running water. rivers systems watershed land from which water runs off into streams (drainage...
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Running WaterRunning Water
Rivers SystemsRivers Systems
WatershedWatershed
Land from which water runs off into Land from which water runs off into streams (drainage basin)streams (drainage basin)
TributariesTributariesFeeder streams that flow into a mainFeeder streams that flow into a main
river.river.
Where were these Where were these located on our located on our watershed diagram?watershed diagram?
A few terms to know…..A few terms to know…..
DivideDivide-ridges or elevated regions of high -ridges or elevated regions of high ground that separate watersheds.ground that separate watersheds.
HeadwatersHeadwaters-- Beginning of a streamBeginning of a stream
VelocityVelocity-- Distance water travels over Distance water travels over timetime..
More terms to know….More terms to know….
DischargeDischarge- volume of water moved by a - volume of water moved by a stream within a given time.stream within a given time.
GradientGradient- steepness of a stream’s slope- steepness of a stream’s slope
Stream ErosionStream Erosion
channelchannelThe path that a The path that a stream followsstream follows
headward erosionheadward erosion
process of process of lengthening lengthening and and branching of branching of a streama stream
How old is that river?How old is that river?
Youthful riverYouthful river straight erodes rapidly V-shaped few tributaries has waterfalls and
rapids
Mature riverMature river
meandering meandering (winding)(winding)
slow erosionslow erosion U-shaped U-shaped lots of lots of
tributaries tributaries holds lots of holds lots of
waterwater
Old riverOld rivergradient and gradient and
velocity velocity decreasesdecreases
no more no more erosionerosion
more more meanderingmeandering
River BasinsRiver Basins
A river basin is the A river basin is the land that water land that water flows across or flows across or under on its way to under on its way to a rivera river. .
Large river basins Large river basins are made up of are made up of many smaller many smaller watershedswatersheds
LakesLakesA depression in the surface of the earth that A depression in the surface of the earth that
collects and holds watercollects and holds water
Which material would Which material would collect and hold water collect and hold water better: clay, sand, or better: clay, sand, or gravel?gravel?
Lake OriginsLake Origins Natural lakes originate in different ways in Natural lakes originate in different ways in
surface depressions and low areas.surface depressions and low areas.
Oxbow LakesForm when
streams cut off meanders and leave isolated channels of
water
Lake OriginsLake Origins
Landslide Lake
Stream flow is blocked by
sediment from
landslides
Lake OriginsLake Origins
Prehistoric LakesRemnants of prehistoric lakes that have receded to lower-lying areas
Glacial LakesBasins of these lakes formed as glaciers gouged out the land during the ice ages. Glacial moraines dammed the depression = moraine-dammed lakes
Lake Origins Lake Origins
Cirque Lakes Circular depression
carved out by a glacier carved high in the
mountains by valley glaciers.
Kettle or Pothole LakesBlocks of glacial ice left behind/blocked by rocks
that melt and leave a depression
Man Made LakesMan Made Lakes(Reservoirs)(Reservoirs)
Dammed rivers that Dammed rivers that create lakes create lakes
Used to create Used to create Hydroelectric power!Hydroelectric power!
Amount of dissolved oxygen helps determine Amount of dissolved oxygen helps determine quality of lake water and its ability to support lifequality of lake water and its ability to support life
EutrophicationEutrophicationProcess by which lakes become rich in nutrients Process by which lakes become rich in nutrients
from the surrounding watershed from the surrounding watershed
EutrophicationEutrophication
SourcesSources Wastes from IndustryWastes from Industry Wastes from Sewage Wastes from Sewage
SystemsSystems Pesticide/herbicide Pesticide/herbicide
runoff from farmsrunoff from farms Illegal dumpingIllegal dumping Leaking of storage Leaking of storage
tankstanks
TypesTypes Copper = leaching from Copper = leaching from
rock weathering, rock weathering, corrosion of pipingcorrosion of piping
Nitrates = Most common! Nitrates = Most common! Septic tanks, fertilizers, Septic tanks, fertilizers, organic wastes (poop)organic wastes (poop)
Phosphates = fertilizers, Phosphates = fertilizers, industrial wastesindustrial wastes
Chlorine = from Chlorine = from disinfectiondisinfection
What this mean for people…What this mean for people…
Copper = Can lead to liver damage or anemiaCopper = Can lead to liver damage or anemia Nitrates = starve body of oxygen – “cyanosis” = Nitrates = starve body of oxygen – “cyanosis” =
“blue baby syndrome” = occurs in infants who “blue baby syndrome” = occurs in infants who drink water contaminated with nitratesdrink water contaminated with nitrates
Phosphates = excessive amounts can cause Phosphates = excessive amounts can cause algal blooms in ponds/lakesalgal blooms in ponds/lakes
Chlorine = can combine with other compounds Chlorine = can combine with other compounds forming potentially carcinogenic compounds forming potentially carcinogenic compounds
(cancer causing compounds)(cancer causing compounds)
WetlandsWetlands
Land area that is Land area that is covered with water for covered with water for a large part of the a large part of the yearyear
AKA: bogs, marshes, AKA: bogs, marshes, swampsswamps
BogsBogs Receive water from Receive water from
precipitationprecipitation Soils tend to be rich in Soils tend to be rich in
SPHAGNUM = peat SPHAGNUM = peat mossmoss
Peat moss breaks down= Peat moss breaks down= acidic soilacidic soil
Acidic soil supports Acidic soil supports unusual plantsunusual plants
MarshesMarshes Form along mouths of Form along mouths of
streams and in areas streams and in areas with extensive deltaswith extensive deltas
Grasses, reeds, Grasses, reeds, sedges, rushes, and sedges, rushes, and abundant wildlifeabundant wildlife