLAND Rules
Sidelights Sidelights
Special Flashing Special Flashing LightLight
Rule 24 (cont)
Vessel Being Towed Alongside
SidelightsSidelightsSternlightSternlight
INTERNATIONAL RulesINTERNATIONAL Rules
Rule 24 (cont)
Vessel Being Towed Alongside
SidelightsSidelights
SternlightSternlight
INLAND RulesINLAND Rules
Special Flashing Special Flashing LightLight
Rule 24Towing and Pushing
Length of Tow exceed 200mLength of Tow exceed 200mDisplayed on the Tug & the TowDisplayed on the Tug & the Tow
Rule 25Sailing Vessels
Sailing Vessel (Underway)
Vessel Vessel 20m20m Vessel < 20mVessel < 20m
SidelightsSidelights
Stern lightStern light
Combined Combined LanternLantern
Rule 25Sailing Vessels (cont)
Sailing Vessel (Underway)
Not w/ Not w/ Combined Combined LanternLantern
Rule 26
Fishing Vessels
TrawlingTrawling
Fishing other than trawlingFishing other than trawling
Note: Vessels covered in Rule 26 show Note: Vessels covered in Rule 26 show ONLY the lights required by Rule 26ONLY the lights required by Rule 26
Rule 26
Fishing Vessels (cont)
All-round All-round GREENGREEN -over- -over-All-round All-round WHITEWHITE
Underway OR Underway OR @ Anchor@ Anchor
22ndnd Masthead - Masthead - if >50mif >50m
Sidelights & Sternlight - Sidelights & Sternlight - if making wayif making way
Rule 26Fishing Vessels (cont)
Trawling vessel > 50m Making Way
BowBowPortPortStarboardStarboardSternStern
Rule 26
Fishing Vessels (cont)
All-round All-round REDRED -over- -over-All-round All-round WHITEWHITE
Underway OR Underway OR @ Anchor@ Anchor
All-round All-round WHITEWHITE - - if gear > 150mif gear > 150m
Sidelights & Sternlight - Sidelights & Sternlight - if making wayif making way
Rule 27 (cont)
Vessels Not Under Command
All-round All-round REDRED -over- -over-All-round All-round REDRED
Sidelights & Sternlight - Sidelights & Sternlight - if making wayif making way
Rule 27 (cont)Vessels Restricted in Ability to
Maneuver (R.A.M.)
All-round All-round REDRED -over- -over-All-round All-round WHITEWHITE -over- -over-All-round All-round REDRED
Sidelights & SternlightSidelights & Sternlight
Masthead lightMasthead light22ndnd Masthead light - if >50m Masthead light - if >50m If Making If Making
WayWay
Rule 27 (cont)R.A.M. Vessel Engaged in
Dredging
Required R.A.M. lightsRequired R.A.M. lights
All-round All-round GREENGREEN -over- -over-All-round All-round GREENGREEN
All-round All-round REDRED -over- -over-All-round All-round REDRED
On Safe On Safe SideSide
On ObstructedOn ObstructedSideSide
Rule 27 (cont)R.A.M. Vessel Engaged in
Dredging
Safe SideSafe SideDanger SideDanger Side
Aspect?Aspect? BowBow
Rule 27 (cont)R.A.M. Vessel Engaged in
Mineclearance Ops
Required Power Driven Vessel lightsRequired Power Driven Vessel lights
PLUS:PLUS:
On MastOn Mast
Rule 28
Vessels Constrained by Draft
All-round All-round REDRED -over- -over-All-round All-round REDRED -over- -over-All-round All-round REDRED
Required Power Driven Vessel lightsRequired Power Driven Vessel lights
Rule 29
Pilot Vessels
All-round All-round WHITEWHITE -over- -over-All-round All-round REDRED
Sidelights & Sternlight - Sidelights & Sternlight - if making wayif making way
Vessel Vessel 50m50m Vessel < 50mVessel < 50m
Rule 30
Anchored Vessels
All-round All-round WHITEWHITE near near bowbow
All-round All-round WHITEWHITE near near sternstern & & lowerlower
All-round All-round WHITEWHITE where where best seenbest seen
Vessel Vessel 100m100m
Rule 30
Anchored Vessels (cont)
All-round All-round WHITEWHITE - - near near bowbow
All-round All-round WHITEWHITE - - near near sternstern & & lowerlower
Available Deck or Working lightsAvailable Deck or Working lights
Rule 30 (cont)
Vessel Aground
Required Anchor lights Required Anchor lights PLUSPLUS
All-round All-round REDRED -over- -over-All-round All-round REDRED
AGENDA:Rule #32 - Definitions
Rule #34 - Maneuvering and Warning Signals
Rule #35 - Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility
Rule #36 - Signals to Attract Attention
Rule #37 - Distress Signals
Annex I -V
Applicable reading: Nav Rules pp. 114-175
Rules 31-37:Sound and Light Signals
Where it’s impracticable for a seaplane to exhibit lights and shapes of the rules of the road, they shall exhibit lights and shapes as closely similar in characteristics and position as possible
Rule 31Lights and Shapes: Seaplanes
Rule 32: Sound and Light SignalsInternational vs. Inland
INTERNATIONAL RULES:Sound signals for International Rules are signals of actionSignals are sounded upon rudder orderExchanged by a power-driven vessel and another vesselExchanged if vessels are “in sight” and maneuvering is req’d
INLAND RULES:Sound signals for Inland Rules are signals of intentVessels do not maneuver until signals are agreed uponExchanged between power-driven vessels onlyExchanged if vessels are “in sight” and < ½ nm CPA
Rule 32: Sound and Light Signals
Short Blast- about one second duration
Long Blast - 4-6 second duration
Vessels < 100m in length: whistle and bell
Vessels >= 100m in length: whistle, bell, and gong
Vessels < 12m in length: some type of sound signaling device
Rule 34: Maneuvering and Warning Signals - Overtaking
An overtaking situation exists when a vessel approaches
An overtaking situation exists when a vessel approaches another vessel more than 22.5 o abaft the beam.
Rule 34: Maneuvering and Warning Signals- Crossing
An overtaking situation exists when a vessel approaches
At night, the stand-on vessel sees the green sidelight of the give-way vessel, and the give-way vessel sees the red sidelight of the stand-on vessel.
Rule 34: Maneuvering and Warning Signals - Meeting
An overtaking situation exists when a vessel approaches
A meeting situation exists if two power vessels approach on reciprocal or near reciprocal courses.
Rule 35: Sound and Light Signals in Restricted Visibility
VESSELS UNDERWAY
Power-Driven vessel (making way) 1 PROLONG BLAST (2 min)
Power-Driven vessel (not making way) 2 PROLONG BLASTS (2 min)
Vessel Not Under Command, 1 PROLONG BLAST, 2 SHORT Restricted in ability to maneuver,Sailing vessels, Vessels fishing,Vessels constrained by draft
Vessels being towed 1 PROLONG BLAST, 3 SHORT
Piloting Vessel 4 SHORT BLASTS
Rule 35: Sound and Light Signals in Restricted Visibility
VESSELS NOT UNDERWAY
Vessel at anchor, less than 100 m 5 sec BELL (every 1 min)
Vessel at anchor, greater than 100 m 5 sec BELL/5 sec GONG (every 1 min)
Vessel at anchor 1 SHORT, 1 PROLONGED, 1 SHORT
(warns position and threat of collision)
Vessel aground, less than 100 m SSS/BELL/SSS (every 1 min)
Vessel aground, greater than 100 m SSS/BELL/SSS/GONG (every 1 min)
SSS = THREE SHORT STOKES
Vessel engaged in fishing at anchor 1 PROLONG, 2 SHORT (every 2 min)
Rule 35: Sound and Light Signals in Restricted Visibility
DANGER SIGNAL
5 or more short blasts on the whistle• indicates failure to understand intentions or actions
OR doubt that sufficient action to avoid collision is being taken
Quiz1.1. Identify the following vessel size, aspect, andIdentify the following vessel size, aspect, andcondition by it’s light scheme:condition by it’s light scheme:
Vessel is:Vessel is:>50 meters in length>50 meters in lengthBow aspectBow aspectRestricted in ability to maneuver,Restricted in ability to maneuver,Making wayMaking way
2. Identify the following vessel size, aspect, and2. Identify the following vessel size, aspect, andcondition by it’s light scheme:condition by it’s light scheme:
Vessel is:Vessel is:>50 meters in length>50 meters in lengthStarboard aspect(can tell this two ways)Starboard aspect(can tell this two ways)Trawler, making wayTrawler, making way
Quiz
Quiz3. Complete the following chart for lights:3. Complete the following chart for lights:
Length of vessel
>50m <50m,
>12m
<12m Incon. partly submerged
Masthead nm 5 nm* 2 nm
Side 3 nm 2 nm nm
Stern 3 nm nm 2 nm
Towing nm 2 nm 2 nm
All round 3 nm 2 nm nm White nm
Special FL1 2 nm 2 nm 2 nm
66
33
22
11
22 33
Quiz4. The following day shape signifies what?4. The following day shape signifies what?
A. A Really bad dayA. A Really bad dayB.B. Vessel Not Under CommandVessel Not Under CommandC.C. Fishing Vessel with gear extendedFishing Vessel with gear extendedD.D. Vessel Restricted in Ability to Maneuver, dredgingVessel Restricted in Ability to Maneuver, dredging
Quiz5. This Sailboat is being powered by what?5. This Sailboat is being powered by what?
A.A. SailSailB.B. WindWindC.C. OarsOarsD.D. MachineryMachinery
A.A. SailSailB.B. WindWindC.C. OarsOarsD.D. MachineryMachinery
1. Rule 2 states that vessels may depart from the Rules when:
A. it is convenient for both vessels involvedB. the maneuvers are entered in the deck logC. it is necessary to avoid immediate dangerD. None of the above
1. Rule 2 states that vessels may depart from the Rules when:
A. it is convenient for both vessels involvedB. the maneuvers are entered in the deck logC. it is necessary to avoid immediate dangerD. None of the above
Quiz
2. What is the definition of a Vessel Restricted in her ability to maneuver?
Restricted due to the nature of her work
Quiz
3. Under Rule 5 (lookout rule) a lookout is required at all times when underway.
A. TRUEB. FALSE
3. Under Rule 5 (lookout rule) a lookout is required at all times when underway.
A. TRUEB. FALSE
Quiz
4. Rule 6 (Safe Speed) lists all of the following considerations EXCEPT:
A. Traffic densityB. VisibilityC. Background LightsD. Economical speed of vessel
4. Rule 6 (Safe Speed) lists all of the following considerations EXCEPT:
A. Traffic densityB. VisibilityC. Background LightsD. Economical speed of vessel
Quiz