Russian FederationRussian Federation

DemographicsDemographics

• Population: 146,001,176 (July 2000 est.)Population: 146,001,176 (July 2000 est.)• Rich in natural resources (oil, natural gas, coal, timber)Rich in natural resources (oil, natural gas, coal, timber)• Largest country in the worldLargest country in the world• Relatively isolatedRelatively isolated• Poor agricultural conditions Poor agricultural conditions • More than 100 ethnic groups and languagesMore than 100 ethnic groups and languages• 98% literacy rate98% literacy rate• Population below poverty line: 40% (1999 est.) Population below poverty line: 40% (1999 est.) • Narcotics issueNarcotics issue

Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD)Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD)• National, centralizedNational, centralized• Regular policing functionsRegular policing functions• Militarized arm (Internal Troops)Militarized arm (Internal Troops)• State automobile inspectorateState automobile inspectorate• Fire departmentsFire departments• Prisons (recently transferred to Min Prisons (recently transferred to Min

Just)Just)• 700-800,000700-800,000• Future overseer, regulatory role?Future overseer, regulatory role?

Constant State of FluxConstant State of Flux• 6 ministers, 10 years6 ministers, 10 years

• New Law on Police New Law on Police

• Restructuring MVDRestructuring MVD

• Currently, central MVD + ministries in each Currently, central MVD + ministries in each republic (89) + local, regional GUVD republic (89) + local, regional GUVD

• MVD too centralized + too fragmentedMVD too centralized + too fragmented

• Leadership at all levels politicizedLeadership at all levels politicized

New StructureNew Structure• 3 new agencies3 new agencies• National Police ForceNational Police Force

• Serious crime, public order dutiesSerious crime, public order duties

• Special forces branches (OMON), special Special forces branches (OMON), special motorized police battalions (every city, large motorized police battalions (every city, large town)town)

• Traffic policeTraffic police

• Centrally-commanded/funded, paramilitaryCentrally-commanded/funded, paramilitary

• Municipal militias (minor offenses, registration)Municipal militias (minor offenses, registration)• better pay, own SWAT unitsbetter pay, own SWAT units

• Federal Investigations ServiceFederal Investigations Service• Kind of ‘Russian FBI’ Kind of ‘Russian FBI’

• Investigative forcesInvestigative forces

• Organized Crime ControlOrganized Crime Control

• Counter-NarcoticsCounter-Narcotics

• Internal affairs Internal affairs

• Special forces unitsSpecial forces units

• National GuardNational Guard• Based on current Internal Troops (VV)Based on current Internal Troops (VV)

• Fully militarized mechanized security Fully militarized mechanized security forceforce

• Likely to number 170,000Likely to number 170,000

• Retrained to handleRetrained to handle

• Public orderPublic order

• Counter-insurgency operations (Chechnya)Counter-insurgency operations (Chechnya)

Crime StatisticsCrime Statistics• Number of Registered Crimes (2002)Number of Registered Crimes (2002)

• Total – +3 millionTotal – +3 million• Murder – 32,285 Murder – 32,285 • Aggrav. assault – 58,469 Aggrav. assault – 58,469 • Rape – 8,117Rape – 8,117• Theft – 1,141,134Theft – 1,141,134• Robbery – 214,319Robbery – 214,319• Burglary – 612,666Burglary – 612,666• Auto theft – 47,448Auto theft – 47,448

New Criminal Procedure CodeNew Criminal Procedure Code• 48 hr. max. detention w/o judge (prev. 1 48 hr. max. detention w/o judge (prev. 1

yr.)yr.)• Prev. detention max. 1 yr (serious), 6 mos. Prev. detention max. 1 yr (serious), 6 mos.

(less serious)(less serious)• Rt. to order arrests, searches, wire taps Rt. to order arrests, searches, wire taps

transferred to judges from prosecutorstransferred to judges from prosecutors• Evidence dismissed w/o proper warrantEvidence dismissed w/o proper warrant• Rt. to lawyer immed.Rt. to lawyer immed.• Trial in absentia outlawedTrial in absentia outlawed• Traffic fines paid by bank transferTraffic fines paid by bank transfer

Russian Prison SystemRussian Prison SystemTypes of Facilities Types of Facilities

• 184 Pre-Trial Detention Centers (SIZO)184 Pre-Trial Detention Centers (SIZO)• 64 Educational Juvenile Colonies 64 Educational Juvenile Colonies

• incl. 3 for girlsincl. 3 for girls• 739 Correctional Colonies (adults)739 Correctional Colonies (adults)

• incl. 37 women’s (10 children’s homes)incl. 37 women’s (10 children’s homes)• max., med., min.max., med., min.

• 13 Prisons (for violation of rules in 13 Prisons (for violation of rules in Correctional Colonies)Correctional Colonies)

Russian Prison SystemRussian Prison SystemBasic StatisticsBasic Statistics

• 976,000 inmates in all types (2002)976,000 inmates in all types (2002)• Includes:Includes:

• 747,000 in Correctional Colonies747,000 in Correctional Colonies• 18,600 in Juvenile Colonies18,600 in Juvenile Colonies• 229,000 in SIZO229,000 in SIZO

• 86,000 infected with Tuberculosis 86,000 infected with Tuberculosis • 22,000 infected with HIV22,000 infected with HIV

Russian Prison SystemRussian Prison System• Basic ProblemsBasic Problems

• Under-fundedUnder-funded• Food, medicine, fuel Food, medicine, fuel • Provided only 60% of needed budgetProvided only 60% of needed budget

• Overcrowding Overcrowding • Correctional Colonies – 110%Correctional Colonies – 110%• Colonies housing TB patients – 145%Colonies housing TB patients – 145%

• must house among the healthymust house among the healthy

• Colonies for those with life sentences – 105%Colonies for those with life sentences – 105%• Adequate workAdequate work• Susceptible to organized crimeSusceptible to organized crime

Jury TrialsJury Trials• Instituted 1864; abolished 1917Instituted 1864; abolished 1917• 1992 reinstituted under Yeltsin1992 reinstituted under Yeltsin• Judge + 2 lay assessors, 3 judges, judge + 12Judge + 2 lay assessors, 3 judges, judge + 12• Jury acquittals > tribunalJury acquittals > tribunal• FeaturesFeatures

• Time limit – max. 3 hrs deliberate – if no Time limit – max. 3 hrs deliberate – if no consensus, 7-5 maj.; 6-6 = not guiltyconsensus, 7-5 maj.; 6-6 = not guilty

• Voir dire (screening potential jurors) not extensiveVoir dire (screening potential jurors) not extensive• Not using plea bargainingNot using plea bargaining

Death PenaltyDeath Penalty• 1962 – 1989 1962 – 1989

• 24,500 sentenced to death24,500 sentenced to death• +21,000 executed (approx. 730/yr.)+21,000 executed (approx. 730/yr.)

• 1989 – 19921989 – 1992• 470 people sentenced; 228 executed470 people sentenced; 228 executed

• 1993 – 1995 1993 – 1995 • 10/yr.10/yr.

• Currently – death penalty Currently – death penalty moratoriummoratorium