running water: the major force of erosion acting on earth today. if it weren’t for the mountain-...
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Running water:
• The major force of erosion acting on Earth today.
• If it weren’t for the mountain-building activity of plate tectonics, Earth would be completely flat.
• Running water takes the form of rivers, groundwater, and glaciers.
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• Rivers are formed by the run off of higher elevations.
• Drainage Basin- the area of land from which a stream gets its water supply.
• As rivers flow over land they erode the landscape in 4 main ways:
• Abrasion- occurs when rock particles buff/scrape the bedrock.
• Attrition- occurs when particles in the water collide and break down into smaller pieces.
• Corrosion- is the dissolving of soluble materials (materials that are easily dissolved in water).
• Hydraulic Action- is the breaking down of rock by water pounding on it’s surface.
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• Streams transport material through traction- the rolling of larger sediments along the river bed.
• Saltation- is the bouncing of particles along the river bed.
• Suspension- is the carrying of smaller sediments in the water by turbulent flow.
• Solution- is the dissolving of materials in the water.
The erosion and transportation of material
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Classification of Rivers:
• Rivers evolve through a series of stages from youth to maturity to old age.
• Youthful Rivers:• dominated by vertical
erosion. This allows rivers to cut down into the landscape forming V-shaped valleys.
• Tend to be fairly straight• Have rapids and waterfalls• Have a turbulent flow
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Mature Rivers:
• Dominated by lateral erosion. This allows the river to widen the valley.
• Meanders begin to form
• The river is smoother and the flow more gentle.
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Old Age Rivers:
• Dominated by deposition and lateral erosion.• The meandering river has created a wide
floodplain (good for farming)• Oxbow lakes, back swamps, and natural levees
form• Deltas are found at the mouth of the rivers
where they enter large bodies of water.
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Oxbow Lake
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• Back swamps is the section of a floodplain where deposits of fine silts and clays settle after a flood.
• They are usually behind a stream’s natural levees.
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Delta
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Deltas:
• A landform that forms at the mouth of a river.
• This occurs where the fresh water of the river flows into the ocean, sea, lake, or reservoir.
• Deposition of sediment occurs as the river flow leaves the mouth of the river.
• Over long periods of time, this deposition builds the characteristic geographic patterns of a river delta.
• *Reminder* Deposition= the process by which sediments, sand, soils, and rocks are added (deposited) to a landform. (This process may transport the material via water, wind, or through mass wasting).