Rupert’s Land Consumer Behavior Inaugural Symposium Program

Winnipeg, Manitoba

May 22-23 2009

Program Chairs: Dr Kelley Main & Dr Fang Wan

2

2

History of Rupert’s Land: Inspiration for the Symposium Name On 2 May 1670 Charles II of England granted to the HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY a large portion of North America, named Rupert's Land in honour of Prince Rupert, the king's cousin and the company's first governor. This grant comprised the entire HUDSON BAY drainage system, which in modern geographical terms included northern Québec and Ontario north of the Laurentian watershed, all of Manitoba, most of Saskatchewan, southern Alberta and a portion of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. The company was to have a monopoly and complete control of the territory.

The HBC first established FUR TRADE posts around James and Hudson bays. In 1774 Samuel HEARNE established the first western inland post at CUMBERLAND HOUSE [Sask]. By 1870 there were 97 posts within the territory. HBC fur traders were responsible for many early travels, explorations and cartography in Rupert's Land.

By the 1850s the Canadian movement to annex Rupert's Land was gaining momentum, and provision was made in the BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT for its admission into Canada. On 19 November 1869 the company signed and sealed the deed of transfer surrendering its chartered territory to the Crown and the governments of Great Britain and Canada set the date of transfer for 1 December 1869.

Given our intent to link consumer behavior researchers in this geographic region, the name seems appropriate (thanks to Barbara Phillips for the suggestion).

Prince Rupert

3

3

Visions of the Rupert’s Land Consumer Behavior Symposium: Notes from the Co-chairs It has been our dream to organize a symposium like this, to connect Consumer Behavior researchers in prairie regions with a visible, executable and ongoing networking platform. We envision this symposium to be held annually and feature research from faculty and graduate students across from a variety of faculties and universities in prairie Canada and the US. We hope that this network will facilitate CB researchers in this region to connect to each other, to collaborate on research projects, to leverage our distinctive competencies, and to enhance our presence and visibility in consumer research in both Canada and the international arena. Together we can be stronger and able to venture into research programs which we would otherwise tiptoe around. With the support of our colleagues in the Marketing Department of the Asper School of Business at the University of Manitoba and suggestions from Tammi Feltham from the Department of Textile Sciences at the University of Manitoba, and Barbara Philips and Marjorie Delbaere at the Edwards School of Business at the University of Saskatchewan we are finally able to host the inaugural symposium. Lastly, we want to thank you, over twenty enthusiastic symposium participants, for agreeing to come to town and to share your research with us, especially with such short notice. We were so excited about organizing this, we could not wait any longer. Thank you all for making our dream come true. Enjoy every minute of this symposium, Kelley and Fang Winnipeg, Manitoba

4

4

Overview of Symposium Program (May 22)

May 21 Thursday, Incoming Guests arriving in Winnipeg May 22 Friday Inn at the Forks River Salon 900-930am Opening Remarks (Dr. Wan and Dr. Main)

930-1000am Social Marketing Campaigns Aimed at Preventing Drinking and Driving: A Review and Recommendations Anne M. Lavack, Paul J. Hill School of Business, University of Regina

1000-1030am The Influence of Analogies on Consumer Learning from Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising Marjorie Delbaere, Edwards School of Business, University of Saskatchewan

1030-1045 am

Coffee Break

1045-1115am Beyond Aspiration: A Characterization of Women’s Consumption of Fashion Advertising Barbara J. Phillips, Edwards School of Business University of Saskatchewan

1115-1200pm Roundtable Discussions Consumer Research that Makes My Heart Beat Faster: Developing Research Clusters Panelists: Ms Bourassa, Dr Carvahlo, Dr Feltham, Dr Delbaere, Dr Lavack, Dr Main, Dr Manchanda, Dr Philips, Dr Singh, Dr Wan, Dr Watson Panel hosts: Dr Wan, Dr Main

1200-100pm Lunch with address by Dean Feltham, Asper School of Business

115-145pm Consumer Entitlement Lisa Watson, Paul J. Hill School of Business, University of Regina

145-215pm Importance of Consumer Respect Maureen Bourassa, Edwards School of Business, University of Saskatchewan

215-230pm Coffee Break

230-430pm Mini Doctoral Student Research Idea Workshop (Part 1) 1) Self Views and Choices in Purchase Decisions Pingping Qiu, PhD candidate, Marketing, Asper School of Business 2) Consumer Response to Stereotype Threat Related to Dissociative Groups Mohammed El Hazzouri, PhD student, Marketing, Asper School of Business 3)Investigating the Cognitive Processes that Alter the Effectiveness of Product Placements Tamara Ansons, PhD candidate, Psychology 4) Feedback Panels hosted by Dr Wan, Dr Main and Dr Carvahlo

430-515pm Executive Meeting (Invited participants)

600pm Dinner at Kum-koon Garden, Private Room;

See Fang and Kelley to arrange transportation

5

5

Overview of Symposium Program (May 23)

May 23 Saturday University of Manitoba, Asper School of Business, Room 539 845-930

Breakfast

930-1000am Ruffling the Right Feathers When I am Around Others: The Role of Social Goals in Consumers’ Service Experience Fang Wan, Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba

1000-1030am The Manitoba Consumer Monitor Tammi S. Feltham, Faculty of Human Ecology, University of Manitoba

1030-1045 am

Coffee Break

1045-1115am The Ability of Different Sales Promotions to Withstand Consumer Suspicion: Which Ones are Rubber and Which Ones are Glue? Kelley Main, Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba

1115-1200pm Wine and Indian Consumers Satyendra Singh, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Winnipeg

1200-100pm Lunch

115-145pm Effect of Perceived Proximity on Perception of Avoidance of Health Risks Sergio Carvalho, Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba

145-230pm Expanding Our Boundaries Invited Address Utilizing fMRI for Neuropsychological Research: Facts, Fables, and Features Lee Baugh and Jonathan Marotta, Perception and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba

230-300pm Coffee Break

300-500pm Mini Doctoral Student Research Idea Workshop (Part 2) 1) Regret Mechanism and Interventions for Coping with Regret Wenxia Guo, PhD student, Asper School of Business 2) Consumer Response to Product Recalls: Attribution of Blame and Perception of Product Quality Etayankara Muralidharan PhD student, Asper School of Business 3) Same Culture Differences in Cultural Prohibition: Attitudinal factors that affect purchasing and consumption Hesham Fazel, PhD student, ,Asper School of Business 4) Got Family? The Influence of “Family” Identity on Customer Loyalty Jeremy Funk, PhD student, Asper School of Business 5) Feedback Panels hosted by Dr Wan, Dr Main, Dr Carvahlo and Dr. Bapuji

600pm Dinner at Sydney’s at the Forks, Forks Terminal;

See Fang and Kelley to arrange transportation

6

6

May 22, 2009 Inn at the Forks River Salon 830-930 Breakfast 900 -930 Opening Remarks

Fang Wan and Kelley Main, Conference Co-Chairs

930-1000 Anne M. Lavack, Paul J. Hill School of Business, University of Regina

Social Marketing Campaigns Aimed at Preventing Drinking and Driving: A Review and Recommendations

This paper examines the role of social marketing programs in preventing drunk driving, and how Protection Motivation Theory can be used to create effective anti drunk driving communications. Communication materials aimed at reducing drunk driving were identified and gathered from English-language websites from the U.S.A., Canada, U.K., Australia, and New Zealand, and a qualitative review was conducted. The review provides a description of the key themes and messages being used in anti drunk driving campaigns, as well as target population, campaign components, and sources of funding. A key facet of this study is the examination of the use of Protection Motivation Theory. The study demonstrates that elements of Protection Motivation Theory are being used in campaigns aimed at reducing drunk driving among consumers. 1000-1030 Marjorie Delbaere, Edwards School of Business, University of Saskatchewan The Influence of Analogies on Consumer Learning from Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising

There are many factors in today’s society contributing to an increase in the use of health care knowledge by

consumers, including direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising by pharmaceutical companies. The direct targeting of consumers with ads for prescription drugs has placed an enormous amount of information in the hands of consumers, many of whom lack the expert knowledge base required to adequately understand it. Proponents of DTC argue that the ads are educational. Opponents of DTC argue that the ads serve to medicalise normal conditions and influence prescribing behaviour. The following question remains to be answered: What are consumers actually learning from the ads?

The objectives of this research are: 1) to uncover what types of metaphors are used by consumers, advertisers and health care professionals to describe the medical conditions in the DTC ads; 2) to establish what consumers learn from DTC ads and whether the use of analogies in the ads facilitates or hinders learning; 3) to investigate the emotions elicited by DTC ads, and 4) to investigate the differences between experts and novices with respect to the use of metaphorical analogies in ads. The final objective of this research is 5) to investigate the phenomena for both life-threatening and non-life-threatening medical conditions. 1030-1045 Break 1045-1115 Barbara J. Phillips, Edwards School of Business University of Saskatchewan Beyond Aspiration: A Characterization of Women’s Consumption of Fashion Advertising

Discussions of women’s fashion advertising begin and end with the idea that such ads portray an ideal that consumers can aspire to emulate—or despair of achieving. This paper introduces a new way to look at fashion advertising grounded in what actual consumers do with actual fashion ads. To set the stage, a content analysis demonstrates that large numbers of fashion ads depart from the aspirational format. A survey shows that women have a distinct, more positive response to fashion ads, as compared to ads for other beauty products. Finally, interviews reveal five distinct modes of consuming fashion ads, only two of which play a role in extant theory. Discussion of how theories of consumer response to picture-dominated ads might gain from these findings concludes. 1115-1200 Roundtable Discussion Topic: Consumer Research that Makes My Heart Beat Faster:

Developing Research Clusters

7

7

1200-100 Lunch

115-145 Lisa Watson, Paul J. Hill School of Business, University of Regina

Consumer Entitlement

Consumer entitlement deals with consumers’ beliefs about what sort of lifestyles and associated possessions that they believe they deserve to have. This definition extends beyond that used by Boyd and Helms (2005), who develop a scale to measure consumer entitlement in a retail service context. Entitlement is most commonly studied as a component of narcissism, which relates to a general sense of personal superiority and self-importance. As an element of narcissism, entitlement refers to one’s expectation of entitlement to special treatment. There are, however, theoretical and empirical arguments to support studying entitlement as its own construct. Theoretically, it has been argued that recent generations have been raised to believe that everyone is special, and that this specialness is not necessarily equated with superiority. Empirically, there is evidence to indicate that, as a subscale of narcissism, entitlement correlates quite differently with other relevant psychological measures than narcissism’s other subscales. Consumers’ sense of entitlement may influence such things as increased consumer credit spending and mounting debt accumulation, escalating obesity rates, inflated lifestyle expectations, advertising message content, and consumer choice.

145-215 Maureen Bourassa, Edwards School of Business, University of Saskatchewan

Consumer Entitlement

In marketing, there is anecdotal evidence that “respect” is an important determinant of marketing relationship success (e.g., Berry 1996). The current relational paradigm that guides much of marketing research, thinking, and practice implies that marketing involves not only exchange between organizations and customers, but also relationships between people. Given this, variables such as respect are important. Yet, in marketing and in other relevant fields, there is neither agreement on respect’s definition nor a measure to capture respect’s complexity. In order to gain a more complete understanding of the reasons why certain marketing relationships succeed and fail, it is important to investigate the role of respect. The purpose of my research is to gain an understanding of (1) what respect means and how it can be measured in the context of marketing relationships, and (2) how respect (versus trust) impacts on the outcomes of those relationships. 215-230 Break 230-400 Graduate Student Presentations

230-245 Pingping Qiu, PhD candidate, Asper School of Business

Self Views and Choices in Purchase Decisions

This research proposes a theoretical framework for studying the impact of self views on consumers’ purchase decisions. Drawing from social and cognitive psychology and consumer research, it is proposed that threatening information in the advertising or purchasing contexts could shake consumers’ self views and trigger them to act in either a defensive or compensatory manner. Particularly we study how the self defensive or self-compensatory mechanism manifests itself in consumers’ product choices. We further study how high versus low self-esteem, independent versus interdependent self-construals and entity versus incremental theories of the self moderate the relationship between self threats and product choices. Experimental designs are employed to test the theoretical framework.

8

8

245-300 Mohammed El Hazzouri, PhD student, Asper School of Business Consumer Response to Stereotype Threat Related to Dissociative Groups

Consumer research suggests that consumers avoid selecting products that are associated with dissociative groups. Research in social psychology has demonstrated that people’s performance can be impaired when they face a stereotype threat. Building on those two research streams, we investigate how people react to a stereotype threat when the stereotype is related to a dissociative group. Using two empirical studies, we found that when participants were primed with gender stereotype and asked to perform a task stereotypically associated with women, men had worse performance, less performance satisfaction and enjoyment than women. When participants were reminded of the same stereotype, but were given an excuse to perform the same task, men and women did not have a significantly different level of performance, performance satisfaction and enjoyment. This research demonstrates that dissociative groups do not only negatively affect consumers’ product preferences but also affect their actual use of products. It also suggests that the effect of dissociative groups can be overcome by giving an excuse to consumers to use products associated with dissociative groups. 315-330 Tamara Ansons, PhD candidate, Psychology Investigating the Cognitive Processes that Alter the Effectiveness of Product Placements The use of product placements within all forms of media has been increasing at a rapid rate over recent years. However, despite the enthusiastic use of product placements, researchers have not determined conclusively whether or not product placements actually produce beneficial outcomes for featured brands. The goal of my dissertation will be to examine the fundamental cognitive processes that shape the effectiveness of a product placement event. I will discuss how I will examine the contribution of the content of the information remembered from a product placement and the impact of both explicit and implicit cognitive processes in altering the effectiveness of a product placement event. 335-430pm Three feedback panels hosted by Dr Main (Pingping’s presentation) Dr Carvahlo (Mohammed’s presentation) and Dr Wan (Tamara’s presentation) 430-500 Executive Planning Meeting (invited participants) 600- Dinner at Kum-koon Garden 257 King Street, Winnipeg, MB R3B 1J6, (204) 943-4655

9

9

May 23, 2009 University of Manitoba Asper School of Business, Room 539 Note Location Change, Transportation can be arranged. 845-930 Breakfast

930-1000 Fang Wan, Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba

Ruffling the Right Feathers When I am Around Others: The Role of Social Goals in Consumers’ Service Experience

This research examines a service context where personalized service can produce a backlash effect on consumers’ evaluations of the service encounter. Findings from studies 1 and 2 suggest that a relationship-oriented service approach is appreciated and rewarded by consumers only when such efforts (e.g., reminding customers of their past purchase patterns) do not jeopardize the pursuit of social goals (e.g., impression management in social settings). Potential strategies to remedy such negative service experiences, and the effectiveness of these strategies, are examined in studies 3 and 4.

1000-1030 Tammi S. Feltham, Faculty of Human Ecology, University of Manitoba

The Manitoba Consumer Monitor Considerable resources are devoted by firm and policy decision-makers to measure consumer attitudes towards food and health in the context of innovation and commercialization. Predominantly, one-off studies are undertaken on a sample of consumers or through an established consumer ‘panel’. While such approaches are a valid way in which to assess consumer attitudes at a particular point in time, they are less reliable in monitoring changes in attitudes over time. Repeated sampling of a known panel of consumers and analysis of changes in attitudes at the individual level through time enables baseline attitudes and relations to choice behaviour to be established and changes over time to be tracked across individual consumers or groups. This research program will establish a provincial longitudinal panel – the Manitoba Consumer Monitor – presenting an innovative approach to understanding consumer attitudes and perceptions towards food and health. 1030-1045 Break 1045-1115 Kelley Main, Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba The Ability of Different Sales Promotions to Withstand Consumer Suspicion: Which Ones are Rubber and Which Ones are Glue? The goal of the current work is to examine whether deceptive sales promotions lead to negative consumer responses and whether some types of promotions are more or less vulnerable to the negative effects of suspicion. In the first study, results demonstrated that EDLP sales promotions are capable of buffering the effects of suspicion whereas regular discounts are not. Further, the specificity of the deception and the type of promotion offered later on is not as important as the overall experience of deception. Study 2 replicates the findings for EDLPs and further demonstrates a negative effect on price match guarantees. The third and final study finds that free gift offers are similarly capable of buffering the effects of suspicion similar to EDLPs.

10

10

1115-1145 Satyendra Singh, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Winnipeg, Wine and Indian Consumers Wine is a sophisticated product and requires sophisticated marketing as preferences for wine are based on attitude and sometimes rooted in culture. The purpose of this study is to test the attitude model in a high-involvement situation to predict the consumer’s choice; i.e., drinking wine for pleasure or prescription. The attitude is conceptualized as a three-component model—affective (feelings), behavioral (response tendencies), and cognitive (beliefs). This study proposes that the behavioral component is the most significant predictor of consumers’ choices, followed by cognitive and affective components. Results based on data collected in India support this proposition. Findings of this study should enable marketing managers to assess effectiveness of the components of attitude, and thus position the product accordingly in the evolving Indian culture. 1200-100 Lunch 1115-145 Sergio Carvalho, Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba Effects of Perceived Proximity on Perception and Avoidance of Health Risks

With the number of food-related health crises increasing drastically, how to advertise health warnings such that they lead to an accurate perception of the risk and encourage risk-avoidance behavior is a challenge for public policy makers. Research has shown that people rely on subjective cues to assess level of risk, often leading to inaccurate assessments. This research examines the role of one such cue—perceived proximity of the origin of the risk. We demonstrate that when a threat of food contamination is higher, greater perceived proximity with the origin of the threat increases perceptions of risk and risk-avoidance behavioral intentions.

145-230 Expanding Our Boundaries Invited Address Lee Baugh and Jonathan Marotta, Perception and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba Utilizing fMRI for Neuropsychological Research: Facts, fables, and features Since its development in 1993, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become the dominant tool for investigating the link between brain and behaviour, due to its low invasiveness and wide availability. Despite this proliferation, there are a number of common misconceptions regarding the technique and its application. My talk will address both the basics of fMRI and its use, and the particular caveats that need to be considered when deciding if fMRI is right for your research. As a practical example, I will discuss my ongoing research utilizing fMRI to investigate visuomotor adaptation. This talk is hoped to serve as both a brief introduction to fMRI as a research tool, and as a starting point for those interested in adapting this exciting methodology to address their particular research questions. 230-300 Coffee Break 300pm-5pm Doctoral Student Research Idea Workshop (Part 2) 300-315pm Wenxia Guo, PhD student, Asper School of Business Regret Mechanism and Interventions for Coping with Regret Regret is an emotion that stems from comparing factual outcomes with outcomes had different choices been made. Upon purchasing a product, consumers may feel that rejected alternatives were better after all, thereby experiencing regret. It is essential for companies to manage this emotion and any spill-over on satisfaction given its importance in purchase decision making. In current study, I would like to investigate: (a) how varying sources of knowledge about superior forgone

11

11

alternative influence regret; and (b) how possible interventions that companies may provide help consumers to cope with regret. This research aims to contribute to regret-modulation and coping literatures, and provide practical strategies for containing customer regret over forgoing competing offerings. 320-335pm Etayankara Muralidharan PhD student, Asper School of Business Consumer Response to Product Recalls: Attribution of Blame and Perception of Product Quality Several well publicized product-harm crises in the recent past have threatened the brand equity of global firms and raised questions about the quality of products made in global supply chains. However, very little is known about post-recall attributions of blame and assessments of quality of hybrid products. Drawing on the research on country-of-origin image (COO) and attribution theory, we argue that consumers attribute higher blame and assign lower quality evaluations to products involving a company with weak image. Results from two experiments indicate that these attributions and assessments remain similar, irrespective of the role and responsibility of the company with weak image. 340-355pm Hesham Fazel, PhD student, Asper School of Business Same Culture Differences in Cultural Prohibition: Attitudinal factors that affect purchasing and consumption In this study we want to explore the cultural power of prohibition on consumers’ evaluation, purchase and consumption intentions. Guilt and embarrassment are social penalties that people might feel when they break cultures’ laws or values. Guilt is the feeling of responsibility of doing something wrong or not culturally or socially acceptable (Pratkanis, 2007) embarrassment is generated when someone sees himself/herself committing an act that will result a bad image or poor social judgment (Nelson, Brunel and Manchanda, 2006) ((Pratkanis, 2007). These two antecedent factors that might influence consumers to behave in certain way toward purchasing and consuming different products is the aim of this study’s investigation. We want to explore guilt and embarrassment as two causal factors that might generate culture prohibition on certain products which might drive consumers to avoid such products for not getting social feelings of guilt and embarrassment. The target is to study those two factors of prohibition using the context of Muslim’s culture to display the attitudes of Muslim consumers’ in evaluating, purchasing and consuming such products. We intent to categorize Muslim consumers into four types, Conservative, Moderate, Liberal, and Liberal-Radical to compare different evaluations and behaviours. 400-415pm Jeremy Funk, PhD student, Asper School of Business Got Family? The Influence of “Family” Identity on Customer Loyalty “Familiness is defined as the unique bundle of resources a particular firm has because of the systems interaction between the family, its individual members, and the business” (Habbershon & Williams, 1999:11). Craig, Dibrell & Davis (2008) assert that “family-based brand identity” constitutes one such “bundle of resources” insofar as it enhances consumer purchasing decisions because of the perceived attributes of the seller. The aim of this study is to investigate the following four research questions: (1) In what business domains is a firm’s “familiness” more or less likely to be invoked? Why these particular domains and not others? (2) In what ways is a firm’s “familiness” invoked in marketing the firm? (3) Assuming that a variety of different invoking strategies are deployed: (a) Are any methods more effective than others in terms of customer-perceived service brand equity and service quality? (b) Are any business domains more or less suited to self-identification as a family business in terms of sales activity? And (4) What is it about family business self-identification that attracts or deters customer patronage? 420-500pm Feedback Panels Dr Main (Wenxia Guo’s presentation) Dr Bapuji (Etayankara’ presentation) Dr Carvahlo (Hesham’s presentation) Dr Wan (Jeremy’s presentation) 600 Dinner, Sydney’s at the Forks, Forks Terminal

12

12

Participant List (those who were able to attend or wished they could have with more advance notice!) Last Name First Name Affiliation Email

Ansons Tamara University of Manitoba, Psychology umansons@cc.umanitoba.ca

Bapuji Hari University of Manitoba, Business Administration bapuji@cc.umanitoba.ca

Baugh Lee University of Manitoba, Psychology umbaughl@cc.umanitoba.ca

Bhatnagar Namita University of Manitoba, Marketing bhatnaga@ms.umanitoba.ca

Bourassa Maureen University of Saskatchewan, Marketing bourassa@edwards.usask.ca

Carvalho Sergio University of Manitoba, Marketing carvalho@cc.umanitoba.ca

Cismaru Magdalena University of Regina, Marketing Magdalena.Cismaru@uregina.ca

Delbaere Marjorie University of Saskatchewan, Marketing delbaere@edwards.usask.ca

Duncan Karen University of Manitoba, Family Sciences kduncan@cc.umanitoba.ca

El Hazzouri Mohammed University of Manitoba, Marketing mohammed_hazzouri@hotmail.com

Fazel Hesham University of Manitoba, Marketing umfazelh@cc.umanitoba.ca

Feltham Tammi University of Manitoba, Textile Sciences felthamt@cc.umanitoba.ca

Funk Jeremy University of Manitoba, Interdisciplinary bjfunk@mts.net

Guevarra Dianne University of Manitoba, Psychology umguevad@cc.umanitoba.ca

Guo Wenxia University of Manitoba, Marketing umguo7@cc.umanitoba.ca

Horne Lena University of Manitoba, Textile Sciences horne@cc.umanitoba.ca

Lavack Anne University of Regina, Marketing Anne.Lavack@uregina.ca

Li Jin North Dakota State University, Marketing Jin.Li@ndsu.edu

Main Kelley University of Manitoba, Asper kelley_main@umanitoba.ca

Manchanda Raj University of Manitoba, Marketing raj_manchanda@umanitoba.ca

Marotta Jonathan University of Manitoba, Psychology marotta@cc.umanitoba.ca

Muralidharan Etayankara University of Manitoba, Business Administration ummurale@cc.umanitoba.ca

Philips Barbara University of Saskatchewan, Marketing bphillips@edwards.usask.ca

Qiu Pingping University of Manitoba, Marketing umqiup@cc.umanitoba.ca

Singh Satyendra University of Winnipeg, Marketing s.singh@uwinnipeg.ca

Sivaramakrishnan Subbu University of Manitoba, Marketing subbu@ms.umanitoba.ca

Smith Malcolm University of Manitoba, Marketing mcsmith@ms.umanitoba.ca

Thompson Shirley University of Manitoba, Natural Resources Institute s_thompson@umanitoba.ca

Wan Fang University of Manitoba, Marketing wanf@ms.umanitoba.ca

Watson Lisa University of Regina, Marketing Lisa.Watson@uregina.ca

Zhang David University of Saskatchewan, Marketing zhang@edwards.usask.ca

Thank you again and see you next year!