russian revolution, or don’t tell me that
TRANSCRIPT
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Russian Revolution, or Don’t Tell Me That History is Boring
Romanovs, Rasputin, and
Lenin
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Part I: The Reign of Nicholas II
Czar Nicholas II and Czarevitch (Crown Prince) Alexei
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The Czar and Family
• Czar Nicholas II• Czarina Alexandra
• Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia
• Czarevitch (Crown Prince) Alexei
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Czar’s Naiveté
• Thought Russia faced no serious threats
• Thought all Russians loved him as their “little father.”
• Shy, quiet man, isolated from society
• Czarina Alexandra domineering
• Czarevitch Alexei had hemophilia
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A Politically Unstable Russia
• Nicholas II absolute monarch
• Middle class liberals wanted constitutional monarchy
• National minorities (e.g., Poles, Lithuanians) wanted independence
• Peasants wanted land • Factory workers wanted
better working conditions“The Tsar, the Priest, and the Rich Man on the Shoulders of the Laboring People”
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Part II: The 1905 Revolution
“Bloody Sunday”--1905
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“Bloody Sunday”--1905• Father Gapon led
peaceful march through St. Petersberg to Czar’s Winter Palace.
• Workers wanted constitution, better conditions, unions
• Thought Czar was their friend and would protect them
• Palace guards fired on workers, killing hundreds
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1905 Revolution
• Sparked by “Bloody Sunday”
• Riots throughout Russia
• Workers struck, soldiers and sailors mutinied, peasants burned and looted
• Russia completely shut down
• Czar isolated
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The First Soviets• Radicals organized
workers, peasants, and soldiers into soviets(councils)
• Grassroots committees spread revolutionary ideas
• “All Power to the Soviets!”
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The Duma• Czar created Duma
(parliament) in response
• Guaranteed freedom of conscience, speech, assembly, and press
• Between 1906 and 1916, Czar shut down 4 Dumas
• Czar kept his autocratic control
Czar Nicholas II
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Stolypin’s Reforms
• Prime Minister 1906 to 1911
• Gave land to millions of landless peasants
• Assassinated in 1911 by anarchists
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Part III: World War I in Russia
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WWI in Russia• Russia not prepared for
war
• Nicholas II led troops from front—bad idea
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The Russian Army
• Huge losses to Germans—170,000 at the Battle of Tannenberg alone
• Poor transportation• 1915—no more
rifles, used clubs• 15 million
mobilized by end of war
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Nicholas at Front, Rasputin at the Court
• Czarina Alexandra controlled the day-to-day running of Russia
• Influenced by Rasputin, illiterate, adulterous monk
• Only person who could stop Alexei’s bleeding
• Engaged in wild orgies with members of court
• Life in Petrograd (St. Petersberg) became out of control with scandal after scandal
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Death of Rasputin• Betrayed by disciple,
Prince Yussoporov• Given cakes and wine
laced with cyanide• Then shot with revolver
• Then knifed, kicked, clubbed
• Finally, stuffed in hole in ice in River Neva
• Coroner: death from drowning
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Discontent
• People in cities had no food
• Peasants --no markets for food
• Average war losses—30,000 per month
• Thousands of troops deserting per month
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Destruction During WWI
• 1,650,000 dead; 3,850,000 wounded; 2,410,000 taken prisoner
• Billions $ lost in loans, damage, expenses
• Huge loss of territory to Germany with Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russian prisoners after defeat in East Prussia
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Part IV: The February Revolution (March 1917)
Alexander Kerensky, Provisional Government
Vladimir Lenin, Bolsheviks
Vs.
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The Women’s March• Thursday, February 23,
women demonstrated in Petrograd
• Demanded “bread and peace”
• Became a revolt• Factory workers,
soldiers and sailors joined
• Chanted “down with the monarchy,” “peace now,” “bread for all”
• Joined by some members of Duma
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The Petrograd Soviet
• Became center of authority in revolutionary Russia
• Soviets all over Russia sent representatives to Petrograd
• Executive Committee of Petrograd Soviet took charge
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The Provisional Government• Formed by Duma• Purpose: restore order,
continue the war• Goal: create
constitutional monarchy
• Competed with Petrograd Soviet for control
Women’s battalion, defending Provisional Government, near the Winter Palace in Petrograd, 1917
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Czar Abdicates, March 2
• Czar out of touch at front
• Czar’s train blocked from returning to Petrograd by workers
• Abdicated (gave up power) to brother Michael
• Michael refused; Romanov dynasty ended
Grand Duke Michael
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Alexander Kerensky
• Leader of Provisional Government
• Democratic socialist• Went to school with Lenin as
a boy• Key decision: keep Russia in
war, don’t give land to peasants
• Clashed with Petrograd Soviet
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Part V: Lenin and the Great October Revolution (November
1917)
Vladimir LeninLeon Trotsky
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Lenin’s Leadership• Real name: Vladimir
Ilyich Ulyanov• Exiled in Switzerland;
smuggled back to Russia by Germans
• Lenin’s Bolsheviks (“majorityists”) vs. Mensheviks (“minorityists”)
• Lenin only let career revolutionaries join; Mensheviks wanted everyone to join
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Peace, Land, and Bread
• All power to the soviets of workers, peasants, and soldiers!
• Peace (for soldiers), land (for peasants), bread (for workers)
• Great speaker
• Gained support from common people
• Lost support from other parties and Mensheviks
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The Red Guard
• Lenin went into hiding in July 1917
• Trotsky commanded Bolshevik militia, the Military Revolutionary Committee or Red Guard
• Defended Petrograd against Russian army
• Gained weapons, ammunition, and experienceTrotsky saluting a Red
Guard
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Russian (October) Revolution• Lenin planned to topple
Provisional Government• Kerensky thought it
wouldn’t work
• Most people so tired of war and confusion that they didn’t oppose Bolsheviks
• Trotsky’s troops seized most of Petrograd without a fight
• Lenin proclaimed a Bolshevik state
Revolution, by Kirakov (Storming the Winter Palace)
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Civil War (1917-1921): Reds vs. Whites
• Revolution only succeeded in Petrograd at first
• Lenin abolished private property• No elections—commissars run
country• Lenin created Cheka, secret police, to
arrest and kill all enemies of Revolution
• Army officers, social democrats, nobles, capitalists opposed to Bolsheviks
• Opponents called the Whites• By 1922 Bolsheviks won Civil War
thanks to Trotsky’s leadership
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Example of Lenin’s Use of Terror: “Hanging Orders” (don’t
have to copy this)"Comrades!...Hang (hang
without fail, so that people will see) no fewer than one hundred known kulaks, rich men, bloodsuckers.... Do it in such a way that... for hundreds of versts around, the people will see, tremble, know, shout: 'They are strangling and will strangle to death the bloodsuckers kulaks'. ...Yours, Lenin".
Banner: “We will liquidate the kulaks as a class.”
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Death of Czar and family (don’t have to copy)
• Killed as Civil War was raging
• Lenin did not want them captured by Whites
• July 17, 1918 killed• Ana Anderson
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Chaos in Russia
• Russia devastated after WWI and Civil War—lost ½ population
• High inflation, low wages, Western blockade
• Was communism destroying Russia?
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New Economic Policy, 1921-1928
• “One step backward, two steps forward”
• Peasants allowed to grow and sell their own food
• Small businesses allowed to operate
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Communist Party• Lenin wanted to create
modern society• Equality of women; vote
for everyone; healthcare
• Abolished nobility and religion
• Bolshevik replaced by “Communist Party”
• Education key to industrialization
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Death of Lenin (don’t have to copy
this)
• Suffered many strokes
• Died in 1924
• Body preserved in Red Square
• Warning: Stalin had “unlimited authority concentrated in his hands” and suggested “comrades find a way to remove him from that post”