Russia and the Republics

Warm-up 2/4- Make two conclusions based on the map below.

Landforms and Resources

Russia is the largest country in the worldMajor landforms

Northern European Plain The West Siberian Plain The Central Siberian Plateau The Russian Far East

Landforms and Resources

The Northern European Plain Lowland area Stretches over 1,000 miles from the western border of

Russia and the Republics to the Ural Mountains Chernozem- black earth- this is one of the worlds most

fertile soils Many of the regions agricultural areas are located

here Three of the region’s largest cities are located here:

Moscow (capital of Russia), St. Petersburg, and Kiev (capital of Ukraine)

Landforms and Resources

West Siberian Plain The Ural Mountains- they separate the Northern

European and West Siberian plains The West Siberian Plain lies between the Urals and

the Yenisey River and between the shores of the Arctic Ocean and the foothills of the Altay Mountains

Landforms and Resources

Central Siberian Plateau and Russia Far East Uplands and mountains are the dominant landforms Far East- volcanic ranges The Sakhalin and Kuril islands lie towards the south Russia seized the islands from Japan after WWII, but

Japan still claims ownership of the Kuril Islands

Landforms and Resources

Southern Landforms The Caucasus Mountains- stretch across the land and

separate the Black and Caspian seas Transcaucasia- republics or Armenia, Azerbaijan, and

Georgia Central Asia- Kazakhastan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,

Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan Turan Plain- lowland between the Caspian Sea and the

mountains and uplands of Central Asia Two major rivers- Syr Darya and Amu Darya Deserts- Kara Kum and Kyzyl Kum

Landforms and Resources

Rivers and Lakes Ob, Yenisey, Lena, and the Volga Rivers Caspian Sea Aral Sea- also a saltwater lake Lake Baikal- The deepest lake in the world

It holds 20% of the world’s fresh water

Drainage basins- an area drained by a major river and its tributaries Arctic Ocean, Caspian Sea, Pacific Ocean, Baltic Sea,

Black Sea, and Aral Sea basins

Landforms and Resources

Russia and the Republics have a great wealth of natural resources

Managing of the resources is difficult One challenge- transporting the resources from harsh

and distant regions Another challenge- how to use the resources without

damaging the environment in the process

Landforms and Resources

Natural resources Huge reserves of coal, deposits of iron ore, and other

metals Also the leading producer of oil and natural gas Petroleum deposits around the Caspian Sea Huge forests are home to 1/5 of the worlds timber

resources Powerful rivers make it a large producer of

hydroelectric power

Landforms and Resources

Resource management Harsh climates Rugged terrain Huge distances These all make it difficult to transport resources Arctic and Subarctic region- Siberia- businesses find it

difficult to attract workers to this region Damage to environment- mining, gas, and oil

operations have caused significant damage Russia’s hydroelectric plants have also caused damage to

plant and animal habitats

Climate and Vegetation

Major climate regions Humid continental Subarctic Semiarid desert

Climate and Vegetation

TundraForest SteppeDesert

Warm-up 2/5

Name three physical features that impact settlement in Russia and the Republics.

Vocabulary- Term, definition, and picture

ChernozemUral MountainsEurasiaTranscaucasiaSiberiaContinentallyTaigaRunoffTrans-Siberian

Road

Baltic Republics

CzarRussia

RevolutionUSSRCommand

EconomyCollective FarmRed ArmySupra

Silk RoadGreat GameNomadYurt CaucasusChechnyaNagorno-

KarabakhPrivatizationDistance Decay

1. What is the name of the region's westernmost lowland?

2. What mountain range separates Russia from Transcaucasia?

3. Why might a large part of the region's population live on the Northern European Plain?

4. What factor contributes to the dry conditions on the Turan Plain?

5. Why is the Volga one of the region’s most important rivers?

6. Why has resource management been a problem for the leaders in Russia and the Republics?

7. How can climate affect transportation?8. To what depths can permafrost extend in Russia and

the Republics?9. How does distance from the sea affect the region’s

climate?10.In what way is the climate of Transcaucasia unique?11.What are the major vegetation regions in Russia and

the Republics?12.How are climate and vegetation related?

Map Monday

• What is the purpose of a railway system?• How would this type of connection be

beneficial to Russia?

HEI Russia

Modification: changing of environment to make life easier for the people Adaptation: changing of people’s lives to better fit the environment Dependency: relying on the environment for survival Often interactions that take place now lead to negative effects later on.

Human Environment Interaction

Railway system developed to connect ports to interior of Russia Built across Siberian tundra to allow access to resources

Oil, coal, and metals

Tran-Siberian Railroad

Nuclear power plant explosion took place in 1986 Radiation poisoning is still affecting the area today

Chernobyl

Used to be world’s 4th largest land-locked body of water. Due to irrigation needs of the Soviet Union

Aral Sea Depletion

During the Cold War and WWII many new weapons were developed In order to guarantee their effectiveness, they needed to be tested Many repercussions are occurring still today from the testing of biological, nuclear, and chemical warfare.

WWII/Cold War Test Sites

Read about Anthrax Island and respond to the reflection questions.

Learning Task

Answer the questions on your warm-up paper based on the quote below.

We owe it to ourselves and to the next generation to conserve the environment so that we can bequeath our children a sustainable world that benefits all.

Warm-up 2/17

How does permafrost affect natural resources and HEI in Russia and the Republics?

Answer in 5 COMPLETE SENTENCES!

Early History

Controlled by Vikings in 9th CenturyTaken by Mongolians in 13th Century17th Century – Russian Empire one of the

greatest and largest in known world

Early 20th CenturyWWI (1914-1918)

Russia fights on side of Allies (GB, France, US)

Russian Revolution (1917)Forced Czar Nicholas II to give up

throneRussian Communist Party rises led by

Vladimir Lenin Strict government control of

government and society- based on ideas of Karl Marx

Soviet EraRussia becomes the USSR 1922Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsJoseph Stalin takes over after Lenin

WWII (1939-1945)fought Nazi Germany on side of Allies

Conditions in Soviet Union were increasingly worseGulag Labor CampsFalling economy

Soviet EraCold War (1945-1991)

Soviet Union set up communism in Eastern European neighbors

Fear of democratic governments that communism would spread world wide called Cold War because both sides competed for world influence with very little violence

Fall of CommunismFall of the Soviet Union occurred in

199115 different republics created12 joined the Commonwealth of

Independent States

Where in the World Wednesday?

Where in the World Wednesday?

St. Basil’s CathedralMoscow, RussiaBuilt in 1588 after Russia conquered

European lands.Modeled to look like flames rising from

the center of MoscowTaken from the Russian Orthodox

church under the rule of Communism

Warm-up 2/19

How was the Cold War fought?

Origins of the Cold War

U.S.-Soviet Relations to 1945

Allies in World War IIPostwar Cooperation – the

U.NSatellite States in Eastern

EuropeOccupation Zones in

GermanyIron Curtain

• Uneasy peace between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

• Competition for world dominance and global power. • Fought on political and economic fronts rather than on

military battlefields---------Even though the threat of war was always present.

• Defined America’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1989. • It affected domestic politics and how Americans viewed the

world and themselves. • Constant state of military preparedness and arms race

· Propaganda war----Democracy vs Communism· US policy: Support nations threatened by Communism

coldwar

NATO

CommunisticWarsaw Pact

CommunisticWarsaw Pact

The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of

the Cold War

The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of

the Cold War

map/cold war

Soviet Union/China and Allies……..

Democracy vs. Communism

Bi-Polarization of the World

US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies.

1950’s

The Cold War: Roots of the Conflict

Soviet Expansion:

· The Soviet Union occupied most of Eastern Europe by the end of World War II.

Satellite State

When a nation is under the control of another.

Ex. Part of Germany was under the control of the Soviet Union.

Other examples: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria

The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Truman Doctrine [1947]

1. Civil War in Greece.

2. Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.

3. The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.

4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]

1. “European Recovery Program.”

2. Secretary of State, George Marshall

3. The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

* The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.

map/cold war

Soviet Union/China and Allies……..

Containment: Stop the expansion of Communism in Asia and Europe

US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies.

1950’s

Communist ExpansionA Chronology of Events

Communist ExpansionA Chronology of Events

China1949

Soviet Union1918

Korean War1950 to 1953

Eastern Europe

1946

CONTAINMENT

Marshall PlanBerlin Airlift

NATOKorean War

Berlin Blockade 1947-

8

Focus on Berlin

After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops.

Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.

· In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.

Soviet blockade:

West Germany

East Germany

West Berlin

East Berlin

· In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade.

Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

· President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin.

Berlin Airlift

· At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived daily.

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

United States

Belgium

Britain

Canada

Denmark

France

Iceland

Italy

Luxemburg

Netherlands

Norway

Portugal

1952: Greece & Turkey

1955: West Germany

1983: Spain

Military alliance to counter Soviet expansion.

NATO

Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.

} Albania

} Bulgaria

} Czechoslovakia

} East Germany

} Hungary

} Poland

} Rumania

Soviet Union and satellite states rival alliance to NATO

NATO

• Mao Tse Tung, defeats Chang Kai Shek in the Chinese Civil War…..

• China became a communistic country. • Chang Kai Shak is exiled to Taiwan.

• Mao Tse Tung becomes the Communistic leader of China.

• US believed there was a communistic plot to rule the world

Mao Tse Tung

Chang Kai Shek

•1950 to 1953, North Korea invades South Korea.• North Korea was a

communist nation and South Korea was a

democracy.• First war of “containment” policy to stop communism

• “Police Action” not a declared war

• President Truman leads United Nations.

• General Douglas MacArthur commands US

and UN troops.• Called “forgotten war”.

Truman vs. MacArthur

• Truman fires General MacArthur when he advises

Truman he would use nuclear weapons against the

Chinese.

• Stalemate by 1953.• Pres. Eisenhower negotiated an

end to war• Divided at 38th parallel• Communism contained• Remains divided today

• Stalemate by 1953.• Pres. Eisenhower negotiated an

end to war• Divided at 38th parallel• Communism contained• Remains divided today

Spread of The cold War

atomic bomb

•The world would now live with the threat of nuclear war.

•Arms race between Soviet Union and U.S. who could build the most nuclear weapons.

•U.S. would use nuclear weapons as a “deterrent”

•Peace through strength……

•“nuclear diplomacy”

The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.

} Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

Brinkmanship

Belief that only going to the brink of war would protect the U.S. from going to war with the Soviet Union.

U.S. would threaten mass retaliation with Soviet Union in order to try to get them to back off.

Suez Crisis

Egypt’s president Gamal Abdel Nasser tried to construct a dam on the Nile River.

U.S. and Britain offered to pay for project but Nasser began communicating with Soviet Union and Recognized the People’s Republic of China.

Eisenhower administration withdrew its offer.

Suez Crisis

In Response, Nasser Nationalized the Suez Canal making it under government control.

Before it was managed by the British and French and protected with British armed forces.

This threatened the flow of Middle Eastern oil to Europe.

Suez Crisis

Britain and France teamed up with Israel to try to get the land back without consulting the U.S.

President Eisenhower did not like this and refused to support them.

As a result of lack of U.S. support, Britain, France, and Israel were forced to withdraw its troops.

u

Eisenhower Doctrine

Stated that the U.S. would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism.

CIACentral Intelligence Agency- 1947

Intelligence gathering organization.

1953 helped install a new government in Iran and in 1954 same thing in Guatemala

Both helped to place anticommunist leaders in power and also created long term resentment toward U.S.

The Race for SpaceThe Race for Space

1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I

Facts on Sputnik

• Aluminum sphere, 23 inches in diameter weighing 184 pounds with four steel antennae emitting radio

signals.• Launched Oct. 4, 1957

• Stayed in orbit 92 days, until Jan. 4, 1958

Effects on the United

States•Americans fear a Soviet attack with missile technology• Americans resolved to regain technological

superiority over the Soviet Union• In July 1958, President Eisenhower created

NASA or National Space and Aeronautics Agency

• 1958 --> National Defense Education Act

1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I

Atomic Anxieties:•“Duck-and-Cover Generation”

Atomic Testing:•Between July 16, 1945 and Sept. 23, 1992, the United States conducted 1,054 official nuclear tests, most of them at the Nevada Test Site.

Americans began building underground bomb shelters and cities had underground

fallout shelters.

Effects of Sputnik on United States

Cold War Technology

1948- Microwave

1946- Computer

1948- Hang Glider

1958- Nuclear Energy Plant

1960- Communications Satellite

1070s- Smoke Detector

1980s- Global Positioning System

Cold War at home

• Red Scare was Americans response to the fear of

Communism

• Senator Joseph McCarthy accused 205 US Govt.

officials of being Communist.

•McCarthyism to destroy or assassinate one’s

character without proof and it ruined the careers

of many Americans.

red scare

Became a witch hunt that led to Americans pledging a “loyalty oath” to the United

States…….

NATO

• Soviets detonate their first atomic bomb…..

• The question is raised, where did they get the technology the bomb?

• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg would be

accused of giving away atomic bomb secrets.

• Charged with espionage they would be found guilty

and executed in 1953.

• 1947 investigation led to prison sentences for contempt known as the Hollywood Ten.

• Blacklisted: a list of persons who are under suspicion, disfavor, or censure, or who are not to be hired, served, or otherwise accepted.

red scare3

McCarthyismClaimed 205 communists

working for State Department

Attacked wealthy & privileged—popular appeal

Even Eisenhower wouldn’t challenge him

Army hearings in 1954 televised McCarthy exposed as a bully

(“reckless cruelty”