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Russian Federation Russian Federation. Russian Federation. Area : 17 million sq km (~2x the size of US) Capital : Moscow Population : 139 million (~1/3 size of US) Literacy rate : 99% Life expectancy : 66 yrs (~12 yrs younger than US) Independence : 1991 Constitution : 1993. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Russian Federation Russian Federation

Russian FederationRussian Federation

Page 2: Russian Federation Russian Federation

Russian Federation

• Area: 17 million sq km (~2x the size of US)• Capital: Moscow• Population: 139 million (~1/3 size of US)• Literacy rate: 99%• Life expectancy: 66 yrs (~12 yrs younger than US)• Independence: 1991• Constitution: 1993

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National Pop Growth: resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a countryAverage: -0.47%

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11 Time Zones

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Geographic Setting

• Geographic Setting– Largest country in world– Majority of country is north of 49th degree latitude

(U.S. – Canada border)– Abundance of Natural Resources that exist in

inhospitable or inaccessible geographic locations• oil, natural gas

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Early Tsarist Rule

• First tsars/czars were princes of Moscow who cooperated with Mongol rulers in the 13th century

• “Tsars” = “Caesars” of ancient Rome

• Autocratic to protect themselves against invasion and attack

• Tsars official head of Eastern Orthodox Church, political and religious leaders

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“Western” Tsars

• Peter the Great– Ruled late 17th and early 18th century– Introduced western technology and culture to

Russia

• Catherine the Great– Late 18th century– “Enlightened Despot” – interested and read

Enlightenment ideas, she ruled absolutely but with the good of the people in mind

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19th Century

Alexander II – Freed Russian serfs– Set up regional zemstvas (assemblies)

• Alexander III reacted to assassination by undoing reforms and intensifying efforts of secret police

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Lenin and the Bolsheviks

• Mensheviks – Russian Marxists who believed that socialist revolutions would first take place in industrialized countries such as Germany and England, Russians would have to wait to modernize

• Vladimir Lenin – Communist who disagreed with Mensheviks, he argued for democratic-centralism, or a “vanguard” leadership group to lead the revolution in the name of the people

• Bolsheviks – followers of Lenin, practice Marxism-Leninism, took control of Russian government in late 1917 (October Revolution).

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Lenin & Bolsheviks continued

• 1918 civil war broke out in Russia between the White Army, led by Russian military leaders and backed by the Allies, and the Red Army led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks. Red Army victorious.

• New Economic Policy (NEP) – instituted by Lenin following civil war, allowed for a great deal of private ownership to exist under a centralized leadership

• 1922 Lenin becomes first Premier (head of government) of Soviet Union

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Stalin: Man of Steel

• Ally of Lenin; fought in Red Army• Lenin appointed Stalin as General Secretary in 1922• Soon after, Lenin suffered stroke; Lenin grew

disillusioned with Stalin and criticized his ambition and drive for excessive power

– Stalin controlled job appointments so that eventually everyone owed their position to him

• General Secretary of the Party became the de facto leader of the country up until Gorbachev

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Stalinism

• Stalin places Communist Party (CPSU) at center of control– Nomenklatura – process of selecting individuals from

lower levels within party (Kept a file for anybody who was somebody)

– Central Committee: group of 300 party leaders = top government officials

– Politburo: group of 12 men from the Central Committee who ran the country, all government agencies and departments at their disposal

– General Secretary: head of the Politburo, “dictator” of the country (Stalin was General Secretary from 1927–1953)

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Stalinism

• Collectivization & Industrialization– Replaced the NEP with “collective farms”– Private land ownership abolished– Five-Year Plans: ambitious goals for production of heavy

industry such as oil, steel, and electricity– Gosplan: Central State Planning Commission, in charge of Five-

Year Plans, became the center for the economy, determined production and distribution of all goods

• Stalinism –collectivization and industrialization, carried out by central planning, executed with force and brutality

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Stalin’s Foreign Policy

• Primary concern internal development

• Signed Non-Aggression Pact with Nazi Germany in 1939

• After Nazis invade Soviet Union in 1940, Stalin joins the Allies

• Red Army drives Nazis out of SU

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The Purges

• Execution of millions of Soviet citizens

• Stalin obsessed with disloyalty

• Generals, Central Committee members, and Politburo officials purged as a result of Stalin’s paranoia (Trotsky)

• Legitimacy: standard of living increases under Stalin; jobs, retirement benefits, roads, electricity

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Khrushchev

• Succeeds Stalin– Decentralization of economic decision-making– Lessens censorship– Diplomatic/military failure of the Cuban

Missile Crisis leads to removal as General Secretary

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Brezhnev

• Succeeds Khrushchev – Hard-line, conservative member of Communist party– Ends reforms– Détente

• Easing of relations with US

– Détente ends with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979

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Gorbachev

• Takes over as General Secretary in the mid-1980’s• Younger generation• Educated, more “westernized” then previous leaders• Initiates a wave of reforms:

– Glasnost

– Perestroika

– Demokratizatsiia

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Glasnost – “Openness”

• Open criticism of government and policies– Open market relations– Pragmatic economic policy– Less secretive government

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Perestroika – “Restructuring”

• Loosened controls of the Comm Party• Economic Restructuring

– Modernization– Transfer economic power from central government to

private hands and market economy• Authorization of privately owned companies• Penalties for under-performing state factories• Price reforms• Encouragement of joint ventures with foreign companies• Leasing of farm land outside the collective farms

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Demokratizatsiia

• Gorbachev wanted to insert some democratic characteristics into the old Soviet structure

• Maintain Communist Party control• Reforms included:

– New Congress of People’s Deputies w/ directly elected representatives

– New position of “President” selected by Congress• Increasing levels of displeasure w/ govt from both liberal and

conservative members of Communist Party

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Failed Revolution of 1991 (that actually ends up being kind of successful)

• Led by “Conservatives” (those opposed to Gorbachev’s reforms)– Head of the KGB (NSA of SU)– Top military advisers

• Gorbachev arrested by conspirators• Boris Yeltsin, who was democratically elected President

(Gor. was PM and favored a diff. pres. Candidate), denounces the coup

• Gorbachev restored to power, but by December 1991 eleven Soviet republics declare independence

• Gorbachev officially announces dissolution of SU

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Boris Yeltsin

• Radical– Attempts “western-style” democracy

• “Shock Therapy” economic reforms (Immediate market economy)– Economy does not respond– Conflict between Yeltsin and the Duma

• Hires/fires numerous PMs• Alcoholic & frequently ill; erratic political

behavior• Resigns

– Vladimir Putin, Yeltsin’s PM, takes over and wins the 2000 & 2004 elections

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Putin and Medvedev

• Putin– President 2000-2008– Aggressively contained oligarchs’ power– Centralized power

• Medvedev– Elected Pres in 2008– Putin serves as PM

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The Russian State

• Presidency

• Prime Minister

• Legislature

• Bureaucracy

• Oligarchy

• Judiciary

• Military

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Legitimacy

• Low, partly because changes are a drastic departure from the past

• Recent evidence that country is stabilizing under Putin.

• Putin uses authoritarian strategies to solidify Russia’s weak, illiberal democracy

• Historically Russia’s political legitimacy has been based on strong, centralized, autocratic rule:

– Tsars

– Communist rule

• Democratic-Centralism: rule by a few for the benefit of the many• Stalinism changed the regime to totalitarianism

• Constitution of 1993 – provided for a strong president, although power of the president can technically be checked by popular elections and the Duma

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Semi-Presidential

• Powers of the President• Appoints the prime minister and cabinet – Duma must

approve prime minister’s appointment, if they reject the president’s nominee three times, the president may dissolve the Duma

• Issue decrees that have force of law – Cabinet has great deal of power, Duma can not censure Cabinet according to Constitution of 1993

• Dissolve the Duma – done by Yeltsin during legislative coup attempt of 1993

– Prime Minister: relationship between PM and President unclear, but no vice-president so if anything happens to president the PM assumes the office

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Bicameral Legislature

• Duma– Lower House– 450 deputies– Chosen by proportional

representation • Passes bills, can override

pres veto• Confirms president’s

political appointments• Can call for a vote of no-

confidence in PM– Pres can ignore until 2nd

vote

– Most legis introduced by pres

• Federation Council– Upper House

– 2 per 89 regions• 1 selected by governor, 1 selected by

regional legis

– Does not make legis

– Approve budget and tax bills

– Power to delay legislation• On paper, Federation Council

can change boundaries of republics, ratify use of armed forces, and appoint and remove judges. These powers have yet to be used.

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Judiciary

• Supreme Court– Created by 1993 Constitution– Serves as final court of appeals in criminal & civil cases

• Constitutional Court– Created by 1993 Constitution– 19 members– Appointed by president and confirmed by Federation

Council• Rule of Law

– Judiciary not very independent– Presumption of innocence not followed– Corruption serious problem

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Military

• Suffered significant humiliation from the late 1980’s to early 21st century– Withdrawal from Afghanistan– Defeated by Chechen guerrillas in 1994-

1996 conflict– Often ill-equipped, Russian soldiers had to

feed themselves and went unpaid for months– Mixed success in Georgian conflict

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Political Institutions• Although the Soviet Union was highly centralized, it still

maintained a federal government structure• Current regime consisting of 89 regions, 21 of which are

ethnically non-Russian by majority» 21 republics » 48 oblasts » 6 Krais » 10 autonomous regions » 1 autonomous oblast » 2 federal cities

• Each region bound by treaty to Federation, not all have officially signed on (Chechnya)

• Many republics ruled themselves independently, but Putin cracked down

• Putin ended direct election of regional governors, now nominated by president and confirmed by regional legislatures

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Voting

• Referendum– Pres can call for national vote on important issues

• Duma Elections– 450 seats

• Used to be half SMD, half proportional

• Now all proportional, party must get 7% to get any seats

• Presidential Elections– Law restricts ability of small, regional parties to gain reps

– Questions abt honesty

– Putin and Medvedev won with wide majorities

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Russian Political Parties

• Began forming after Revolution of 1991• Some formed around particular leaders• Some formed around particular issues

– Agrarian Party

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United Russia

• Merger between “Fatherland All-Russia” Party and the “United Party of Russia”– United Party put together by oligarch Boris Berezovsky

and other business leaders to support Putin• United Russia won 221/450 Duma seats in 2004• Putin won re-election in 2004 as United Russia candidate• Hard to define other than that it is pro-Putin

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Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF)

• 1995 elections held 157/450 Duma seats• After parliamentary election of 2003 only retained 51

Duma seats• Party is less reformist than other parties

– Opposed the reforms initiated by Gorbachev• Emphasizes central planning and nationalism• Would like to see Russia regain territories it lost after SU

dissolution

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Liberal Democratic Party

• Controversial party• Headed by Vladimir Zhirinovsky

– Extreme nationalist– Anti-semitic– Sexist– Said he would use nuclear weapons on Japan if he were

elected• 2000 presidential election, he received 2.7% of vote• 11% of vote in 2003 Duma elections (won 37 seats)

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Reformist Parties

• Yabloko– Supported by

intellectuals

– Pro-democracy

– 2007, no seats in Duma b/c did not meet 7% threshold

• Union of Right Forces– Free market

– Supports further privatization

– 2007, no seats in Duma b/c did not meet threshold

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Media

• Pravda was official newspaper of SU– Propaganda tool

• Today, press is “free”– Most stories are tabloid level

– Press access to govt limited

– All major TV stations owned by govt

– Mysterious deaths of several journalists

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Interest Groups• Oligarchy

– Tied closely with the Yeltsin family

– By mid-1990s monopolized Russian industry and built huge fortunes

– Dominant in oil, media, and television industries

– Helped Yeltsin win 1996 election

– Created and financed the Unity Party in 2000 and got Vladimir Putin elected

– Putin arrested some for tax fraud

• Russian Mafia

– Larger and perhaps even more influential than the oligarchy

– Initially involved in underworld crime

– During Revolution of 1991 gained control of businesses, natural resources, and banks

– Kleptocracy• Money laundering, drugs,

prostitution, and business payoffs (“protection money”)

– Includes former members of the KGB

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Public Policy

• The Economy– Heart of the Soviet demise in 1991– In 1997 economy collapsed when government defaulted

on billions of dollars of debts– Russian stock market lost half its value, threatened

global markets as well– Ruble lost value rapidly, by 2002 it took more than

30,000 rubles to equal one dollar– Overall economy saw slight improvements in 1999–

2000– In 2004 the economy grew 7%, and standards of living

improved, first sign that the Russian economy was starting to thrive again

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Foreign Policy

• Relations with Former Republics– Confederation of Independent

States (CIS)– Russia is the clear leader of

organization– Is not nearly as successful,

economically and politically, as the EU

– Bonded together by trade agreements

– Tensions of nationality issues– Putin’s meddling in Ukrainian

election of 2004 was cause for concern

• Relations with the World– Adjustment period for Russia

following Cold War and loss of superpower status

– Offered aid and foreign investment by U.S.

– Accepted into the G-7 (now known as G-8)

– UN Security Council permanent member

– Russia set to join the WTO in July 2007

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Cleavages

• Political parties (liberal v conservative)

• Nationality/Ethnicity

• Religion

• Class

• Rural v Urban

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Languages:•Russian•Ukranian•Belarusian•Hungarian, Urgic•Turkic, Mongolic•Chechen, Georgian

Nationality•Russian•Tatars, Ukrainians, Armenians, Chuvases, Bashkis, Byelorussians, Moldovians

•Georgia•Chechnya

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Nationality

• Nationality cleavages determine the organization of the country into autonomous regions, republics, and provinces

• Many ethnic groups would like to have their independence, but are enticed by trade benefits

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Conflict

• Chechnya• Primarily Muslim• Contains some valuable resources

(oil)• Independence movement is strong• Chechens have reverted to

terrorist tactics– Took heavily attended theater

hostage– Seized a school that resulted in

the deaths of over 350 people, mostly children

• Georgia– Russia invaded in 2008

• Russia has recognized the independence of two regions in the Caucas Mountains

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Religious Cleavages

• Russian (Eastern) Orthodox under the tsars• All religions prohibited during the SU rule• Today:

– Russian Orthodox 15-20%– Muslim 10-15%– Other Christian 2%

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Citizens, Society, and the State

Social Class• Russian society much more egalitarian than western

societies, with 2 exceptions:– Nomenklatura: elite Communist party members (was not based on

economic background)

– Business Oligarchy: emerged during Yeltsin’s regime, often former KGB and party leaders, granted favors by Yeltsin government to promote business. Putin has charged with tax evasion/other offenses, then companies go bankrupt, then state takes over

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Rural vs. Urban Life

• 73% of all Russians live in urban settings, usually in west

• All Russians hit hard by recent economic woes of the post-Cold War Russia

• Urban residents tend to be more educated and in touch with western culture

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Beliefs and Attitudes

• Mistrust of Government – result of treatment and govt secrecy during tsarist and Soviet regimes

• Statism –Russian citizens expect the state to take active role in their lives

• Economic Beliefs – nearly all groups and political factions favor market reforms

• Westernization - “Slavophile vs. Westernizer” – some political parties emphasize nationalism, Russian interests, and Slavic culture; others emphasize reform, and integration of Russia into world economy

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Political Participation

• During Soviet rule political participation was forced, and therefore was close to 100%– Gorbachev’s reforms created competitive elections in the Soviet Union

that followed through to the Russian Federation– Presidential voter turnout has declined from 75% in 1991 elections to

less than 65% for the 2004 elections

• Underdeveloped civil society– Only 1% of Russia’s citizens report being a member of a political party– Few Russians are members of clubs, churches, or cultural groups